Bibliographie sélective OHADA

L’organisation pour l’harmonisation du droit des affaires (OHADA), dans le cadre de sa mission d’uniformisation du droit des affaires en Afrique, a adopté le 17 avril 1997, l’Acte uniforme portant droit des sociétés commerciales et du groupement d’intérêt économique. Ce texte a connu une réforme d’envergure entrée en vigueur le 05 mai 2014. Dans sa lettre et dans son esprit, le nouveau texte transcrit le droit positif des sociétés commerciales tel qu’il existe en France. La tendance forte chez le législateur Ohada à se conformer au droit de l’Ancienne Métropole remet cependant au goût du jour la question du mimétisme juridique, tant décriée par la doctrine. Son opportunité, notamment dans un domaine, qui, tel que le droit des sociétés commerciales, est soumis à de constantes variations, serait largement sujette à caution. De nouvelles analyses démontrent, toutefois, que, loin de réduire l’importance ou l’originalité du droit communautaire des sociétés, la question du conformisme législatif doit être envisagée sous le prisme de l’inévitable rapprochement entre les différents systèmes juridiques. Ce faisant, il devient l’indispensable acteur de la mondialisation du droit.

Le développement des relations économiques internationales et la construction d’un espace communautaire intégré d’un point de vue économique et juridique relancent le débat sur la nationalité des sociétés. La question n’est pas de démontrer s’il existe une nationalité des sociétés, puisque la doctrine et la jurisprudence ont proposé des solutions qui sont déjà acceptées ; mais d’analyser plutôt comment cette notion s’adapte aux contraintes d’une économie régionalisée voire mondialisée. Ainsi, les critères de rattachement juridique d’une société retenus par les pays de l’espace OHADA en l’occurrence le Niger, le Sénégal et la RD Congo sont analysés en vue de la détermination de la lex societatis. La notion de nationalité des sociétés dans les pays de l’espace OHADA, pose tout de même quelques difficultés liées à la multiplicité des textes notamment le droit national et le droit OHADA ainsi que les autres droits communautaires. De nombreuses conséquences découlent de la détermination de la nationalité des sociétés dans le cadre de la réglementation de leurs activités.

Cette thèse, dans une approche démonstrative conciliant à la fois l’exégèse objective et subjective vise à mettre en exergue la condition des privilèges dans les procédures collectives. De cette condition, il apparaît que les privilèges sont instrumentalisés. Lorsqu’ils apparaissent comme un obstacle à l’atteinte des finalités de service public économique assignées aux procédures collectives, leur condition parait défavorable. De ce fait, ils subissent, à l’image des autres sûretés réelles sans dépossession la rigueur de la discipline collective. Le fait qu’ils soient de source légale ne permet pas de les soustraire aux fourches caudines des procédures collectives. La tendance législative contemporaine est à l’alignement de la condition des privilèges sur celle des autres sûretés réelles sans dépossession. En revanche, lorsqu’ils sont au service des finalités des procédures collectives, leur condition paraît favorable. Ce traitement dialectique des privilèges dans les procédures collectives procède d’un véritable pragmatisme de la matière du droit des entreprises en difficulté. Celle-ci semble seulement s’accommoder des solutions de droit commun, qui servent ses intérêts. Le législateur OHADA des procédures collectives, à l’analyse de la réforme intervenue le 10 septembre 2015, intègre l’approche économique et pragmatique de la matière. Celui-ci a institué un privilège de l’argent frais ou de new money qui, à première vue, est au service des intérêts des créanciers apporteurs de nouveaux crédits et de biens, mais, au fond, sert plutôt ceux de l’entreprise débitrice. Cette politique juridique, au demeurant, réaliste qui, consiste à faire des privilèges, des outils à orientation téléologique et incitative, parait insuffisante en droit OHADA. Il est suggéré entre autres au législateur OHADA des procédures collectives : de renforcer l’efficacité du privilège de new money, de reconnaître expressément la qualification de privilège à la garantie légale des « créanciers de la masse », d’instituer un critère téléologique, plus pertinent et sélectif d’admission au traitement privilégié réservé aux créances postérieures élues, d’énoncer plus clairement la règle du paiement à l’échéance des « créances de la masse » de l’article 117 de l’AUPC, d’améliorer le rang de paiement des « créanciers de la masse », afin qu’il soit suffisamment attractif et incitatif pour mobiliser le financement de l’entreprise en cessation des paiements.

This thesis is a policy-based study of the regulation of agency work in South Africa. It is set against the contextual background of a recent legislative overhaul and an increase in the number of precarious workers. The study aims to appraise the extent to which the South African regulatory framework complies with international norms in respect of agency work. The research considers how German and Namibian regulation might improve the current model of the regulation of agency work in South Africa. The study identifies the purpose of labour law in South Africa as offering diversified rights as well as being economic in nature. The premise upon which the thesis is based is a social justice approach to the function of labour law. An analysis of ILO and EU regulations on agency work is conducted, and identifies a combined list of norms in respect of the protection of agency workers. South Africa?s labour law policy approach is explored together with the amended regulation on agency work. A comparison is drawn with foreign countries? regulations and policy approaches: the appraisal identifies shortcomings in South Africa?s regulatory model. The study focuses on the evolutionary improvement of agency workers? protection based on international approaches. The research culminates by formulating an amended model for the regulation of agency work in South Africa, in which these proposed adaptations seek to remedy the shortcomings which were observed in the appraisal process.

The practice of foreign agro-investment (FAI) for the production of food crops and biofuel crops has been a recent phenomenon in sub-Saharan Africa and other developing countries. In fact, the present era of climate change has caused foreign countries to acquire vast tracts of land - often through multinational corporations - in order to propagate biofuel or expand their home industries abroad. Practices of FAI have resulted in a form of land grabbing, as local communities are often evicted from their land without their consent. FAI activities are reported to have considerable impact on people in areas where they occur, which range from environmental to social and economic impacts. There is compelling evidence that FAI land deals are not transparent and inclusive, which raises pertinent concerns with respect to participatory rights, access to information, the compatibility of property rights, environmental protection and the protection of the rights and interests of local communities generally, among other issues. The lack of respect for and protection of local communities’ rights and interests during FAI land deals and activities form the crux of this study. In this light, the overall aim of this thesis is to investigate and ascertain how the procedural aspects of a rights-based approach (RBA) could be used to provide adequate protection to local communities’ rights and interests during FAI activities in Cameroon, Uganda and South Africa. The study is premised on the notion of a RBA to FAI governance and captures the procedural aspects of the right to access to information, public participation and the right to access to justice in international, regional, sub-regional and national human rights legal regimes. It is argued that because these rights have the potential to significantly contribute towards the protection of the rights and interests of people that are adversely affected by development activities, their incorporation remains useful and relevant in the FAI context. It is further claimed that the implementation of the procedural RBA in FAI land deals could strengthen the ability and capacity of the state to increase opportunities for more meaningful dialogue with local communities, while concomitantly helping the state to fulfil its international and national obligations as a duty-bearer to respect, protect and fulfil the rights and interests of its people. In addition, procedural rights encompass elements of good governance and democracy and could be used as a necessary and vital tool to prevent a government’s exercise of arbitrary power generally and in the context of development activities. This is predicated on the belief that procedural rights serve inter alia to strengthen democratic structures and processes and to curb corruption and the mismanagement of national resources, and ultimately to promote sustainable development. In this study, it is argued that a RBA generally and its procedural aspects specifically could play an important role in setting the standards and defining the processes that are appropriate to repudiate the unacceptable impacts of FAI and simultaneously address distributive concerns with the hope of promoting and ensuring more responsible and sustainable FAI. Conversely, the absence of such a normative baseline suggests that large-scale land transfer under the guise of FAI practices would endlessly levy an unacceptable toll on the fundamental rights of the vulnerable host population. The first step in this thesis is to analysis the theoretical concepts of governance and good governance in order to establish the eventual objective of what FAI governance and good FAI governance should entail. A further component of the theoretical analysis includes an analysis of a RBA and a RBA to FAI governance. These components are investigated in order to determine a possible solution to the impacts of FAI activities from a rights-based perspective. Second, the thesis investigates and analyses the procedural aspects of a RBA espoused in international, regional and sub-regional legal regimes. It distils generic characteristics and minimum requirements of the RBA for good FAI governance to be used as benchmarks in the context of project development-related activities, including FAI. As benchmarks, the international, regional and sub-regional legal regimes provide minimum criteria to which the legal frameworks of countries must adhere to and conform with. This part also examines the procedural RBA frameworks in Cameroon, Uganda and South Africa and critically evaluates the legal frameworks in these countries against the distilled generic characteristics and minimum requirements of the RBA in terms of good FAI governance. Third, the thesis concludes with a set of recommendations on the procedural RBA frameworks in Cameroon, Uganda and South Africa. These recommendations are meant to address the current lacunae in these domestic procedural RBA frameworks, and to propose measures designed to enable a situation where the rights and interests of local communities are better protected in the event that FAI land deals are concluded.

Araştırmamız bugüne kadar ülkemizde İslam hukukçularınca doktora düzeyinde girilmemiş ve değerlendirilmemiş bir mesele olan İslam hukuku açısından elektronik ticareti konu edinmiştir. Bu manada ilk bölümde İslam hukuku açısından ticaret hukuku kavramlarına kısa bir değini yapılmış ve bununla ilgili çok temel bilgiler verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde İslam hukuku açısından e-ticaret incelenmiş, E-ticaretin İslam hukuk kavramlarıyla nasıl anlaşılabileceğine ve anlatılabileceğine dair görüş ve tespitlerimiz sunulmuştur. Elektronik ortamda akitleşme, irade beyanı gibi yeni durumların analizi yapılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde ise fıkhî hükümleri açısından e-ticaret incelenmiştir. Bu bölümde de e-ticarette yeni ortaya çıkan durumlar, kavramlar ve olgular incelenmiştir. Fıkhî açıdan hangi kavramlarla açıklanacağı hususunda kanaatlerimiz sunulmuştur. İkinci bölüm değerlendirme ve analiz ağırlıklı iken üçüncü bölümde daha çok pratik sonuçları açısından durum incelenmiş, bu hususta literatüre girmesi gerektiğini düşündüğümüz yeni kavramlar ve tasnifler de zikredilmiştir. Son olarak da mevcut modern yasalarda e-ticaretin nasıl ele alındığı gösterilmiş, İslam hukuku açısından nasıl değerlendirilebileceğine dair görüşlerimiz arz edilmiştir. This work is about electronic commerce in İslamic law which has not been studied or evaluated by anyone with such a scale until now. In this sense, at the first section, the concepts of commerce law have been mentioned briefly by the view of Islamic law, and has been given basic knowledge. At the second section, E-commerce regarding to concepts of Islamic law has been examined. Our opinions and detections about it like how this is must be understood with the notions of Islamic law have been presented. The conceptual analysis of new situations such as contracting, declaration of intention, on the İnternet has been done. At the last section, e-commerce regarding rules of Islamic law has been examined. In this section, new situations and concepts that just emerged have been examined. Our opinions have been presented. As the second section weighted with assessment and analysis, at the third section, the case has been examined rather practically. New concepts and categorizations that must be added to the literature have been mentioned.

The present study aims at analyzing the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) by examining most thoroughly the different interpretations of its text on the light of several western legal traditions. This analysis of the implications of such different interpretations will give rise to a discussion on the level of interpenetration among different legal systems. This, in turn, leads to an analysis of the impact of the conditions imposed by the Convention on its interpretation, which is considered a selfcontained autonomous ruling within the text of the Convention. As can be seen from a historical overview of the matter, the pursuit of unified regulations governing the international purchase and sale of goods is precisely the result of trade practices and of the consolidation of customary laws and principles. This thesis is thus based on the dynamics of this unifying process. The analysis will focus on its innovative feature of a consonant interpretation; an important structural element which may determine the success or failure of the text of the Convention when observed in different legal environments. It will be taken into consideration the role of the relation between governments and their institutions established with International Organizations, as well as that of the need for predictability when signing international agreements. Therefore, elements such as sovereignty and globalization are essential for a proper understanding of the impacts of this Convention in international law, namely, international trade laws