Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Plusieurs accords internationaux ont été conclus pour tenter d'unifier les règles régissant le contrat de transport maritime dont il résulte une complexité qui les met parfois en doute. Mais comme en droit international privé, le droit maritime international est, selon la législation qu'on lui applique, interprété différemment selon pays. Cette divergence d'interprétation ressort des disparités notables dans les décisions des différents pays, notamment en ce qui concerne les clauses insérées au connaissement. Par ailleurs, la conteneurisation qui représente des avantages en ce qui concerne la sécurité et la rapidité des chargements et déchargements, soulève des difficultés en ce qui concerne les fausses déclarations et le règlement des surestaries, faces auxquelles, force est de constater qu'un manque de moyens subsiste aux ports algériens et français. Autant de problématiques, qui touchent le plus souvent soit le transporteur maritime, soit le destinataire de la marchandise et qui ne sont pas entièrement traitées par les Conventions en vigueur actuellement. Ces textes qui avaient pour ambition l'uniformisation du régime international du contrat de transport maritime sous connaissement, ne permettent toujours pas d'atteindre l'harmonisation recherchée. La présente thèse a dès lors pour ambition d'en faire la critique dans une perspective constructive du régime juridique international du contrat de transport maritime de marchandises sous connaissement et du contentieux qu'il engendre en particulier en ce qui concerne les transports en provenance ou à destination de l'Algérie. In the last decades, the International maritime transport has been developed on a large scale. Several international agreements have been concluded in purpose of an unification of the rules governing maritime transport agreements, resulting in a complexity which sometimes raises doubts. However, as in the international private law, the international maritime law is, according to the legislation applied to it, interpreted differently according to country. This difference of interpretation is corning from significant disparities in the decisions of the different countries, particularly about the inserted clauses in the bill of lading. Furthermore, the containerization has Advantages in terms of safety and speed of loading and unloading, it presents difficulties regarding the false declarations and the settlement of demurrage, that they are facing, a lack of resources remains between the Algerian and French ports. All these problems, affects mostly the shipping carrier or the consignee of the goods and which are not fully covered by the current agreements in force. These texts were aimed standardization of the international regime of maritime transport of lading contract, are still not achieving the desired harmonization. This thesis aims to criticize in a constructive perspective of the international legal regime of the maritime transport contract of goods under bill of lading and litigation that creates especially regarding transport to and from Algeria.

O presente trabalho busca analisar o exercício abusivo do direito de propriedade intelectual como infração à ordem econômica no direito brasileiro. A importância desse estudo se dá pela ausência de parâmetros e etapas de análise definidos para tais situações no Brasil, diferentemente do que ocorre em outros países, como Estados Unidos e os países membros da União Europeia, além da relevância da inovação para a sociedade e para o país. O caso brasileiro das autopeças, em curso perante o Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica - Cade situa o estudo. A conclusão que se busca é a eleição de parâmetros e etapas que devem ser observados pela autoridade de concorrência brasileira na análise de um exercício abusivo de direito de propriedade intelectual como infração à ordem econômica e, especificamente, se tais parâmetros foram observados e investigados no caso das autopeças, considerando o exposto no último parecer opinativo do Cade. Para tanto, estuda-se a identificação de uma infração à ordem econômica e sua particularidade quanto a um direito de propriedade intelectual, tarefa bastante sensível, tendo em vista que é inerente ao direito de propriedade intelectual limitar a atuação de terceiros, enquanto o direito da concorrência evita a limitação à concorrência. Assim, verifica-se que esta exclusão de terceiros em relação ao objeto tutelado pelo direito de propriedade intelectual não significa uma limitação à livre iniciativa e, consequentemente, à livre concorrência, princípios visados pelo direito da concorrência, de tal forma que um direito de propriedade intelectual devidamente exercido não deve ser objeto de preocupação do direito da concorrência. Nesse sentido, estuda-se a função que determina a criação e o devido exercício de um direito de propriedade intelectual, para que seja verificado seu abuso, pressuposto da caracterização de uma infração ao direito da concorrência pelo exercício de um direito de propriedade intelectual. A decisão no caso europeu Microsoft auxilia este estudo tendo em vista que a autoridade de concorrência europeia elenca e comprova este e outros requisitos que devem ser investigados para a caracterização de uma infração à ordem econômica no direito brasileiro.

Compte tenu de la complexité et de la dimension sensible de la gestion des affaires de propriété intellectuelle ainsi que de la diversité des modalités de protection et d’application des droits de propriété intellectuelle dans différents ressorts juridictionnels, les MARL sont aujourd’hui un moyen efficace de régler les litiges de propriété intellectuelle. Cela est particulièrement vrai en ce qui concerne les affaires de propriété intellectuelle qui impliquent des considérations commerciales. En effet, la propriété intellectuelle fait désormais partie intégrante du commerce international et de l’économie mondiale. D’où le développement du contentieux non juridictionnel international de la propriété intellectuelle avec pour fondement la création de plusieurs centre internationaux d’arbitrage et de médiation de droit commun et d’un centre spécialisé en arbitrage et médiation des litiges de propriété intellectuelle : le centre d’arbitrage et de médiation de l’OMPI. Cette montée en puissance des MARL en matière de propriété intellectuelle se justifie par l’émancipation de ces derniers par rapport à l’ordre public qui ne joue plus son rôle limitatif voir perturbateur. Il se voit aujourd'hui cantonné dans un rôle lui permettant d'assurer sa fonction naturelle de défense des intérêts légitimes de l'État, mais sans entraver les activités privées qui s'y conforment. Given the complexity and the sensitive dimension of the management of the Affairs of intellectual property as well as the diversity of methods of protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights in different legal jurisdictions, MARL today are an effective way of resolving disputes of intellectual property. This is especially true with regard to the intellectual property cases that involve commercial considerations. Indeed, intellectual property is more territorial in terms of application. She is now an integral part of international trade and the global economy. Where international no jurisdictional litigation of intellectual property development with based on the creation of several international center of arbitration and mediation of common law and a Center who specializes in arbitration and mediation of intellectual property disputes: WIPO mediation and Arbitration Center. This rise of ADR in intellectual property is justified by the emancipation of these compared to public order which no longer plays its role limiting see disruptive. He is now confined in a role enabling it to ensure its natural function of defence of the legitimate interests of the State, but without impeding private activities that conform.

A tese aborda a técnica de desenho de sistemas de resolução de disputas, entendida como a organização deliberada e intencional de procedimentos ou mecanismos processuais, que interagem entre si, e, quando aplicáveis, de recursos materiais e humanos, para a construção de sistemas de prevenção, gerenciamento e resolução de disputas. A delimitação do objeto da presente tese se justifica pela lacuna existente na análise convencional, direcionada a apenas um ou outro mecanismo de resolução de disputas, consubstanciados nos métodos formais mais familiares para os operadores do direito: adjudicação por um tribunal estatal, arbitragem, conciliação ou mediação e negociação. A tese argumenta que a utilização de uma nova lente sistêmica poderá ampliar substancialmente, para o operador do direito, a sua capacidade de invenção e implementação de estratégias adequadas à resolução de disputas. Tais lentes compreendem a mudança do enfoque de análise de um mecanismo particular para o reconhecimento de toda a ordem de mecanismos processuais e canais disponíveis às partes em um determinado contexto, como estes funcionam e principalmente como eles interagem - uma análise de sistemas. Sob esta perspectiva, a tese explora um outro importante pressuposto para a construção de arranjos procedimentais: a adequação. O trabalho argumenta que o fator que incrementará as chances da adequação da resposta processual ao contexto será o processo de concepção, construção e implementação do arranjo procedimental, sob a perspectiva sistêmica. O processualista deve estar atento aos passos inexoráveis que a tarefa de desenhar sistemas de resolução de disputas requer ; esses passos serão abordados detalhadamente no trabalho. A tese sustenta que, sem a devida reflexão e ação sobre os temas identificados em cada uma das etapas necessárias para o desenho de um sistema, o trabalho de construção da resposta processual será mais difícil e o risco de inadequação será agravado. The thesis addresses the topic of dispute systems design, regarding the intentional organization of resources and procedures, which interact with each other, to prevent, manage and resolve disputes. The investigation is important due to the gap in the conventional analysis in dealing with dispute resolution, that aims at one or other dispute resolution mechanism, related to the most familiar formal methods used by lawyers and parties: court adjudication, arbitration, conciliation, mediation or negotiation. The thesis argues that a systemic approach could substantially improve the means for invention and implementation of adequate strategies for dispute resolution in the context of the myriad of situations in which this is necessary. Such an approach requires that the focus of attention be shifted from a particular mechanism of dispute resolution to the broad array of available channels and mechanisms in a given context, how they work, and mainly, how they interact with each other and the people involved: a systems level analysis. Under such perspective, the thesis addresses another important aspect of dispute design: the adequacy. The thesis argues that the element that will increase the chances of adequacy of the procedural response to the context is the process of thinking, building and implementing the procedural scheme, under the systemic approach. The designer should be mindful of the inexorable steps that the dispute systems design initiative requires, which are addressed in detail in the work. The thesis demonstrates that, without careful and structured planning and execution regarding the main issues that lay at every necessary step of the dispute design process, the work of building an adequate procedural response may prove difficult and risky

Le sujet développé dans cette thèse pose comme objectif de répondre à trois problématiques résumables par une corrélation entre trois points principaux :(a) la relation entre l'usage des nouveaux outils des plateformes 2.0 dans l’intermédiation de la finance et l’émergence d’un nouvel archétype de financement ; (b) la distinction observée entre le capital-risque conventionnel et les financements opérant actuellement dans un environnement 2.0 et (c) l’approche optimale pour construire un environnement juridique modulé à l’évolution récente introduite par les outils 2.0 dans le financement de l’innovation. La recherche aborde la problématique en déconstruisant la dynamique institutionnelle de l’évolution économique contemporaine. Par cela la recherche tente de déterminer la nature et l’étendue des changements subis par l’économie en interaction constante avec le progrès technologique des nouvelles technologies d’information et de communication. La méthodologie du fond adoptée dans cette recherche fait partie de l’analyse économique de droit (Law and Economics). Néanmoins, l’analyse est enrichie par une référence aux outils théorétiques du courant économique néo-institutionnaliste américain et la sociologie économique critique française. Cette transdisciplinarité permet ainsi de comprendre la nature de l’évolution d’une manière plus élaborée. Le fil conducteur de cette recherche réside dans le phénomène de la financiarisation de l’économie. Cette recherche supporte l’idée selon laquelle les bouleversements du format et fonctionnement économiques actuels sont majoritairement le résultat d’un double mouvement institutionnel de nature financière et technologique. La recherche identifie trois institutions de nature économique et juridique au cœur du modèle de financement de l’innovation américain : la gouvernance par la flexibilité contractuelle fondée sur la notion du private ordering, la liquidité financière et l’externalisation du processus de l’innovation par rapport à la firme. Une analyse comparative de différents cadres règlementaires portant sur le capital risque en vigueur à travers le monde confirme la centralité de ces trois institutions. En conclusion de la recherche, il est ainsi nécessaire pour un Etat de reconnaître la nature institutionnelle du modèle de financement par lequel il compte supporter l’innovation. Pour le modèle de financement par capital-risque dominant aux Etats-Unis, un point d’équilibre entre d’une part un cadre règlementaire visant la protection des investisseurs et d’autre part des mesures favorisant la création de la liquidité financière devient indispensable. Néanmoins,l’oscillation règlementaire entre des mesures de support de liquidité et des règlements restrictifs reste en effet inévitable. L’évolution de la financiarisation de l’économie en alliance avec une concurrence pour l’innovation technologique ramènera les acteurs privés à assurer eux-mêmes la création de la liquidité. L’émergence des nouveaux types de contrats de financement par fonds propres allégés aux Etats- Unis (KISS contracts) puis reconfigurés pour le système juridique français (Contrats AIR) sert de preuve à cette hypothèse. La tâche la plus signifiante aujourd’hui pour les législateurs sera ainsi la création d’un ensemble de mesures protectrices contre les risques déraisonnables et démesurés. Ceci tout en assurant que les deux éléments irréductibles propres à l’institution du capital-risque – la spéculation conditionnelle et l’autonomie contractuelle – soient assurés par une marge de manœuvre suffisante requise pour supporter l’innovation. The present doctorate research thesis attempts to resolve three correlated problematics summarized as following: (a) the relation between the use of new tools provided by the 2.0 platforms especially in the field of financial intermediation and the advent of a new financial archetype; (b) the difference between venture capital 2.0 and the conventional venture capital and (c) the concern over the utmost optimum approach in constructing a legal environment adapted to the current evolution introduced by the use of 2.0 tools in the financing of innovation. The research confronts the problematic by conducting a preliminary deconstruction of the ongoing institutional dynamic in regards to the current economical transformation. Subsequently, the research would attempt to define the nature and extent of the economical mutations in constant exposure to the new technologies in information and communication. This research fundamentally adopts a law and economics (L&E) analysis. In addition, the research would complement the traditional L&E analysis with further theoretical instruments by referral to the American neo-institutionnalist school of thought along with the French critical socio-economic theories. This transdisciplinarity would grant the possibility of attaining a more indepth understanding of nature of the economical mutation. The central unifying theme throughout the research resides on the concept of financialization of the economy. The research attributes the major disruption in the form and functioning of contemporary economy to an institutional financial and technological wave of change. The research identifies three economical and legal institutions residing at the core of the American financing of innovation model : the governance through contractual flexibility based on the notion of “private ordering”, financial liquidity and the externalization of the innovation process. A comparative analysis of different venture capital regulatory framework in various national jurisdictions confirms the major importance of the three stated institutions. In sum, the institutional nature of the financing model adopted by the government in support of innovation should be fully considered by national governments. For the case of the US venture capital model, an equilibrium point should be attained between two main regulatory framework objectives: the protection of investors and the creation of financial liquidity. A regulatory oscillation between liquidity creation and regulation would always prevail. Nonetheless, the financialization of the economy in conjunction with IT innovation would oblige private actors to maintain the creation of financial liquidity through private initiative. The emergence of new types of simplified equity financing model contracts such as the KISS contracts and the French variant, AIR contracts confirms this statement. Legislators would have to provide protection against unreasonable risk taking while ensuring that the two main elements of venture capital rest unhindered : conditional speculation and sufficient contractual autonomy to support innovation.

De la volonté des parties de s’accorder sur les éléments essentiels d’un contrat, naît tout un processus contractuel qui se traduit par la création d’obligations, éléments susceptibles d’être à l’origine d’un désaccord. Dès lors qu’un juge est saisi d’un litige, les opérations d’interprétation et de qualification du contrat litigieux auxquelles il se consacre se définissent par une double fonction. Dans un premier temps, l’interprétation du contenu du contrat permet au juge de repérer les éléments de fait qui ont été déterminants de la volonté des parties de contracter. Dans un second temps, une fois déterminés, ces éléments qui sont porteurs du sens du contrat, vont permettre au juge d’apporter, une solution au désaccord qui oppose les parties. Or, la solution ne trouvera son efficacité que si le juge applique aux éléments de fait qu’il a identifiés le droit approprié ; il faut pour cela qualifier le fait au sens où la qualification, consiste à déterminer la catégorie dans laquelle s’inscrit le contrat, afin de lui appliquer le régime juridique qui lui correspond. Elle est en cela le préalable à l’application d’une règle juridique. Opération intellectuelle, la qualification fait ainsi office de charnière entre les deux fonctions attachée à l’opération d’interprétation que sont l’interprétation des données de fait et la solution apportée par le juge sur le contenu contractuel litigieux.

Le droit applicable aux études d’impact environnemental a considérablement évolué depuis sa création par la loi sur la protection de la nature du 10 juillet 1976. D’un droit fondé sur une nature cloisonnée, on se retrouve en 2017 avec un droit souple et négocié, fondé sur une approche systémique et dynamique des interrelations entre l’homme et son environnement. Les échanges de connaissances par le biais de l’expertise offrent progressivement un espace de négociation où les intérêts économiques et la réalité scientifique en viennent à fusionner, donnant naissance à une conception modernisée de la nature : celle de l’évaluation de la biodiversité par les services qu’elle rend à l’homme. Pourtant, la complexité de la nature dépasse l’appréhension que l’homme peut en avoir. Dès lors, bien que les procédures juridiques applicables aux études d’impact environnemental reflètent encore les limites imposées par le pouvoir de l’économie sur la nature, le droit ouvre néanmoins une brèche grâce aux développements d’outils numériques qui pourrait permettre de rééquilibrer les forces en présence. La naissance d’une négociation écologique où les expertises scientifiques profanes, la participation du public et la création d’une connaissance commune de la nature influenceraient également la décision publique est alors peut-être en pleine émergence.

International trade can support economic development and social upliftment. However, people are often discouraged from contracting internationally due to differences in legal systems which act as a non-tariff barrier to trade. This article focuses on the private law framework regulating international contracts of sale. During the twentieth century, the problem of diverse laws was primarily addressed by global uniform law such as the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). However, uniform law is rarely complete and has to be supplemented by national law, trade usage or party agreement. Because of gaps that exist in the CISG the Swiss government made a proposal for a new global contract law. But is this a feasible solution to the fragmentary state of international trade law? In Europe, signs of reluctance are setting in towards further harmonisation efforts. The Proposal for a Common European Sales Law (CESL) was recently withdrawn, and now Britain has voted to leave the European Union; rumour having it that more countries might follow. The current private law framework for international sales contracts consists of a hybrid system where international, national, state and non-state law function side by side. This article submits that universalism is not per se the most efficient approach to the regulation of international sales law and that economic forces require a more varied approach for business-to-business transactions. The biggest challenge, however, would be to manage global legal pluralism. It is concluded that contractual parties, the courts and arbitral tribunals can effectively manage pluralism on a case-by-case basis.            

Le présent travail consiste à développer un nouveau modèle relatif à l’évaluation de la performance responsabilité sociétale de l’organisation (RSO) basé sur une approche holistique et interdépendante issue des fondements et principes de la norme ISO 26000. Le modèle d’évaluation proposé génère des indices de mesure RSO, qui aideraient l’organisation à caractériser et évaluer sa performance par rapport aux sept questions centrales, dans le but d’améliorer sa démarche RSO, et ce dans une logique participative avec ses diverses parties prenantes. Inspiré des travaux de G. K. Kanji et P. K. Chopra, nous proposons un modèle d’équations structurelles composé de variables latentes et de variables manifestes. L’avantage du modèle permet de mieux cerner les diverses connections et causalités entre les différentes composantes (les questions centrales). L’implémentation du modèle sur le logiciel XLSTAT fournit des indices de mesure pour chaque variable latente qui peuvent être analysés et interprétés afin de développer les plans d’actions et les aspects à améliorer dans la démarche RSO. The aim of the present work is to develop a new model to assess the Corporate Social Responsibility CSR performance of an organization based on a holistic and interdependent approach as described in the foundations and principles of the ISO 26000 standard. The proposed model generates a new Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Index, which help the organization to characterize and assess its performance regarding to the seven core subjects of ISO 26000 standard, with the different stakeholders. Inspired by the work of G. K. Kanji and P. K. Chopra, we propose a model of structural equations composed of latent and manifest variables. The model identifies the various connections between the different components (the core subjects). The implementation on the XLSTAT software provides an index for each latent variable that can be analysed in order to improve the CSR performance.

Africa unlike other developing regions of the world has experienced declining flows of foreign direct investment (FDI).The flow of FDI is expected to result into gradual reduction in reliance on external borrowed capital and acceleration of economic development. The study examined the declining flow of FDI to the African regions as well as the impact that it has had on economic development of the region, using the proxies of Income per capita, Life expectancy and Education indices. The study made use of pooled data from thirty nine African countries within the period 1993 and 2012.The method of analysis utilized for the study was the fixed effect least-square dummy variable model, employed to estimate the impact of foreign direct investment on economic development for the selected host African countries. The study finds that foreign direct investment is statistically significant in relation to economic development for host African countries. It is therefore recommended that the governments of host countries should consider closely the sectors that FDI flows into, encourage investment domestically in such sectors such that dependence on external financial flows could be reduced, resulting in sustained increases in income, literacy level and hence improved life expectancy which are expected to result into sustained economic development.

A dissenting opinion with reference to International Commercial Arbitrations elementarily denotes the expression of disagreement by an Arbitrator in relation to both the reasoning and the result of the award granted by the majority of the Tribunal. Though still at a nascent stage, the practice of delivering dissenting opinions is one which needs to be duly noted and taken into due consideration because of the incidental and collateral questions that it nurtures. Fundamentally, a dissenting opinion raises concerns related to the effect, the nature and the rectitude of such opinions. One such collateral question is the enforceability of such dissenting opinions and the repercussions that follow in the context of an arbitral award delivered by the majority. In addition to the above raised question, through this thesis the author will also address other questions such as whether the act of delivering a dissenting opinion is an indicator of the increased sense of maturity of arbitrators in international commercial arbitration? Whether the dissenting opinion possesses any precedential value to the arbitration cases arriving prospectively? and How do such opinions contribute to the development of arbitration jurisprudence. Moreover, through this thesis the author will also attempt from a comparative perspective to examine and make an incisive analysis of the governing rules of arbitration across various arbitration regimes such as ICSID, LCIA which already have a wellestablished arbitration jurisprudence.

O objetivo central desta tese é avaliar se a regra da previsibilidade do dano contratual ressarcível é um método eficaz de limitação dos danos e se atende às exigências modernas do Comércio Internacional. Para o perfeito enquadramento e contextualização do tema central deste estudo, apresenta-se inicialmente a origem histórica do critério da previsibilidade do dano no campo da responsabilidade contratual, e faz-se uma análise do alcance do princípio da reparação integral do dano e do princípio geral de ressarcimento de dano no Direito romano. Em seguida, realiza-se um breve exame do Direito Contratual na França até o século XVI, bem como uma análise do ressarcimento do dano nas obras de Dumoulin, Domat e Pothier e, para encerrar a parte histórica, analisa-se o Código Civil francês e a obrigação de ressarcimento. Ato contínuo, adentra-se a fundo nas noções gerais e nuances da regra da previsibilidade do dano, verificando-se, inicialmente, o sentido geral da limitação. Em seguida, analisa-se a teoria do fim tutelado pelo contrato e os fundamentos (contratual e econômico) do critério da previsibilidade. Feito isso, são avaliados o objeto e o momento da previsibilidade e, após, a (não) limitação de responsabilidade ao devedor doloso. Na sequência, estuda-se a adoção da previsibilidade do dano contratual como critério limitador do ressarcimento nos sistemas domésticos e em alguns dos principais instrumentos internacionais de uniformização do direito europeu, quais sejam, nos Princípios de Direito Europeu dos Contratos (PECL), no Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR), no Common European Sales Law (CESL) e no Projeto do Código Europeu dos Contratos. Em seguida analisa-se dois dos principais instrumentos de harmonização normativa do Comércio Internacional: os princípios do International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (Unidroit) e, mais profundamente, a Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre Contratos de Compra e Venda Internacional de Mercadorias (CISG), que hoje é referência normativa para os contratos internacionais entre signatários, os quais representam dois terços do comércio mundial. E, por fim, faz-se a análise econômica da regra da previsibilidade com o objetivo, primeiramente, de se verificar se, de fato, ela promove eficiência econômica e se a sua previsão influencia o comportamento das partes, incentivando a revelação de informações relevantes. E, na medida em que a previsibilidade do dano é um conceito jurídico indeterminado, cujo desafio da doutrina e especialmente da jurisprudência é dar a ele contornos mais concretos e objetivos, analisase decisões judiciais e arbitrais que aplicaram e interpretaram a regra da previsibilidade do dano no âmbito da CISG para, depois, avaliar, também mediante a análise econômica do Direito, a forma como o posicionamento de juízes e árbitros sobre a referida regra afeta os custos de transação dos negócios comerciais internacionais. The main purpose of the thesis herein is to evaluate if the foreseeability rule regarding refundable contractual damage is an effective method of damages limitation and whether it attends the modern International Trade requirements. For the perfect framing and contextualization of the central theme of this study, it is initially presented the historical origin of the damage foreseeability criteria in the field of contractual liability and an analysis is made of the scope of the principle of full compensation for damage and of the general principle of compensation in Roman Law. Then, a brief examination of the Contract Law in France until the sixteenth century is carried out, as well as an analysis of reparation of damages in the works of Dumoulin, Domat and Pothier and, to close the historical part, the French Civil Code and the obligation to make reparation are also analyzed. Subsequently, it goes deeper into the general notions and nuances of the foreseeability damage rule, initially finding the general meaning of the limitation. Next, we analyze the theory of the purpose protected by the contract and the fundamentals (contractual and economic) of the criteria of foreseeability. Later, the object and the moment of foreseeability are evaluated, as well as the (non) limitation of liability to the intentional debtor. Following, it is herein studied the adoption of foreseeability of contractual damage as a limiting criterion for reimbursement in domestic systems and in some of the main international instruments for the standardization of European law, namely in the European Contract Law Principles (ECLP), in the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR), in Common European Sales Law (CESL) and in the Draft of the European Code of Contracts. Two main instruments of normative harmonization of international trade are discussed below: the principles of the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (Unidroit) and, more profoundly, the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), which is currently the normative reference for international contracts among signatories, which represent twothirds of world trade. Finally, the economic analysis of the foreseeability rule is carried out, initially, in order to verify whether it promotes economic efficiency and whether its prediction influences the behavior of the parties, encouraging the disclosure of relevant information. And insofar as the damage foreseeability is an indeterminate legal concept, whose challenge in the doctrine and especially the jurisprudence is to give it more concrete and objective outlines, we analyze judicial and arbitral decisions that applied and interpreted the rule of foreseeability within the scope of the CISG, in order to afterwards assess, also upon the economic analysis of the Law, how the position of judges and arbitrators on such rule affects the transaction costs of international business.

Les droits fondamentaux occupent une place croissante dans le paysage assurantiel français et tendent à modifier la nature des contentieux impliquant l’assuré et l’assureur. L’égalité et la protection de la vie privée de l’assuré freinent l’utilisation par l’assureur de nouvelles techniques actuarielles et d’Internet. Ainsi, une décision de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne du 1er mars 2011 a sanctionné la différence de tarif entre les hommes et les femmes. Quant à l’assureur, ses droits à la sécurité juridique, à un procès équitable et à la liberté d’entreprendre font débat dans les rapports qu’il entretient avec les autorités de contrôle ou les plateformes de mise en relation qui s’attaquent au marché de l’assurance. Ces droits fondamentaux ne semblent pas être respectés avec autant d’acuité que ceux de l’assuré. Ce déséquilibre s’explique par le rôle social de l’assurance, rôle récemment menacé par la remise en cause des grands principes de l’assurance et l’absence de prévisibilité du coût des sinistres.

Les navires et les aéronefs sont des biens dont la valeur vénale est telle qu’ils sont extrêmement difficiles à financer. Ces biens qui ont un lien très fort avec les États ont un rôle crucial pour les échanges commerciaux. Ils bénéficient de dispositions très particulières qui permet de leur appliquer des dispositions prenant en compte les spécificités de leur nature. La matière fait face à de nombreuses difficultés, d’une part celles liées au nombre de suretés réelles existantes et au fait qu’elles ne sont pas identiques dans les différents États d’autre part du fait que les sûretés réelles sont tributaires du droit des voies d’exécution.En conséquence, ce travail est à la croisée nombreuses matières qui permettent de dégager l’efficacité des sûretés réelles qui quoi que l’on en dise sont une source importante de garanties des opérations internationales ainsi que de démontrer le rôle essentiel des voies d’exécution en matière de financement. Ships and aircrafs are valuable assets but their financements are really hard to set up. Unlike most of the goods, ships and aircrafts are linked to a State and are essential for trades. They are submit to special laws which considere their specific nature. Those registrated goods require securites interest which are found on real rights. Thoses securities are différent in each State and they need a judicial execution proceeding to be effective.This study is at the crossroad of different specialities which are needed to allow the efficiency of the real rights. Thoses rights are essential to securite international trade. This study proves that judicial execution proceedings have a role in international trades.

Esta tese trata do abuso do poder em companhias sob controle conjunto formado a partir da celebração de acordo de acionistas e o exercício das prerrogativas conferidas pelo art. 118, §§ 8º e 9º da Lei das S.A. aos acordantes e aos presidentes da assembleia geral e órgãos colegiados de administração da companhia. Seu objetivo precípuo é contribuir para a delimitação do risco de que tais prerrogativas sejam utilizadas para a prática de atos ilícitos. O tema é investigado dogmática e empiricamente - neste segundo caso, mediante um estudo de caso da capitalização de Oi S.A., realizada em 2014. No Capítulo I caracterizam-se o poder de controle conjunto e o acordo de acionistas sobre exercício do poder de controle. No Capítulo II, analisa-se o abuso do poder de controle, tanto no direito estrangeiro (escolhidos como paradigmas de análise os Estados Unidos da América e Reino Unido da Grã-Bretanha e Irlanda do Norte), quanto no brasileiro, e relaciona-se tal conceito ao de benefícios privados do controle (ou tunneling), desenvolvido por economistas. Por fim, no Capítulo III analisam-se as normas do art. 118, §§ 8º e 9º da Lei das S.A. Em cada um dos capítulos a análise dogmática é seguida de estudos empíricos que visam a aplicar os conceitos desenvolvidos ao caso estudado. Ao final, conclui-se que somente sob circunstâncias específicas os direitos e deveres decorrentes dos §§ 8º e 9º do art. 118 podem servir de instrumento ao abuso do poder de controle - quando não houver incentivos para que os acordantes cheguem a uma solução negociada, evitando os conflitos que levariam à aplicação de tais dispositivos. This thesis addresses the abuse of control power by controlling shareholders in companies under joint control based on a shareholders' agreement and the use of the faculties granted by Section 118, §§ 8th and 9th to the parties to shareholders' agreement and the chairmen of the general meeting and boards of the company. Its main objective is to contribute to delimitation of the risk of use of such faculties for the practice of illicit acts. The theme is analysed both dogmatically and empirically - in the latter case, via a case study of the capitalization of Oi S.A., which took place in 2014. In Chapter I joint control and shareholders' agreements for the exercise of control power are defined. In Chapter II, the abuse of control power is examined, both in foreign law (chosen analytical paradigms are the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), and in Brazilian law, and said concept is related to that of private benefits of control (or tunnel - ling), as developed by economists. Finally, in Chapter III the rules of Section 118, §§ 8th and 9th of the Companies Act are reviewed. In each chapter dogmatic analysis is followed by empirical studies which aim at applying the concepts developed to the case studied. By the end, it is concluded that only under specific circumstances the rights and duties arising from §§ 8th and 9th of Section 118 may work as instruments for the abuse of control power - whenever there are no incentives for the parties to the shareholders' agreement to reach a negotiated solution, avoiding the conflicts that would lead to employment of said provisions.

A presente dissertação de Mestrado visa analisar e apresentar uma reflexão mais abrangente e aprofundada sobre a problemática inerente às sociedades criadas de facto e sociedades de facto no Direito da OHADA, nunca antes tratada pela doutrina nacional e (ou pela doutrina da OHADA) especializada, cujo resultado final esperamos poder contribuir, em certa medida, para o reforço da segurança jurídica e judiciária nos Estado-Membros da OHADA. As sociedades criadas de facto e sociedades de facto podem perturbar (e, efetivamente, perturbam) o exercício legítimo de atividades comerciais, uma vez que geram a insegurança jurídica e judiciária para investidores e para o comércio em geral. Com efeito, trata-se de realidades societárias, por vezes, constituídas e dissolvidas à margem do quadro legal vigente. À luz do artigo 98.º do Ato Uniforme Relativo as Sociedades Comerciais (AUS), todas as sociedades comerciais adquirem a personalidade jurídica a partir da sua matrícula no Registo do Comércio e do Crédito Mobiliário. Por isso, a maior parte da doutrina tem perdido demasiado tempo e energia na exegese deste preceito, deduzindo nele o efeito constitutivo do registo. Porém, temos para nós que a génese da sociedade reside na vontade das partes, tendo o registo o efeito principal de atribuição de um privilégio comercial de limitação da responsabilidade. Todavia, o registo não deixa de ser condicionante da plenitude da personalidade. A sociedade resulta de um contrato e não, necessariamente, do mero facto. This Master's thesis aims at analyzing and providing with a broadly and in-depth reflection on the problems connected to the partnership by estoppel and partnership de facto in OHADA Law, never before analyzed by national doctrine and (or OHADA doctrine). The final outcome of which we hope will contribute, at certain point, to the strengthening of legal and judicial certainty in the Member States of OHADA. Partnership de facto and partnership by estoppel may disturb (and, indeed, disrupt) the legitimate exercise of commercial activities, since they create legal and judicial uncertainty for investors and for trade in general. In fact, these corporate realities are sometimes constituted and dissolved out of the legal framework in force. Pursuant to the OHADA Uniform Act Relating to Commercial Companies and Economic Interest Group (UACC/EIG), registration is mandatory and companies only have legal personality as from the date of registration of the By-laws with the Registry of Companies. Thus, most of the doctrine has spent too much time and energy in the exegesis of this precept, deducing in it the constitutive effect of the register. As far as we are able to judge, the genesis of society lies in the will of the parties, and registration has the main effect of conferring a commercial privilege on limiting liability. However, it does not cease to be a condition of the fullness of personality. The company results from a contract and not necessarily from the mere fact.

Face à l'accroissement de l'importance politique et économique des fora internationaux, quel est aujourd'hui le degré de liberté des États dans la définition de leur propre système de protection ? L'harmonisation internationale du droit des brevets nécessite de mettre en place des éléments de flexibilité permettant à chaque État de transposer le droit international dans leur ordre interne en fonction de leur spécificité économique et politique. Or, les débats actuels au sein des fora internationaux démontrent une divergence entre États-membres qui porte atteinte à la notion même d'harmonisation. Alors que les pays développés prônent une suppression progressive des éléments de flexibilité au profit d'une uniformisation internationale du droit, les pays émergents, sous couvert de principes universels liés au développement, remettent en cause l'insuffisance de flexibilité du régime international des brevets face aux crises majeures du XXIe siècle. li s'en suit un mouvement cyclique mettant en scène les rapports entre bilatéralisme et multilatéralisme face au déclin des organisations internationales. While the economic and political importance of international fora is increasing, what is today the degree of freedom of States in defining their own system of protection? The international harmonization of patent law requires the introduction of flexibilities allowing each State to transpose international law into their legislation in accordance with· their economic and political specificities, The current debates in international for a demonstrate a divergence between Member States which undermines the notion of harmonisation. While developed countries promote the gradual elimination of flexibilities in favour of international standardization of the law, emerging countries, under the guise of universal development-related principles, challenge the lack of flexibility of the international patent regime vis-à-vis Major crises of the XXlst century. This is followed by a cyclical movement highlighting the relationship between bilateralism and multilateralism in the face of the decline of international organizations.

Alarmed at the ease with which global bankruptcy jurisdiction can be engineered in the US through a combination of the Bankruptcy Code’s low bar to entry and the worldwide effects of a bankruptcy case, critics argue that the US promotes abusive bankruptcy forum shopping and harmful imposition of US norms on overseas stakeholders. This article advances a revised account of US bankruptcy jurisdiction over non-US debtors from a distinctively Anglo-American standpoint. The article’s central thesis is that critics overemphasise formal jurisdictional rules and pay insufficient attention to how US courts actually exercise jurisdiction in practice. It compares the formal law ‘on the books’ in the US and UK for determining whether or not a domestic insolvency or restructuring proceeding relating to a foreign debtor can be maintained in each jurisdiction and provides a functional account of how US bankruptcy jurisdiction over foreign entities is exercised in practice using the concept of jurisdictional congruence as a benchmark.