Bibliographie sélective OHADA

The thesis examines the influence of shareholder activism on corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure of targeted firms and its spillover effects on CSR disclosure, corporate social performance (CSP) and financial performance (FP) respectively in peer firms. The research is motivated by filling the research gaps in prior literature and providing insights to shareholders, the management and regulatory bodies in practice. The thesis consists of three parts. Firstly, this thesis reviews the literature surrounding shareholder activism by conducting narrative reviews of 92 working papers and publications and meta-analysis on 55 working papers and publications, published during 2000-2017 period. Theories from prior literature, namely agency theory, stakeholder theory and stakeholder salience theory are analysed through narrative review analysis at the beginning of the chapter. Then, the analysis of narrative review also documents mixed findings of the associations among shareholder activism and FP and CG and CSP, including spillover effects. That is, the associations could be positive, negative and not significant in prior literature. The results of meta-analysis indicate that shareholder activism improves FP and CSP respectively. In addition, the thesis also examines the major types of shareholder activists and main forms of shareholder activism. Overall, through the analysis, the thesis identifies the research gaps of prior literature, thereby pointing out future research directions. Secondly, by employing shareholder proposals from Standard & Poor's 1,500 (S&P 1,500, hereafter) companies in the United States as a proxy of shareholder activism during 2006-2014 period with 13,572 separate observations, this thesis examines whether the whole sample of shareholder activism, institutional shareholder activism and coordinated shareholder activism could influence CSR disclosure level respectively. Simultaneously, this thesis also investigates whether shareholder activism affects CSR disclosure level given the other corporate governance mechanisms, namely board size, the presence of female directors, outside directors and CEO incentives. The results typically demonstrate that: (1) while shareholder activism negatively relates to CSR disclosure level, larger board size or the presence of female directors combined with shareholder activism directly relates to maintaining better CSR transparency; (2) coordinated shareholder activism could decrease social disclosure level. The findings also indicate that CSR disclosure provides an approach to strategically manage risks. Thirdly, the thesis explores spillover effects from different types of shareholder activism on CSR disclosure level, CSP and financial performance by using data gathered from S&P 1,500 companies during 2007-2014 period. The findings show that shareholder activism increases social disclosure level and environmental disclosure level in peer firms. It also shows that there is a weak positive association between shareholder activism and CSP. It therefore demonstrates the weak influences of shareholder activism in changing firms’ CSP. It also illustrates that institutional shareholder activism has an advantage over coordinated shareholder activism in terms of increasing corporate transparency. In this manner, it indicates that the collective action problem among coordinated shareholders could also attenuate the impact of shareholder activism in peer firms. The thesis contributes to the literature on shareholder activism practically and theoretically. The findings provide useful insights to shareholders, management teams and regulatory bodies for their policy-making. Beyond the practical contribution, the thesis also provides empirical evidence to stakeholder salience theory and analyses the collective action problem.

Ce travail traite principalement de l’administration de la preuve en arbitrage international. Cette question divise les praticiens du monde arbitral en deux camps : ceux issus de la tradition de common law et ceux issus de la tradition de civil law. Dans un premier temps, les règles de l’International Bar Association relatives à l’administration de la preuve ont tenté de concilier ces deux traditions juridiques différentes. Dans un second temps, les règles de Prague ont, récemment, été publiées ce qui nous permettra, dans ce travail, d’analyser les deux systèmes pour ensuite les comparer. Enfin, nous essayerons d’envisager l’avenir de ces nouvelles règles de Prague.

L’arbitrage, en tant que justice privée, s’entend comme un mode de règlement des différends tant alternatif qu’antagoniste de la justice étatique. Dépourvu d’imperium, l’arbitre peut nécessiter le soutien et la coopération du juge pour traiter une procédure arbitrale. Divers droits contemporains de l’arbitrage envisagent explicitement le recours aux mesures provisoires et conservatoires lors d’un arbitrage interne ou international sans nécessairement apporter une définition de ces mesures. En matière d’arbitrage, les mesures provisoires et conservatoires détiennent un rôle capital préalablement ou durant l’instance arbitrale. Elles permettent le maintien d’une preuve, d’une situation de fait ou de droit et garantissent ou préparent une exécution efficiente et rapide de la sentence. La réunion dans le chef de l’arbitre de la compétence au fond et celle au provisoire peut être défavorable aux intérêts des parties, notamment lorsque le tribunal arbitral n’est pas encore saisi. Dès lors, prenant en considération les particularités de l’arbitrage et plus particulièrement du déroulement du procès arbitral, l’intervention du juge est indispensable pour résoudre temporairement une urgence sur le fondement de l’apparence d’un droit afin de conférer une force exécutoire aux décisions de l’arbitre. Le tribunal arbitral n’est pas seul à décerner ces mesures. Il est subséquemment légitime de se questionner sur la position du juge au sujet des mesures provisoires et conservatoires lors d’un arbitrage. Après analyse des diverses dispositions du Code de l’arbitrage, il résulte que le législateur met un point d’honneur à orchestrer la relation entre l’arbitre et le juge étatique. Pour ce faire, il opte pour une distribution de compétences entre le juge du provisoire et l’arbitre, une sorte de répartition qui implique un retrait de la compétence exclusive de l’arbitre en termes de mesures provisoires et conservatoires. Aussi, délibérément choisi par les parties, l’arbitre prononce le droit, mais sa décision est dénuée d’imperium. C’est la raison pour laquelle le recours au juge étatique est indispensable afin de soutenir sa décision. En matière de mesures provisoires et conservatoires, la compétence du juge judiciaire est à la fois partagée avec l’arbitre, mais aussi exclusive.

Please refer to full text to view abstract. <br>LL.M. (International Commercial Law)

La titrisation des créances est une opération qui permet aux banques de se financer sur les marchés financiers à moindre coût et sans trop de risques. Pour réaliser l’opération, les banques cèdent les prêts qu’elles ont octroyés à une structure qui se chargera ensuite de les placer auprès des investisseurs. De plus, la titrisation permet également aux banques de gérer les risques liés aux prêts. Avec l’avènement de cette opération, les banques se soucient moins de la qualité et de la capacité financière des emprunteurs. Une fois le prêt accordé, les banques vont créer des portefeuilles de créances qui seront cédés par la suite. Une autre forme de titrisation permet de transférer uniquement le risque lié aux prêts sans toutefois sortir ces prêts du bilan de la banque: c’est la titrisation synthétique. Ces deux formes de titrisation, classique et synthétique, ont été utilisées auxÉtats-Unis et ont contribué à l’explosion de la bulle immobilière qui a entraîné une crise financière en 2008 : la crise des subprimes. La titrisation a donc occasionné le mouvement de contagion des risques qui s’en est suivi sur les marchés financiers. Les subprimes sont des prêts hypothécaires à risque accordés à un taux variable aux ménages américains à faible capacité financière. Le taux est bas les premières années, mais augmente progressivement. Titriser ce type de prêts revient à propager le risque de non-remboursement des emprunteurs à tous les différents intervenants de la chaîne. Et c’est ce qui s’est produit: les taux ont été relevés et les emprunteurs n’ont pas été capables d’assurer le paiement des différentes mensualités entraînant un blocage de tout le circuit. Les choses se sont passées de cette façon parce que, sur les marchés à cette période, l’appât du gain l’avait emporté sur le respect des règles d’encadrement des marchés, quasi inexistantes. Cette thèse propose des solutions d’encadrement du marché financieret de l’opération de titrisation en particulier. Entre la loi du marché, le droit et l’éthique, les recommandations faites dans cette dissertation se veulent complémentaires aux actions des différents régulateurs, nationaux et internationaux.

"Bu çalışmada finansal tabloların işlevleri, çeşitleri, düzenlenmesi ve tutulmasından kaynaklanan hukuksal sonuçlar incelenmiştir. Finansal tablolar, işletmenin finansal durumunun ve finansal performansının biçimlendirilmiş sunumudur. Bu tablolar aracılığıyla, şirketin finansal durumu hakkında bilgilendirme yapılmaktadır. Finansal tablolar, özellikle yabancı yatırımcının şirketlere güvenip yatırım kararı alması açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bu bağlamda, Türk Ticaret Kanunu'nun (TTK) genel gerekçesi beşinci paragrafında, uluslararası piyasaların bir parçası olmak hedefi ortaya konulmuştur. Hedefe ulaşmak için, finansal tabloların uluslararası standartlara göre düzenlenmesi gerekliliğine yer verilmiştir. Hedefe ulaşmada yeterli düzenleme yapılması konusunda Kamu Gözetimi, Muhasebe ve Denetim Standartları Kurumu görevlendirilmiştir. Kurum tarafından yapılan düzenlemeler, uluslararası muhasebe standartlarının çevirisinden ibaret olup, yeterli değildir. TTK ile muhasebe uygulaması arasında köprü kurulamamıştır. Ticaret ve vergi hukuku alanında yer alan düzenlemeler kapsamında iki ayrı uygulama yürütülmektedir. Finansal tabloların işletmenin finansal durumunu, finansal performansını ve nakit akışlarını gerçeğe uygun olarak sunması gereklidir. Kural olarak standartlara uygunluk, bilgilerin gerçeğe uygun şekilde açıklanması için yeterlidir; ancak bu uygunluk gerçek durumunu yansıtmıyorsa standartlar uygulanmayabilecektir. Finansal tablolar bilanço, döneme ait kar veya zarar ve diğer kapsamlı gelir tablosu, özkaynak değişim tablosu, nakit akış tablosu, önemli muhasebe politikalarını ve diğer açıklayıcı bilgileri içeren dipnotlardan oluşur. Bilanço, işletmenin hazırlandığı tarih itibariyle varlık, yükümlülük ve özkaynaklarını gösteren finansal tablodur. İşletmenin sahip olduğu her türlü malvarlığı unsuru veya katlandığı her sorumluluk bilançoda muhasebeleştirilemez. Bunun için standartlarda sayılan koşulları taşımaları gerekmektedir. Bilanço dışındaki diğer finansal tablolar, ya bilançonun hazırlanması açısından birer araçtır ya da bilançonun tamamlayıcısıdır. Tabloların içeriğinde yer alan bilgilerin birbiriyle ilişkisi, bunların bir bütün olarak değerlendirilmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Finansal tabloların tutulmasının yönetim kurulu, denetim ve genel kurul açısından hukuki sonuçları bulunmaktadır. Yönetim kurulu finansal tabloları hazırlar ve genel kurula sunar. Bununla birlikte, denetim finansal tablolar esas alınarak yapılacaktır. Buna bağlı olarak, denetçi şirket hakkında denetim raporunu oluşturacaktır. Genel kurul, denetimden geçmiş finansal tablolara dayanarak şirkete ve yönetim kuruluna ilişkin kararlar alacaktır. […] In this study, the legal results arising from the functions, types, regulation and retention of the financial statements are examined. Financial statements are a structured representation of the financial position and financial performance of an entity. These tables provide information on the financial position of the company. Financial statements are especially significant for foreign investors to trust companies and make investment decisions. In this context, the fifth paragraph of the general justification of the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC) aims to be a part of international markets. In order to reach the target, it is necessary to arrange the financial statements according to international standards. The Public Oversight, Accounting and Auditing Standards Authority has been appointed to ensure adequate regulation to reach the target. The regulations made by the institution consist of translation of international accounting standards and are not sufficient. No bridge could be established between the TCC and the accounting practice. Within the scope of the regulations in the field of trade and tax law, two different applications are carried out. Financial statements shall present fairly the financial position, financial performance and cash flows of an entity. As a rule, compliance with standards is sufficient for the information to be truthfully disclosed; however, if this compliance does not reflect the actual situation of the company, the standards may not apply. The financial statements comprises balance sheet, a statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for the period, a statement of changes in equity, a statement of cash flow, notes, comprising significant accounting policies and other explanatory information. The balance sheet is the financial statement showing the assets, liabilities and equity of the entity. Any asset that the entity owns or any liability that it endures cannot be recognized in the balance sheet. For this, they must meet the requirements listed in the standards. Other financial statements, other than the balance sheet, are either tools for the preparation of the balance sheet or complementary to the balance sheet. For this reason, the relationship between the information contained in the content of the tables suggests that they should be evaluated as a whole. The holding of the financial statements has legal consequences for the board of directors, auditing and general assembly. The Board of Directors shall prepare the financial statements and present them to the General Assembly. However, the audit will be performed on the basis of financial statements. Accordingly, the auditor will establish an audit report on the company. The General Assembly shall take decisions regarding the company and the board of directors on the basis of audited financial statements."

The Companies Income Tax Act provides the architecture for corporate income taxation (CIT) in Nigeria. It specifies the rate, the tax base and contains the bulk of the incentives to which qualified corporate taxpayers are entitled. This thesis investigates the influence of incentives on the compliance behaviour of micro and small companies (MSCs) in Nigeria. By Nigeria’s standard, these are companies which: (1) employ between 1 to 49 persons and/or own assets (excluding land and building) valued at less than NGN 100million; or (2) are either private limited companies or one-man businesses. In the context of the Nigerian tax system, MSCs are corporate taxpayers with turnover of less than NGN 200 million. This choice of research population is a consequence of the globally acknowledged niche occupied by MSCs vis-à-vis the of the socio-economic objectives of any state. In the course of the study, the formulated research questions were resolved using a multi-stage mixed methods framework which allowed for the fusion of qualitative and quantitative epistemology as well as facilitated the introduction of pragmaticism into the research process. The thesis, inter alia, identified gaps in the administrative regime of CIT incentives in Nigeria and highlighted the fact that they have the potential to introduce uncertainty into the tax system. In addition, it revealed that the regulatory regime for the role and services of tax intermediaries within the tax system, in terms of current standards and reality, is sub-optimal. On the basis of a survey of a small sample of MSCs, it was concluded that the influence of tax intermediaries with regard to the compliance behaviour of MSCs was marginal. Reason for this was traced to the fact that the role and services of the latter vis-à-vis clients who are MSCs are actuated by variables which are within the psycho-social space of the tax intermediairies and the desires/requests of the MSC. This dismisses, in the context of Nigeria, the notion that the tax intermediary is the initator of every tax dodge. Based on the findings, the thesis, inter alia, recommended a re-orientation in the conceptualisation of tax compliance as the prevailing theoretical premise for the extant tax law and policy does not contemplate that non-economic factors and referents outside the realm of taxation are capable of influencing tax compliance behaviour. In addition, recommendations with the capacity to change the law, policy and administrative regime relating to CIT incentives as well as the role and services provided by tax intermediaries were made after an examination of the situation in Kenya and South Africa.

Please refer to full text to view abstract. <br>LL.M. (International Commercial Law)

Please refer to full text to view abstract. <br>LL.M. (International Commercial Law)

Bu çalışma İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Özel Hukuk Doktora Tezi olarak hazırlanmıştır. Tezin konusunu anonim şirketlerde yönetim kurulunda temsil edilme imtiyazı oluşturmaktadır. 6012 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu ile imtiyazlara ilişkin yeni bir düzen getirilmiş, ayrıca yönetim kurulunda temsil edilme hakkı normatif düzenlemeye kavuşturulmuş ve belirli gruplar ile azlığa temsil edilme hakkı tanınabileceği hükme bağlanmıştır. Tez kapsamında ilk olarak imtiyaz kavramı ve imtiyazlara ilişkin temel ilkeler incelenmiştir. Takip eden bölümde yönetim kurulunda temsil edilme hakkı irdelenmiştir. Tezde en önemli amaç, temsil edilme hakkını etraflıca incelemek ve temsil edilme hakkıyla imtiyazlar arasında kurulan köprüyü tanıtmak olmuştur. Bu itibarla, bir imtiyaz olarak nitelendirilen temsil edilme hakkının, diğer imtiyazlardan ayrılan özellikleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Ayrıca temsil edilme hakkının tanınabileceği zümreler ile tanındığı her bir zümre özelinde hakkın hukuki niteliğine yönelik tespitlerde bulunulmuş ve öğretide pek tartışılmamış olan temsilci üyenin niteliği ele alınmıştır. Devamında temsil edilme hakkına dair yöntemler incelenmiş ve çeşitli esas sözleşme hükümleri yorumlanmıştır. Tezde karşılaşılan hukuki sorunların işlevsel bir menfaat hukukçuluğu çerçevesinde yanıtlanmasını hedefleyen bir yöntem benimsenmiştir. Yorum yapılırken amaçsal yorum metodu kullanılmış, saptanan hukuki sorunlar için de lege lata çözüm önerilerinde bulunmaya gayret edilmiştir. This paper is prepared as Istanbul Bilgi University Faculty of Law Private Law PH.D. Dissertation. Subject of the dissertation is the privilege to be represented in the board of directors of joint stock companies. Turkish Commercial Code numbered 6102 introduced a paradigm shift in relation to the privileges, regulated the right to be represented in the board of directors and set forth that such right may be granted to certain groups and minority. Firstly, privilege concept and principles surrounding the privileges have been examined in the dissertation. Following section focuses on the right to be represented in the board of directors. The substantial purpose of the dissertation is to introduce the right to be represented and the correlation between such right and privileges. Thus, the differences between the right to be represented which is a privilege and other privileges have been set forth. Further, determinations have been made on classes that may be granted with the right to be represented and legal qualifications of the right by taking into consideration each class that may be granted with such right, and characteristics of the representative, a subject so far that has not been examined in detail by doctrine, have been discussed. Methods of right to be represented are examined and miscellaneous articles of association provisions are interpreted in this regard. The method adopted in the dissertation aims to respond to the legal problems within the frame of taking into consideration the interests of the shareholders. The teleological interpretation methodology has been used for interpretations and proposals of de lege lata solutions to the legal problems have been endeavored.

Les questions relatives à la portée économique des technologies de l’information à l’ère du numérique occupent désormais une place importante dans le droit des activités économiques au sein de l’espace de la Communauté économique et monétaire de l’Afrique centrale (CEMAC). En effet, le dispositif juridique encadrant les finalités économiques de l’utilisation des technologies du numérique dans la CEMAC mis en place en 2008 a aussitôt entraîné une modification du droit des affaires de l’Organisation pour l’harmonisation en Afrique du droit des affaires (OHADA) en 2010, dans l’intérêt de concilier les conséquences juridiques de l’économie numérique dans le développement économique. Toutefois, la problématique de la contribution du droit des technologies de l’information au développement économique de la CEMAC mérite d’être soulevée après une décennie d’application. Si la volonté du législateur communautaire de faire des technologies du numérique un levier du développement est perceptible à travers l’institution législative d’un marché numérique dans lequel la garantie des droits et la liberté des activités sont assurées, il faut encore relever sa témérité à travailler pour la sauvegarde de l’économie numérique par des règles particulières protégeant les consommateurs des services électroniques.

Un article de la revue Revue du notariat, diffusée par la plateforme Érudit.

El apartado cuarto del artículo 348 bis de la Ley de Sociedades de Capital, incorporado por la Ley 11/2018, de 28 de diciembre reconoce un derecho de separación alternativo (cumulativo al del derecho de separación en cuentas individuales) en base a los resultados consolidados del grupo. La finalidad de la norma es la de garantizar a los socios de la sociedad dominante su propio derecho de separación en caso de insuficientes dividendos, lo que constituye una auténtica novedad respecto a la redacción anterior del precepto

Anonim şirketin yönetim ve temsil yetkileri 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu'nda ayrı başlıklarda düzenlenmiştir. TTK'da, anonim şirketlerde yönetim yetkisinin devri için esas sözleşmede devre izin veren bir hükmün bulunması ve yönetim organizasyonuna ilişkin bir iç yönerge hazırlanması gerekmektedir. Bu hususlara uygun şekilde, yönetim kurulu alacağı bir karar ile yönetim yetkisinin tamamını veya bir kısmını kurul üyelerine ve/veya üçüncü kişilere devredebilecektir. Temsil yetkisinin devri ve sınırlandırılmasına ise TTK, kanuni ve iradi sınırlandırmaların yanısıra 371. maddenin 7. Fıkrasında yapılan ekleme ile sınırlı temsilci tayini hususunda yeni ve eleştirilen bir rejim getirmiştir. Bu bağlamda çalışmamızda, yönetim ve temsil yetkilerinin devir ve sınırlandırılmasının kapsamı, devir ve sınırlandırmalar için uyulması gereken şartlar, yönetim yetkisi ile temsil yetkinin devri arasındaki ilişki ve bu yetkilerin devredilebileceği kişiler inceleme konusu yapılmakta ve bu konulara ilişkin güncel tartışmalar ele alınmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Anonim Şirket, Yönetim Kurulu, Yönetim Yetkisi, Temsil Yetkisi, Yetki Devri, Örgüt Yönergesi, Sınırlı Yetkili, Sınırlı Temsilci, Sorumluluk. Management rights and representation rights in joint stock companies have been regulated under separate subjects in 6102 numbered Turkish Commercial Code. According to Turkish Commercial Code, joint stock companies that want to delegate the management rights should have a provision on their articles of association that allows such delegation and should prepare internal rules regarding the organization of management. According to such terms, the board of directors may delegate its management Powers fully or partially to one or more board members and/or third parties by issuing a decision on such matter. Regarding the delegation and limitation of representation rights, the addition of seventh paragraph to article 371. of Turkish Commercial Code, has introduced a new and highly criticized regime on such matter besides the legislative and voluntary limitations. In this context, our study will review the limits of delegation and limitation of management and representation right, requirements for such delegation and limitation, the relationship between right of management and right of representation, persons whom the powers may be delegated and the up-to-date discussions on such subjects. Keywords: Joint Stock Company, Board of Directors, Management Right, Representation Right, Delegation of Rights, Internal Rules, Limited Authority, Representative with Limited Power, Responsibility.