Bibliographie sélective OHADA

This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University.This dissertation examines the tension inherent in the relationship between the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) as Member States Parties of the GATT/WTO and the GATT/WTO regime. It focuses specifically on the tension triggered off by the requirements of Article I – the Most-Favoured-Nation principle (MFN) and Article III – the National Treatment principle (NT) GATT 1994. It shows that while the non-discrimination principles are meant to promote trade liberalisation and economic growth, they produce the opposite effect in developing and least developed countries like ECOWAS and aggravate the tension between those countries and the WTO. It argues that the MFN is used to deny market access to the developing countries by exposing them to stiff but unequal competitive conditions and the NT to deny national governments the policy space to protect and promote national industries, employment and economic growth. It challenges the general assumption that the MFN and the NT are good and in the interest of all the WTO Members and rather identifies them as lynch-pins of economic development in the ECOWAS region. It also shows, contrary to the assumption of non-participation, how the ECOWAS High Contracting Parties are adapting their trading systems and harmonising their laws to the key provisions of Articles I and III of the GATT. It shows that the principles of non-discrimination are the outcome of the standard-setting procedures legally formulated as the SPS and TBT Agreements which favour the developed countries and how the Dispute Settlement Body has rejected the ‘aims-and-effect’ approach, taken a literal approach, overly emphasising trade liberalisation to the neglect of market access and economic development. This dissertation concludes that it is pre-mature for ECOWAS to assume Articles I and III obligations and recommends using the provisions of Article XXIV to build up effective influence through regional organisations and incrementally uniting to transform the GATT.This study is funded by the Brunel Law School

La société anonyme du droit de l’Organisation pour l’harmonisation en Afrique du droit des affaires (OHADA) peut-elle encore être identifiée par ses critères fondamentaux ? La question mérite d’être posée dès lors que la société anonyme s’est approprié la limitation de la mobilité des actionnaires et le risque illimité et que la validité des stipulations contractuelles y est admise. Le déclin des critères traditionnels d’identification de la société anonyme fait renaître la recherche d’un critère adapté. Le législateur de l’OHADA consacre la notion d’appel public à l’épargne. Parmi les hypothèses d’identification de la société anonyme faisant appel public à l’épargne, le cercle de détenteurs des titres semble être un indice de distinction de ce type de sociétés. Celle-ci est administrée soit par un administrateur général, soit par un conseil d’administration. Ce dernier est dirigé soit par un président-directeur général, soit par un président du conseil d’administration. Dans la dernière modalité de direction du conseil d’administration, la direction de la société est assurée par le directeur général. Le législateur de l’OHADA laisse la libre initiative aux actionnaires. Dans ce cas, la structure de l’organe d’administration de la société dissociant l’administration de la direction serait un nouveau critère d’identification de la véritable société anonyme du droit de l’OHADA.

Le développement du droit communautaire en Afrique de l’Ouest couvre aujourd’hui un large champ qui s’étend aux investissements demeurés au lendemain des indépendances des États africains dans le périmètre de leur souveraineté. Les enjeux actuels du droit international des investissements, en raison des exigences de la mondialisation des économies, ont contraint les États de l’espace CEDEAO et UEMOA, importateurs de capitaux, à faire converger leur réglementation des investissements afin de favoriser leur attractivité et d’en tirer le meilleur parti. La difficulté d’un tel objectif réside dans la nécessité d’arriver à concilier leurs intérêts avec ceux des investisseurs, qui ne sont pas toujours convergents. The development of community law in West Africa nowadays covers a wide field extending to investments which, in the aftermath of independence, remained within the scope of sovereignty of African states. The current challenges of international investment law, because of the requirements of economic globalisation, have compelled ECOWAS and WAEMU countries, as importers of capital, to ensure convergence of their investment regulations so as to make them more attractive and to get the most out of them. The difficulty of such an objective lies in the need to successfully reconcile their interests with those of investors, which do not always converge.

Ekonomi, finans ve hukuk bilimleri açısından farklı anlamlara gelen sermaye, başta pay sahipleri ve ortaklık alacaklıları olmak üzere, ileride pay sahibi olması muhtemel kişileri, ortaklıkla ilişki halinde olan diğer gerçek ve tüzel kişileri ve şirketlerin vergi mükellefi olması nedeniyle de devleti yakından ilgilendiren bir kavramdır. İktisadi faaliyetlerin yürütülmesinde hayati önemi haiz sermayenin çeşitli ekonomik nedenlerle ihtiyari ya da sermaye kaybında olduğu gibi zorunlu nedenlerle azaltılması mümkündür.Sermaye azaltımı müessesesi Türk Ticaret Kanunu'nun (TTK) 473, 474 ve 475'inci maddelerinde düzenlenmiştir. Sermayenin şirket alacaklıları için güvence oluşturma fonksiyonu dikkate alınarak, özü itibariyle bir esas sözleşme değişikliği mahiyetinde olan sermaye azaltımı diğer esas sözleşme değişikliklerinden farklı birtakım düzenlemelere ve sıkı kurallara tabi tutulmuştur.Ülkemizde uzun yıllar süren enflasyonist etkiler ve ağır işleyen maliyetli bir süreç gerektirmesi nedeniyle yaygınlık kazanamayan yapının; enflasyon oranlarındaki düşme eğilimine ve sermaye azaltımı sonucunu doğurabilecek şirket bölünmelerinin TTK ile yasal alt yapıya kavuşturulmasına paralel olarak eskiye oranla daha sık kullanılması beklenmektedir. Bu itibarla sermaye azaltımı müessesesinin, uygulamada yaygınlık kazanması öncesinde vergisel sonuçlarıyla birlikte ele alınması, irdelenmesi, tereddüt ve belirsizliklerden arındırılmış daha etkin işleyen esnek bir yapıya kavuşturulması önem arz etmektedir.Vergi kanunlarımızda sermaye azaltımının vergilendirilmesi hususunda açık bir hüküm bulunmamasına rağmen, uygulamada sermaye azaltımı neticesinde ortaklara yapılan ödemelerin kâr payı olarak nitelendirilmesinin ve kâr paylarının tabi olduğu vergilendirme rejimi kapsamında vergilendirilmesinin anayasal bir ilke olan vergilerin kanuniliği ilkesine uygunluğu tartışmalıdır.Bu çalışmada, ticaret hukuku, sermaye piyasası hukuku ve vergi hukuku bileşenleri dikkate alınarak eski ve yeni ticaret kanunu, vergi kanunları ve vergilendirme ilkeleri, sermaye piyasası mevzuatı, konuya ilişkin yargı kararları, vergi uygulamaları bir arada değerlendirilerek sermaye azaltımı müessesesi ve bunun vergilendirilmesi incelenmiş, başta sermaye azaltımının vergilendirilmesine ilişkin açık bir kanun hükmünün bulunmamasından kaynaklananlar olmak üzere uygulamada karşılaşılan sorunlara değinilerek bunların çözümüne yönelik öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Capital is defined differently in economics, finance and law and it is a subject of interest to various natural and legal persons such as shareholders, creditors, possible future shareholders and other stakeholders of the firm. Firms being tax payers, firms? capital is also a subject of interest to the state. Capital can be reduced voluntarily due to various economic reasons, or as a mandatory process in case of a loss of capital.In the Turkish legislation, capital reduction is regulated in Articles 473, 474, and 475 of the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC). Taking into consideration the protective role of capital for the creditors, capital reduction, which is in essence, a change in the Articles of Incorporation, is regulated with stricter rules than other changes to the Articles of Incorporation.Capital reduction has not been widely used in Turkey, due to the long lasting high inflation periods, and the process being slow and costly. Currently, with substantially lowered inflation rates, and the newly introduced changes to the TCC, setting the rules for corporate spin offs, which might result in capital reductions, the process is expected to be used much more frequently than before. Consequently, before it becomes widely used, it is important to analyze the process of capital reduction together with its tax impacts, and to suggest any revisions to the existing process, for eliminating any uncertainties and making the process more effective.Although there is no explicit provision in our tax laws related to the taxation of capital reduction, in practice, when there is a payment to the shareholders due to capital reduction, for tax purposes this payment is treated as dividend and taxed accordingly. However, it is debatable that this practice is in line with the constitutional principle that taxes can only be levied through laws.This study analyses capital reduction and issues related to its taxation, taking into consideration their relevance to commercial law and capital market law. Thus, the analysis collectively evaluates the provisions in the old and the new Commercial Codes, Tax Codes, Capital Market Legislation, related court decisions and taxation practices, identifies and suggests solutions to the problems encountered in practice, which mainly arise due to the fact that there is no explicit provision in the tax laws for taxation of capital reduction.

<p>This dissertation consists of three essays which examine topics at the intersection of law and finance.</p> <p>The first essay investigates the role of regulatory sanctions and reputational damage in financial markets. We study the impact of the announcement of enforcement of financial and securities regulation by the UK’s financial regulators on the market price of penalized firms. We find that reputational sanctions are very real: their stock price impact is on average almost 9 times larger than the financial penalties imposed. Furthermore, reputational losses are confined to misconduct that directly affects parties who trade with the firm (such as customers and investors).</p> <p>In the second essay we analyze the costs and benefits associated with secured creditor control in bankruptcy. We do it by studying the highly contested practice of UK pre-packs, where a deal to sell the business is agreed before publicly entering into bankruptcy. Contrary to widespread criticism that this procedure leads to collusion, we find no evidence of exploitation of conflict of interests and we find that it preserves the value of the business and maximizes recovery in circumstances in which a public announcement of bankruptcy would destroy value. In small businesses where secured creditors are concentrated the benefits of their control seem to outweigh the costs.</p> <p>Finally, in the last essay we examine whether mandatory shareholder voting prevents wealth destruction in corporate acquisitions. We study the UK setting where all large transactions must have shareholder approval. We observe that such Class 1 transactions always get consent. Nevertheless, there is a striking difference between the performance of acquirers between Class 1 and other transactions. The finding is most pronounced for transactions in a narrow neighbourhood of the size threshold, and is robust to a large set of controls for confounding effects.</p>

Cette communication s’attache à comprendre les difficultés du dialogue social dans les organisations de l’économie sociale, sans chercher à en décrire les modalités pratiques et les différentes formes (consultation, négociation collective…). La présentation des rares études régionales réalisées par les syndicats d’employeurs de l’économie sociale permet de conclure à une faible présence des institutions représentatives du personnel dans le secteur, dominé par des petites associations. Surtout, ces études mettent en lumière la complexité d’un dialogue social dans des organisations dominées par la place du sociétaire ou du militant et non du salarié. La présente étude revient donc sur les origines historiques et politiques de ces structures qui ambitionnaient l’abolition du salariat et, partant, formule l’hypothèse d’une filiation et d’une cohérence, plutôt que d’une rupture et d’une contradiction. This contribution sets out to understand the difficulties of the social dialogue in social economy organizations without going detail about the different practices and forms (consultations, collective bargaining, etc.). From an examination of the rare regional studies undertaken by social economy employers’ organizations, it can be concluded that formal employee representation has a weak presence in the sector, which is dominated by small nonprofit organizations. These studies particularly reveal the complexity of the social dialogue in organizations where members or activists play a more important role than the employees. The article thus considers the historical and political origins of these organizations that aim to abolish waged labor and, consequently, argues this suggests continuity and coherence rather than a split and a contradiction.

A presente investigação tem como objectivo concretizar o estudo do Estabelecimento Comercial e do seu papel no Processo de Insolvência, nomeadamente pelo aprofundar das particularidades substantivas e adjectivas da alienação do Estabelecimento Comercial no âmbito do Processo de Insolvência. Até á data a doutrina portuguesa tem apenas tratado estas questões de forma separada, isto é, os doutrinadores na área do Direito Comercial trabalharam e trabalham toda a questão relacionada com o Estabelecimento Comercial e a doutrina processualista tem investigado as questões atinentes ao Processo de Insolvência. Ainda ninguém trabalhou estas matérias numa perspectiva de confluência e complementaridade. Pretende-se com o presente, aprofundar questões como a possibilidade de se admitir a alienação de Estabelecimento Comercial como medida de Recuperação de uma empresa, assim como no âmbito da Liquidação, no sentido de saber se os Administradores de Insolvência deverão privilegiar a alienação do Estabelecimento Comercial no seu todo em detrimento da venda "loteada". Visto que a letra da lei não é explícita quando determina que a venda do estabelecimento no âmbito do processo de insolvência se realize como um todo, e sendo o objectivo da venda do estabelecimento como um todo a manutenção do aviamento da empresa, pretende-se aferir o que é efectivamente alienado na consideração da empresa como um todo, de maneira a que o aviamento não se perca, seja num âmbito de liquidação ou de recuperação. The present investigation was made in order to realize the study of the commercial establishment and his role in the insolvency proceedings (or bankruptcy), specifically studying carefully the peculiarities, substantives and adjectives, of the alienation of the commercial establishment in the insolvency proceedings. Until now, the Portuguese doctrine as only deal with these questions individually, this mean, the renowned legal scholars in the Commercial Law worked and work all the questions related to the commercial establishment and the procedural doctrine as investigated the questions related to the insolvency proceedings. No one worked these subjects in a confluence and harmony perspective. We intend with the present, study carefully situations related with the possibility of admitting the alienation of the commercial establishment was a measure of reconstruction of a company, as well as in the liquidation proceedings, by knowing if the insolvency administrators should favour the commercial establishment alienation as a whole rather than a subdivided alienation. Because the letter of the Law does not specifies when says that the alienation of the commercial establishment in the insolvency proceedings should take place as a whole, and being the objective of the commercial establishment sale as a whole to provide the maintaining of the goodwill of the company, the intention is to evaluate what is effectively sold in the consideration of the company as a whole, in a manner that de goodwill won’t be loose, in a reconstruction or a liquidation proceeding.

Infrastructure is one of the main parameters of economic growth and a country‘s competitiveness depends on the provision and maintenance of efficient and productive infrastructure assets. However, Nigeria, like most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa has the lowest quantity and poorest quality of stocks of infrastructure assets in the world and this phenomenally poor infrastructure has remained an impediment to development in the country. Decades of sub-optimal investment, poor maintenance culture and the fact that the required infrastructure investments could not be accommodated within the available fiscal space as a result of budgetary constraints have all contributed to the Nigeria‘s infrastructure deficit. The immediate outcome of this however is that the available infrastructure assets across the Nigerian landscape are in decrepit state and absurdly inadequate. Besides, the present demand for basic infrastructure services has grown astronomically out-stripping the supply capacity of the existing ones. Closing the infrastructure financing gap will however require increased investment by private investors through creative financing in an enabling legal and financial environment. Outside the budgetary constraints, the absence of efficient maintenance and management of infrastructure assets and quality service delivery by the public sector are some of the reasons why procurement of public infrastructure stocks by government through the traditional approach is no longer plausible and hence, the general appeal of the public-private partnership framework. However, despite all the potentials, the public private partnership technique in Nigeria has not made an appreciable impact in closing the infrastructure gaps due to lack of access to long-term financing. It is against this back-drop that this study has sought to investigate how reforms of the legal and financial infrastructure could widen access to financing through innovative financial resource mobilization in scaling-up infrastructure development and service delivery to the teeming Nigeria population. Therefore, the central thesis of this study is that the inadequacy of appropriate laws and inefficient financial system are partly responsible for the huge financing gaps in the Nigeria‘s infrastructure market and with the legal and financial reforms, an enabling legal and financial environment that would open up space for resource mobilization through innovative financing techniques and sources will be created thereby widening access to long-term financing and increasing the appetite for private investment in the nation‘s public infrastructure assets and services. So, the overarching objective of this thesis is to explore how legal and financial system reforms can facilitate the development of financial models and instruments that can help mobilize financial resources to fund infrastructure and bridge the huge infrastructure financing gaps in Nigeria in a sustainable fashion. Given the infrastructure poverty that constrains economic growth and development in Nigeria, the outcomes of this proposed study would help inform the need for the legal and financial system reforms to unlock resources in addressing the problems of financing gaps in infrastructure projects development in Nigeria. Besides, such outcomes based on the Nigerian experience in infrastructure financing and development may be turned into valuable knowledge for policy –making and further research in Nigeria. Copyright

O surgimento de novos acordos comerciais internacionais anticontrafação (ACIAs) no sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual suscitou questionamentos sobre possíveis problemas ao seu equilíbrio jurídico-normativo. Mesmo a contrafação se constituindo em um problema a ser combatido, a retirada das discussões do âmbito multilateral, a fim de criar normas de propriedade intelectual mais rígidas e que não consideram a complexidade do problema, é um expediente lesivo aos países em desenvolvimento. Desta forma, o presente trabalho objetiva examinar o sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual em face de tais acordos comerciais internacionais, como o Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) e o Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA), a serem implementados por alguns países signatários. O estudo estruturou-se em três capítulos. No primeiro abordou-se o sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual por meio de sua tutela jurídica internacional, de aspectos não multilaterais e de foros internacionais de discussão sobre propriedade intelectual, e o problema da contrafação. O segundo capítulo examina os acordos comerciais internacionais anticontrafação (ACTA, TPPA) e suas discussões jurídico-políticas, com inserção nos elementos arguidos para a anticontrafação, e estudo dos aspectos relevantes destes ACIAs, passada a primeira década do TRIPs. O terceiro capítulo identifica as implicações jurídico-normativas dos acordos comerciais anticontrafação ao sistema internacional, com limites e tentativas à resolução da contrafação, que é complexa. Para o presente estudo foram utilizados o método de abordagem dedutivo, o método de procedimento monográfico e a técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica. Em sede de considerações finais, conclui-se que, uma vez configurados impactos jurídico-normativos negativos nos ACIAs ao sistema de PI e ao desenvolvimento, a existência de limites à expansão de normas aos direitos de propriedade intelectual e a resolução do problema da contrafação, por meio de alternativas, são fundamentais; tendo como fim uma agenda positiva multilateral para a propriedade intelectual é que se manterá e melhorará o equilíbrio do sistema internacional de PI, sopesando interesses sociais e econômicos.