Bibliographie sélective OHADA

There is substantial scholarship on the limitations that international investment agreements (IIAs) place on States’ authority to regulate in the public interest. An area of fundamental importance that has not received scholarly attention in connection with IIAs is public procurement regulation. Given that public procurement is about the needs of States and their citizens, States would want to retain their authority within municipal public procurement laws to decide with whom to contract to meet those needs, and to pursue socioeconomic and industrial policies through procurement. However, most States are parties to IIAs, which impose obligations on them with respect to the protection of foreign investment. This article explores this seminal issue of whether IIAs stand to limit the authority of States in the implementation of procurement legislation and policies. Based on textual analysis and arbitral case study, it argues that treaty-based standards of investment protection can limit States’ authority on the implementation of methods of procurement (such as national competitive tendering or restricted tendering) and socioeconomic policies in procurement. A question that needs fuller engagement is the extent of conflict between specific IIAs and public procurement laws and policies, either regionally or globally, and how to reconcile conflicting obligations to promote foreign investment and sustainable development. This article provides the foundation for such future research.

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo analisar, à luz do ordenamento jurídico português, a possibilidade e adequação do recurso ao instituto da arbitragem como meio de resolução dos litígios intrassocietários, isto é, os litígios emergentes das relações entre os sócios de uma sociedade, os resultantes das relações entre os sócios e a própria sociedade, ou ainda no âmbito das relações entre os sócios ou a sociedade per si e os titulares dos órgãos de administração ou de fiscalização da mesma. Para tal, foi inicialmente adotada uma perspetiva comparatística com outros ordenamentos jurídicos. Posteriormente, foi adotada uma abordagem expositiva, do instituto da arbitragem em Portugal, analisando inicialmente de um modo geral, especificando depois o propósito principal da presente dissertação – a arbitrabilidade dos litígios intrasocietários, nomeadamente o regime da convenção de arbitragem, do tribunal arbitral e da própria sentença arbitral. Avaliadas as vantagens e os inconvenientes do recurso à arbitragem enquanto meio de resolução alternativa de litígios, e a sua aplicabilidade aos litígios intrassocietários, tomando como referência a escassa regulamentação deste instituto neste domínio no nosso ordenamento jurídico, conclui-se a presente dissertação com uma proposta de regulamentação legal e outra estatutária da arbitragem dos referidos litígios intrasocietários.

Arbitration is considered as one of the basic means that has been legislated by Islam to resolve the people's disputes. Usually the resolutions of the arbitration are fast, guarantee the rights, respect the essence of justice and reduce the level of the controversy. Today, arbitration plays a vital role in resolving the international disputes such as the economic, political and local disputes as long as its effect upon the resolution of the internal disputes. This study highlights on the arbitration role in resolving the disputes as along with judiciary through showing the advantages of the arbitration and explain the relationship between arbitration and judiciary. And clarify its areas and its implications in jurisprudence. This study found out that the arbitration has a pivotal role in resolving the disputes resulting from the contractual and non-contractual relationships and the disputes resulting from the people in their natural and moral capacity, both internally as well as externally The study has shown the jurisprudence has taken the lead in explaining the terms and effects of the arbitration.

Advances in digital technologies are promoting many transformations within society. Some refer to the term Digital Revolution. The emergence of digital technology in administrative activities has led to the processing of an increasing amount of data, notonly by public organizations, but also by private entities in charge of public services. The question therefore arises of preciselyknowing which legal framework govern these digital public data treatments and whether that legal framework is in line with those digital transformations. The aim of this study is to answer these questions considering digital public data as an object having its own life cycle.

La crise sanitaire à coronavirus est une crise sans précédent dans l’histoire de l’humanité. Face à l’urgence de la situation, le gouvernement du Cameroun a dû réagir vite en prenant des mesures spécifiques de riposte. Certaines de ces mesures touchent aux aspects de la sécurité sociale. Il en est ainsi d’une part, des mesures de sauvegarde relatives aux prestations de la sécurité sociale, notamment la hausse du coefficient de revalorisation de la branche Assurance-Pensions de vieillesse, d’invalidité et de décès ; et d’autre part des mesures de sauvegarde relatives aux prestations de santé en rapport au covid-19 notamment le relèvement de l’âge de départ à la retraite des personnels de la santé du corps des fonctionnaires et celui des agents de l’État relevant du Code du travail, la mise en place des Centres spéciaux de prise en charge des patients atteints de covid-19 et le Centre de Coordination des Opérations d’Urgences. Ce sont des mesures de riposte significatives mais encore limitées qui sont appelées à évoluer dans l’avenir. Abstract - The coronavirus health crisis is an unprecedented crisis in human history. Faced with the urgency of the situation, the government of Cameroon had to react quickly by taking specific response measures. Some of these measures concern aspects of social security. This is the case, firstly, of the safeguard measures related to social security benefits, in particular the increase in the revaluation coefficient of the Insurance-Old-age, invalidity and death pensions branch ; and secondly, safeguard measures on health benefits in relation to Covid-19 including raising the retirement age of health workers of the body of civil servants and that of State agents covered by the Labor law, the establishment of special care centers for patients with covid-19 and the Emergency Operations Coordination Center . These are significant but still limited response measures, which will evolve in the future.

L’objectif de ce papier est de vérifier si le SYSCOHADA révisé va améliorer la transparence des informations comptables dans les entreprises au Cameroun. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons diligenté des entretiens semi-directifs auprès de 06 experts camerounais (expert-comptable, expert banquier, directeur des impôts, comptables) suffisamment informés des réformes OHADA et faisant usage régulier des états financiers fournis par les entreprises camerounaises. Au terme des analyses, les premiers résultats suggèrent que, le SYSCOHADA révisé ne pourra pas améliorer la transparence des états financiers fournis par les entreprises locales camerounaises (PME, PMI). Par contre, les seconds résultats montrent que, le SYSCOHADA révisé va améliorer la transparence des états financiers des entreprises multinationales installées au Cameroun et faisant appel public à l’épargne. Ces résultats montrent que, malgré la morosité des entreprises camerounaises à s’engager en bourse, le marché financier pourrait être un atout de transparence et par ricochet de performance via la confiance dans le financement dont elles pourraient en bénéficier.

A presente tese visa a analisar a recuperação judicial com a finalidade de apresentar contribuições para o estudo do papel de influência dos credores na recuperação judicial em decorrência do ambiente normativo estabelecido a partir da rede de direitos e deveres instituída na legislação em vigor no Brasil. Uma vez iniciada a recuperação judicial, diversas decisões dependerão da concordância da coletividade de credores, sendo a mais importante delas a aprovação do plano de recuperação, realidade que permite o surgimento de credores com grande poder na negociação do plano de recuperação com a devedora. Sem a pretensão de esgotar o assunto, o presente estudo tem quatro grandes núcleos. O primeiro deles é histórico e analisa tanto a evolução econômica do Brasil quanto as diversas legislações que já vigoraram no país em matéria de falência e recuperação judicial. O segundo núcleo analisa o próprio instituto da recuperação judicial atualmente em vigor, onde há o exame de suas regras, bem como o papel dos diversos agentes que atuam e contribuem para o procedimento recuperacional. Adiante, no terceiro núcleo, há a análise do paradigma do controle interno e do controle externo. Finalmente, o quarto e último núcleo tece as contribuições sobre o papel que alguns credores podem assumir em relação à empresa em recuperação judicial, desde que reunidas certas condições específicas. O estudo é motivado pela relevância que a recuperação judicial tem apresentado na realidade societária brasileira, bem como pela observação empírica de que determinados credores, ao negociarem o plano de recuperação com uma empresa em crise, possuem maior vantagem que outros credores, situação que merece ser delimitada e estudada, até para fins de atribuição de deveres e responsabilidades a tais credores.

Since the crises of 1970 and 1980, there has been a remarkable growth in the creation of enterprises in both formal and informal economies. This study attempts to highlight the determinants of the probability of entering the formal sector through an econometric analysis. The data used are based on surveys of 210 SMEs in the in[formal] sector in the city of Bukavu in DR Congo. We find that the probability of entering the formal sector is explained by the entrepreneur’s characteristics (gender and occupied status of employee) and the firm’s characteristics (capital, turnover, and the size of the workforce]. The capital of the company remains the most important constraint that entrepreneurs face to undertake in the formal sector.

The study comparatively evaluates the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Profitability in the fuel and gas sectors in Ghana. The descriptive survey design and quantitative methods was adopted to find a relationship between innovations in strategic stakeholder engagement with corporate profitability or bottom-line, with the mediating role of strategic stakeholder engagement leading to a firm’s bottom-line. An analysis of strategic stakeholder engagement and bottom-line of selected fuel and gas companies in the Kumasi Metropolitan, Asokore Mampong, Oforikrom and Ejisu Municipalities was provided.A five point closed ended Likert Scale self-administrable structured questionnaire and researcher guide to aid participants answer relevant questions was used to confirm that innovations in strategic stakeholder engagement fueled increases in corporate bottom-line of selected companies. The four major steps of analysing data collected from Atkinson’s (2002) categories of quantitative data analysis was used, following which the primary data/information gathered and coded was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences to guarantee validity and reliability of the various investigations conducted. The hierarchical multiple regression of the Baron and Kenny’s (1986) procedure was also adopted to analyse for study the mediating effect of innovation on the relationship between strategic stakeholder engagement and corporate bottom-line.The study opines the involvement of key stakeholder participation in the siting and general operations of fuel and gas companies given the divergent viewpoints of operators and stakeholders (O’Riordan, 2017). A discovery of a statistically significant positive influence of perceptions of CSR towards customers on an organization’s image in general intensifies the suggestion that mangers of fuel and gas sectors take special interest in innovative ways of engaging strategic stakeholders due to its influence and ripple mediating effect on corporate bottom-line to improve the performance of the business or induces increases in profit.

« Nul ne peut céder plus de droit qu’il en dispose ». Ce principe a pendant longtemps justifié la méfiance des tiers dans leurs rapports avec les époux, eu égard à leurs pouvoirs respectifs. Si avant la moitié du XXe siècle, les tiers avaient tendance à exiger par précaution l’approbation par le mari de tous les actes que passait la femme, les choses ne sont plus pareilles aujourd’hui, car la femme a acquis son autonomie professionnelle avec l’entrée en vigueur de l’Acte uniforme OHADA relatif au droit commercial général. En effet, l’obligation d’assistance ou d’entraide qui existe entre les époux, peut amener l’un à apporter son appui à l’autre quant à l’exploitation d’une entreprise. Ceci étant, pour les besoins de l’entreprise, l’un des conjoints peut dépasser le seuil des pouvoirs qui lui sont reconnus dans ses rapports avec les tiers. Face à cette situation, les intérêts des tiers peuvent se trouver menacés lorsqu’ils contractent avec un époux dont ils ignorent les pouvoirs réels. Toutefois, la technique des présomptions imaginée en droit français et repris par l’avant-projet du Code civil camerounais, permet de concilier l’indépendance professionnelle des époux avec la protection des tiers contre le risque de dépassement des pouvoirs réels reconnus à chacun d’eux. Il peut s’agir aussi bien des présomptions de pouvoirs, que des présomptions de représentation. No one can assign more rights than he has". This principle has for a long time justified the distrust of third parties in their relations with spouses, having regard to their respective powers. If before the middle of the twentieth century, third parties tended to demand the husband's approval as a precaution of all actions the wife took, things are not the same today, for the wife has acquired her professional autonomy since entry in force of the OHADA uniform Act concerning general commercial law. In fact, the obligation of assistance or mutual assistance that exists between the spouses can lead one to support the other in the operation of a business. However, for the purposes of the business, one of the spouses may exceed the threshold of powers granted to him in his relations with third parties. Faced with this situation, the interests of third parties may be threatened when they enter into a contract with a spouse whose real powers they do not know. However, the technique of presumptions imagined in French law and taken up by the preliminary draft of the Cameroonian Civil Code, makes it possible to reconcile the professional independence of the spouses with the protection of third parties against the risk of exceeding the real powers recognized to each of them. These can be presumptions of powers as well as presumptions of representation.

This paper examines the ongoing transition to the revised Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa Act on Accounting and Financial Reporting for companies in general and to the International Financial Reporting Standards for listed and group companies with a particular focus on recent institutional developments and corporate concerns. The study used 80 professional accountants, most of whom were members of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Cameroon and academics. Using the descriptive statistics, the study shows that the transition to the revised OHADA brings about a high level of comparability and transparency of the financial statements, that the International Financial Reporting Standards can be implemented in Cameroon (but not fully), and that the benefit of the transition exceeds the cost.

La pandémie du COVID-19 dans le monde en général et au Cameroun en particulier a justifié la prise des mesures de riposte à l’effet d’y faire face. Appréciées dans le cadre des relations de travail, dites mesures mettent en évidence, non seulement le rôle majeur de l’Autorité Administrative à savoir la sécurité des personnes et de leurs biens, et dans le cas d’espèce la sécurité sanitaire ; mais aussi toute l’attention gouvernementale accordée à la vie économique, matérialisée via des allégements fiscaux accordés aux opérateurs économiques pour voir survivre leurs activités nonobstant cette crise sanitaire. The COVID-19 pandemic in the world in general and in Cameroon in particular has justified the taking of response measures to deal with it. Appreciated in the context of labor relations, these measures highlight not only the major role of the Administrative Authority, namely the safety of people and their property, and in this case health security but also all the Government attention given to economic life, materialized through tax breaks granted to economic operators to see their activities survive notwithstanding this health crisis.

La procédure de conciliation est l’une des innovations de la réforme de l’Acte Uniforme relatif aux procédures collectives d’apurement du passif. Le législateur OHADA l’a institué dans l’objectif de mieux gérer la prévention de la cessation des paiements des entreprises en difficulté financière. La conciliation est entrée dans la sphère des procédures collectives de l’OHADA avec un principe clé à savoir la confidentialité. Le principe de confidentialité constitue une pierre angulaire de la conciliation au regard de la place qu’elle occupe dans le dénouement de celle-ci. Le législateur communautaire fait intervenir ce principe dans tout le dénouement de la conciliation. La confidentialité se présente ainsi comme un aspect phare de la procédure. Cet état de chose nous a alors amené à s’interroger sur le rôle que peut bien jouer cette confidentialité qui anime l’ensemble de la procédure préventive. Selon notre point de vue, la confidentialité joue un double rôle dans la procédure de conciliation. Elle favorise d’une part la protection du débiteur soumis à la procédure en lui assurant la préservation de son crédit ainsi que les informations divulguées et d’autre part, facilite l’efficacité de la procédure à travers son imposition générale même si elle est un peu fragilisée par certaines atteintes. The procedure of conciliation is an innovation of the uniform Act organizing the legal treatement enterprises difficulties. The OHADA lagislator has institute it with the objective for the better manage in the suspension of payments prevention for enterprises in financial difficulty. The conciliation procedure has come in the sphere of OHADA legal treatement enterprises difficulties with a main principle which is confidentiality. The principle of confidentiality constitute a cornerstone of the conciliation procedure ending according to the Sport place it occupe. The Community legislator makes this principle to intervene in all the conciliation procedure. The confidentiality is present as a main aspect of the procedure. This situation brought us to question the role of the confidentiality witch lead all the preventive procedure. According to our point of view, the confidentiality plays a double role in the conciliation procedure. It favours firstly the protection of the debtor submit to the procedure insuring the preservation of his credit as well as divulgates informations and secondly, it facilitate the effectiveness of the procedure by his general using even it is fragilize by certains attacks.

The dispute board as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism in international construction contracts. The functioning of the dispute board. Issues related to the legal nature and the enforcement of the final determination. Evaluation and familiarity with the mechanism of the dispute board. The Italian case and the distrust towards the development of "private justice systems".

Totalement ignorés de la loi, la doctrine s'est attelée depuis plusieurs décennies, à conférer une définition aux travaux sur existants. Ainsi, elle les décrit comme ceux ayant vocation à se greffer sur, sous ou dans les parties anciennes d'une construction. Selon les cas, ils peuvent schématiquement aller du simple entretien à la surélévation, l'extension ou la reconstruction quasi-totale de l'existant, dont seules les façades seront conservées. Au vu de la teneur des multiples enjeux que recouvre le concept de travaux sur existants, se dégagent de nombreuses interrogations. L'une des plus importantes est connexe à leur encadrement juridique. À cet égard, l'exploration des cadres contractuel et de responsabilité semble inéluctable. Ceux-ci représentent en effet, l'essentiel du terrain sur lequel se déroule le débat juridique et se développe le contentieux relatif aux travaux sur existants.

Les nullités sont des sanctions des irrégularités de forme ou de fond, des actes juridiques. Ces sanctions ont essentiellement pour fonctions la prévention, la garantie de l'ordre public de direction et de protection. Elles participent à l'effectivité et à l'efficacité de la règle de droit. Le législateur OHADA, dans le souci d'assainir le climat des affaires et les relations contractuelles, privilégie les nullités textuelles dans l' AUSCGIE. La nullité de la société est strictement textuelle et celle des actes ou délibération est mixte, c'est-à-dire textuelle et virtuelle. Cependant, il faut noter que dans l'analyse des causes de nullités, il apparaît une certaine incohérence. Certains actes interdits, la fictivité de la société, sont tantôt sanctionnés par la nullité, tantôt par l'inexistence. Le non-respect de certaines autorisations préalables est, d'une part, sanctionné par l'inopposabilité, d'autre part, par la nullité. La violation des règles pénales n'est pas expressément sanctionnée par la nullité et la jurisprudence sanctionne tantôt par la nullité virtuelle, tantôt refuse de sanctionner par la nullité virtuelle alors qu'il s'agit de la violation d'une règle impérative. Il résulte de cette analyse une difficulté à une sanction dynamique dû à l'esprit d'impérativité de l'article 2 et du système de nullité textuelle. Dans l'analyse de la mise en œuvre des nullités, la primauté de la protection des intérêts économique au travers le mécanisme de la régularisation d'office, fragilise cette sanction. Le législateur admet la nullité judiciaire qu'à titre exceptionnelle. Mais le contentieux conventionnel de la nullité n'est qu'implicitement admis. La subdivision nullité facultative et obligatoire n'est pas cohérente au critère de l'intérêt protégé. Il en résulte une absence du régime uniforme. La régularisation, les effets non rétroactifs de nullité, les brèves prescriptions et l'inopposabilité de nullité aux tiers sont suffisants pour se passer du principe pas de nullité sans texte en droit des sociétés commerciales.

Dans le contexte de numérisation que connaît notre société, l’enquête pénale doit s’adapter à la dématérialisation des investigations qui doivent permettre d’accéder, de collecter et de générer des données informatiques. En l’état actuel de la procédure pénale, les informations numériques manipulées lors des actes d’enquête sont éparpillées et cloisonnées, ce qui nuit à l’efficacité de leur exploitation ainsi qu’à la protection des droits des personnes concernées par les données ainsi collectées ou générées. La présente étude propose une analyse de toutes les informations numériques regroupées, qui sont recueillies au cours d’une procédure. Les nombreux traitements de données à caractère personnel mis en œuvre par l’Etat et pour lesquels un accès est directement prévu lors de l’enquête pénale sont également éparpillés et physiquement séparés. Loin de garantir une protection des droits des personnes fichées, cette séparation nuit à la qualité des données enregistrées et neutralise les possibilités de contrôles efficaces sur ces traitements. Une mise en commun mesurée de certaines données identiques est présentée ici : elle serait une source d’amélioration importante.

Through comparing dispute resolution methods under bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and bilateral tax treaties, this Article critically discusses the advantages of incorporating mandatory arbitration in bilateral tax treaties and demonstrates that national sovereignty will not be decreased by it. As a result, the Article argues that it would, in fact, be beneficial for China to adopt the mandatory arbitration method, which would further strengthen the global reform initiated by the OECD.

Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing threatens the ability of the aquatic systems to continue providing vital ecosystem services and essential food resources. Most of the existing economic analysis on IUU fishing is conducted from the perspective of IUU fishing vessels rather than that of States. This paper seeks to fill this gap and concludes that trade measures against IUU fishing are cost-effective for the international community, as the IUU fishing has reached such a substantial scale that the total harm or loss caused is estimated to be greater than the total abatement costs required. Meanwhile, from a legal point of view, trade measures against IUU fishing might have more tensions with international trade law than with the international law of the sea. This paper draws on relevant GATT and WTO jurisprudence for guidance to eliminate such tensions. Two other comprehensive solutions to ensure legal compliance of trade measures against IUU fishing include taking such measures on a cooperative basis and making use of the standard-setting process through competent international organizations or conferences such as the FAO.

The unprecedented situation that the whole world is facing due to the health crisis linked to COVID-19 has negatively impacted the normal management of contracts of all kinds, which requires their renegotiation from top to bottom. In Morocco, both legislation and case law allow the possibility to renegotiate a contract. However, notwithstanding the circumstances, the scope or the conditions of the contractual renegotiation, it leads in the context of crisis to two main routes in terms of contractual liability: either a disengagement of the parties to the contract, or a maintenance of the contractual relationship. In the countries of the OHADA zone, renegotiation should also be the ideal solution.