Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Responsible investment (RI) is the investment strategy that incorporates environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors into the investment decision-making process (Hebb, Hawley, Hoepner, Neher, & Wood, 2015). RI has shifted from what was considered a niche market to become one of the fastest-growing areas of finance in many parts of the world (PRI, 2019b). However, a closer look at the development of RI and adoption rates in countries and regions reveals that RI is not commonly practised in sub-Sahara Africa (except for South Africa). This study explores the critical challenges for RI development in the retirement benefits sector of Kenya and, by engaging with a variety of key stakeholders, proposes how to overcome the identified challenges. It contributes to the literature on challenges for RI in a developing country by offering an in-depth case study of the retirement benefits sector.My study employs qualitative methods to collect and analyse data collected from semi-structured interviews with 22 participants (asset managers, regulators and capital market experts, and a council member of the Association of Retirement Benefits Schemes of Kenya) as well as a collection of published documents by government agencies in Kenya. Also, I analysed 10 annual reports to assess the kind of ESG information that is disclosed by listed companies. My study explores, in particular, how actors in the retirement benefits sector conceptualise RI. It identifies the leading ESG factors in Kenya and draws on the business-case approach to RI to explore whether the participants consider those factors as material risk factors that present both risks and opportunities to the investment decision-making process. Further, my study identifies the specific barriers for RI development and proposes how to overcome them. The findings show that participants define RI using several terminologies. This is consistent with the existing literature. My study finds that all participants consider corporate governance as a material risk factor that can impact the financial returns of a portfolio. However, most of the asset managers do not think that the environmental and social factors can present material risk factors to their investment decision-making process. Although over a third of the asset managers recognise that the environmental and social issues in Kenya present business opportunities to retirement benefits schemes, there is a shortage of well-structured assets in those areas. Further, this study identifies five specific barriers for RI development: diversification challenges; a lack of ESG data; a lack of demand/incentives; short-termism; and the demand for high financial returns and a lack of awareness and expert knowledge of RI practices. My study recommends that the National Treasury of Kenya develops RI policy for the entire finance sector. In addition, the findings support a recommendation for the Capital Markets Authority and the Retirement Benefits Authority to embark on capacity building programmes to educate the actors in the finance sector on RI strategies and to create awareness of the impact of ESG on financial returns in the long run.

This thesis identifies the circumstances under which corporate governance regulation can help gain traction to minimise systemic risk. Systemic risk is the risk that local losses spread through the financial system and badly affect the financial system and the real economy. Excessive risk-taking by financial institutions can contribute to such systemic risk. Prudential regulation and supervision of financial institutions leave corporate decision-makers with room for discretion to increase or decrease systemic risk. The incentives of these decision-makers are not necessarily aligned with minimising systemic risk. The thesis shows that this problem exists across different business models. More specifically, it identifies perverse incentives in the case of systemically important banks, CCPs, mutual funds, and hedge funds. The need for corporate governance regulation therefore lies in the inherent incompleteness of prudential regulation and supervision. Corporate governance regulation can help fill this gap by regulating the environment within which choices are made within these types of institutions. The analysis has three steps. First, it characterises the systemic importance of financial-sector activities carried on outside the context of ‘banks’. The governance literature so far has focused on the ‘systemic externalities’ created by banks. However, our analysis shows that other non-bank SIFIs generate similar systemic externalities with socially harmful consequences. These systemic externalities are not considered by SIFIs when taking business decisions. In a second step, the thesis shows that prudential regulation and supervision are incomplete and leave room for governance regulation to fill in the gaps. The final step shows that a corporate governance framework focused solely on the interests of shareholders will have negative consequences for systemic stability. Given such divergence between the decision-makers’ and society’s interests, corporate governance regulation can complement the traditional prudential framework.

The main rationale of prudential bank regulation and supervision of banks has traditionally been to ensure the safety and soundness of banks and protection of depositors. However, best practice standards in bank supervision acknowledge that it is impossible to completely prevent bank failures. Therefore, it is crucial to have regulatory measures in place to deal with banks that fail. Banks are core players in the financial system as the intermediaries between savers and users of capital. In addition, banks provide critical services to consumers, small and medium-sized businesses, large corporate entities and governments who rely on them to conduct their daily business, both at domestic and international level. Banks also fulfil a sui generis role that sets them apart from other financial institutions that are role players in the financial system because, inter alia, they hold “highly” liquid liabilities in the form of deposits that are repayable on demand; they extend long-term loans that may be difficult to sell or borrow against on short notice; they are the back-up source of liquidity to all other institutions (financial and non-financial); and, are also the transmission belt for monetary policy. Unlike other players in the financial system, banks are vulnerable to loss of public confidence and to liquidity risk. Liquidity risk being the risk that a bank will not have sufficient cash to meet short term obligations and the fact that a "run on the bank" by depositors can result in devastating liquidity drainage. Because banks play a special role in the economy and their failure may have a significant impact on financial stability, they need a special approach when they become insolvent or are likely to become insolvent. The 2008 Global Financial Crisis (“GFC”) demonstrated the importance of special resolution regimes for banks; and the need to balance the interests of shareholders, creditors and depositors, while promoting financial stability objectives. Given the critical role of banks in the economy the need is clear for a special resolution regime for banks that provides a legal framework for regulators that avails to them a suite of resolution tools which they can apply to resolve the bank in an orderly manner; to rescue those parts of the bank that may still be viable and to liquidate those parts that are not whilst avoiding a drain on public funds. In order to deal with bank failures in Zimbabwe, the Banking Act [Chapter 24:20] has provided for the mechanism of curatorship since 2000, as a rescue measure aimed at restoring failing banks to economic viability. Curatorship has over the years been applied with mixed success; consequently, Zimbabwe has undertaken a number of reforms which include the enactment of the Troubled Financial Institutions (Resolution) Act in 2005; and the introduction of the problem bank regime via the Banking Amendment Act of 2015. Throughout these reforms, Zimbabwe has elected to retain curatorship, which was once a standalone process in banking legislation to enable bank rescue; and assimilated it into a broader bank resolution framework. This study seeks to determine whether Zimbabwe’s resolution regime requires to be strengthened and if so, to recommend reforms that will align the resolution regime in Zimbabwe with international best practice. For such purpose it will draw upon the Financial Stability Board’s Key Attributes of Effective Resolution Regime as international best practice benchmark. It will further also consider guidance yielded by a comparative study of the resolution regimes in the United Kingdom and South Africa.

Although extreme poverty has decreased in the last decades, we are a long way from eradicating global poverty. Similarly, the world has seen a considerable decrease in global inequality due to recent developments in emerging economies, but overall inequality between nations has risen in the last decades. International tax law may have a relevant role in improving or worsening global inequality. Extensive research has shown that the present international tax system was designed in a way that tends to benefit high-income economies. However, there has been no significant discussion about whether and how international tax law rules should be changed to address global inequality. The main goal of this thesis is to analyze the existing legitimacy and distributive justice issues that limit the ability of lower-income countries to raise tax revenues and consider what can be done to make the current international tax regime more aligned with global justice principles.The thesis builds on the contemporary literature in international political economy and global distributive justice and puts forth a normative framework for allocating the international tax base among states. First, it analyzes some of the legitimacy deficits of the present international tax system. In contrast to prevailing views about improving legitimacy, it demonstrates the shortcomings of focusing solely on making international tax policymaking processes more inclusive and argues for a greater focus on global distributive justice. It then analyzes the main tax theories that have defined international tax relations to date and demonstrates some of their limitations. The final part of the thesis puts forth normative principles that integrate distributive justice and considers the practical implications of the proposed normative framework for some of the most recent issues discussed in international tax policy

Objet à multiples dimensions juridiques – le commerce, la concurrence, la fiscalité, l’environnement, le salariat, l’urbanisme, les droits et libertés fondamentaux, la valorisation du folklore et des traditions, la formation, la police, la construction notamment –, le tourisme est le terrain de synergie d’acteurs et d’activités publics et privés en lien direct ou indirect avec l’économique. Un lien de subordination ordonnée caractérisé par la privation, relativement motivée, de l’acteur économique d’un accès libre et direct au marché. C’est l’office du pouvoir économique public. Aux Antilles françaises, il est l’artisan d’un protectionnisme juridique, irradiant, variablement éloigné des nécessités économiques par opposition franche à une Caraïbe plus libérale et lacunaire, aux méthodes distorsives de concurrence, éminemment connectée aux nécessités économiques. Propulsées dans la modernité du droit par leur nationalité politique et ses corollaires – il est une identité de droits entre les Antilles françaises, la France continentale et, résolument, l’Union européenne –, les Antilles françaises sont, au niveau de leur région d’extraction, marginales. La conjuration, au moins partielle, de leur marginalité et, par ricochet, de celle de leur tourisme passerait par un changement de paradigme obtenu notamment d’un mouvement de décentration (« sortir de soi »). Ce dernier tire sa subsistance d’une société devenue mondialisée et interdépendante exhortant les petites économies au regroupement pertinent. Un mouvement qui, matériellement confronté à l’ombre menaçante de l’assimilation juridique dans le cas des Antilles françaises, requiert une fine précision. L’intégration régionale, dont la formule contractuelle – méthode alternative d’organisation de l’économie –, en ses force, intensité, diversité, flexibilité et massivité, est la figure de proue, sans prétendre à la panacée, emporte un effet décentriste. Il naît du contrat économique, plus justement de sa force normative. Porté par l’acteur économique public – l’Etat et/ou ses démembrements territoriaux –, le traité ou l’accord international vise notamment la conduite de politiques communes telle qu’en matière environnementale, les optimisation et fluidité circulatoires – des personnes, des biens, des services –, la réduction des écarts de développement, la protection de la concurrence. Porté par l’acteur économique privé – l’exemple des parties à un contrat de franchise –, sous couvert de la poursuite de la satisfaction d’intérêts particuliers, il organise des rapports d’économie confinant au transfert de technologie, au partage de marque, au renforcement de l’offre et de la demande, à la diminution du coût de la vie par la réalisation d’économie d’échelle, de gamme notamment. Maîtrisé, l’effet décentriste de l’intégration régionale pourrait, dans une certaine mesure, constituer un outil efficace pour une économie durable du tourisme des Antilles françaises en marge ou, quand cela est possible, en alternative aux procédés traditionnels.

Le développement de la comptabilité socio-environnementale au cours des dernières années représente un profond changement dans le champ de la comptabilité. Ses promoteurs proposent d'intégrer des éléments concernant le développement durable dans la communication des entreprises. Cette situation offre la possibilité d'étudier les pratiques comptables à un moment où elles ne sont pas encore figées et font encore l'objet de controverses. Notre recherche profite de cette situation pour étudier les processus sociaux qui concourent à façonner les institutions comptables. Nous questionnons plus précisément l'intégration du processus d'appropriation de l'une de ces nouvelles méthodes comptables (la méthode CARE) dans la construction socio-historique. Cette recherche s'inscrit alors logiquement dans le cadre de la théorie de l'appropriation, à laquelle nous proposons d'ajouter une dimension herméneutique. En effet, c'est par cette dimension qu'il est possible d'étudier la compréhension d'un outil à partir des cadres d'interprétations hérités de l'histoire. Cette attention portée à l'historicité nous conduit à proposer une généalogie des méthodes de comptabilité socio-environnementale. Celle-ci nous permet de distinguer le cadre dominant de la comptabilité prométhéenne – qui a vocation à garantir le maintien d'une capacité de production – du cadre critique de la comptabilité orphique qui permet de maintenir les entités écologiques pour elles-mêmes. À partir de cette compréhension théorique, notre étude empirique permet de montrer que, malgré la sensibilité écologique des acteurs, une comptabilité orphique fait systématiquement l'objet de tentative de détournement. Nous en déduisons l'importance des préjugés néoclassiques, c'est-à-dire des précompréhensions de certains concepts au travers du cadre dominant. Les débats scientifiques et politiques semblent toutefois permettre de réduire ces préjugés et conscientiser les choix opérer par les acteurs.

La thèse est une étude de droit international portant sur le droit français des saisies de comptes bancaires en matière civile et commerciale. Elle définit le principe de territorialité du droit (au sens subjectiviste, normativiste et savignien). Elle distingue l’aspect procédural de la saisie d’un compte bancaire (la signification) de ses aspects substantiels (injonction de communiquer des données, indisponibilité et/ou transfert du solde du compte bancaire). Par observation du droit positif, elle soutient qu’en chacun de ces aspects, ladite saisie commande l’application de principes (subjectivistes) de territorialité distincts (territorialité des voies d’exécution, territorialité des traitements de données, territorialité des opérations de paiement) ; que seule l’analyse différenciée de ces principes permet de comprendre le régime synthétique des saisies des comptes bancaires en droit international. Cette approche analytique est riche d’enseignements. D’un point de vue pratique, elle permet de dégager des conditions potentielles d’invalidité et/ou d’illégitimité des saisies françaises de comptes bancaires étrangers. Par ailleurs, elle contribue à l’étude du régime international : des significations réelles faites à, et des transferts de données réalisés au sein d’une, personne morale ; du statut réel du compte bancaire. D’un point de vue théorique, elle révèle l’existence de conflits hétérogènes de lois et suggère une méthode pour leur résolution ; elle exige que l’approche subjectiviste du droit international, la lecture personnaliste du compte bancaire et des opérations de paiement, et l’analyse fonctionnelle de la monnaie, soient présentées et développées.

Na presente tese, busca-se analisar o fenômeno da blockchain e dos criptoativos, desde sua perspectiva genética relacionada ao comportamento social que explicam e justificam seu surgimento e o exponencial crescimento de sua utilização, passando pelas características e soluções técnicas existentes e propostas para as tecnologias de registro distribuído, denominadas Distributed Ledger Technologies, ou simplesmente DLTs, para, finalmente, observar os instrumentos de reflexo econômico suportados em tais plataformas, aqui denominados títulos circulatórios, sob o ponto de vista teórico do Direito Comercial. Para tal objetivo, é proposta uma estruturação teórica sobre os criptoativos, sua natureza jurídica, classificação e o estudo de seu posicionamento em relação a outros institutos do direito, como a moeda, os valores mobiliários e os títulos de crédito, a fim de identificar possíveis enquadramento dos ativos virtuais na tutela jurídica já existente sobre tais tradicionais instrumentos, tanto por sua teoria quanto por sua regulação. Por fim, ainda são analisadas possíveis aplicações da infraestrutura blockchain na criação e circulação de títulos circulatórios tradicionais do Direito Comercial, como valores mobiliários e mercado de capitais, além dos títulos de crédito desmaterializados. Foram utilizadas para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa as metodologias exploratória e empírica, estruturando-se o conteúdo da tese de forma retórica por meio das seguintes grandes premissas: (i) por quê; (ii) como; e (iii) para quê, identificadas nos subtítulos dos 04 Capítulos como: Por que estas tecnologias disruptivas vieram para ficar? Como é possível a tecnologia conferir o elemento essencial da confiança? O que são e em que se aplicam os ativos virtuais e as redes descentralizadas? Quais outros usos das tecnologias de registro descentralizado podem ser úteis aos instrumentos circulatórios de Direito Comercial? Conclui-se, ao final da pesquisa, que a tutela dos criptoativos deve ser considerada com base na função econômica de cada espécie, conforme sugerido nas conclusões, adequando-se as respectivas tutelas regulatórias às peculiaridades de tais instrumentos, tanto genéticas quanto estruturais, sob pena de esvaziamento da própria causalidade existencial dos ativos virtuais.

La question du développement des entreprises et des organisations culturelles (EOCs) s'est intégrée dans les discours des acteurs-entrepreneurs culturels, dans plusieurs pays africains en vue, d'une appropriation des normes les caractérisant. Un discours qui mérite une clarification dans un environnement fusionnant le formel et l'informel dans la création de richesses. Face à une diversité culturelle favorisant la croissance économique et le développement humain, la création des richesses devient une opportunité de rentabilité et du développement de l’économie culturelle, le cas du Cameroun. Ainsi, les EOCs deviennent et se présentent comme des outils de capitalisation des valeurs et des richesses économiques. À cet effet, analyser et évaluer le secteur de l'économie de la culture, c'est définir le rôle, l’importance et l’impact des EOCs à contribuer à la création de richesses et à la croissance économique au Cameroun. Moteur des échanges des biens et des services culturels, ainsi que des capitaux, les EOCs contribuent au développement de l'économie nationale (PIB). En prenant part active à la croissance économique intérieure d'une nation, elles apportent une valeur ajoutée dans la valorisation des richesses, dans la création d'emploi et le développement de l’humain. Le rôle très capital qu'elles jouent dans l'appropriation et la valorisation des richesses, détermine l'intérêt économique dans la créativité artistique et culturelle. De ces transformations qui agissent au sein des EOCs, il est question de déterminer les enjeux managériaux de développement en contexte de diversité culturelle au Cameroun. Ainsi, la réflexion de cette étude se fonde sur ce paradoxe de la pluralité des richesses et de sa faible contribution à la création de richesses, ainsi qu'au développement de l'économie de la culture camerounaise

In the Australian case of Bywater Investments Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation; Hua Wang Bank Berhad v Commissioner of Taxation (the Bywater case) the Australian High Court dealt with the question of whether certain companies were resident in Australia for income tax purposes. The majority answered this question by applying Australian domestic law. In a separate but concurring judgement, Gordon J also discussed the interpretation and application of the relevant double taxation treaty. This contribution analyses Gordon J's judgment to extract guidance from it for the South African courts on their interpretation of double taxation treaties. It is submitted that South African courts should also follow the "first step" proposed by Gordon J when interpreting double taxation treaties. South African courts may find Gordon J's judgment "instructive" when dealing with the interpretation of the "place of effective management" concept in both domestic law and double taxation treaties. In his judgment Gordon J favours the goal of common interpretation and it is argued that South African courts should follow this example and explicitly support this notion in applicable cases. From Gordon J's judgment and the judgement in Krok v Commissioner, South African Revenue Service, it is deduced that the positions in South Africa and Australia are similar in that the courts in both countries will be bound by the principles of Articles 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties when interpreting double taxation treaties. Moreover, Gordon J's judgment indicates that the domestic principles of interpretation should not be used in the interpretation of double taxation treaties. Recent South African cases have suggested that there are no differences between the South African domestic principles of interpretation and those contained in Articles 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. This contribution submits that there are many similarities between the two, but that the rules are not exactly the same. South African courts should be aware of these differences and rather apply the rules of public international law, including those contained in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, when they interpret double taxation treaties. Gordon J specifically identifies the category of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties in which he places the Commentary on the OECD Model Tax Convention, to rely on it for his interpretation of the relevant double taxation treaty. South African courts may well learn from this approach, to create more certainty in the process of interpreting a double taxation treaty.

This thesis consists of two separate, but related studies on the development of accounting in Africa in the era of International Financial Reporting Standards. The first part of this thesis presents the first empirical test of a hypothetical classification of financial reporting in Africa based on de facto or actual practices as opposed to de jure rules. Three multivariate techniques (principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and multidimensional scaling) were used to analyse the accounting policies of large, listed companies in Africa that are required by law to adopt IFRS. It was found that there is a dichotomy between the IFRS policy choices of companies in Francophone and Lusophone countries, on the one hand, and those in common law jurisdictions, on the other, thus confirming the two-group classification schemes proposed by Elad (2015) and Nobes (1983). The results of this study extend previous research by demonstrating that international differences in financial reporting in Africa have survived in the era of IFRS and that pre-IFRS regulations enshrined in national and regional charts of account appear to have influenced IFRS policy choice. Furthermore, companies in common law countries tend to provide more extensive disclosures in their IFRS financial statements than their counterparts in code law countries. These findings have important policy implications, particularly in the context of recent recommendations of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the Pan-African Federation of Accountants that large entities in Africa adopt IFRS. The systematic differences in the choice of IFRS options between companies in civil law and common law jurisdictions suggest that it would be difficult to achieve internationalcomparability and consistency in financial reporting. The second part of the study uses semi structured telephone interviews to undertake interpretive accounting research (Baker and Bettner, 1997, p.293) to assess the perception of accounting professionals in relation to IFRS adoption and its use in Ghana. It concludes that despite the problems associated with its adoption and implementation, overall, International Financial Reporting Standards are viewed as necessary for the financial reporting needs of the country.

Les relations entre la banque et ses clients peuvent être de divers ordres, mais le point le plus sensible est celui relatif au secret bancaire qui par ricochet concerne le respect de la vie privée du client de la banque. Le respect du secret bancaire est consacré par le législateur Camerounais à travers la loi du 21 avril 2003 relative au secret bancaire, cette loi énumère les sanctions liées à la violation dudit secret, tout en déterminant les sujets et objet y relatifs. Toutefois, dans la pratique, un constat alarmant a été fait, celui de certaines restrictions du secret bancaire qui conduit inexorablement à la violation de la vie privée du client de la banque. C’est ainsi que dans le cadre de la lutte contre le blanchiment des capitaux, et dans le cadre des rapports entre la banque avec les autorités publiques et de contrôle, la violation du secret bancaire devient autorisée, et jouit d’une double consécration de l’exemption de responsabilité en cas de violation dudit secret. Cette double consécration est le fait des législateurs Camerounais et communautaire CEMAC. Ce qui ne tend pas à favoriser le respect de la vie privée du client de la banque dans la mesure où les suspicions qui conduisent à communiquer les informations relatives au secret bancaire peuvent ne pas être fondées, et malgré cela, il y aurait déjà eu violation du secret bancaire. The relations between banks and their clients are of various natures, but the most sensible point is that of banking secret which by ricochet concerns the privacy of the bank client. The respect of the banking secret is provided for by the Cameroon legislator through the Law of 21 April 2003 regulating Banking Secret. This law enumerates the sanctions imposed when this bank secret is violated, at the same time determining the parties and objects involved. Meanwhile an alarming note has been taken. There are certain restrictions to the banking secret that leads inexorably to the violation of the privacy of the bank client. In the aim to fight against money laundering and in the relations between banks and public authorities and of control, the violation of banking secret becomes authorized and benefits from a double consecration of exemption from responsibility in case of violation of the right to banking secret. This double consecration is provided by Cameroon and community CEMAC legislators. This does not favors the respect of the privacy of the bank client given that the suspicions leading to the communication of these information regarding the banking secret may not be founded and despite this, the right to banking secret would already be violated.

هدفت الدراسة إلى استكشاف مدى قدرة المستحقات المحاسبية قصيرة األجل على التنبؤ بالتدفقات النقدية، حيث شملت 14 شركة جزائرية بين 2003 و،2015 ليبلغ عدد المشاهدات الكلية خالل الفترة 117 مشاهدة. وقد تم قياس التدفقات النقدية بصافي التدفقات النقدية التشغيلية، وتم التعبير عن المستحقات المحاسبية قصيرة األجل بـ: التغير في حسابات الزبائن والمدينين، التغير في حسابات الموردين والدائنين، والتغير في المخزونات. وقد أثبتت النتائج ضعف قدرة المستحقات المحاسبية قصيرة األجل على التنبؤ بالتدفقات النقدية للفترة المقبلة، حيث كانت عالقة هذه األخيرة ببنود المستحقات المحاسبية قصيرة األجل غير معنوية، باستثناء عالقتها بالتغير في حسابات الموردين والدائنين This study aims to explore the ability of short-term accounting accruals to predict cash flows. It included 117 observations during 2003 to 2015, which concern 14 Algerian companies. Cash flows have been measured by operating cash flow (OCF). However, short-term accounting accruals have been expressed by change of accounts receivable and debtors, change of accounts payable and creditors, and change of inventories. The results indicated a failure of current short-term accounting accruals to predict cash flows of next period. Except for change of accounts receivable and debtors, the correlations of future operating cash flows with other Short-term accounting accrual items are not significant.

En comptabilité publique camerounaise, l’évolution du régime de la gestion de fait paraît contrastée. Tandis que son champ d’application s’étend dans la législation récente, l’on assiste paradoxalement à la restriction de l’office contentieux de la juridiction des comptes. In Cameroonian public accounting, the evolution of the de facto management regime appears to be contrasted. While its scope of application has been extended in recent legislation, paradoxically, we are witnessing the restriction of the contentious office of the Audit Bench.

As instituições financeiras exercem um papel de extrema relevância na economia contemporânea, intermediando recursos para concessão de crédito à produção e ao consumo. Para melhor desempenhar essa função precisam de meios que assegurem o cumprimento das obrigações. Dentre esses meios está o protesto notarial, ato de incumbência de um profissional do Direito dotado de fé pública, que documenta solenemente a manifestação da insatisfação do credor, sendo revestido de ampla publicidade. É precedido de intimação do devedor, a quem se concede a oportunidade de voluntariamente adimplir a obrigação. Esse instituto, arraigado na tradição jurídica brasileira, tem-se revelado como uma alternativa ao processo judicial, permitindo a recuperação do crédito de forma mais célere e com custo reduzido. No trabalho é apresentado um panorama dos contratos bancários, incluindo o mútuo, bem como do protesto notarial. Além disso, trata dos principais aspectos relativos ao protesto do contrato de mútuo bancário e da cédula de crédito bancário. Ao final, são apresentadas reflexões do autor sobre o tema. As características peculiares do protesto notarial reforçaram seu papel histórico no Brasil. E as recentes modificações na disciplina do instituto certamente contribuirão para sua utilização de forma mais eficiente pelas instituições financeiras, com a perspectiva de redução das taxas nos empréstimos, beneficiando a produção e circulação de riquezas e, por conseguinte, permitindo o desenvolvimento econômico do país.

La commercialisation de la microfinance a mis au premier plan la performance financière des I MF, les IMF adoptant désormais une logique commerciale de rentabilité en plus de leur logique sociale établie de lutte contre la pauvreté. Cela pose un défi de gestion crucial pour les IMF pour équilibrer l'aspect social et commercial de leur mission. Cette thèse vise à analyser comment les IMF surmontent leurs défis pour atteindre leur double objectif social et commercial. Elle s'appuie sur le concept de bricolage comme perspective théorique et sur une approche méthodologique abductive, exploratoire et qualitative. La thèse vise également à fournir une meilleure compréhension du secteur de la microfinance camerounaise, en termes de son histoire et évolution, et des défis spécifiques au secteur. L'étude identifie diverses pratiques de bricolage que les IMF utilisent pour faire avancer la réalisation de leur double mission. Les résultats suggèrent l'utilisation de ces pratiques de bricolage par les IMF pour mobiliser des ressources, renforcer la légitimité et accroître leur ou/reach, dans un contexte caractérisé par des contraintes de ressources. Ces trois résultats de bricolage se renforcent mutuellement pour faciliter la réalisation du double objectif des IMF. Cette recherche a également mis en évidence les quatre phases d'évolution du secteur de la microfinance camerounaise et les cinq principaux défis auxquels sont confrontées les IMF du secteur. Cette thèse contribue à la littérature sur la microfinance. Elle propose un nouvel regard sur la gestion de la double mission des IMF en montrant comment les IMF mobilisent les stratégies de bricolage pour faire avancer leurs objectifs sociaux et commerciaux. Elle met en lumière le lien entre la littérature sur la microfinance et le bricolage.

This paper’s foundation is the global character of (harmful) tax competition. While this phenomenon’s global existence is widely recognised alongside the…

L’objectif de ce papier est de vérifier si le SYSCOHADA révisé va améliorer la transparence des informations comptables dans les entreprises au Cameroun. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons diligenté des entretiens semi-directifs auprès de 06 experts camerounais (expert-comptable, expert banquier, directeur des impôts, comptables) suffisamment informés des réformes OHADA et faisant usage régulier des états financiers fournis par les entreprises camerounaises. Au terme des analyses, les premiers résultats suggèrent que, le SYSCOHADA révisé ne pourra pas améliorer la transparence des états financiers fournis par les entreprises locales camerounaises (PME, PMI). Par contre, les seconds résultats montrent que, le SYSCOHADA révisé va améliorer la transparence des états financiers des entreprises multinationales installées au Cameroun et faisant appel public à l’épargne. Ces résultats montrent que, malgré la morosité des entreprises camerounaises à s’engager en bourse, le marché financier pourrait être un atout de transparence et par ricochet de performance via la confiance dans le financement dont elles pourraient en bénéficier.

This paper examines the ongoing transition to the revised Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa Act on Accounting and Financial Reporting for companies in general and to the International Financial Reporting Standards for listed and group companies with a particular focus on recent institutional developments and corporate concerns. The study used 80 professional accountants, most of whom were members of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Cameroon and academics. Using the descriptive statistics, the study shows that the transition to the revised OHADA brings about a high level of comparability and transparency of the financial statements, that the International Financial Reporting Standards can be implemented in Cameroon (but not fully), and that the benefit of the transition exceeds the cost.

L’expression de l’interventionnisme par le biais des dépenses fiscales s’est considérablement développée dans notre système fiscal. En effet, ce mode d’utilisation de l’instrument fiscal dans un but autre que la couverture des charges publiques poursuit une pluralité des finalités à travers les dépenses fiscales. Ceci étant dit, nous avons d’une part, la finalité économique des dépenses fiscales et d’autre part, la finalité socio-politique. Relevons aussi que cette forme d’interventionnisme demeure perfectible en ce sens qu’il dispose des imperfections qui sont susceptibles d’être corrigé pour plus d’efficacité dans son recours dans notre environnement fiscal en proie à la performance. The expression of interventionism through tax expenditures has grown considerably in our tax system. Indeed, this method of using the fiscal instrument for a purpose other than covering public charges pursues a plurality of purposes through tax expenditures. That being said, we have on the one hand the economic purpose of tax expenditures and on the other hand the socio-political purpose. Note also that this form of interventionism can still be improved in the sense that it has imperfections that are likely to be corrected for more efficiency in its use in our tax environment plagued by performance.