Bibliographie sélective OHADA

The thesis aims at explaining current regulatory crisis of copyright law (understood as its inability to regulate social dynamics as regards production, reproduction, dissemination of and access to information goods) through the application of systems theory. It refers to the concept of autopoietic legal system in order to draft a model representing the ecosystem in which copyright law functions. This model not only allows for observing copyright regime as it stands currently but also for analysing how it evolved over time. It scrutinises the interdependencies between the legal system and other constituent elements of its ecosystem: politics, economy, art, science, technology, religion, mass media, education as well as non-functionally differentiated segments of society: circles of relatives and friends. The main goal of this analysis is to highlight the fact that the current regulatory crisis of copyright is the result of the legal system's failure to equally acknowledge all the diverse rationalities constituting its ecosystem. The primary hypothesis of the study is that the core of the problem may be attributed to the divergence between legal norms, and competing non-legal copynorms constructed in the process of co-evolution within various elements of the model in question. In the analysis all the relevant copynorms understood as segmented social norms regulating social dynamics with respect to production, reproduction, dissemination of and access to information goods have been reconstructed to indicate their potential to oppose legal regulations. The thesis pivots around the concept of reflexive justice which refers to the equal acknowledgement of colliding rationalities. It concludes with the firm statement that copyright law in the digital environment needs profound reform. The concept of reflexive justice as developed within the systems theoretical approach is perceived by the author of this thesis as the most promising starting point for the new philosophy of copyright law.

Globalisation requires ever closer co-operation between legal professionals hailing from different national jurisdictions. This interactive global environment has fostered growing international training and mobility among legal practitioners and the internationalisation of legal education. Increasing numbers of law students get trained in other countries as part of their undergraduate degrees or even come to foreign shores to obtain law degrees. Many students hailing from other African countries study towardsLLBdegrees at South African universities. Major commercial law firms ensure that they can offer in-house expertise on major foreign legal systems and co-operate with partner firms in other parts of the globe. The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), to which South Africa is a party, is a multilateral agreement focusing on the liberalisation of trade in services amongst member countries. Services under the GATS system include legal services. The commitments made by South Africa under this agreement require that South Africa allows foreign legal practitioners to establish a commercial presence or be transferred to South Africa. The Bill of Rights entrenched in Chapter 2 of the South African Constitution guarantees fundamental rights including the right to equality and freedom of trade, occupation and profession. With the coming into force of the new Legal Practice Act 28 of 2014, which provides a legislative framework for regulating the affairs of legal practitioners, including their admission and enrolment, it is necessary to assess the extent to which the Act complies with the GATS rules and the South African Constitution. This paper examines the new Legal Practice Act 28 of 2014, and examines whether the Act addresses the conflicts that have always existed between the regulation of the legal profession and the admission of legal practitioners in South Africa with South Africa's commitments under the GATS system. Using the doctrinal legal method, it analyses and evaluates the rules governing the admission of foreign attorneys in South Africa from two perspectives. First, it considers them in the light of the international law obligations of the country and second it evaluates whether or not they comply with the South African Constitution, and more specifically with the Bill of Rights entrenched in the South African Constitution. While the new legislation may assist in ensuring the compliance of South Africa with the relevant GATS rules, it will depend on the regulations which still have to be promulgated to what extent the new legal framework will achieve the full compliance of South Africa with all relevant GATS rules. The paper concludes with recommendations for the reform of the Legal Practice Act. It argues that while the requirement to be a South African permanent resident in order to qualify for admission as an attorney may be justifiable in terms of GATS and in terms of South African constitutional law, it is not in South Africa's best interest to retain it. Consequently, the paper calls for the repeal of the permanent residence requirement for admission as an attorney in the county.  

The economic growth in Indonesia is thrive. The Economic growth can not be separate of the role of investment in Indonesia. The population in Indonesia very much and also the location of the Indonesian state strategic pretty much made Indonesia enjoyed by citizens of Indonesia itself and also foreign nationals who wish to also invest in Indonesia. In Indonesia there is a domestic investment and foreign investment. In this paper will be devoted to foreign investment. Foreign investment that currently exist in Indonesia has a sizeable amount and spread from Sabang to Merauke, and also has sometimes caused the dispute. Dispute occurs either the foreign investment by government or also foreign investment with other parties outside the government well with other foreign investment, and also in the company itself. Foreign investment dispute settlement is not only done through the court owned by the government, but there are also ways of alternative dispute resolution outside the court . One of the alternative dispute resolution outside the court is Arbitration. Arbitration carried out as part of efforts to achieve settlement of the problem in terms of investment activity . Arbitration itself is set in the legislation applicable investment in Indonesia . The parties in capital investment may create a separate section in the agreement governing the settlement of disputes in the case of investments completed by Arbitration. In the event that the parties have arranged to settle the case with Arbitration, then the court is not allowed to try again or to interfere in the decision Arbitration. Arbitration is one of the solutions if justice denial occur in the settlement of foreign direct investment issue.

Regional powers are not always benevolent leaders when it comes to the building of regional institutions. While powerful states – particularly the “new” rising powers – may have a vested interest in regionalism as a means of projecting influence, regional powers may behave as coercive or benevolent leaders, or alternatively display an absence of leadership altogether. The drivers of varying regional power behavior can be attributed to their competing concerns regarding (economic) power, functional efficiency, international legitimacy, and neopatrimonial networks. This paper explores the varying behavior of Nigeria and South Africa in relation to the institutionalization of free trade areas and regional courts within their respective regions. Nigeria has displayed little leadership in ECOWAS trade integration due to domestic opposition; however, a newly-democratic Nigeria’s search for international legitimacy drove the establishment of the ECOWAS Court of Justice. Likewise, South Africa’s search for legitimacy drove its support for the SADC Tribunal, but the competing demands of different audiences led it to abandon this support. South Africa has also displayed leadership in relation to the SADC Free Trade Area; however, its neighbors perceive it as a self-interested, almost coercive actor. The findings suggest that the motivations for regional powers’ behavior vary across time and policy sectors, and that inconsistent behavior is driven by a change in the priority granted to different drivers.

The paper examines the impact of Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs)on economic growth in the five regions of Africa, as well as identifies their respective drivers of growth. It employs the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) multiple regression analysis to examine the relative impact of Foreign Direct Investments, balance of payments, trade openness, technology and quality of labour force on economic growth in each of the five regions between 1980 and 2012. The study finds that foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) have no significant impact on economic growth in the five regions of Africa. The impact of FDI on growth is positive in Eastern, Middle and Western Africa but negative in Northern and Southern Africa. Similarly, there are differentials in the drivers of growth in the five regions. While trade openness is a negative driver of growth in all regions of Africa except in Northern Africa, both balance of payments and quality of labour force have mixed impacts on economic growth in Africa. In addition, technological progress impacted growth in Middle, Southern Africa and Western Africa but it appears that lack of it retarded growth in Eastern and Northern Africa. The study calls for policy reform frameworks that encourage and boost foreign Direct Investment flows to all regions of Africa, particularly Direct Investments in critical sectors of the economies, as well as check the negative effects of foreign Direct Investments. Furthermore, it recommends that regional economic blocks in Africa should be resuscitated and supported to develop and promote intra-Africa trade and Investments.

The interaction between competition law and intellectual property law has often attracted divergent views from scholars and practitioners of each respective sphere of law. Whereas some argue that the two are in conflict with each other and cannot be reconciled. The aforementioned tension between competition law and intellectual property law has been traced to the objectives of each. On the one hand, intellectual property rights confer upon their owners an exclusive right to behave in a particular way while on the other hand competition law strives to keep markets open. Other scholars have argued that, in real sense and practice, the two are actually not in conflict but rather that they complement each other. The question then becomes, is there really an irreconcilable difference between the two areas of law? This paper seeks to establish how the two aspects of law interact and seeks to propose that there be created a balance to alleviate the perceived conflict between the two. This paper will identify the areas in which the balance can be struck. It will also seek to establish how the Kenyan legislative framework as well as the courts has dealt with the conflict. It will proceed from understanding the goals and objective of both intellectual property law and competition law. This will provide the backdrop against which the alleged conflict originates from. A comparative study with other developed jurisdictions will be undertaken so as to advise on the route that should be taken by Kenya on the interface and a conclusion drawn on how the two areas relate and recommendations drawn from the issues identified in the study made.

Trabajo Fin de Curso de Experto Universitario en Derecho Societario (2014/15). Tutora: Patricia Benavides Velasco. El objetivo del presente trabajo no es más que exponer una síntesis, lo más completa posible, de la materia que nos ocupa, a saber, la exclusión del socio en sociedades de capital, específicamente, en la Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada. Se ha pretendido mostrar las distintas perspectivas doctrinales, jurisprudenciales o de otra índole que, a nuestro juicio, hemos considerado más relevantes, posicionándonos argumentativamente junto a aquellas que creemos más acordes con lo que predica la legislación reguladora de la figura estudiada. Se trata de ofrecer una visión global y reflexiva del instituto de la exclusión, tocando todos los aspectos que inciden directamente en ella – al menos eso hemos procurado - , y haciendo especial hincapié en sus causas - punto esencial sobre el que gira la institución - , todo ello sin perjuicio de las humildes opiniones aportadas y reflexiones que pudiéramos plantear, de cuyo riesgo no abjuramos todavía. El resto queda en manos de nuestro lector.

En droit des affaires, le commerçant est soumis à plusieurs obligations au rang desquelles figure l’immatriculation au RCCM. Celle-ci constitue une mesure de publicité légale dont l’accomplissement vaut, sauf exception, reconnaissance de la qualité de commerçant à l’égard de la personne physique et déclaration de la société commerciale à l’état civil. En plus de ces résultats immédiats, l’immatriculation a pour but d’assurer la sécurité des transactions commerciales. C’est à juste titre que le droit a prévu et organisé le contentieux de l’inexécution de l’obligation d’immatriculation et celui relatif aux incidents de la procédure d’immatriculation. La question qui se pose est celle de savoir si l’intervention du juge contribue effectivement à vaincre non seulement la négligence ou l’inertie des assujettis, mais aussi les obstacles à l’attribution d’un numéro d’immatriculation. Si l’organisation des différents axes du contentieux de l’immatriculation du commerçant au RCCM paraît satisfaisante, les suites de l’intervention du juge demeurent quant à elles perfectibles à certains égards. Il est nécessaire d’envisager des pistes de solutions tant en ce qui concerne le traitement du contentieux de l’inexécution de l’obligation d’immatriculation que celui des incidents de la procédure d’immatriculation.

Transparency of trade regulations by all WTO Members is essential for open, fair and predictable trade relations. Because of the negative integration process followed by the WTO Agreements, a myriad of different regulations apply in all WTO Members and have the potential of affecting international trade. With the progressive lowering of tariffs since 1947, these differing regulations remain the most significant barriers to trade, and the most difficult to reduce. The Agreements on Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures and on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) provide the most comprehensive frameworks to address the costs arising from such regulatory diversity, through extensive obligations on regulatory transparency and cooperation and introducing elements of positive integration. Does transparency, within the SPS and TBT Agreements prevent disputes from rising, or ensure all Members access necessary information to raise more and better disputes? Through a presentation of the legal obligations and institutional framework of the two agreements (Part I), an in-depth analysis of the issues encountered by WTO Members in the implementation of the two Agreements and raised as trade concerns in the SPS and TBT Committees (Part II), and a study of the factors leading to disputes and transparency's role in addressing them (Part III), this thesis will demonstrate that transparency as it exists under the two agreements has the potential to both complement dispute settlement, by giving equal access to information for Members to raise disputes, and substitute dispute settlement, by fostering dialogue between Members before their frictions escalate to formal disputes. In this sense, the strength of the WTO legal and institutional system goes well beyond its dispute settlement system, with enforcement of WTO obligations fostered by better information sharing and dialogue among Members themselves, through non-judicial means.

Doktora tezi olarak hazırlanan bu çalışmanın konusunu esas olarak Türk Ticaret Kanununun 178. maddesi oluşturmaktadır. İşyerlerinde meydana gelen birleşme, bölünme ve tür değiştirmeyi de kapsamına alan işyeri devirleri, çeşitli Avrupa Birliği Yönergelerine konu olmuştur. Ticaret hayatında meydana gelen gelişmeler neticesinde ve uluslararası müktesebata uyum sağlamak amacıyla 2011 tarih ve 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu kabul edilmiştir. Birleşme, bölünme ve tür değiştirme, Ticaret Hukukuna ilişkin kavramlar olmakla birlikte, işyeri devrine sebebiyet verdiği ve iş ilişkilerini ilgilendirdiği ölçüde çalışmamıza konu edilmiştir. İş ilişkisinin devrine sebep olan işyeri devirleri 4857 sayılı İş Kanununun 6. maddesinde düzenlenmekle birlikte, birleşme, bölünme ve tür değiştirme yapısal değişiklikleri için özel nitelikteki Türk Ticaret Kanunun iş ilişkilerinin geçmesi" başlıklı 178. maddesi getirilmiştir. Dolayısıyla İş Hukuku açısından 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu, işyeri ve işyeri devirleri konusunda önem arz etmektedir. Çalışmamızda, ticaret şirketlerinde meydana gelen birleşme, bölünme ve tür değiştirme yapısal değişikliklerinde, işyerinde çalışan işçilerin iş ilişkilerinin akıbeti, işçilerin itiraz hakkı ve bu hakkı kullanmaları için gerekli olan bilgilendirme yükümlülüğü ile işçilik alacaklarından sorumluluk ve teminat konuları işlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: İşyeri devri, yapısal değişiklik, birleşme bölünme ve tür değiştirme, bilgilendirme yükümlülüğü, itiraz hakkı, teminat hakkı, işçilik alacaklarından sorumluluk. Article 178 of Turkish Commercial Code constitutes mainly the subject of this study prepared as a doctoral thesis. Business transfers including fusion, demerger and change of form occurred in works of business, have become a subject for various European Union Directives. Turkish Commercial Code dated 2011 and numbered 6012 has been accepted as a result of developments occurred in commercial life and for the purpose of complying with international acquis. As well as fusion, demerger and change of form are concepts related to Commercial Law; they are mentioned in our study to the degree that they give cause for business transfers and concern employment relations. While business transfers causing transfer of employment relations are regulated in the 6th article of Labor Law numbered 4857; it is brought the 178th article titled as "transition of employment relations" of Turkish Commercial Code special for fusion, demerger and change of form. Thus, Turkish Commercial Code numbered 6102 has importance for business and transfers of business in terms of Business Law. In our study, it is discussed the matters of the responsibility from labor dues, and warranty, and informing liability which is necessary for consequence of business relations of employees working in this business, their rights of objection and using these rights in transformation of fusion, demerger and change of form occurred in trading companies. Keywords: Business transfer, transformation of trading companies, fusion, demerger and change of form, informing liability, right of objection, warrant, responsibility from labor dues.

This thesis intends to justify the necessity to propose an alternative remedy mechanism to current air carriers' obligations in offering complimentary services to passengers in force majeure delays. This mechanism mitigates disputes arising from passengers' dissatisfaction with air carriers' services. The proposal is the result of extensive research arising from a fundamental question: Who should be responsible for damages and/or inconvenience resulting from flight delays caused by force majeure? The source of information for this thesis stems from a combination of the analysis of case law and statutes on one hand, and experience drawn from professional practice and cultural context on the other. This thesis discusses the intersection of international conventions, national legislation, and the practice and expectations of air carriers and their passengers. The thesis specifically examines and highlights the inadequacies of relying on existing international conventions to provide a harmonized solution for flight delay claims. In terms of national remedy mechanisms, research and analysis have been focused on the advanced aviation markets in the West, such as the US and the EU, and on the emerging markets in the East, such as Mainland China and Taiwan. The research and analyses reveal how national laws, which are deeply influenced by socio-economic, political and cultural factors, trigger distinct conflicts of interest between air carriers and passengers. During the course of reviewing the legal jigsaw and uncertainties in current legal practice, the findings revealed more issues. In brief, making more laws cannot guarantee an effective solution for flight delay claims, especially in different jurisdictions. Accordingly, the findings support that a novel solution, free from the uncertainties and complexities in the current legal framework, is needed to resolve passengers' claims or expectations resulting from force majeure delays. Essentially, this novel solution is to form an alternative remedy mechanism that includes a fund and codes of conduct. The fund will implement a risk-sharing function among stakeholders that will include passengers, air carriers and airport managing entities. To mitigate disputes, the proposed codes of conduct will include guidelines to operate the fund with the aim of mutual respect between passengers and air carriers. In so doing, the remedy mechanism will provide equitable answers to the question: "Who should be responsible for damages and/or inconvenience resulting from flight delays caused by force majeure?"