Bibliographie sélective OHADA

A tese visou analisar o sentido e alcance do artigo 130 do Código Civil. Essa tarefa, no entanto, foi precedida por estudo da estrutura e função da condição dentro do quadro do negócio jurídico, provocando o debate sobre sua utilização, inclusive atípica. Analisou-se dogmaticamente o elemento condição na teoria geral do negócio jurídico, sob uma perspectiva crítica para, depois, estudar a fase de pendência e as obrigações dela decorrentes para os figurantes e as possibilidades em tema de atos conservativos, nessa etapa tão característica do negócio condicionado, oferecendo novos enfoques para o assunto. Isso se fez de modo propositivo, aproveitando ainda para ponderar sobre as implicações da cláusula geral de boa-fé nessa matéria. Por fim, apresenta rol de considerações de caráter operativo, tentando estabelecer a conexão entre os atos conservativos a que alude a lei civil, com as devidas repercussões processuais.

L'e-sport est actuellement en phase de développement économique constant. Toutefois, au regard de la nouveauté de la pratique, le cadre juridique peine parfois à s'adapter afin de rendre la pratique e-sportive pérenne économique et stable au regard de son cadre juridique. Il est dès lors important de structurer juridiquement l'e-sport afin de lui offrir un cadre économique solide. Cette pratique spécifique appelle une structuration par le droit du numérique et le droit de la propriété intellectuelle, cette recherche consiste ainsi à trouver un modèle pérenne de cadre juridique pour l'e-sport en s'inspirant de régimes déjà existants (droit du sport, de la propriété intellectuelle, de la concurrence ou encore droit de l'audiovisuel entre autres) afin que la pratique se développe sans entrave économique et par le prisme des technologies numériques en constante évolution. Cette recherche fait appel à des mécanismes déjà existants en droit, à des règlementations déjà applicables mais aussi à l'aménagement de nouvelles règles de droit, adaptées à la pratique e-sportive.

Au-delà de l’aspect numérique, Satoshi, fondateur anonyme du bitcoin, évoque l’organisation de « Pair à Pair » (P2P). Elle correspond à l’algorithmique répartie sur laquelle le registre décentralisé de ces nouveaux actifs se fonde. Mais le Règlement MiCA exclut la finance décentralisée et ne donne aucune définition satisfaisante des crypto-actifs. On étend cette observation aux actifs numériques, insuffisamment cernés en droit français. L’analyse de l’organisation P2P s’impose. On a identifié chez certains jetons une organisation participative, distincte des groupements et des contrats-coopération. Elle se caractérise par un degré et une forme d’indépendance nouvelle ainsi que par une socialité orientée vers un objet de nature impersonnelle, ouverte vers l’extérieur et sans structure (ni groupements ni contrats). Elle façonne ainsi la structure d’émission et la forme représentative et négociable de ces jetons. Ils sont des écrits représentant un bien ou un service et non un droit à l’encontre d’une personne émettrice. Ils sont émis dans une organisation participative : sans partage de pertes, de bénéfices, de chiffres d’affaires ou d’autres fruits. Leur qualification civiliste est le produit et non le fruit, contrairement aux titres financiers. L’organisation participative, elle, s’analyse comme un système, une nouvelle catégorie juridique que l’ordre juridique peut accueillir. L’ouverture du système vers l’extérieur nécessite la négociabilité des jetons. Elle concourt à la financiarisation de l’économie réelle. Comme la structure d’émission de ces jetons participatifs, leur infrastructure polycentrique de négociation appelle une régulation par l’organisation. Ces jetons sont aussi hybrides parce que participatifs et monétaires, et en tant que tels peuvent être considérés comme des unités de financement ; nouvelle définition de la monnaie que l’on propose, pour ne pas la réduire à sa seule fonction de paiement. Les jetons participatifs perturbent la summa divisio entre la monnaie et les instruments financiers ainsi que le concept même de droit subjectif.

This research consists of verifying whether CIT has an effect on capital given the financing risk incurred. A review of several capital theories has shown that CIT is one of the main determinants of a firm's capital structure. The inclusion of CIT in capital structure models continues to divide the world of corporate finance. Debt interest deduction in computing CIT reinforces the controversy over the question of the capital structure that optimizes the tax savings provided by this deduction. The consequence is the existence of two opposing groups on the optimum capital structure: on the one hand, the group of those who believe that there is one and only one optimal capital structure, and on the other, the group of those who reject out of hand any possibility of an optimal capital structure. The sample starts with a case study of two hypothetical identical firms, one indebted and the other non-indebted, with the same profitable investment project over a period of time, and ends with 101 pairs of identical firms belonging to different classes of financing risk. The hypothesis of non-gratuity of cost and income is used, and capital markets are assumed to be pure and perfect. The results confirm that CIT has no effect on the structure, value, cost and return of capital for a given financing risk, and reveal the existence of a third source of financing called "public capital", whose cost is the corporate capital tax rate (CCTR). There is no longer any question of thinking about the optimum capital structure, which is a pure financial illusion. This paper is one of the first to show that CIT does not affect capital, and to propose a model that explains capital structure behavior in the presence of CIT. Paper type: Empirical Research  Stanislas Théodule Médard Dèwanou Comlan AGOSSADOU, (Researcher) Laboratory for Research on Performance and Development of Organizations (LARPEDO)  Faculty of Economics and Management (FASEG) University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC) - Benin,

Consentement à l’acte médical, à l’adoption, au traitement de données personnelles, aux relations sexuelles : le terme de consentement occupe une place particulière en droit des personnes. Cette thèse propose d’apporter des réponses à cette problématique sociale fondamentale à partir d’une approche critique du droit. Un nouveau regard peut ainsi être porté sur le consentement en l’appréhendant à la fois comme un phénomène politique et comme une réalité sociale. Le consentement en droit français correspond en premier lieu à un phénomène politique. Loin de jouer le rôle libéral qui lui est classiquement prêté, il représente plutôt une norme idéologique humaniste. Norme également fonctionnelle, le consentement permet aux pouvoirs publics de préserver l’ordre social. Le consentement représente en second lieu une réalité sociale. Les théories générales civilistes ne permettent pas de se saisir de cette réalité car, malgré leur attrait, elles présentent des limites. Nous proposons de nous tourner vers les analyses de justice sociale. Elles permettent d’identifier les inégalités sociales intersectionnelles qui affectent les consentements. Des analyses de justice sociale offrent également un cadre pour y répondre juridiquement. Le consentement peut ainsi être conçu comme un processus de reconnaissance et être encadré comme tel en droit.

As sociedades de propósito específico (SPEs) não configuram um tipo societário próprio, mas sim mera categoria eficacial autônoma. A investigação histórica do instituto evidencia raízes desde os tempos romanos, tendo reverberado, ainda, nos arranjos típicos do período medieval e nas codificações oitocentistas, revelando sua essência como uma necessidade comercial da vida prática de separar patrimônios em função de um propósito específico, com projeções internas e externas que foram moldadas ao longo do tempo para viabilizar a consecução de empreendimentos de alto risco e promover o desenvolvimento econômico. No Brasil, está presente desde o Código Comercial de 1850, tendo sido adotada por diversas legislações esparsas ao longo dos últimos séculos para as mais diversas funções, servindo como mola propulsora ao desenvolvimento econômico. Como categoria eficacial autônoma que é, goza de flexibilidade para ser aplicada a qualquer tipo societário, modulando os efeitos típicos que lhes são assegurados aos seus ordenamentos societário, patrimonial e da atividade em função do propósito específico almejado. Não por outro motivo, seguindo o que nos parece ser a melhor técnica, o legislador tratou sua previsão normativa expressa no dispositivo de que trata do objeto social, restringindo-o em função de um propósito específico. Aos aplicadores do direito, diante do desenvolvimento histórico do instituto de seus efeitos, cabe saber distingui-los e aplicá-los, de modo a assegurar a efetividade da categoria em nosso ordenamento jurídico e o desempenho de sua função socioeconômica moldada ao longo de tantos anos.

Workforces are made up of individuals with differences in personal characteristics, differences that may be traced back to unique personality types and traits and – sometimes – neurodivergence. Due to the inherent subjectivity of the interpersonal relationships that form the foundation of a work environment, these differences in personal characteristics inevitably lead to tension. In addition, as part of managing a work environment employers frequently take decisions that may be influenced by views and perceptions regarding employees’ personal characteristics. This study starts with a descriptive examination of the meaning of personality and the influence that personality traits and types may have on employment. This is followed by a descriptive examination of neurodivergence, the various forms of neurodivergence, and the impact of these conditions on the work environment. Building on these descriptive and conceptual underpinnings, the legal implications of neurodiversity in the workplace are investigated by identifying which principles of the existing South African employment law framework may be utilised to provide protection and promote respect for neurodiversity and the neurodiverse differences between employees. This encompasses a discussion of the South African employment law rules relating to recruitment and selection of employees, some of the rules applicable to the day-to-day management of employees, and the rules relating to termination of employment that may be (in)directly influenced by considerations of neurodiversity. The focus thereafter shifts to consider the legal principles of employment discrimination law, where it is found that the listed ground of disability and an unlisted arbitrary ground may potentially be used as the applicable grounds of discrimination by employees if they are prejudiced due to their neurodiverse characteristics. In addition, the possibility that the rules on reasonable accommodation may be utilised as primary mechanism to properly regulate neurodiversity in the work environment and protect against prejudicial treatment of employees due to their inherent personal neurodiverse characteristics is also considered. The South African position and potential employment law rules that may apply to the management of neurodiversity in the work environment is compared to the position in the United Kingdom by focusing on the meaning of disability, the right to reasonable adjustments, and the right to request flexible working arrangements. Finally, the conclusions that may be drawn from this study are emphasised and are followed by some recommendations on how (reasonable) accommodation of neurodiversity in the work environment may appropriately be used as primary mechanism to provide employees with sufficient and appropriate protection of differences in neurodiverse characteristics. Even though this study focuses on neurodiversity and neurological differences between employees, the principles and recommendations from this study may be of value in relation to the appropriate management and regulation of all inherent differences between employees.

Alors que la finance traditionnelle peine à se renouveler, les nouveaux applicatifs de finance décentralisée proposent des services financiers basés sur des protocoles innovants, codés et entièrement gérés par les utilisateurs. Les classifications historiques de la finance sont largement inefficaces et des catégories telles que celle des instruments financiers ne permettent pas de construire un encadrement pertinent. Celles-ci doivent être dépassées pour pouvoir encadrer de façon plus inclusive tous les actifs décentralisés. La communication financière est rendue désuète et nécessite une refonte pour prendre en compte les nouvelles motivations des investisseurs et les impératifs environnementaux.

This collection of chapters tracks and explains the impact of the nine core United Nations human rights treaties in 20 selected countries, four from each of the five UN regions. Researchers based in each of these countries were responsible for the chapters, in which they assess the influence of the treaties and treaty body recommendations on legislation, policies, court decisions and practices. By covering the 20 years between July 1999 and June 2019, this book updates a study done 20 years ago.

"Chapter 16 The Impact of the United Nations Human Rights Treaties on the Domestic Level in Senegal" published on 09 Feb 2024 by Brill | Nijhoff.

El estudio de los Dispute Boards (DB) y su función social reflejada a través de la prevención y resolución de conflictos empresariales en contratos complejos es el tema central de este estudio. El problema de investigación planteado, en este contexto, es si los Dispute Boards son institutos capaces de desempeñar una función social basada en la prevención y resolución de conflictos en contratos mercantiles complejos. Así, el tema se desarrolla con base en el método dialéctico de la producción científica, apoyado en investigaciones bibliográficas y documentales, además de investigaciones de campo, con encuestas cuantitativas y cualitativas sobre el uso de los DBs. Para ello, el estudio busca contextualizar los conceptos que involucran al mercado, la empresa y la función social como factores que permean contratos comerciales complejos, caracterizados por incertidumbres y riesgos relacionados con la ejecución contractual que deben ser gestionados a través de la implementación de una gobernanza guiada. por principios que implementen la eficiencia de la relación comercial. La referencia a estándares internos en el ámbito de la administración pública también se utiliza para guiar el estudio, que también se abarca en la aplicación del gobierno corporativo, identificando los DBs como vectores para implementar contratos complejos y, en consecuencia, promover y entregar valor sostenible a las empresas. y otras partes interesadas, concluyendo que son mecanismos relevantes para promover la función social, prevenir y resolver conflictos, especialmente en contratos complejos. De la misma manera, se identifica la necesidad de potenciar el instituto DB, atribuyendo personalidad jurídica, además de la contractual, a sus decisiones, con el fin de potenciar su propia función social basada en la seguridad jurídica de los dictámenes deliberantes vinculantes emitidos, presentando, al final, una propuesta de proyecto de ley con el objetivo de iniciar el proceso legislativo para implementar esta realidad jurídica, siguiendo el ejemplo del instituto de arbitraje.

La stabilité des relations d’affaires ne peut se concevoir sans un contrat de bail durable. Fort de ce constat, il est indispensable d’examiner l’importance de l’autonomie du contrat de bail renouvelé. A ce propos, le contrat mérite une protection contre les abus du bailleur. L’analyse du bail renouvelé met en orbite la question de la poursuite des relations contractuelles à l’expiration de la durée prévue par les parties, ce renouvellement engendre-t-il une simple prorogation du bail originaire ou donne-t-il naissance à un nouveau bail ? Il s’agit de répondre à la question de l’autonomie du bail renouvelé qui se présente d’abord comme une réalité eu égard à ses caractères et à l’étendue limitée des garanties données par le locataire. Mais à l’observation, cette autonomie n’est qu’apparente en ce que le bail renouvelé maintient dans son exécution les clauses du bail initial et prévoit des changements qui sont des concessions édictées par l’économie contractuelle. Business relations stability it’s impossible without a lasting lease contract. In this regard, it is essential to examine the importance of the autonomy of the renewed lease contract. About it, the contract deserves protection against abuse by the lessor. The analysis of the renewed lease puts into orbit the question of the continuation of contractual relations at the duration planned by the parties, does this renewal result in a simple extension of the original lease or does it give rise to a new lease? This involves examining of the autonomy of the renewed lease which first presents itself as a reality given its characteristics and the limited extent of the guarantees given by the tenant. Indeed, this autonomy is only apparent in that the renewed lease maintains in its execution the clauses of the initial lease and provides for changes which are concessions decreed by the contractual economy.

Les sûretés sur le bien d’autrui sont assurément un sujet passionnant, mais qui au demeurant n’a pas donné lieu à une doctrine abondante, que l’on songe au droit français ou au droit de l’OHADA. Pourtant, il est possible d’entreprendre une telle étude, sous l’angle des deux législations évoquées, même s’il va se révéler que la jurisprudence de l’OHADA est marquée au coin de l’absence. Ainsi, pour mener à bien cette étude, il conviendra d’envisager les sûretés choisies en tant que droit réel, en analysant la relation directe entre le créancier et le bien donné en garantie. C’est dire que les sûretés réelles, « puisque notre livraison s’arc-boute sur celles-ci », trouvent leur substance à partir de l’exercice d’une des utilités conférées par la propriété d’un bien, notamment sa valeur économique ou valeur de crédit. En l’absence de tout droit de propriété au constituant, il ne peut exister ni hypothèque, ni gage, ni nantissement, moins encore cession fiduciaire. L’affirmation est cependant sujette à discussion à propos du droit de rétention. Partant, les sûretés sur le bien d’autrui peuvent être aisément neutralisées, sur le terrain du jeu de la propriété, indépendamment de la question de la nullité contractuelle. Cependant, de façon exceptionnelle, des effets peuvent être reconnus aux sûretés sur le bien d’autrui, particulièrement sur le terrain des exigences de l’équité et de la protection des tiers de bonne foi.

In South Africa, before the Financial Advisory and Intermediaries Services Act (FAIS Act) and other insurance laws came into existence, intermediary services regarding the rendering of insurance products have always been regulated by the law of agency and mandate. This means that the Roman-Dutch principles provided for the standards to which the conduct of intermediaries was to comply with when rendering insurance services. The mandate of intermediaries in terms of the Roman-Dutch Principles also included the fact that they had to act with care, skill and in good faith. When the FAIS Act came into operation, it introduced several detailed rules and minimum standards for insurance intermediaries to comply with, and these minimum standards are not limited to qualifications, experiences and characteristics of honesty and integrity that an intermediary must comply with, but they also stipulated in detail what an intermediary must do when discharging insurance intermediary duties. The FAIS Act is the leading legislation when it comes to the regulation of intermediary services. The FAIS Act, under section 16, provides for a General Code of Conduct for Authorised Financial Services Providers and their Representative (GCC), which contains a set of rules that are applicable to all intermediaries. These rules under the GCC are aimed at ensuring that insurance customers are provided with material facts that will enable them to make a prior informed decision and that their reasonable financial needs concerning insurance products will be carefully considered so that they can be provided with a product that will be suitable to satisfy their needs. Furthermore, in terms of South African laws and practices, intermediaries play an essential role in the creation of legally binding insurance contracts. Insurance businesses are concluded through intermediaries. Considering that many insurance companies are juristic persons, and they can only conduct business by means of human agents, insurance laws make it compulsory for intermediaries to have skills, knowledge, and experience regarding insurance products that they are rendering to insurance customers. It is commonly believed that intermediaries with skills, knowledge and experience, they always act in the best interest of the client, and they ask relevant questions to assist the clients to disclose all material facts, and they always make sure that material facts are clearly communicated/disclosed to the insurer and insured to avoid future conflicts. The legal framework placed a duty on the intermediary to assist the insured to disclose all material facts and to explain all clauses contained in the insurance contract which may lead to the insurer repudiate its liability. Furthermore, an intermediary is at all material times expected to first consider the financial situation of the potential insured before determines a cover that will be best suitable for the insured’s needs. However, despite the best guidelines outlined by applicable insurance laws and regulations, mistakes are still being made by intermediaries, which lead to insurance customers to suffer the consequences of impractical intermediary services, and that has resulted in numerous complaints, legal disputes, debarments, and other regulatory actions. As a result of intermediaries’ continuous misconduct, insurers have been repudiating claims, and it has created a presumption that insurers conduct businesses to enrich themselves instead of protecting the interests of their customers as required by regulating legal framework. Therefore, so many people have lost confidence in the insurance industry due to unlimited court cases and complaints arising from misconduct or omissions of intermediaries, such as their failure to disclose material facts to the parties. Once it is found that material facts were not fully disclosed between the insurer and insured, both parties would have been deprived of their right to make an informed decision before consenting or signing a legally binding contract. Therefore, a need is created for intermediaries to be educated of their legal duties when rendering insurance services and that will help strengthen or restore the confidence of the public towards insurance industry.

The main aim of this thesis is to solve the uncertainties brought about by dismissals for off-duty misconduct. First, it should be acknowledged that the world as we know it has changed and continues to evolve. Dismissals have been significantly impacted by the use of social media outside the workplace. The legalisation of the use of cannabis by an adult person has also brought uncertainties in the way dismissals are handled, especially in cases where an employee consumes cannabis off-duty. These two aspects have significantly influenced dismissals for off-duty misconduct in South Africa, with employees alleging that their rights to privacy, dignity and freedom of expression are infringed. The thesis reveals that regardless of these modern changes, off-duty misconduct dismissal is still governed by the generic provisions of the Labour Relations Act 1995 and its Code of Good Practice: Dismissal. The thesis underscores the lack of clarity regarding the regulation of dismissals for off-duty misconduct in South Africa. Furthermore, despite the judiciary’s establishment of tests (the nexus test and the breakdown of the employment relationship), challenges in adjudicating off-duty misconduct cases persist. This thesis analyses the South African legal framework governing dismissals for off-duty misconduct. The research investigates the evolution of South African dismissal law, tracing its development from the pre-democratic era to the post-democratic era. This investigation scrutinises the shifts in the legal landscape regarding dismissals for off-duty misconduct. The analysis encompasses a range of legal instruments pertinent to South Africa, including legislation, international law, common law, and judicial precedent. The current need for a Code of Good Practice for off-duty misconduct dismissal is highlighted. This rationale is prompted by a comparative examination of other countries where, despite the absence of specific codes addressing off-duty misconduct, a proactive stance has been adopted to safeguard employees’ off-duty rights by enacting relevant legislation. These chosen states have statutes regulating employees’ off-duty conduct and clarifying which conduct is protected and in which circumstances. Consequently, the thesis proposes a Code of Good Practice: Dismissal for Off-duty Misconduct. This Code would assist in the uniformity of application of relevant aspects in determining the fairness of dismissals for off-duty misconduct, thus alleviating labour suits concerning this type of dismissal. The Code would also provide employers with guidelines on how to draft off-duty misconduct policies without infringing employees’ constitutional rights.

A narrativa da globalização é ambígua, visto que, em âmbito internacional, o discurso é de liberalização dos mercados para que as empresas mais eficientes e inovadoras prosperem; contudo, no plano doméstico, os Estados Nacionais procuram controlar minuciosamente a entrada de capital estrangeiro em seu território. Em especial, esse controle recai sobre a aquisição de empresas nacionais, já que essas operações econômicas podem transferir o controle de: (i) mercados nacionais (ii) tecnologia crítica e know-how; (iii) infraestrutura estratégica; e (iv) informações e dados sensíveis. Trata-se de elementos que, individualmente ou em conjunto, influenciam a soberania de um país. Por força do discurso liberalizante da globalização, é comumente propagado que a análise antitruste no controle de estruturas deve ser neutra e focada no trade-off entre eficiência e os efeitos deletérios unilaterais, coordenados e de fechamento de mercado que eventualmente possam existir em um ato de concentração. Dessa forma, a presente tese de doutorado investiga fenômenos jurídicos que fogem do consenso do direito concorrencial ortodoxo, a saber: (i) a incidência de inúmeros interesses para bloquear investimento estrangeiros indesejáveis em empresas e ativos nacionais; (iii) os efeitos dos subsídios estatais em empresas privadas (campeões nacionais) e públicas (empresas estatais) para disputa de mercados alienígenas, e, consequentemente, melhor posicionar os seus respectivos Estados Nacionais na ordem econômica internacional. Sustenta-se que, hoje, o direito concorrencial pátrio se encontra paralisado pelo discurso liberalizante da globalização; contudo, existem elementos suficientes para uma nova teoria antitruste do dano para tutela da soberania econômica nacional, tendo em vista que o art. 219 da Constituição Federal de 1988 protege o mercado interno como patrimônio nacional, capaz de viabilizar o desenvolvimento cultural e socioeconômico por meio da endogeinização dos centros de decisão nas empresas nacionais. Por fim, defende-se que nova teoria do dano demanda adaptações e flexibilizações às ferramentas tradicionais do direito concorrencial, especialmente em relação à análise: (i) da nacionalidade das pessoas jurídicas envolvidas no ato de concentração; e (ii) das estratégias de financiamento para aquisição da empresa alvo (o abuso de poder econômico- financeiro em atos de concentração); e (iii) do conceito de grupo econômico de empresas estatais.