Bibliographie sélective OHADA

This thesis examines the value relevance of accounting information under integrated reporting (IR) in a comparative mandatory and voluntary setting. A meta review is conducted of all published work focusing on integrated reporting since 2011, which provides detailed insight into the gaps in the IR literature. Multiplicative log-linear model is used in measurement, which is a novel technique that mitigates the shortcomings of traditional value relevance models. The findings show that value relevance of summary accounting information increases after the implementation of IR in the mandatory setting. In the voluntary setting, market effect and the existing reporting paradigm effect the value relevance of accounting information under IR. If the market is large and existing reporting requirements are robust voluntary adoption of IR has minimal to no effect. However, in smaller markets with less rigorous reporting environment, adoption of IR does result in increased value relevance of accounting information. Compared to traditional models, the multiplicative model provides estimates that are more stable over time and shows better explanatory power. Overall, the findings of this thesis show that capital providers value the information content of IR under specific circumstances. This thesis contributes to the IR and value relevance literature by providing the first comparative cross-country evidence of the effect of IR in the change in value relevance of reported accounting information. It provides policy relevant input to the standard setters of IR by demonstrating the effect of IR in the decision usefulness of summary accounting information. The thesis further provides robust evidence of the efficacy of using the multiplicative log-linear model in measuring value relevance instead of the traditional linear additive models.

Le développement du contentieux fiscal moderne a conduit à un passage du dualisme juridictionnel à un pluralisme juridictionnel fiscal. S’il n’est pas évident d’avoir un juge unique qui statue sur l’ensemble de la matière fiscale, la préoccupation centrale est celle de savoir comment les juges fiscaux coexistent-ils dans l’ordre juridictionnel camerounais. Suivant l’hypothèse que cette coexistence est manifeste, l’étude privilégie l’analyse des textes juridiques et des décisions rendues par les juridictions fiscales camerounaises. D’une part, pour vérifier le bien-fondé de l’analyse, il ressort que, de par son identification, le juge fiscal camerounais est désormais un juge multiple, pluriel et diversifié : il est dual, en se référant au juge fiscal classique (administratif ou judiciaire), et spécial, si l’on fait allusion aux juges fiscaux constitutionnel, communautaire et régional. La diversité du juge fiscal permet alors d’observer que toutes les juridictions sont, à un titre plus ou moins, à compétences fiscales. Si pendant longtemps, le dualisme juridictionnel a été le socle institutionnel du contentieux fiscal, la notion de juge fiscal s’est aujourd’hui enrichie avec l’apparition des nouveaux juges fiscaux. D’autre part, comme corollaire, la pluralité des juges fiscaux pose le problème de leur cohabitation : l’on note une collaboration organique et fonctionnelle entre les juges intervenant en contentieux fiscal, mais cette coexistence n’est pas sans conséquence, car elle entraîne des incidences légales et jurisprudentielles.

Alerte sécu ! C’est par cette exclamation que l’on peut mettre en garde sur les potentielles menaces qui pèsent sur les finances sociales en Afrique en général et au Cameroun en particulier. Les régimes de sécurité sociale des pays d’Afrique noire francophone font face à de sérieuses difficultés financières. Ceux-ci éprouvent des difficultés à fournir à temps des prestations sociales aux travailleurs salariés et leurs familles. De prime abord, la mission d’une caisse de sécurité sociale est d...

Dans un contexte marqué par le développement durable, le législateur OHADA n’a eu de cesse d’être accablé de toutes parts pour son statisme vis-à-vis de la montée des problématiques sociétales. Au lendemain des reformes du système comptable OHADA, les problématiques sociétales ont une fois de plus raté le rendez-vous de la normalisation. Toutefois, de nombreuses entreprises continuent à publier leurs informations sociétales parallèlement à leur communication financière. A cet effet, le problème que soulève cet article est celui de la compréhension des modes de production et de diffusion des informations extra-financières en l’absence d’une réglementation en la matière. Une étude empirique de nature descriptive est menée auprès d’un échantillon de 120 entreprises diffusant leurs informations sociétales au sein de l’espace OHADA. Il en ressort que le site internet et l’implication dans le développement de la communauté locale sont apparue respectivement comme support et thème de diffusion les plus utilisés dans l’espace OHADA en matière de reporting sociétal sous la pression de certaines parties prenantes notamment les associations consuméristes, les départements ministériels en charge de l’environnement, du travail et de la sécurité sociale. In a context marked by a widespread awareness of the needs of sustainable development, the OHADA legislator has been constantly burdened on all sides for its statism to the rise of societal problems. However, After the reform of the OHADA system, sustainability problems once more did not met up with the appointment of normalization. However, several enterprises continue to publish their societal information in parallel with their financial communication. As such, the problem raised by this article is that of understanding the mode of production and disclosure of non-financial information in the absence of a regulatory framework. A descriptive empirical analysis is carried out with a sample of 120 enterprises which propagate their societal information in the OHADA zone. It reveals that internet websites and implication in the development of the local community are respectively the medium and theme of the most used disclosures in the OHADA zone with regards to sustainability reporting under the pressure of some stakeholders especially consumer associations, ministerial departments in charge of the environment labor and social security.

La Zakât, aumône légale des musulmans, fait partie des cinq piliers de l’Islam. Le verset 60 de la Sourate Tawbah fixe 8 catégories d'attributaires au profit desquels la Zakât peut être versée. En l'occurrence, il s'agit des pauvres, nécessiteux, personnes chargées de collecter la Zakât, personnes dont les sympathisants à l’islam, les esclaves, les insolvables, les voyageurs en détresse, et le sentier d'Allah. L’intitulé de « Création d’un Fonds Zakât International : Nécessités et faisabilité d’une internationalisation du droit de la Zakât » est une analyse d’un projet datant de 2008 et qui n’a pas abouti à sa réalisation. C’est pour inciter à la création d’un Fonds Zakât International que cette thèse a été rédigée. Il s’agit d’étudier les carences en question et d’en proposer des solutions efficaces. L’optique est de collecter la Zakât à l’international pour une meilleure éradication de la pauvreté. Zakat, legal alms for Muslims, is one of the five pillars of Islam. The Verse 60 of Sura Tawbah sets out eight categories of beneficiaries for whose benefit Zakât may be paid. In this case, it is the poor, needy, persons responsible for collecting the Zakât, persons whose sympathizers to Islam, slaves, insolvent, travelers in distress, and the path of Allah. The title ''Creation of an International Zakât Fund : Necessities and feasibility of an internationalization of the law of Zakat'' is an analysis of a project dating from 2008 and that did not lead to its realization. It is to encourage the creation of a Zakât International Fund that this thesis has been written. It is a question of studying the deficiencies in question and proposing effective solutions. The vision is to collect Zakât internationally for a better eradication of poverty.

Este trabalho se propõe a estudar a tributação dos modelos de negócio que envolvem o conceito de economia compartilhada, que se liga à ideia de mercados de redistribuição, estilos de vida colaborativos e o sistema de produto e serviço, que busca substituir a propriedade pela posse dos bens. Esses modelos utilizam-se da tecnologia para aproximar pessoas que dificilmente se encontrariam offline para que elas possam firmar negócios jurídicos relacionados ao ideal de compartilhamento. As plataformas digitais, nesse contexto, funcionam como marketplaces, que agregam demanda e oferta e potencializam os resultados desses modelos de negócio. Desse modo, a partir da definição do conceito de economia compartilhada, os modelos de negócio foram mapeados, para que, em seguida, se pudesse compreender o papel das plataformas digitais, nesse contexto, e os negócios jurídicos que são celebrados por intermédio delas. Foram estudados os contratos firmados entre os usuários da plataforma e deles com a plataforma para, com base nisso, fosse examinada a tributação incidente. Concluiu-se pela impossibilidade de se estudar a tributação incidente sobre as atividades desenvolvidas pelas plataformas digitais de economia compartilhada apenas com a verificação do que ocorre com negócios jurídicos offline parecidos, estabelecendo a atividade preponderante e a tributação incidente por analogia. É preciso compreender o modelo de negócio, os contratos que são celebrados por seus usuários, além da relação jurídica que eles estabelecem com a plataforma e a consistência material do negócio jurídico, para, somente então, analisar a tributação incidente sobre as atividades econômicas desenvolvidas por intermédio dela. This work proposes to study the taxation of business models that involve the concept of sharing economy, which is linked to the idea of redistribution markets, collaborative lifestyles, and product and service system, which seeks to replace ownership of assets by their usage. These business models use technology to bring together people who would hardly meet offline so that they can establish legal business relationships that are connected to the idea of a sharing economy. In this context, digital platforms act as marketplaces that aggregate demand and supply, enhancing the results of these business models. This work defines the concept of a sharing economy and maps the existing business models so that one could understand the role of digital platforms in this context and the legal businesses that are concluded through them. The contracts signed between the users of the platform and theirs with the platform were studied and, based on this, the incident taxation could be examined. It was concluded that it is impossible to study the taxation on the activities developed by making an analogy between the digital platforms of sharing economy with similar offline legal businesses. It is necessary to understand each unique business model, the contracts that are signed by its users, the legal relationship that users establish with the platform, and the material consistency of the legal arrangement, only then to analyze the taxation on the economic activities developed through it.

Dans la décennie 1995 à 2005, 17 États d’Afrique subsaharienne se sont regroupés pour former une organisation d’intégration juridique, afin d’uniformiser leur droit des affaires et d’instaurer un courant de confiance pour les investissements. L’OHADA (Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires) devait en découdre avec la situation d’insécurité juridique qui sévissait dans le continent en renforçant son attractivité économique, afin de faire émerger un pôle de développement en Afrique. Animée de l’idéologie panafricaniste, cette institution devait résolument se mettre au service du développement économique et de l’entreprise. Mais plus d’un quart de siècle après, on est en droit de se demander si elle atteint ses objectifs économiques. Les revendications des avocats anglophones de novembre 2016 au Cameroun qui fustigeaient l’imposition du droit OHADA au détriment de la Common Law, permet de jauger de la profondeur de la question. Ces mouvements corporatistes qui ont marqués le début de la crise sécessionniste, dévoilent le mimétisme juridique qui anime l'OHADA. Ce panafricanisme juridique qui l’incarnait, devait résolument se mettre au service de l’économie et de l’entreprise. Finalement, il a été supplanté par le mimétisme juridique. L’apport de l’OHADA dans le processus de développement économique du Cameroun reste faible et l’émergence d’un pôle de développement en Afrique est loin d’être amorcée. Cette réalité s’expliquerait par le fait que l’OHADA incarne une sorte d’acculturation juridique, d’où ses performances médiocres. L’opportunité d’une refonte profonde de ce modèle de communautarisation du droit des affaires mérite d’être soulevée

La réforme du droit des obligations a fait naître une distorsion entre la vision que le droit positif et la science juridique adoptent du mécanisme de la représentation. Afin d'y remédier, les activités ressortissant à l'intermédiation financière sont apparues comme un matériau d'étude approprié. Le vocable réunit les prestations prodiguées par les professionnels habilités à opérer sur les plates-formes de négociation d'instruments financiers et d'actifs numériques dans le cadre du traitement des ordres émanant de leurs clients. Si les intermédiaires financiers ne peuvent être considérés comme des mandataires dans la mesure où ils n'agissent pas au nom d'autrui mais en leur propre nom, les contrats qu'ils concluent avec leurs donneurs d'ordres n'en demeurent pas moins des contrats de représentation. Ces prestataires agissent en effet pour le compte d'autrui, mode d'action qui constitue l'essence du mécanisme de la représentation. En considération du principe de correspondance entre l'expression de l'intérêt du sujet et l'exercice d'un droit subjectif, il en résulte que celui qui, tel l'intermédiaire financier, exprime par sa volonté l'intérêt d'un autre sujet de droit exerce des prérogatives qui se rapportent aux droits subjectifs d'autrui. L'assise spécifique du pouvoir ainsi mis en œuvre éclaire le processus d'imputation à autrui des effets de l'action, que l'on présente comme le second versant de l'action pour le compte d'autrui. Compte tenu de la corrélation instaurée entre la titularité du droit subjectif exercé et l'imputation des conséquences qui en résultent, c'est en effet l'exercice des droits subjectifs d'autrui qui justifie l'imputation au titulaire de ces droits des effets de l'action. Fondée sur une dissociation entre la titularité et l'exercice des droits subjectifs, cette analyse de l'action pour le compte d'autrui la fait coïncider avec la conception moderne de la représentation. Si l'essence de la représentation se loge dans le mécanisme de l'action pour le compte d'autrui, le fait que l'agissement soit mené en nom propre ou au nom d'autrui doit être tenu pour une simple variable d'ajustement du phénomène représentatif. La teneur des obligations assumées par les prestataires habilités envers leurs donneurs d'ordres est inextricablement liée à leur qualité de représentant. L'obligation faite à l'intermédiaire financier d'exécuter la mission qui lui est confiée par son donneur d'ordres dépend étroitement de ce que le premier agit pour le compte du second, dont il met en œuvre les droits subjectifs. En tant qu'il constitue la traduction technique du pouvoir de représentation dévolu à cet intermédiaire, le mécanisme de l'action pour le compte d'autrui conduit à lui imposer des obligations de diligence et de loyauté partagées par tout représentant. Agissant pour le compte d'autrui, l'intermédiaire financier exerce un pouvoir de représentation ayant pour assise les droits subjectifs du représenté, ce dont il résulte qu'il assume des obligations communes à tout représentant. Préalablement analysée comme une simple variable d'ajustement du phénomène représentatif, l'intervention en son propre nom de l'intermédiaire financier ne saurait en altérer l'essence, ainsi que le confirme l'étude de l'influence d'un tel mode d'action sur le régime de l'obligation d'exécuter la mission assignée à l'intermédiaire. L'obligation de rendre compte incombant à l'intermédiaire financier obéit à la même logique. Si l'analyse de l'intermédiation financière atteste du particularisme du droit la régissant, la conception renouvelée de la représentation qu'elle a permis de formuler confirme dans le même temps l'absence d'autonomie du droit financier. Nous formons ainsi le vœu que l'étude ici menée puisse constituer le socle d'une réconciliation entre la science juridique et le droit positif susceptible d'éclairer la compréhension du mécanisme de la représentation à l'œuvre dans d'autres branches du droit. The reform of the law of obligations created a distortion between the vision that positive law and legal science adopt of the mechanism of representation. In order to remedy this, financial intermediation activities have emerged as suitable study material. The term combines the services provided by professionals authorized to operate on trading platforms for financial instruments and digital assets as part of the processing of orders from their clients. While financial intermediaries cannot be considered as agents insofar as they do not act in the name of others but in their own name, the contracts they conclude with their principals nonetheless remain representation contracts. These service providers act on behalf of others, a mode of action which constitutes the essence of the mechanism of representation. Considering the principle of correspondence between the expression of the subject's interest and the exercise of a subjective right, it follows that the one who, such as the financial intermediary, expresses by his will the interest of another subject of law exercises prerogatives which relate to the subjective rights of others. The specific base of power thus implemented sheds light on the process of attributing the effects of action to others, which is presented as the second aspect of action on behalf of others. In view of the correlation established between the ownership of the subjective right exercised and the attribution of the resulting consequences, it is in fact the exercise of the subjective rights of others which justifies the attribution to the holder of these rights of the effects of the action. Based on a dissociation between ownership and the exercise of subjective rights, this analysis of action on behalf of others makes it coincide with the modern conception of representation. If the essence of the representation is lodged in the mechanism of the action on behalf of others, the fact that the action is carried out in own name or in the name of others must be considered as a simple variable of adjustment. of the representative phenomenon. The content of the obligations assumed by authorized service providers towards their principals is inextricably linked to their quality of representative. The obligation imposed on the financial intermediary to perform the mission entrusted to it by its principal depends closely on whether the first acts on behalf of the second, whose subjective rights it implements. In so far as it constitutes the technical translation of the power of representation vested in this intermediary, the mechanism of action on behalf of others leads to the imposition of obligations of diligence and loyalty shared by all representatives. Acting on behalf of others, the financial intermediary exercises a power of representation based on the subjective rights of the principal, which means that he assumes obligations common to all representatives. Previously analyzed as a simple adjustment variable of the representative phenomenon, the intervention in its own name of the financial intermediary cannot alter its essence, as confirmed by the study of the influence of such a mode of 'action on the regime of the obligation to perform the mission assigned to the intermediary. The obligation to render account incumbent on the financial intermediary follows the same logic. If the analysis of financial intermediation attests to the particularism of the law governing it, the renewed conception of the representation that it has made it possible to formulate confirms at the same time the absence of autonomy of financial law. We therefore hope that the study conducted here may constitute the basis for a reconciliation between legal science and positive law capable of shedding light on the understanding of the mechanism of representation at work in other branches of law.

Les normes de soft law, règles ou principes entendus comme les actes non-contraignants pouvant émaner des autorités publiques comme des acteurs privés, permettent d’appréhender ce qu’on appelle communément le droit souple. Classiquement écartées de la panoplie des sources formelles du droit, les normes de soft law sont reléguées le plus souvent au rang de sources nées de la pratique. Cependant, face aux nombreux effets juridiques qu’elles produisent et à la variété de leurs manifestations, on peut raisonnablement penser que les normes de soft law dont la compliance prend sa source, ont une réelle utilité pour encadrer l’activité bancaire et financière. La pertinence de recourir au soft law comme outil de conception de la compliance et de régulation du secteur bancaire et financier fera ainsi l’objet de notre réflexion dans une première partie. Après avoir démontré la diversification des sources dans l’encadrement normatif des activités bancaires et financières, nous analyserons le passé de la régulation. Nous nous interrogerons à cet effet, sur l’intégration du soft law dans l’ordre juridique interne. Puis, nous prolongerons notre réflexion en étudiant plus précisément la pratique de la compliance, qui dissimule un arsenal normatif complexe et des obligations éthiques visant à prémunir les établissements bancaires et financiers contre tout risque de non-conformité. Dès lors, nous tenterons de mesurer l’efficacité du système normatif de régulation dans la défense d’intérêts privés mais également d’enjeux nationaux et déterminerons les progrès restant à parcourir pour lutter contre ses insuffisances. Pour ce faire, nous nous intéresserons dans une seconde partie à la compliance comme expression de la densification normative du soft law en matière bancaire et financière.

This thesis examines securities market development in sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on securities law, securities law enforcement and securities markets integration. Adopting a primarily comparative methodology, the thesis examines the continued relevance of securities markets in sub-Saharan Africa; the way selected countries in the region regulate their markets and enforce compliance with securities law; and the potential of market integration to promote market development. This thesis advances 4 main claims. First, empirical evidence supports the link between liquid securities markets and economic growth, independent of the level of banking development. In this sense, securities markets can act as good complements to banks in providing capital to the real economy. Second, at the minimum, there is an arguable preliminary case that rules of securities regulation can hinder market development in select countries in sub-Saharan Africa, by imposing high compliance costs and eligibility requirements, without commensurate benefits in greater liquidity or reduced cost of capital. Third, enforcement of securities regulation in sub-Saharan Africa is generally weak. Whilst public regulators often have formal powers, budgets and staff; actual enforcement activity is sometimes limited by inadequate market monitoring and reliance on criminal as opposed to administrative sanctions. Poor public enforcement, in turn, reinforces poor private enforcement, leading to reduced market participation, illiquidity, and ultimately market underdevelopment. Fourth, although increased market integration can go a long way in facilitating market development in the region, integration cannot be a short/medium term solution to market underdevelopment in sub-Saharan Africa, given the significant economic, political and socio-cultural barriers to integration initiatives in the region. Ultimately, to develop their securities markets, policymakers in sub-Saharan Africa must focus their attention on making and credibly enforcing market-friendly rules of securities regulation. The thesis explores some ways this may be realistically accomplished.

A constitutional analysis of a differentiated tax treatment of residents and non-residents in respect of income deriving from immovable property in South Africa', Daniel Baines explores whether South African resident taxpayers' constitutional rights to equality and property are infringed by current laws which tax residents at higher rates than non-residents on rental income and proceeds from the disposal of fixed property. He aptly sets out what the right to equality and property entails and how these relate to taxpayers. He finds that the higher effective tax rates paid by residents violates their constitutional right to equality. The thesis provides valuable insight into a resident's right to equality and property in terms of current tax rates and illustrates how current tax rates are unconstitutional. The recommendations brought forward contribute toward the discussion of how tax rates should be altered in order to ensure that residents' constitutional rights are no longer violated.

The rapidly growing bilateral and multilateral economic relationship between Turkey and African countries leads to the necessity of understanding each other's business and financial environment. Therefore, the accounting system as a fundamental tool for organizing and disseminating financial information should be accessible and understood by business actors and other stakeholders in these areas. Furthermore, the lack of study related to this subject has led us to carry out this comparative analysis between the two accounting systems by comparing financial statements prepared under each one and analyzing their main similarities and differences. The main purpose of this study is to highlight major differences and similarities between the SYSCOHADA and the FRS for LMSE. Also, the study is aimed to get a good understanding of both accounting sets and help practitioners and businessmen, and women operating in these places to have a good knowledge of the accounting regulations related to each country. On a topic basis and based on financial statements prepared following the SYSCOHADA rules and restated to be adapted to the FRS for LMSE, all main differences and similarities were thoroughly analyzed. Following the case study and the thematical analysis of different accounting topics, it can be understood that the two accounting sets differ to some extent due to philosophical approach on some topics such as the prudence principle where the SYSCOHADA, contrary to the FRS for LMSE, does not allow the recognition of potential profit resulting from currency translation gains related to receivable and payables until such profit becomes certain. However, these two sets also share some major similarities due to their proximity in some way to the IAS/IFRS. The effect of the main differences between the two sets can be noticed in the restated financial statements. The annual net income following the FRS for LMSE increased compared to the initial annual net income in the SYSCOHADA. Also, total assets and liabilities restated following the FRS for LMSE have decreased compared to the SYSCOHADA financial statements. Türkiye ile Afrika ülkeleri arasında hızla büyüyen ikili ve çok taraflı ekonomik ilişkiler, birbirlerinin iş ve finans ortamını anlama zorunluluğunu doğurmaktadır. Bu nedenle, finansal bilgilerin düzenlenmesi ve yayılması için temel bir araç olarak muhasebe sistemi, bu alanlardaki iş aktörleri ve diğer paydaşlar tarafından erişilebilir ve anlaşılabilir olmalıdır. Ayrıca bu konuyla ilgili çalışma eksikliği, iki muhasebe sistemi arasında bu karşılaştırmalı analizi, her biri altında hazırlanan finansal tabloları karşılaştırarak ve temel benzerlik ve farklılıklarını analiz ederek yapmaya yöneltmiştir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, SYSCOHADA ve BOBİ FRS arasındaki önemli farklılıkları ve benzerlikleri vurgulamaktır. Ayrıca, çalışma hem muhasebe standartları iyi anlamak hem de uygulayıcılara ve bu yerlerde faaliyet gösteren iş adamlarına her bir ülkeyle ilgili muhasebe düzenlemeleri hakkında iyi bilgi sahibi olmalarına yardımcı olmayı amaçlamaktadır. Konu bazında ve SYSCOHADA kurallarına göre hazırlanmış ve BOBİ FRS' ye uyarlanmak üzere yeniden düzenlenen mali tablolara dayalı olarak, tüm temel farklılıklar ve benzerlikler kapsamlı bir şekilde analiz edilmiştir. Vaka çalışması ve farklı muhasebe konularının tematik analizi sonucunda, iki muhasebe setinin bir ölçüde felsefi yaklaşım nedeniyle ihtiyat ilkesi gibi bazı konularda farklılık gösterdiğini anlaşılmaktadır. SYSCOHADA, BOBİ FRS'nin aksine alacak ve borçlara ilişkin kur farkı kazançları kaynaklanan potansiyel kârın kesinleşene kadar muhasebeleştirilmesine izin vermemektedir. Bununla birlikte, bu iki muhasebe seti, UFRS/UMS'ye bir şekilde yakın olmaları nedeniyle bazı önemli benzerlikleri de paylaşmaktadırlar. İki sistemin temel farkların etkisi, yeniden düzenlenen mali tablolarda fark edilebilir. BOBİ FRS'yi takiben yıllık net gelir, SYSCOHADA'daki yıllık net gelire kıyasla artmıştır. Ayrıca, BOBİ FRS'yi takiben yeniden düzenlenen toplam varlıklar ve yükümlülükler, SYSCOHADA finansal tablolarına kıyasla azalmıştır.

This study tries to get a clear grasp of the factors that might play positively or negatively in a country’s convergence or adoption of the international financial reporting standards (IFRS). Through a comparative analysis between Turkey and the OHADA countries and based on the existing literature, the transition process towards the IFRS and challenges faced by each one is discussed from a historical perspective to the level of development. As a result, it is understood that the adoption or convergence towards the IFRS can be a challenging and a long-term process requiring multiple adjustments. Also, countries may differ in terms of historical past, level of development, cultural and socio-economic aspects which can all influence their transition. In addition, given the lack of study on the new adoption of the IFRS in the OHADA countries, this paper will contribute to filling the gap in the literature on the transition process. Furthermore, it will help countries which are in their early stage of the transition process to avoid some missteps and learn from others experience to get better prepared for a successful shift towards a fully IFRS compatible accounting system as has done Turkey. Bu çalışma, bir ülkenin uluslararası finansal raporlama standartlarına (IFRS) yakınsaması veya tam olarak benimsemesinde olumlu veya olumsuz rol oynayabilecek faktörleri tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye ile OHADA ülkeleri arasında karşılaştırmalı bir analiz yoluyla ve mevcut literatüre dayalı olarak, UFRS'e geçiş süreci ve bu süreçte karşılaşılan zorluklar, tarihsel bir perspektiften tartışılmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, IFRS’in benimsenmesi veya uyumlaştırılmasının zorlu ve birçok ayarlama gerektiren uzun vadeli bir süreç olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Üstelik bu güçlükler, ülkelerin geçişlerini etkileyebilecek, tarihsel geçmiş, gelişmişlik düzeyi, kültürel ve sosyo-ekonomik yönler açısından farklılık gösterebilir. Buna ek olarak, OHADA ülkelerinde IFRS'in yeni benimsenmesine ilişkin çalışma eksikliği göz önüne alındığında, bu makale geçiş süreciyle ilgili literatürdeki boşluğun doldurulmasına katkıda bulunacaktır. Ayrıca, geçiş sürecinin erken aşamalarında olan ülkelere bazı yanlış adımlardan kaçınmalarına ve diğerlerinin deneyimlerinden öğrenerek, Türkiye'de olduğu gibi tamamen IFRS uyumlu bir muhasebe sistemine başarılı bir geçiş için daha iyi hazırlanmalarına yardımcı olacaktır.

This book comprises 19 papers published in the Special Issue entitled “Corporate Finance”, focused on capital structure (Kedzior et al., 2020; Ntoung et al., 2020; Vintilă et al., 2019), dividend policy (Dragotă and Delcea, 2019; Pinto and Rastogi, 2019) and open-market share repurchase announcements (Ding et al., 2020), risk management (Chen et al., 2020; Nguyen Thanh, 2019; Štefko et al., 2020), financial reporting (Fossung et al., 2020), corporate brand and innovation (Barros et al., 2020; Błach et al., 2020), and corporate governance (Aluchna and Kuszewski, 2020; Dragotă et al.,2020; Gruszczyński, 2020; Kjærland et al., 2020; Koji et al., 2020; Lukason and Camacho-Miñano, 2020; Rashid Khan et al., 2020). It covers a broad range of companies worldwide (Cameroon, China, Estonia, India, Japan, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, United States, Vietnam), as well as various industries (heat supply, high-tech, manufacturing).

Responsible investment (RI) is the investment strategy that incorporates environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors into the investment decision-making process (Hebb, Hawley, Hoepner, Neher, & Wood, 2015). RI has shifted from what was considered a niche market to become one of the fastest-growing areas of finance in many parts of the world (PRI, 2019b). However, a closer look at the development of RI and adoption rates in countries and regions reveals that RI is not commonly practised in sub-Sahara Africa (except for South Africa). This study explores the critical challenges for RI development in the retirement benefits sector of Kenya and, by engaging with a variety of key stakeholders, proposes how to overcome the identified challenges. It contributes to the literature on challenges for RI in a developing country by offering an in-depth case study of the retirement benefits sector.My study employs qualitative methods to collect and analyse data collected from semi-structured interviews with 22 participants (asset managers, regulators and capital market experts, and a council member of the Association of Retirement Benefits Schemes of Kenya) as well as a collection of published documents by government agencies in Kenya. Also, I analysed 10 annual reports to assess the kind of ESG information that is disclosed by listed companies. My study explores, in particular, how actors in the retirement benefits sector conceptualise RI. It identifies the leading ESG factors in Kenya and draws on the business-case approach to RI to explore whether the participants consider those factors as material risk factors that present both risks and opportunities to the investment decision-making process. Further, my study identifies the specific barriers for RI development and proposes how to overcome them. The findings show that participants define RI using several terminologies. This is consistent with the existing literature. My study finds that all participants consider corporate governance as a material risk factor that can impact the financial returns of a portfolio. However, most of the asset managers do not think that the environmental and social factors can present material risk factors to their investment decision-making process. Although over a third of the asset managers recognise that the environmental and social issues in Kenya present business opportunities to retirement benefits schemes, there is a shortage of well-structured assets in those areas. Further, this study identifies five specific barriers for RI development: diversification challenges; a lack of ESG data; a lack of demand/incentives; short-termism; and the demand for high financial returns and a lack of awareness and expert knowledge of RI practices. My study recommends that the National Treasury of Kenya develops RI policy for the entire finance sector. In addition, the findings support a recommendation for the Capital Markets Authority and the Retirement Benefits Authority to embark on capacity building programmes to educate the actors in the finance sector on RI strategies and to create awareness of the impact of ESG on financial returns in the long run.

This thesis identifies the circumstances under which corporate governance regulation can help gain traction to minimise systemic risk. Systemic risk is the risk that local losses spread through the financial system and badly affect the financial system and the real economy. Excessive risk-taking by financial institutions can contribute to such systemic risk. Prudential regulation and supervision of financial institutions leave corporate decision-makers with room for discretion to increase or decrease systemic risk. The incentives of these decision-makers are not necessarily aligned with minimising systemic risk. The thesis shows that this problem exists across different business models. More specifically, it identifies perverse incentives in the case of systemically important banks, CCPs, mutual funds, and hedge funds. The need for corporate governance regulation therefore lies in the inherent incompleteness of prudential regulation and supervision. Corporate governance regulation can help fill this gap by regulating the environment within which choices are made within these types of institutions. The analysis has three steps. First, it characterises the systemic importance of financial-sector activities carried on outside the context of ‘banks’. The governance literature so far has focused on the ‘systemic externalities’ created by banks. However, our analysis shows that other non-bank SIFIs generate similar systemic externalities with socially harmful consequences. These systemic externalities are not considered by SIFIs when taking business decisions. In a second step, the thesis shows that prudential regulation and supervision are incomplete and leave room for governance regulation to fill in the gaps. The final step shows that a corporate governance framework focused solely on the interests of shareholders will have negative consequences for systemic stability. Given such divergence between the decision-makers’ and society’s interests, corporate governance regulation can complement the traditional prudential framework.

The main rationale of prudential bank regulation and supervision of banks has traditionally been to ensure the safety and soundness of banks and protection of depositors. However, best practice standards in bank supervision acknowledge that it is impossible to completely prevent bank failures. Therefore, it is crucial to have regulatory measures in place to deal with banks that fail. Banks are core players in the financial system as the intermediaries between savers and users of capital. In addition, banks provide critical services to consumers, small and medium-sized businesses, large corporate entities and governments who rely on them to conduct their daily business, both at domestic and international level. Banks also fulfil a sui generis role that sets them apart from other financial institutions that are role players in the financial system because, inter alia, they hold “highly” liquid liabilities in the form of deposits that are repayable on demand; they extend long-term loans that may be difficult to sell or borrow against on short notice; they are the back-up source of liquidity to all other institutions (financial and non-financial); and, are also the transmission belt for monetary policy. Unlike other players in the financial system, banks are vulnerable to loss of public confidence and to liquidity risk. Liquidity risk being the risk that a bank will not have sufficient cash to meet short term obligations and the fact that a "run on the bank" by depositors can result in devastating liquidity drainage. Because banks play a special role in the economy and their failure may have a significant impact on financial stability, they need a special approach when they become insolvent or are likely to become insolvent. The 2008 Global Financial Crisis (“GFC”) demonstrated the importance of special resolution regimes for banks; and the need to balance the interests of shareholders, creditors and depositors, while promoting financial stability objectives. Given the critical role of banks in the economy the need is clear for a special resolution regime for banks that provides a legal framework for regulators that avails to them a suite of resolution tools which they can apply to resolve the bank in an orderly manner; to rescue those parts of the bank that may still be viable and to liquidate those parts that are not whilst avoiding a drain on public funds. In order to deal with bank failures in Zimbabwe, the Banking Act [Chapter 24:20] has provided for the mechanism of curatorship since 2000, as a rescue measure aimed at restoring failing banks to economic viability. Curatorship has over the years been applied with mixed success; consequently, Zimbabwe has undertaken a number of reforms which include the enactment of the Troubled Financial Institutions (Resolution) Act in 2005; and the introduction of the problem bank regime via the Banking Amendment Act of 2015. Throughout these reforms, Zimbabwe has elected to retain curatorship, which was once a standalone process in banking legislation to enable bank rescue; and assimilated it into a broader bank resolution framework. This study seeks to determine whether Zimbabwe’s resolution regime requires to be strengthened and if so, to recommend reforms that will align the resolution regime in Zimbabwe with international best practice. For such purpose it will draw upon the Financial Stability Board’s Key Attributes of Effective Resolution Regime as international best practice benchmark. It will further also consider guidance yielded by a comparative study of the resolution regimes in the United Kingdom and South Africa.

Although extreme poverty has decreased in the last decades, we are a long way from eradicating global poverty. Similarly, the world has seen a considerable decrease in global inequality due to recent developments in emerging economies, but overall inequality between nations has risen in the last decades. International tax law may have a relevant role in improving or worsening global inequality. Extensive research has shown that the present international tax system was designed in a way that tends to benefit high-income economies. However, there has been no significant discussion about whether and how international tax law rules should be changed to address global inequality. The main goal of this thesis is to analyze the existing legitimacy and distributive justice issues that limit the ability of lower-income countries to raise tax revenues and consider what can be done to make the current international tax regime more aligned with global justice principles.The thesis builds on the contemporary literature in international political economy and global distributive justice and puts forth a normative framework for allocating the international tax base among states. First, it analyzes some of the legitimacy deficits of the present international tax system. In contrast to prevailing views about improving legitimacy, it demonstrates the shortcomings of focusing solely on making international tax policymaking processes more inclusive and argues for a greater focus on global distributive justice. It then analyzes the main tax theories that have defined international tax relations to date and demonstrates some of their limitations. The final part of the thesis puts forth normative principles that integrate distributive justice and considers the practical implications of the proposed normative framework for some of the most recent issues discussed in international tax policy