Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı şirketler topluluğunda yer alan halka açık şirketlerin topluluk şirketleri ile ortak nakit ve hizmet kullanımına yönelik işlemlerinin sermaye piyasası mevzuatı açısından sınırlarının ve hukuki sonuçlarının tespit edilmesidir. Bu doğrultuda sermayenin oluşturulması ve malvarlığının korunması kuralları kapsamında ortak nakit kullanımı uygulamalarının sınırları, ilişkili taraf işlemlerine ilişkin düzenlemeler ve örtülü kazanç aktarımı yasağı çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir. İlaveten, şirketler topluluğunda maliyet tasarrufu sağlayan ve topluluğun ortak stratejiler çerçevesinde yönetilmesi bakımından gerekli olan ortak hizmetler nedeniyle yapılan ödemelerin tutarlarının belirlenmesine ilişkin esaslar örtülü kazanç aktarımı yasağı bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Son olarak, hukuka aykırılığa yol açan ortak nakit ve hizmet kullanımı uygulamalarına yönelik Sermaye Piyasası Kurulu'nun müdahale yetkileri ve şirketler topluluğunda hâkim şirketin bağlı şirketin kaybını denkleştirebilmesi olanağının halka açık şirketlerde uygulama alanı bulmasının hukuken hangi hâllerde gündeme gelebileceği irdelenmiş ve halka açık şirketlerin dâhil oldukları şirketler topluluklarında ortaya çıkan menfaat çatışmalarının dengelenmesine yönelik değerlendirme ve düzenleme önerilerinde bulunulmuştur. The main purpose of this study is to determine the legal limits and consequences of the shared use of cash and services within corporate groups for publicly held companies' in relation to capital markets legislation. In this respect, the legal limits of transactions which enables sharing cash among group companies with respect to rules on formation and protection of capital of publicly held companies is reviewed within the context of related party transactions and cases which may result in disguised profit distribution is evaluated. Additionally, the use of shared services in corporate groups which provides significant savings and is necessary for developing common strategies is examined in order to determine which principles must be adhered to while charging for these services with regard to the ban on disguised profit distribution. Furthermore, Capital Markets Boards' intervention powers regarding the shared use of cash and services which results in violation of the law is evaluated and the parent company's opportunity of balancing the disadvantages of the subsidiary is assessed for publicly held companies. Finally, legislative amendments have been proposed in order to balance the conflicts of interest which arises where a publicly held company is part of a corporate group.

Sigorta ettiren genellikle geleceğe etkili olarak sigorta korumasından yararlanmak üzere sigorta sözleşmesi yapmaktadır. Ancak sigorta ettiren, sözleşmenin kurulmasına ilişkin öneri ile sözleşmenin kurulması arasında veya sözleşmeye ilişkin önerinin yapıldığı tarihinden önce sigorta korumasından yararlanmak isteyebilir. Sigorta ettirenin sözleşmenin kurulmasından önce sigorta korumasından yararlanabilmesi, geçmişe etkili sigorta ile mümkün olmaktadır. Geçmişe etkili sigorta TTK m. 1458 hükmünde düzenlenmiştir. Geçmişe etkili sigorta sözleşmesinin kurulabilmesi için ikisi olumlu bir tanesi olumsuz şart olarak üç şartın bulunması gereklidir. Olumlu şartlar, sigorta sözleşmesine ilişkin mutabakatın bulunması ve sigorta sözleşmesinin kurulması; olumsuz şart ise, sigortacı, sigorta ettiren ve sözleşmeden haberdar olmak şartıyla sigortalının rizikoya ilişkin bilgi sahibi olmamasıdır. Bu şartların sağlanması hâlinde, geçmişe etkili sigorta sözleşmesi geçerli olacak ve böylelikle sigorta koruması, sigorta sözleşmesinin kurulduğu tarihten önce başlayacaktır. Geçmişe etkili sigorta gerçek ve gerçek olmayan geçmişe etkili sigorta olarak ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Gerçek geçmişe etkili sigorta, sigorta korumasının sözleşmenin kurulmasına ilişkin önerinin yapıldığı tarihten önce başladığı sigortadır. Gerçek ol-mayan geçmişe etkili sigorta ise, sigorta ettirenin sözleşmeye ilişkin öneride bulun-duğu tarih ile sözleşmenin şekli olarak kurulduğu tarih arasında sigorta korumasının sağlandığı sigorta olarak isimlendirilmektedir. Nitekim TTK m. 1458 düzenlemesinin ilk cümlesinde de, sigorta korumasının "sözleşmenin yapılmasından önceki bir tarihten itibaren" sağlanabileceği belirtilerek, gerçek veya gerçek olmayan geçmişe etkili sigortanın yapılmasının mümkün olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. The insured generally makes an insurance contract in order to benefit from insurance protection effectively for the future. However, the policyholder may wish to benefit from insurance protection between the proposal for the conclusion of the contract and the conclusion of the contract or before the date of the proposal regarding the contract. It is possible for the insurant to benefit from insurance protection before the conclusion of the contract, with retroactive insurance. Retroactive insurance TCC m. It was regulated in the 1458 provision. In order for a retroactive insurance contract to be established, three conditions must be present, two of which are positive and one is negative. Positive terms, agreement on the insurance contract and establishment of the insurance contract; The negative condition is that the insurer, the policyholder and the insured are not informed about the risk, provided that they are aware of the contract. If these conditions are met, the retroactive insurance contract will be valid and thus insurance protection will start before the insurance contract is established. Retroactive insurance is divided into two as real and unreal retroactive insurance. Actual retroactive insurance is insurance in which insurance protection begins before the date of the proposal for the establishment of the contract. Unreal, retroactive insurance, on the other hand, is called insurance in which insurance protection is provided between the date the policyholder makes a proposal regarding the contract and the date the contract is formally established. As a matter of fact, TTK art. In the first sentence of regulation 1458, it is understood that it is possible to make real or non-real retroactive insurance, by stating that insurance protection can be provided "from a date before the conclusion of the contract".

近年来，争端解决的数字化转型和人工智能的全面应用一直是国际仲裁界热烈讨论的话题。学者和仲裁 从业者普遍关注人工智能技术具体如何在仲裁程序中使用，以及从司法角度，人工智能技术的运用可能 对仲裁程序乃至法律制度产生什么潜在影响。作为一项新技术，人工智能对仲裁领域的总体影响是向好 发展的。首先，人工智能将提高立案、庭审、裁决和执行各个环节的效率，降低人力、时间和经济成本， 促进仲裁向新的市场领域扩展，并改善客户的满意度。当然，新技术的兴起与传播将不可避免地改变旧 有机制，出现一些意料之外的问题。探索人工智能技术对仲裁机构的影响，即是要从技术的“双面性” 出发，衡量人工智能在仲裁中的运用可能带来的增益和风险。 In recent years, the digital transformation of dispute resolution and the overall application of ar tificial intelligence have been the subject of lively discussion in the international arbitration com munity. Scholars and arbitration practitioners have generally focused on how AI technology spe cifically can be used in arbitration proceedings and what potential impact the use of AI technology may have on arbitration proceedings and even the legal system from a judicial perspective. As a new technology, the overall impact of AI on the field of arbitration is a positive development. First, AI will improve efficiency in all aspects of filing, hearing, adjudication and enforcement, reduce human, time and economic costs, facilitate the expansion of arbitration into new market segments, and improve customer satisfaction. Of course, the rise and spread of new technologies will inevit ably change old mechanisms and create some unanticipated problems. Exploring the impact of AI technology on arbitral institutions is a matter of weighing the potential gains and risks associated with the use of AI in arbitration in light of the “double-sided” nature of the technology.

يعتبر الفنان العازف أو المؤدي، الطائفة الوحيدة من أصحاب الحقوق المجاورة التي تتمتع بحقوق معنوية ومالية على أعماله. فالطابع الإبداعي الذي يكتسيه أداؤه يبرز شخصيته الأدبية والفنية، على خلاف أعمال أصحاب الحقوق المجاورة التي تتسم بالطابع الصناعي اولمادي. يتضمن الحق المعنوي جملة من الصلاحيات تمكن الفنان من الاستفادة من أعماله وحمايتها من مختلف أنواع الاعتداء. غير أنها وإن كانت تتشابه في البعض منها مع الحقوق المخولة للمؤلف لحماية مصنفات ه وشخصه، إلا أنها تختلف معها في البعض منها لاسيما الحق في تقرير النشر، والحق في السحب أو الندم، باعتبار أن التشريعات الوطنية الخاصة بالحقوق المجاورة والتي اعترف ت للفنان التمتّع بحق معنوي ، جاءت خالية من الإشارة إلى ذلك. لذا كان من الضروري تحديد مدى تمتع الفنان العازف بهذين الحقين، أمام الف ا رغ القانوني الذي أدى إلى مجادلات فقهية وتضا رب في الأحكام القضائية. L'artiste interprète ou exécutant est le seul des titulaires de droits voisins à bénéficier d’un droit moral et d’un droit patrimonial sur son interprétation. Le caractère original de sa prestation met en valeur sa personnalité littéraire et artistique, à l’inverse des oeuvres des titulaires de droits voisins qui se caractérisent par leur aspect industriel et matériel. Le droit moral dont dispose l'artiste-interprète, comprend un ensemble de prérogatives qui lui permettent de bénéficier de ses oeuvres et de les protéger contre les divers abus. Cependant, et bien qu’elles soient similaires, pour certaines d’entre elles, aux droits octroyés à l’auteur pour protéger son oeuvre et sa personne, elles se différencient de certains d’entre eux, en particulier le droit de divulgation et le droit de retrait ou de repentir, du fait que les législations nationales relatives aux droits voisins qui reconnaissent à l'artiste la jouissance d’un droit moral, sont dépourvues de toute référence à ce sujet. Dès lors, il était nécessaire de déterminer dans quelle mesure l'artiste-interprète jouit de ses deux droits, face au vide juridique qui a donné lieu à des controverses doctrinales et à des décisions de justice contradictoires. The artist, musician or performer, is the only one of the holders of related rights to benefit from a moral right and financial rights over his performance. The original character of his performance highlights his literary and artistic personality, unlike the works of holders of neighboring rights which are characterized by their industrial and material aspect. The moral rights available to the performer include a set of prerogatives that allow them to benefit from their works and protect them against various abuses. However, and although they are similar, for some of them, to the rights granted to the author to protect his work and his person, they are different from some of them, in particular the right of disclosure and the right of withdrawal or of repentance, due to the fact that national laws relating to neighboring rights which recognize the artist's enjoyment of a moral right, are devoid of any reference to this subject, Therefore, it was necessary to determine to what extent the performer enjoys both rights, in the face of the legal vacuum which has given rise to doctrinal controversies and contradictory court decisions.

إن كان التحكيم طريقا بديلا للقضاء في حسم المنازعات، فإن عملية التحكيم تحتاج لكي تكتمل أسباب فاعليتها وانفاذ أحكامها لتدخل قضاء الدولة باعتباره سلطة عامة، تملك قوة إل ا زم الخصوم بتنفيذ أحكام المحكمين. ومن باب المفارقة، أن هذه الرقابة القضائية على أحكام التحكيم، تؤدي إلى إقحام القاضي الوطني في ن ا زع، أستبعد منه مسبقا بإ ا ردة المتنازعين، إلا أن المفارقة ظاهرية، حيث أن دور القاضي يبقى منحص ا ر في رقابة مدى مطابقة الحكم التحكيميي لمبادئ أساسية، أتت على سبيل الحصر، دون أن يكون له فحص وقائع وموضوع الن ا زع. غير أن تحديد سلطة القاضي لي س مطلقة، فبناء على المقاربة الجديدة المبنية على نوع المصالح المطلوب حمايتها، كمعيار لتحديد درجة وشدة الرقابة المسلطة على حكم لتحكيم، يستطيع هذا الأخير، تعديل رقابته بين مشددة ومخففة . وعلى هذا الأساس، فإن غالبية القضاءات العربية تبنت موقفا وسطيا بين مذهبي التوسع والتضييق من نطاق رقابة المحاكم على حكم التحكيم الدولي، تماشيا مع متطلبات التجارة الدولية ومقتضيات مصالحها الوطنية . If arbitration is an alternative means of resolving disputes, the arbitration process needs, for the reasons of its effectiveness and the application of its provisions, the intervention of the judicial power of the State, in order to oblige the parties to carry out the arbitral awards. Paradoxically, this judicial review of arbitral awards leads to involving the national judge in a dispute, which was previously excluded by the will of the parties in dispute. However, this paradox is apparent, because the role of the national judge remains limited to the strict control of the compliance of the arbitration award with the basic principles enacted in an exclusive manner, without having to examine the facts and the subject of the dispute. However, this limitation of judicial power is not absolute, because on the basis of the new approach, based on the type of interests to be protected, as the criterion for determining the extent of the control exercised over an arbitral award, the latter can modulate its control between strict and attenuating. On this basis, the majority of Arab jurisdictions have adopted a middle position between the two tendencies, so-called maximalist control, and minimalist tendency of the jurisdictions' control over the international arbitration award, in accordance with the needs of international trade and the requirements of their interests. Si l'arbitrage est un moyen alternatif pour de résoudre les différends, le processus d'arbitrage a besoin, pour les raisons de son efficacité et l'application de ses dispositions de l'intervention du pouvoir judiciaire de l'État, afin d'obliger les parties d'exécuter les sentences arbitrales. Paradoxalement, ce contrôle judiciaire sur les sentences arbitrales conduit à impliquer le juge national dans un litige, qui en était auparavant exclu par la volonté des parties en litige. Toutefois, ce paradoxe est apparent, car le rôle du juge national reste limité au strict contrôle de la conformité la sentence arbitrale aux principes de base édicté d’une manière exclusive, sans avoir à examiner les faits et l'objet du litige. Cependant, cette limitation de pouvoir juge n'est pas absolue, car sur la base de la nouvelle approche, fondée sur le type d'intérêts à protéger, comme critère de détermination de l'étendue du contrôle exercé sur une sentence arbitrale, ce dernier peut moduler son contrôle entre strict et atténuant. Sur cette base, la majorité des juridictions arabes ont adopté une position médiane entre les deux tendances, contrôle dite maximaliste, et tendance minimaliste du contrôle des juridictions sur la sentence d'arbitrage international, conformément aux besoins du commerce international et aux exigences de leurs intérêts.

The Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (EMCCA) and the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) have succeeded in stabilizing their monetary systems, but this monetary stability has not been accompanied by real emergence. The economies of most of the member states of these two organizations are based on commodities and cocoa, which means that they are completely volatile and therefore lack the stability necessary for real emergence. This study based mainly on documentary research through the exploitation of reports produced by various international and regional institutions such as the IMF, the World Bank, the African Development Bank, ECOWAS, etc., and the writings of various emergence theorists, shows the role that industrialization and diversification of the economies of the WAEMU and EMCCA zones should play in the development of the economies of the member states and the improvement of the living conditions of the populations.

بالإضافة إلى التضامن الخارجي الذي يربط الموقعين على الورقة التجارية بالحامل، أقام المشرع ضربا من التضامن الداخلي بين الموقعين ببعضهم البعض، فأجاز القانون لكل موقع قام بوفاء قيمة هذه الورقة أن يرجع على مختلف الموقعين منفردين أو مجتمعين بكل ماأوفاه دون أن يتحمل نصيبا معينا متمتعا بجميع الحقوق الناشئة عن هاته الورقة التي كان الحامل السابق يتمتع بها، غير أن هذا الرجوع الذي يقوم به الموفي لايكون إلا على الضامنين السابقين عليه في التوقيع دون اللاحقين المضمونين من طرفه In addition to the external solidarity which binds the signatories of the commercial paper with the holder, the legislator has established a form of internal solidarity between the signatories between them, so that the law allows each site having paid the value of this paper to return to the different signatories individually or collectively with all that they have accomplished without incurring a certain share and enjoying all the rights. Coming out of this paper from which the previous holder benefited, however, this return made by the taxpayer only concerns the guarantors who preceded him in the signature without the following guarantees by him.

2021年7月9日，联合国国际贸易法委员会在其55年的历史中又达到了一个里程碑，通过了《贸易法委员会快速仲裁规则》。快速程序第一次进入公众的视线范围，可以追溯到1992年国际商会仲裁院裁决的潘汉德尔(Panhandle)案。在此之后，快速程序概念逐步被越来越多的仲裁机构接受并纳入仲裁规则，并形成了初步的基本框架。快速仲裁成为贸易法委员会的议题，说明快速仲裁高效率、低成本的特点迎合了当今商事主体对于商事仲裁的最新需求，已逐渐成为商事仲裁的发展趋势。《贸易法委员会快速仲裁规则》在确保尊重当事人意思自治、维护公正的基础之上提高了效率，适当扩大了仲裁机构的管理权。 On 9 July 2021, UNCITRAL reached another milestone in its 55-year history, adopting the UNCITRAL Expedited Arbitration Rules. The expedited procedure first came into the public dating back to the Panhandle decision by the International Chamber of Commerce in 1992. After this, the concept of expedited procedure was gradually accepted and incorporated into the arbitration rules by more and more arbitration institutions. Expedited arbitration becoming the discussing issue of UNCITRAL shows that the characteristics of high efficiency and low cost of expedited arbitration meet the latest needs of users for commercial arbitration today, and has gradually become the development trend of commercial arbitration. The UNCITRAL Expedited Arbitration Rules improves on the basis of respecting the autonomy and maintaining fairness, and appropriately expands the management power of the arbitration institution.

L’avènement de la décentralisation en Afrique subsaharienne depuis les années 1990 a fait prendre conscience à certains pays, comme le Cameroun et le Togo, de la nécessité de modifier la manière de penser le développement. L’affirmation de nouveaux acteurs tels que les privés et la société civile a permis de repenser les nouvelles modalités de gouvernance à l’échelle territoriale. Des territoires co-construits par ces acteurs facilitent l’éclosion de dynamiques locales de lutte contre la pauvreté.Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude des formes de coopération et de coordination des acteurs dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre des projets de développement à l’échelle des communes périurbaines de Yaoundé 6, au Cameroun, d’Aflao-Sagbado et Haho 1, au Togo. Les cas choisis ont révélé l’existence ou non des interactions entre trois catégories d’acteurs : les acteurs du privé et de la société civile, les acteurs institutionnels ainsi que les partenaires techniques et financiers. Ceux-ci (in)forment la gouvernance et influencent cette démarche pour construire le territoire et entraîner le changement souhaité par tous.La mobilisation des concepts liés à la gouvernance territoriale et au territoire ainsi que le recours à la recherche empirique permettent de mettre en œuvre le cadre conceptuel adéquat. Celui-ci s’appuie sur des outils permettant d’identifier trois modèles de gouvernance : la gouvernance partenariale communautaire, la gouvernance institutionnelle et la gouvernance privée solidaire.L’étude présente son projet en termes de problématique et de méthodologie à la suite d’une enquête réalisée dans trois communes périurbaines, respectivement situées dans les villes de Yaoundé au Cameroun, de Lomé et de Notsé au Togo.Les résultats de la recherche ont abouti à la conclusion selon laquelle aucun modèle de gouvernance territoriale ne peut se suffire à lui-même ni être dupliqué sans tenir compte des spécificités propres à chaque milieu. Les acteurs concernés doivent s’inscrire dans un processus participatif nécessitant des compromis et des arrangements dans une vision commune et partagée, indispensables à un développement territorial durable. The advent of decentralisation in sub-Saharan Africa since the 1990s has made some countries such as Cameroon and Togo aware of the need to change the way they think about development. The claims of new development partners like the private sector and civil society have made it possible to rethink the ways of governance at the regional level. Areas built up by these development partners facilitate the emergence of local dynamics in the fight against poverty.This research is devoted to the study of the forms of cooperation and coordination of development partners in the implementation of development projects in the suburban districts of Yaoundé 6 in Cameroon and Aflao-Sagbado and Haho 1 in Togo. The selected cases unveil the existence or not of interactions between three categories of development partners: private and civil society actors, institutional actors and technical and financial partners. These partners (in)form governing bodies and influence the process of building up the communities and bring about the change desired by all.The mobilization of notions related to territorial governance and territories as well as the use of empirical research enable the implementation of an adequate conceptual framework. This framework relies on tools that lead to the identification of three model of governance: community partnership governance, institutional governance and private solidarity-based governance.The study showcases its project through issues and methodology following a survey carried out in three suburban areas located in the cities of Yaoundé in Cameroon, Lomé and Notsé in Togo respectively.The results of the research led to the conclusion that no territorial governance model can either be self-sufficient or duplicated without taking into account the specificities of each environment. The parties concerned must be involved in a participatory process requiring compromises and adjustments within a common and shared vision which are essential for sustainable territorial development.

Étudier l’histoire de la femme marocaine sur le temps long en prenant en compte la période du protectorat, puis l’indépendance jusqu’à la période actuelle permet d’affirmer qu’il y a eu une forme de continuité entre l’époque coloniale et postcoloniale. L’État, principal acteur du changement d’une société donnée (à travers son pouvoir législatif), ne s’est pas vraiment soucié de l’amélioration de la condition des femmes. Une certaine rupture s’est manifestée, toutefois, vers la fin des années Quatre-vingt-dix et sous la pression des organisations de défense des droits des femmes. En effet, le gouvernement a élaboré le plan national d’intégration des femmes au développement (incluant des réformes du statut juridique et familial), mais à cause de divergences multiples le texte ne fut jamais adopté. Un consensus s’est établi par la suite et le Roi mit au vote du Parlement une proposition d’un nouveau Code de la Famille. De fait, le texte est adopté en février 2004. Certes, le Code de la Famille de 2004 accorde plus de droits aux femmes, cependant, par manque de moyens, ce texte n’a pas atteint les objectifs escomptés.

Le contrat de sponsoring des sportifs est un moyen pour des personnes morales de droit privé ou de droit public, des collectivités territoriales ou pour l’Etat, de leur apporter un soutien. C’est un contrat innommé, synallagmatique, aléatoire et conclu à titre onéreux. Sa conception sui generis peut être vue comme remontant à l’antiquité romaine et plus particulièrement au contrat d’auctoratio, qui peut se voir comme sa forme originelle. Depuis sa réapparition dans la société moderne, son évolution lui a permis d’accueillir une multitude d’objets dans son contenu. La qualification du contrat de sponsoring contemporain varie donc en fonction de chacun de ces objets. Polymorphe, il est le plus souvent un contrat d’entreprise lorsqu’il est conclu avec un sportif individuel. C’est en revanche un contrat de travail lorsqu’il est passé avec un sportif d’équipe. C’est cette qualification qui a suscité un contentieux abondant durant ces dernières décennies. Toutefois, le nombre de ces litiges tend aujourd’hui à se réduire depuis que le législateur a reconnu et défini le statut des sportifs professionnels et qu’il a posé les règles d’un contrat de travail spécifique. Un contrat qui leur est exclusivement réservé. Pour autant, si les éléments accessoires du contrat de sponsoring des sportifs étaient facilement identifiables, les principaux en étaient ignorés. En s’employant à rechercher l’essence et les fondements historiques de ce contrat, en mettant en perspectives ses formes archaïques originelles et contemporaines, et en disséquant au moyen d’une méthode d’analyse substantielle ces dernières, cette étude met en lumière avec fidélité ses vrais éléments essentiels et permanents. Elle démontre que pour les sportifs d’équipe les plus renommés, l’étendue continentalisée ou mondialisée de leur notoriété inverse ou supprime le lien de subordination de leur contrat de travail. Alors que ce dernier est présenté et qualifié de spécifique par le législateur, la nouveauté de ce qualificatif de « spécifique » ne relève plus dans leurs cas que d’une fiction. Un tel contrat leur est inadapté. Aux fins de rétablir la réalité des faits, c’est d’après le critère déterminant, la notoriété du sportif d’équipe, que doit s’établir le choix de la qualification de ce contrat spécifique de sponsoring. A cet égard, seront formulées des pistes de réflexions et des propositions. Elles inviteront le droit, et les spécialistes de la pratique, à dépasser certains tabous sociétaux et culturels afin de créer des règles à la hauteur de la spécificité de ce contrat et de l’importance des enjeux sociaux économiques et financiers y afférents.