Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Le législateur OHADA s'est inspiré du droit français pour fixer le cadre juridique de la variabilité du capital social ; d'où l'étude orientée vers une approche comparatiste. Cette approche a permis une confrontation entre deux (02) systèmes juridiques, en vue de dégager les problèmes de droit et d'envisager une amélioration du cadre juridique de la variabilité du capital en droit OHADA ; l'objectif étant de dégager une contribution à l'amélioration du droit OHADA à travers le droit comparé. A l'analyse, il ressort que la variabilité du capital social comporte des facteurs attractifs pour les acteurs économiques. En effet, elle constitue un mécanisme de financement des sociétés, en raison d'une part, de sa capacité à renforcer les capitaux propres sans charge financière et, d'une part, de sa capacité à constituer un actionnariat spécifiquement orienté sur la rentabilité des sociétés. De même, elle pourrait susciter un intérêt pour les investisseurs intéressés par la célérité et l'efficacité dans les opérations de financement des entreprises. L'efficacité du financement de la société par la mise en œuvre de la clause de variabilité du capital est tributaire, entre autres, de son attractivité auprès des acteurs économiques de manière générale, des investissements et des professionnels du droit en particulier. Cependant, plusieurs facteurs ne militeraient pas en faveur du recours à la variabilité du capital. Parmi ces facteurs figurent les risques découlant de la réduction du capital et la méconnaissance des acteurs économiques et des praticiens du droit de l'existence et/ou du fonctionnement du mécanisme de la variabilité du capital. Or, ces risques ne sont pas irrémédiables, dans la mesure où il existe des mécanismes juridiques appropriés pour y faire face. En somme, l'analyse du fonctionnement du mécanisme de la variabilité du capital social a mis en évidence ses capacités de mobilisation de financement, de recapitalisation de la société, de restructuration de la société et d'apporter une contribution à l'amélioration du cadre juridique des sociétés à capital variable. Elle a également permis de démontrer l'insuffisance de la justification ou du fondement du désintérêt des acteurs économiques et des praticiens du droit à l'égard de la variabilité du capital social

L’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer les facteurs influençant le comportement d’investissement des entreprises camerounaises par une approche microéconomique. En effet, malgré un taux de profit élevé (l’EBE représente environ 60% de la valeur ajoutée), le taux d'investissement privé au Cameroun demeure très faible (18% du PIB) et risque de compromettre l'atteinte du stade de pays émergent à l'horizon 2035. En se basant sur le modèle théorique accélérateur-profit, nous avons estimé un modèle de panel dynamique grâce aux données de 381 entreprises sur la période 2015-2022, par la méthode des moments généralisés (GMM). Les résultats obtenus identifient la demande sur le marché (effet accélérateur) comme principal facteur qui agit positivement et significativement sur l’investissement. A contrario, le profit, la dette ou les capitaux propres n’ont pas une influence significative sur le comportement d’investissement des entreprises camerounaises. En outre, même en cas de demande importante, le comportement d’investissement des entreprises camerounaises est influencé par leur statut juridique, leur taille, leur activité principale et l’état sécuritaire de la zone d’implantation. Cela illustre à souhait l’importance d’améliorer l’environnement des affaires et d’encourager les entreprises camerounaises à muter vers des modes d’organisation leur garantissant non seulement un développement rapide mais aussi une pérennisation. The aim of this study is to determine the factors influencing the investment behavior of Cameroonian companies, using a microeconomic approach. Indeed, despite a high profit rate (EBITDA represents around 60% of value added), the private investment rate remains very low (18% of GDP) and risks compromising the country's ability to reach the stage of an emerging country by 2035. The covid 19 crisis, the Boko Haram security crisis in the northern part of the country and the secessionist crisis in the English-speaking regions all add to an already unfavourable business climate. These observations lead us to reflect further on the factors that explain the investment behavior of Cameroonian companies. Based on the theoretical accelerator-profit model, we estimated a dynamic panel model using data from 381 companies over the period 2015-2022, using the generalized method of moments (GMM). The results obtained identify market demand (accelerator-effect) as the main factor acting positively and significantly on investment. Conversely, profit, debt or equity do not have a significant influence on the investment behavior of Cameroonian companies. Other variables such as the company's legal status, size and activity also have an effect on investment. The company's geographical location in a zone of insecurity, such as the northern and western regions of Cameroon, also has a negative effect on investment behavior, no doubt due to the uncertainty and irreversible nature of the investment.

Background Considering the declining situation of sustainability in global marine fisheries, World Trade Organization (WTO) members successfully concluded the Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies(AFS) after 21 years of negotiations in 2022. As an the integral part of these negotiations, special and differential treatment (SDT) provisions provide developing countries with special rights and developed countries with the possibility to treat developing countries more favorably than other WTO members. Objective This study analyzed the role of SDT for fisheries subsidies in ensuring sustainable fishery governance by the rule of law, as well as the reflection of SDT under the AFS, to explore whether SDT can support sustainable fishery governance under the WTO framework. Methods This study is primarily based on official data and critical legal studies and used normative analysis and historical analysis to expose the essence of the SDT issue in the AFS as a political game in the legal form. Results The practical challenges in the implementation of SDT may affect the compliance willingness of member states. To overcome the obstacles, such as ambiguity and inefficiency, that impede the legalization process of sustainable global marine fishery governance, it is necessary to emphasize the value of SDT for the common interests of the WTO members in marine fisheries legislation. This will benefit the developing countries, especially the small island developing states, in the short term; and the common interests of developed and developing countries in the long term. Policy implications SDT facilitated the consensus between the developing and developed countries on issues such as illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing subsidies and overfishing subsidies. However, current SDT practices have deviated from the original intention of the fairness and democratic approach of global marine fisheries governance, which should take into consideration the specific situation of developing countries.

The awarding of public-private partnership (PPP) contracts through unsolicited bids is characterized by flexible domestic law, with the involvement of public and private players aiming to achieve the general interest objective of public infrastructure development and, by extension, national development. These players are helping to build the normative framework for PPP project activities by spontaneous offer, given their increasingly widespread use on the bangs of positive law, while their standards are classically deprived of the binding force attached to hard law. Marked by its normative guarantee, the flexible law of unsolicited bids is situated at the threshold of the mandatory, and is essential to PPP law. It produces legal effects by linking up with the hard law of PPP contracts, which is the law of the parties. This link between soft law and hard law has a major legal impact on the transformation of the law and legal certainty, for the benefit of investment confidence, especially international investment confidence. Faced with the limitations of positive law on the award of PPP contracts in unsolicited bids, and the difficulties of interpreting soft law and hard law standards, there is a need for harmonization with international practice. To this end, the instruments of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) on PPPs are being used to link up with Burundian hard law through a transposition mechanism. It is therefore possible that our positive approach to PPP contracting could be improved, highlighting the principle of competition and the exception of non-competition, while taking into account the win-win principle, risk sharing and performance. Finally, the article considers the adjustments to the hard law that would be necessary if Burundi were to decide to revisit the legal framework to make it more attractive to investment, and thus ensure the completion and financing of PPP contracts by spontaneous bidding.

Les redevances minières locales constituent à ce jour un enjeu national important dans le contexte de la RDC où les ETD perçoivent directement leurs quotités pour le financement des projets et infrastructures d’intérêts communautaires suivant l’esprit du législateur du Code minier. Pour l’heure, force est de constater que la redevance minière impacte peu sur le développement socio-économique des ETD. En effet, les indicateurs sociaux recueillis dans la Chefferie des Bayeke, dans la Commune rurale de Kambove, dans la Chefferie de Basanga, dans la Commune de Panda et dans la Commune de Shituru renseignent que, dans ces zones, les populations locales ne profitent que peu, sinon pas du tout, des effets d’entrainement du développement. D’où l’intérêt de la présente étude qui tend à rechercher les mécanismes juridiques susceptibles d’impulser une gestion rationnelle de cette redevance pour le développement socio-économiques de ces ETD ENGLISH Local mining royalties constitute to this day an important national issue in the context of the DRC where the ETDs directly receive their quotas for the financing of projects and infrastructures of community interest following the spirit of the legislator of the Mining Code.For the moment, it is clear that mining royalties have little impact on the socio-economic development of ETDs. Indeed, the social indicators collected in the Chiefdom of Bayeke, in the rural commune of Kambove, in the Chiefdom of Basanga, in the commune of Panda and in the commune of Shituru indicate that, in these areas, the local populations only benefit little, if any, developmental ripple effects.Hence the interest of this study which tends to seek the legal mechanisms likely to stimulate rational management of this fee for the socio-economic development of these ETDs.  

Purpose This article aims to identify and review existing studies on the adoption and compliance of Internat ional Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Africa. Design/methodology/approach The methodology involves a sole focus on studies conducted with an African sample, using a bibliometric method and data from the Web of Science (WoS) database. Visualizations from VOSViewer and Biblioshiny software are employed to identify the dominant authors, journals and countries contributing to research in the region. Findings The findings reveal existing collaborations among authors in the field. However, the study emphasizes the need for additional research to enhance the intellectual structure of the research domain, as the majority of related documents are concentrated within twenty articles with at least one citation. Practical implications The practical implications underscore the importance of collaboration in practice, emphasizing the need for cooperation among corporations, experts and regulatory agencies involved in IFRS adoption and compliance in Africa. By fostering collaborative efforts and knowledge-sharing among corporations, experts and regulatory agencies, practitioners can enhance their understanding, streamline implementation processes and improve compliance methods. Originality/value This review is one of the few to explicitly conduct a bibliometric review of IFRS adoption and compliance studies in Africa, providing a foundation for future research to determine the current direction of IFRS studies in this region.

The Access of Foreign Commercial Companies to the OHADA Area - Recognition of Legal Personality under CCJA Case Law. The Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA) is striving to make its geographical area more attractive, particularly to foreign investors and foreign commercial companies. This should be achieved by adopting, at a supranational level, uniform and modern legal standards which can be readily embraced by the business community and by ensuring legal certainty through the establishment of the Common Court of Justice and Arbitration (CCJA). To date, however, OHADA has not yet adopted any provision recognizing the legal personality of companies operating throughout its region. However, the recognition of such entities is essential with regard to their participation - particularly as shareholders or partners - in a commercial company incorporated under OHADA law or in relation to the establishment of branches or subsidiaries within OHADA member states. The CCJA has, however, issued a number of rulings on this issue. This study examines these decisions and recommends the adoption of an OHADA-wide procedure for recognizing the legal personality of foreign commercial companies.

Le droit OHADA d’exécution forcée est devenu, à la lumière de l’évolution juridique et jurisprudentielle, dépassé et fait planer une insécurité juridique. Le législateur, en prévoyant l’immunité d’exécution en faveur des personnes morales de droit public, voulait protéger l’intérêt général qui serait en conflit avec ceux des particuliers. Mais cette protection immunitaire devrait se limiter à une catégorie des personnes publiques et non à celles intervenant dans la sphère économique, qui normalement sont en compétition avec les privés. Ainsi la révision de l’article 30 s’impose avec acuité afin de le conformer à la réalité juridique et jurisprudentielle actuelle et de protéger par ricochet les intérêts des particuliers cocontractants de l’Etat.

Sharing economy companies (sharecoms) have been internationalising rapidly, including entering African markets. Little research has been conducted on the strategies and behaviours of African sharecoms. Questions have been raised as to whether existing theories adequately explain the internationalisation of African firms. Thus, we analyse the internationalisation patterns of six African sharecoms, focusing on time, speed, and scope. The findings indicate that firms apply unique combinations of various internationalisation models. A novel pattern of internationalisation where the firms use “foreign gateway markets” as strategic “launchpads” before rapidly internationalising was also uncovered. Locational advantages, strategic networks, and relative technological advancement characterise the foreign gateway markets. We also propose the concept of “complex regional context” to define the context of emerging regions with many neighbouring countries with the potential for high levels of internationalisation but low levels of international business due to the lack of common enabling frameworks and institutions.

Cameroon commercial relations with other African countries, just as that of other countries with Cameroon, had heretofore stood at the queue of controversies as businesses suffered from exorbitant duties and related levies on their goods and services prior to the Agreement on the African continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). Considered to be a great game changer, the AfCFTA has the capacity to significantly transform African Economies thereby increasing its tentacles to the global business hub. In order to achieve this, Cameroon needs to actively carry out reforms both policy wise and complimentary structures. This will help mitigate the constraint and fiscal adjustment costs that may accrue with the new Agreement. This will equally lead to a positive win-win continental trade-integration outcome. This article assesses how Cameroon accommodates the implementation phase of the AfCFTA as a member State.

À rebours des droits originellement africains, les droits modernes africains, tel qu'ils ont été hérités de la colonisation peinent à satisfaire l'aspiration des sociétés africaines à un minimum de normativisation des relations sociales. Le refus du juge d'adapter le contrat déséquilibré en cas d'un changement de circonstances imprévisible en droit civil des pays francophones d'Afrique au Sud du Sahara, résultant du mimétisme du Code civil français de 1804, en témoigne. Par son refus obstiné, le juge poursuit une politique coloniale, en dépit de l'indépendance des pays concernés. Le Code civil français de 1804 qui s'applique presque intégralement dans les pays francophones d'Afrique au Sud du Sahara, a été profondément réformé en 2016. S'est ainsi créé, un fossé considérable entre le droit contractuel africain resté fidèle au Code civil français de 1804 et un droit des obligations français en modernisation et en adéquation avec les pratiques contractuelles de la société française. À la différence du nouveau droit français des contrats, les systèmes juridiques des pays francophones d'Afrique au Sud du Sahara, ne reconnaissent pas le pouvoir au juge d'adapter le contrat surpris par le fait imprévisible. Or, en Afrique traditionnelle tout comme moderne, il ne fait aucun doute que la relation contractuelle est plus solidaire et moins individualiste. Au Québec, la réforme du Code civil en 1994 a marqué une avancée de la justice contractuelle sur la stabilité contractuelle. Cependant, tout comme le C.c.B.C dont la rédaction a été influencée par le Code civil français de 1804, le Cc.Q ne prend pas en considération la théorie de l'imprévision. Cette étude vise à démontrer d'une part que le refus de l'imprévision dans le droit civil africain résulte du mimétisme du Code civil français de 1804. Elle vise à démontrer d'autre part que la prise en considération de l'imprévision dans les sociétés africaines, par le biais de la théorie relationnelle du contrat, est en harmonie avec les pratiques contractuelles des sociétés africaines.

L'industrie maritime a connu de profondes mutations qui ont non seulement influé sur les rapports commerciaux liés au transport maritime, mais aussi sur les relations de travail qui se créent à l'occasion de l'emploi des gens de mer à bord des navires. Une manifestation concrète de ces mutations a été le recours par les armateurs à des structures spécialisées dans la fourniture d'équipage. Dénommés agences de *manning* ou fournisseurs de main-d'œuvre, ces structures facilitent les procédures de recrutement pour les armateurs et constituent par la même occasion de véritables pourvoyeurs d'emploi pour les gens de mer. Toutefois, certains comportements des agences de *manning* peuvent mettre en péril la protection des gens de mer et de leurs droits. De ce fait, l'activité de fourniture de main-d'œuvre maritime a nécessité un encadrement. Bien qu'un ensemble de règles internationales et nationales participe à cet encadrement, des questions demeurent. Celles-ci sont relatives non seulement aux situations conflictuelles de lois et de juridictions que pose l'activité en raison de son caractère international, mais aussi aux difficultés relatives à la détermination de l'employeur véritable du travailleur dans le cadre de la relation de travail tripartite qui naît. La libre immatriculation des navires et le phénomène de complaisance ont conduit à une remise en cause du rôle premier que devraient jouer les États du pavillon dans la protection des gens de mer qui travaillent à bord des navires qu'ils immatriculent. Les États fournisseurs de main-d'œuvre, eux, semblent rechigner à l'idée de la mise en place d'une réglementation rigoureuse et rigoureusement appliquée à l'égard des agences qu'ils accueillent, en raison des considérations économiques (qui semblent prévaloir). Dans de telles circonstances, les États du port sont devenus de véritables remparts en matière de protection des gens de mer. Cette recherche propose une réflexion sur des mécanismes, y compris des mécanismes de responsabilisation des agences de *manning*, afin de faire émerger un ensemble de procédés devant permettre de garantir un travail décent des gens de mer recrutés par l'intermédiaire de ces agences. The maritime industry has undergone far-reaching changes that have affected not only commercial relationships associated with shipping, but also labor relations that arise when seafarers are employed on board ships. One concrete manifestation of these changes has been the use by shipowners of entities specializing in the supply of crew members. Known as manning agencies or manpower suppliers, these entities facilitate recruitment procedures for shipowners, and at the same time act as job providers for seafarers. However, some of the behaviour of manning agencies can jeopardize the protection of seafarers and their rights. As a result, activities of manning agencies have called for a legal framework. Despite the existence of international and national rules that form an impressive framework, some questions remain. These relate not only to the conflict of laws and jurisdictions posed by the international nature of the activity of manning agencies, but also to the difficulties involved in determining the true employer of the worker within the framework of the tripartite employment relationship that arises. The free registration of ships and the phenomenon of flags of convenience have called into question to the primary role that flag states play in protecting seafarers working on board the ships they register. Labour-supplying states, for their part, seem reluctant to introduce thorough regulations and apply them thoroughly to the agencies they host, given the economic considerations. As a consequence, port states have assumed bulwark functions when it comes to protecting seafarers. This research proposes an examination of mechanisms, including accountability mechanisms of manning agencies, with the aim to put forward a set of processes that guarantee decent work for seafarers recruited through these agencies.

This paper aims to analyzing the influence of tax behavior on financing (financial leverage) behavior of corporate managers. The paper applies the generalized method of moments (GMM) to dynamic panel data. The sample used covers 21 firms, i.e. 11 banks for the period from 2011 to 2020 and 10 DFSs for the period from 2016 to 2021. It turns out that financial leverage behavior is influenced more positively by corporate income tax (CIT), then by dividends (DIVIDEND); and negatively by interest on debt (INTEREST), by cash flow (CASH_FLOW) and by past financial leverage (LEVERAGE(‑1)). This paper is one of the first to extend the literature by identifying the main determinants of financing behavior, notably the positive effect of corporate income tax (CIT).

Abstract available in PDF.

Türk mortgage sistemi veya mortgage menkul kıymetleştirmesi ve İpoteğe Dayalı Menkul Kıymetler-İDMK ihracı, sistemsel bütün olarak ilk kez uygulamada "Mortgage Kanunu" olarak da anılan 5582 sayılı "Konut Finansmanı Sistemine İlişkin Çeşitli Kanunlarda Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkındaki Kanun" (Konut Finansmanı Kanunu) ile 2007 yılında düzenlenmiştir. Meri'i düzenlemeler bakımından İDMK ihracı 6362 sayılı Sermaye Piyasası Kanunu (SerPK) madde 58 ve III-58.1 sayılı Varlığa ve İpoteğe Dayalı Menkul Kıymetler Tebliği (VİDMK Tebliği) ile düzenlenmiştir. Çalışmamızın amacı ve kapsamı, bünyesinde tek bir çalışmada ele alınması olanaksız sayıda hukuki düzenleme, kavram, kurum ve ilişki barındıran mortgage sistemini sermaye piyasası bakış açısıyla mevzuat tekrarlarından arındırılmış özlü tespit ve değerlendirmeleri esas alacak şekilde ele almaktır. Çalışmamızda mortgage sistemi kavramsal olarak gerçek anlamı ile ortaya konulacak ve ayrıca sistemin varlık nedeni ve özünü oluşturan sermaye piyasası unsuru olarak İDMK'ya ilişkin tespit, değerlendirme ve öneriler yer almaktadır. Mortgage ifadesi dar anlamda, Anglo-Sakson hukukunda kullanılan mortgage rehni ve mortgage teminatlı finansman alacaklarını ifade etmektedir. Mortgage terimi, sermaye ve finans piyasaları bakımından ise mortgage teminatlı alacakların İpoteğe Dayalı Menkul Kıymetler (İDMK/mortgage-backed securities-MBS) ihraç edilerek menkul kıymetleştirildiği (securitization) sistemi anlatmaktadır. Mortgage sistemi veya menkul kıymetleştirmesi ve İDMK ihracı ilk olarak Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) hukukunda uygulanmıştır. Mortgage sisteminin varlık nedeni, sermaye piyasalarından İDMK ihracı yoluyla en az maliyetle ve güvenilir bir şekilde finansman sağlanmasıdır. İDMK ihracı, mortgage (ipotek) teminatlı finansman alacaklarının, mortgage sistemi içerisinde gerçek satışa (true sale) dayalı olarak bilânço dışına çıkarılması ve menkul kıymetleştirilmesi ile gerçekleştirilmektedir. Bu nedenle İDMK, gerçek satışa dayalı bilânço dışı olarak gerçekleştirilen gerçek (geleneksel) menkul kıymetleştirme ürünü bir menkul kıymet niteliğindedir. Toplam beş bölümden oluşan Tez çalışmamızın ilk bölümünde, mortgage sistemi kavramı teknik anlamıyla değerlendirilecek, sistemin tarihi gelişim süreci ve ilişkili düzenlemeler ve niteliği olarak menkul kıymetleştirme ele alınacaktır. Çalışmamızın ikinci bölümünde, mortgage sisteminin işleyişi, sistemde kullanılan varlıklar ve safhaları, sistemin özgün terminolojisi berberinde değerlendirilecektir. Çalışmamızın üçüncü bölümünde ise mortgage sisteminde yer alan kuruluşlar gene sistemin kendine özgü kavram ve gereklilikleri dahilinde değerlendirilecektir. Çalışmamızın dördüncü bölümünde sistemin hedefi ve varlık sebebi olan İDMK tanımı türleri ve benzeri menkul kıymetler beraberinde ele alınacaktır. Çalışmamızın beşinci ve son bölümünde ise İDMK ihracı ile sağlanan sebepler ve ihracını güçleştiren sebeplere dair tespit ve önerilerimiz topluca yer alacaktır. Tezimizin sonuç kısmında ise gerçek anlamıyla uygulanması halinde ülkemizin hızlı ve sürdürülebilir bir biçimde kalkınmasını sağlayabilecek niteliği haiz bir sistem olan mortgage sistemi ve onun ürünü menkul kıymet olan İDMK'nın ihracı bakımından tespit ve çıkarımlarımız yer alacaktır. Tezimiz genel olarak Türkiye'nin finansal kurumlara, İDMK'yı, iç pazardaki ekonomik kalkınmayı hızlandırmak için sermaye piyasalarından fon sağlamak için kullanma önerisi de getirmektedir. Bu tez ile Türkiye'de finans kurumlarının MBS ihraçları için alternatif bir finansman kaynağı olarak dikkat çekilmesi de amaçlanmaktadır. Burada kamusal bir gelişme olarak ifade edilecek olursak, "Yeni Ekonomi Program", finansal derinliğin ve istikrarın sağlanması için Türkiye'deki menkul kıymetleştirmelerin (İDMK ihraçları dahildir) desteklenmesi tedbirini de içermektedir. Anahtar kelimeler : Mortgage, Menkul Kıymetleştirme, Sermaye Piyasası Hukuku, İpoteğe Dayalı Menkul Kıymetler [...] The Turkish mortgage system, mortgage securitization, and the issuance of Mortgage-Backed Securities (MBS), collectively referred to as the "Mortgage Law," were initially regulated in 2007 by Law No. 5582, also known as the "Law on Various Amendments Regarding the Housing Finance System" (Housing Finance Law), commonly referred to as the "Mortgage Law" in practical application. In terms of secondary regulations, the issuance of MBS is governed by Article 58 of the Capital Markets Law No. 6362 (CML) and the Communiqué on Asset-Backed Securities and Mortgage-Backed Securities (ABS-MBS Communiqué). The aim and scope of this study involve a comprehensive examination of the mortgage system, which encompasses numerous legal regulations, concepts, institutions, and relationships. The focus is on providing concise assessments and evaluations, free from legal redundancies, based on the perspective of capital markets. The study conceptually presents the mortgage system in its true sense, addressing the essence and purpose of the system, particularly focusing on Mortgage-Backed Securities (MBS) as a capital market element, along with relevant findings, evaluations, and recommendations. In a narrow sense, the term "mortgage" refers to the mortgage lien and financing receivables secured by mortgages in Anglo-Saxon law. In the context of capital and financial markets, the mortgage system refers to the securitization of mortgage-backed receivables by issuing Mortgage-Backed Securities (MBS). The mortgage system, its securitization, and MBS issuance were initially implemented in the United States (US) legal framework. The raison d'être of the mortgage system lies in obtaining financing from capital markets through the issuance of MBS at minimal cost and in a reliable manner. MBS issuance involves transferring mortgage-backed financing receivables out of the balance sheet through a true sale mechanism within the mortgage system, facilitating their securitization. Therefore, MBS represents a security of a true sale-based, off-balance-sheet, and traditional nature. The thesis comprises five sections. The first section evaluates the concept of the mortgage system in technical terms, discussing its historical development, related regulations, and its nature as securitization. The second section delves into the operation of the mortgage system, the assets used, stages involved, and the system's unique terminology. The third section examines the institutions within the mortgage system, considering their specific concepts and requirements. The fourth section covers the objective of the system and the definition of MBS, its types, and similar securities. The fifth and final section consolidates our findings and recommendations regarding the reasons for MBS issuance and the challenges hindering it. In the conclusion, we highlight the potential of the mortgage system and its product, MBS, as a system capable of fostering rapid and sustainable development in Turkey when implemented in its true sense. The thesis suggests that financial institutions in Turkey consider MBS issuances as an alternative source of funding, aiming to accelerate economic development in the domestic market. Additionally, the study aligns with the "New Economic Program," which includes measures to support securitizations in Turkey, including MBS issuances, to ensure financial depth and stability. Keywords : Mortgage, Securtization, Capital Markets Law, Mortgage Backed Securities.

La prérogative de l’annulation des décisions des juridictions nationales est dévolue à l’institution juridictionnelle supranationale, qu’est la C.C.J.A, qui assure la sécurité juridique et judiciaire par l’exercice de ses fonctions juridictionnelle, consultative et arbitrale. Outre, le contrôle de l’application effective des règles du droit OHADA par les juridictions nationales de fond (recours en cassation), elle veille sur le fondement de l’article 18 du Traité OHADA au respect de ses compétences par l’exercice de son pouvoir d’annulations des décisions des juridictions nationales de cassation ou des juridictions du fond statuant en dernier ressort ou sur des sentences arbitrales en violation des règles de compétence, de procédure ou d’ordre public. Lorsqu’elle annule les décisions des juridictions nationales sur le fondement de ce texte, la C.C.J.A rend des arrêts par lesquels, elle déclare ces décisions nulles et non avenues les décisions incriminées. Les arrêts d’annulations que rend la C.C.J.A sont exécutoires et doivent être exécutés dans les ordres juridiques internes et communautaires pour pouvoir s’imposer aux parties, aux juridictions en cause et aux Etats parties de l’espace OHADA.

International conference proceedings

The surge in online interactions has led to a parallel rise in civil and commercial disputes that transcend geographical boundaries. As traditional dispute resolution mechanisms face challenges adapting to this evolving paradigm, conflicts increasingly migrate to online platforms. Within this proliferating landscape, it is crucial to recognize the scarcity of research devoted to Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) providers and the myriad types of services they currently offer to users worldwide. Despite the ongoing geographical expansion of ODR, the inquiry into how procedural justice principles manifest in these digital dispute resolution systems remains notably under-explored. A growing body of literature underscores that procedural justice is critical for building users’ trust, enhancing the legitimacy of organizations among communities, and fostering compliance with outcomes. The ability of ODR providers to meet users' expectations in terms of procedural justice can significantly shape users' perception of ODR institutions as trustworthy and dependable. This bears paramount implications for the ongoing development of ODR, whose acceptance varies widely across jurisdictions. This doctoral thesis delves into the intricate intersections of procedural justice within the realm of international civil and commercial ODR, examining the nuanced dynamics that emerge in virtual spaces. Ultimately, it seeks to understand how procedural justice principles, rooted in the notion of fairness, manifest and evolve in the context of ODR, exploring the impact of digital interventions on the perceived fairness of dispute resolution processes. Understanding procedural justice in ODR is not merely an academic pursuit; it holds profound implications for legal practitioners, policymakers, and society at large. This research aims to contribute valuable insights that can inform the design of fairer and more effective ODR systems.

La répression des entreprises multinationales constitue un défi pour le droit pénal dans la mesure où elles sont avant tout une donnée économique, de prime à bord insaisissable par le droit pénal. Le droit pénal qui est l’expression de la souveraineté nationale semble dépasser face à la délinquance collective qui traverse les frontières dans un monde globalisé, mais composé d'États souverains. La puissance et la capacité des entreprises multinationales à supplanter les États font de ces entités, une nébuleuse pour laquelle la régulation étatique apparaît comme un vœu pieu. Cette étude vise, d’une part, à analyser les obstacles qui empêchent le droit pénal de saisir la délinquance des entreprises multinationales et d’autre part, à démontrer, que le droit pénal n’est pas totalement désarmé ou dépassé, il dispose des ressources nécessaires lui permettant de réprimer de manière efficace et efficiente la délinquance de ces entreprises.