Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Trabajo Fin de Curso de Experto Universitario en Derecho Bancario (2014/15). Directora/Tutora: Patricia Márquez Lobillo. El objeto de este trabajo es el examen de la evolución jurídica de las cláusulas abusivas, y en especial de las cláusulas suelo, desde las primeras cuestiones prejudiciales planteadas sobre su legalidad y la posible consideración de abusivas y en consecuencia, nula. He elegido esta temática puesto que se están produciendo muchas modificaciones normativas, doctrinales y jurisprudenciales respecto de las cláusulas que forman parte de los préstamos con garantía hipotecaria. Por ello se ha convertido en un tema de rabiosa actualidad y de continua controversia en Juzgados y Tribunales, por lo que entiendo que es más que necesaria organizar todos los pronunciamientos que se han hecho respecto de estas cláusulas para entender cuándo son consideradas abusivas y por ende, nulas. En primer lugar, he iniciado el proyecto clarificando el concepto de cláusula suelo, seguido de toda la normativa que regula la protección del consumidor así como la trasposición de las Directivas Europeas. Una vez aclarados los conceptos, he analizado la primera sentencia del Tribunal Supremo que se pronunció respecto de la cláusula suelo. En un primer término, me he centrado en explicar los antecedentes de hecho que hicieron llegar al Alto Tribunal a fijar doctrina respecto de las cláusulas suelo. Posteriormente, he analizado la legitimación activa de la asociación de consumidores AUSBANC, que fueron los que promovieron una acción colectiva de cesación de condiciones generales de contratación, en la que solicitaba la declaración de nulidad por tener carácter abusivo, de las condiciones generales de contratación consistentes en las cláusulas de los contratos de préstamo hipotecario a interés variable que establecen un tipo mínimo de interés o un tipo mínimo de referencia solicitando la condena de las demandadas a eliminar dichas condiciones generales de contratación y abstenerse de utilizarlas en el futuro. Seguidamente, he seguido examinando la Sentencia de 9 de mayo de 2013 en cuanto a que es considerada como condición general de la contratación y configuradora del precio del préstamo hipotecario. Así mismo, he explicado la problemática existente en cuanto a la apreciación de oficio de las cláusulas abusivas por parte del órgano jurisdiccional en la normativa española. Particularmente, me he detenido para explicar el doble control de transparencia, que fija la Sentencia de 9 mayo de 2013, que deben superar las cláusulas suelos para ser considerada legales. Respecto de la sentencia de 9 de mayo de 2013, he concluido explicando las dudas respecto de la devolución de las cantidades que no aclaro el Tribunal Supremo en su fallo. De ahí que desde entonces, la interpretación de los Juzgados y Tribunales (jurisprudencia menor) ha sido variada. En vista de ello, el Tribunal Supremo se ha pronunciado de nuevo para aclarar que, cuando en aplicación de la doctrina fijada en su sentencia del Pleno de 9 de mayo de 2013, se declare abusiva y, por tanto, nula una cláusula suelo inserta en un contrato de préstamo con tipo de interés variable, procederá la restitución al prestatario de los intereses que hubiese pagado en aplicación de dicha cláusula a partir del 9 de mayo de 2013. Sin embargo, a pesar de que se ha fijado la irretroactividad de la devolución de las cantidades, existe un voto particular que discrepa el criterio seguido por el Tribunal Supremo en esta sentencia de 25 de marzo de 2015. En vista de las advertencias por parte del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea así como de la importancia de la Sentencia de 9 de mayo de 2013, España se ha visto obligada a modificar su legislación en trasposición de las Directivas Europeas. En particular, respecto de las cláusulas suelo hay que destacar la importancia de la aprobación de la Ley 1/2013, de 14 de mayo, de medidas para reforzar la protección a los deudores hipotecarios, reestructuración de deuda y alquiler social. Además, en este trabajo se ha pretendido reflejar las dudas que continúan existiendo y que desembocan y probablemente, seguirán desembocando en el futuro en nuevas resoluciones sobre este asunto.

The thesis aims at explaining current regulatory crisis of copyright law (understood as its inability to regulate social dynamics as regards production, reproduction, dissemination of and access to information goods) through the application of systems theory. It refers to the concept of autopoietic legal system in order to draft a model representing the ecosystem in which copyright law functions. This model not only allows for observing copyright regime as it stands currently but also for analysing how it evolved over time. It scrutinises the interdependencies between the legal system and other constituent elements of its ecosystem: politics, economy, art, science, technology, religion, mass media, education as well as non-functionally differentiated segments of society: circles of relatives and friends. The main goal of this analysis is to highlight the fact that the current regulatory crisis of copyright is the result of the legal system's failure to equally acknowledge all the diverse rationalities constituting its ecosystem. The primary hypothesis of the study is that the core of the problem may be attributed to the divergence between legal norms, and competing non-legal copynorms constructed in the process of co-evolution within various elements of the model in question. In the analysis all the relevant copynorms understood as segmented social norms regulating social dynamics with respect to production, reproduction, dissemination of and access to information goods have been reconstructed to indicate their potential to oppose legal regulations. The thesis pivots around the concept of reflexive justice which refers to the equal acknowledgement of colliding rationalities. It concludes with the firm statement that copyright law in the digital environment needs profound reform. The concept of reflexive justice as developed within the systems theoretical approach is perceived by the author of this thesis as the most promising starting point for the new philosophy of copyright law.

The interaction between competition law and intellectual property law has often attracted divergent views from scholars and practitioners of each respective sphere of law. Whereas some argue that the two are in conflict with each other and cannot be reconciled. The aforementioned tension between competition law and intellectual property law has been traced to the objectives of each. On the one hand, intellectual property rights confer upon their owners an exclusive right to behave in a particular way while on the other hand competition law strives to keep markets open. Other scholars have argued that, in real sense and practice, the two are actually not in conflict but rather that they complement each other. The question then becomes, is there really an irreconcilable difference between the two areas of law? This paper seeks to establish how the two aspects of law interact and seeks to propose that there be created a balance to alleviate the perceived conflict between the two. This paper will identify the areas in which the balance can be struck. It will also seek to establish how the Kenyan legislative framework as well as the courts has dealt with the conflict. It will proceed from understanding the goals and objective of both intellectual property law and competition law. This will provide the backdrop against which the alleged conflict originates from. A comparative study with other developed jurisdictions will be undertaken so as to advise on the route that should be taken by Kenya on the interface and a conclusion drawn on how the two areas relate and recommendations drawn from the issues identified in the study made.

Trabajo Fin de Curso de Experto Universitario en Derecho Societario (2014/15). Tutora: Patricia Benavides Velasco. El objetivo del presente trabajo no es más que exponer una síntesis, lo más completa posible, de la materia que nos ocupa, a saber, la exclusión del socio en sociedades de capital, específicamente, en la Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada. Se ha pretendido mostrar las distintas perspectivas doctrinales, jurisprudenciales o de otra índole que, a nuestro juicio, hemos considerado más relevantes, posicionándonos argumentativamente junto a aquellas que creemos más acordes con lo que predica la legislación reguladora de la figura estudiada. Se trata de ofrecer una visión global y reflexiva del instituto de la exclusión, tocando todos los aspectos que inciden directamente en ella – al menos eso hemos procurado - , y haciendo especial hincapié en sus causas - punto esencial sobre el que gira la institución - , todo ello sin perjuicio de las humildes opiniones aportadas y reflexiones que pudiéramos plantear, de cuyo riesgo no abjuramos todavía. El resto queda en manos de nuestro lector.

Transparency of trade regulations by all WTO Members is essential for open, fair and predictable trade relations. Because of the negative integration process followed by the WTO Agreements, a myriad of different regulations apply in all WTO Members and have the potential of affecting international trade. With the progressive lowering of tariffs since 1947, these differing regulations remain the most significant barriers to trade, and the most difficult to reduce. The Agreements on Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures and on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) provide the most comprehensive frameworks to address the costs arising from such regulatory diversity, through extensive obligations on regulatory transparency and cooperation and introducing elements of positive integration. Does transparency, within the SPS and TBT Agreements prevent disputes from rising, or ensure all Members access necessary information to raise more and better disputes? Through a presentation of the legal obligations and institutional framework of the two agreements (Part I), an in-depth analysis of the issues encountered by WTO Members in the implementation of the two Agreements and raised as trade concerns in the SPS and TBT Committees (Part II), and a study of the factors leading to disputes and transparency's role in addressing them (Part III), this thesis will demonstrate that transparency as it exists under the two agreements has the potential to both complement dispute settlement, by giving equal access to information for Members to raise disputes, and substitute dispute settlement, by fostering dialogue between Members before their frictions escalate to formal disputes. In this sense, the strength of the WTO legal and institutional system goes well beyond its dispute settlement system, with enforcement of WTO obligations fostered by better information sharing and dialogue among Members themselves, through non-judicial means.

Doktora tezi olarak hazırlanan bu çalışmanın konusunu esas olarak Türk Ticaret Kanununun 178. maddesi oluşturmaktadır. İşyerlerinde meydana gelen birleşme, bölünme ve tür değiştirmeyi de kapsamına alan işyeri devirleri, çeşitli Avrupa Birliği Yönergelerine konu olmuştur. Ticaret hayatında meydana gelen gelişmeler neticesinde ve uluslararası müktesebata uyum sağlamak amacıyla 2011 tarih ve 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu kabul edilmiştir. Birleşme, bölünme ve tür değiştirme, Ticaret Hukukuna ilişkin kavramlar olmakla birlikte, işyeri devrine sebebiyet verdiği ve iş ilişkilerini ilgilendirdiği ölçüde çalışmamıza konu edilmiştir. İş ilişkisinin devrine sebep olan işyeri devirleri 4857 sayılı İş Kanununun 6. maddesinde düzenlenmekle birlikte, birleşme, bölünme ve tür değiştirme yapısal değişiklikleri için özel nitelikteki Türk Ticaret Kanunun iş ilişkilerinin geçmesi" başlıklı 178. maddesi getirilmiştir. Dolayısıyla İş Hukuku açısından 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu, işyeri ve işyeri devirleri konusunda önem arz etmektedir. Çalışmamızda, ticaret şirketlerinde meydana gelen birleşme, bölünme ve tür değiştirme yapısal değişikliklerinde, işyerinde çalışan işçilerin iş ilişkilerinin akıbeti, işçilerin itiraz hakkı ve bu hakkı kullanmaları için gerekli olan bilgilendirme yükümlülüğü ile işçilik alacaklarından sorumluluk ve teminat konuları işlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: İşyeri devri, yapısal değişiklik, birleşme bölünme ve tür değiştirme, bilgilendirme yükümlülüğü, itiraz hakkı, teminat hakkı, işçilik alacaklarından sorumluluk. Article 178 of Turkish Commercial Code constitutes mainly the subject of this study prepared as a doctoral thesis. Business transfers including fusion, demerger and change of form occurred in works of business, have become a subject for various European Union Directives. Turkish Commercial Code dated 2011 and numbered 6012 has been accepted as a result of developments occurred in commercial life and for the purpose of complying with international acquis. As well as fusion, demerger and change of form are concepts related to Commercial Law; they are mentioned in our study to the degree that they give cause for business transfers and concern employment relations. While business transfers causing transfer of employment relations are regulated in the 6th article of Labor Law numbered 4857; it is brought the 178th article titled as "transition of employment relations" of Turkish Commercial Code special for fusion, demerger and change of form. Thus, Turkish Commercial Code numbered 6102 has importance for business and transfers of business in terms of Business Law. In our study, it is discussed the matters of the responsibility from labor dues, and warranty, and informing liability which is necessary for consequence of business relations of employees working in this business, their rights of objection and using these rights in transformation of fusion, demerger and change of form occurred in trading companies. Keywords: Business transfer, transformation of trading companies, fusion, demerger and change of form, informing liability, right of objection, warrant, responsibility from labor dues.

This thesis intends to justify the necessity to propose an alternative remedy mechanism to current air carriers' obligations in offering complimentary services to passengers in force majeure delays. This mechanism mitigates disputes arising from passengers' dissatisfaction with air carriers' services. The proposal is the result of extensive research arising from a fundamental question: Who should be responsible for damages and/or inconvenience resulting from flight delays caused by force majeure? The source of information for this thesis stems from a combination of the analysis of case law and statutes on one hand, and experience drawn from professional practice and cultural context on the other. This thesis discusses the intersection of international conventions, national legislation, and the practice and expectations of air carriers and their passengers. The thesis specifically examines and highlights the inadequacies of relying on existing international conventions to provide a harmonized solution for flight delay claims. In terms of national remedy mechanisms, research and analysis have been focused on the advanced aviation markets in the West, such as the US and the EU, and on the emerging markets in the East, such as Mainland China and Taiwan. The research and analyses reveal how national laws, which are deeply influenced by socio-economic, political and cultural factors, trigger distinct conflicts of interest between air carriers and passengers. During the course of reviewing the legal jigsaw and uncertainties in current legal practice, the findings revealed more issues. In brief, making more laws cannot guarantee an effective solution for flight delay claims, especially in different jurisdictions. Accordingly, the findings support that a novel solution, free from the uncertainties and complexities in the current legal framework, is needed to resolve passengers' claims or expectations resulting from force majeure delays. Essentially, this novel solution is to form an alternative remedy mechanism that includes a fund and codes of conduct. The fund will implement a risk-sharing function among stakeholders that will include passengers, air carriers and airport managing entities. To mitigate disputes, the proposed codes of conduct will include guidelines to operate the fund with the aim of mutual respect between passengers and air carriers. In so doing, the remedy mechanism will provide equitable answers to the question: "Who should be responsible for damages and/or inconvenience resulting from flight delays caused by force majeure?"