Bibliographie sélective OHADA

This thesis comparatively analyses the SA income tax general anti-avoidance rule (GAAR) in s 80A-L of the Income Tax Act 58/1962 and similar rules in Australia, Canada, the UK and the judicial doctrines in the US and the UK. It is argued that, while the SA GAAR may serve as a deterrent, it is going to have limited efficacy against impermissible tax avoidance due to the uncertainty it creates. It is argued that uncertainty will cause judicial activism to protect permissible tax avoidance, extensive and inconsistent judicial interpretation and confusion amongst taxpayers and SARS as to what constitutes permissible or impermissible tax avoidance. This thesis ends by recommending certain amendments, based on the comparative analysis, to the SA GAAR which can reduce uncertainty and thus improve it efficacy.

This article argues that, with the global or cross-border nature of many corporate activities, there is an increasing need for a uniform insolvency law approach to the financial distress of a corporation in the Southern African Development Community. In doing so, the article highlights lessons the community may learn from the Insolvency Act of the Organisation for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa. Emphasis is given to that organization’s success in developing a uniform insolvency act (ie one which is directly applicable in its contracting states). The article also proposes a number of recommendations.

In a region where there is diversity of laws, the author maintains that law reform is a catalyst for investment and development. This thesis aims at demonstrating that OHADA provides practical lessons for the development of a uniform commercial law structure in the SADC. This is following OHADA’s success in developing uniform commercial rules that are directly applicable in the contracting states. To achieve this, the thesis uses a “structured focused comparison” methodology that allows for two separate, but structurally linked accounts of the structures of both organisations. In exploring the structures of both organisations, the thesis endeavours to: determine whether there is the need for the development of a commercial law structure in the SADC; whether such a structure can be developed within the current SADC structure and whether OHADA can serve as a possible model for the SADC. The findings show that no part of the African continent has witnessed regional legal reform on the scale of that initiated by OHADA. It equally reveals the absence of a uniform commercial law structure in the SADC and the lack of supranational structures to adopt full panoply of business laws and to preserve the uniformity of laws in the member states. The findings from this thesis provide evidence that there is the need forthe development of a commercial law structure in the SADC and improvement of the current SADC structure. There is no doubt that thi swould do away with legal uncertainty in cross-border commercial transactions among SADC states.

To reflect the growing trends in the international scene and in furtherance of the objective of its Revised 1993 Treaty, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) summit in December 2006 revolutionised the structure of ECOWAS by re-designating the Executive Secretariat into a quasi-independent commission headed by a President with a Vice President and seven commissioners. The rationale behind the revision was to make ECOWAS a supranational entity. This article considers whether or not a supranational system is essential for the attainment of ECOWAS' objectives. It asks if the conditions for an effective supranational system are in place in the West African sub-region which could provide a solid foundation for its success and why the quest for a supranational system has not yielded any fruitful result in West Africa. It argues that a retreat from the quest for supranationalism and a return to an inter-governmental system would be a retreat rather than the way forward, and expresses the need for the course of action to be sustained courageously till the impact of integration begins to emerge, and the disguised, patriotic impulse of states to protect their national sovereignty gives way to the full manifestation of ECOWAS as a supranational entity.   

The Tanzanian private sector is growing, partly due to the state’s efforts to conform to the global economy. As the economy expands and the National Microfinance Policy of 2001 is realised, more and more credit has been made available to consumers. As a direct consequence of the increase of credit, the number of over- indebted consumers in Tanzania is on the rise. The current debt relief system is regulated by the Tanzanian Bankruptcy Act no. 9 of 1930, a piece of colonial legislation. Unfortunately this law is ineffective, costly and outdated. Some of the problems identified in this study with this debt relief regime include the lack of a cost- effective alternative to bankruptcy and its total reliance on the judiciary, an institution that is itself overburdened and requires reform. The purpose of this study is to make recommendations for the reform of the current debt relief system and propose a debt relief dispensation for consumer debtors in Tanzania that will efficiently cure over- indebtedness. A wide comparative investigation was undertaken in this study of selected common law, civil and mixed legal systems that have substantial experience with the boom in over-indebted consumers now facing Tanzania. A number of solutions were borrowed from these systems that may potentially solve Tanzania’s debt relief problem. One of the main findings of this thesis is that, over time, developed jurisdictions that rely on credit in the private sector appear to be converging on the same type of procedures and moderate philosophies for consumer debt relief. These include less judicial supervision for debt relief procedures, less freedom of choice for over-indebted consumers when it comes to the type of procedures available, and mandatory surplus income repayments for debtors who can afford it. In order to address the problems of the Tanzanian debt relief system, this thesis proposes a complete overhaul of the administration of debt relief procedures in Tanzania and the introduction of a combined alternative to bankruptcy that consists of three joint procedures. A number of amendments are also proposed for the Bankruptcy Act no.9 of 1930. This thesis states the status of legal developments as they were in the selected jurisdictions on 31 December 2012.

Examining the legal effects of EU concluded treaties, this book provides an analysis of this increasingly important and rapidly growing area of EU law. The EU has concluded more than 1,000 treaties including recently its first human rights treaty (the UN Rights of Persons with Disability Convention). These agreements are regularly invoked in litigation in the Courts of the member states and before the EU courts in Luxembourg but their ramifications for the EU legal order and that of the member states remains underexplored. Through analysis of over 300 cases, the book finds evidence of a twin-track approach whereby the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) adopts a maximalist approach to Treaty enforcement, where EU agreements are invoked in challenges to member state level action whilst largely insulating EU action from meaningful review vis-à-vis agreements. The book also reveals novel findings regarding the use of EU agreements in EU level litigation including: the types and which specific EU agreements (including the types of provisions) have arisen in litigation; the nature of the proceedings (preliminary rulings or direct actions) and the number of occasions in which they have been addressed in challenges to member state or EU action and the outcomes; who has been litigating (individuals, institutions, or member states) and which domestic courts have been referring questions to the CJEU. The significance of the judicial developments in this area are situated within the context of the domestic constitutional ramifications for member state legal orders thus revealing a neglected dimension in the constitutionalization debates, which traditionally emphasized the ramifications of internal EU law for the domestic constitutional order without expressly accommodating the constitutional significance of this external category of EU law nor the different challenges that this poses domestically.

The title of this contribution concerns the sovereignty of OHADA’s States as a solution or a problem of juridical integration. In our analysis, we consider that the States of the OHADA’s area are the main actors of this integration. In fact, the States express their sovereignty towards organs and tools of OHADA. In one hand, the way States express their sovereignty enable to have the same law amongst OHADA’s States. In another hand, by allowing any State to have his own criminal law (as far as sanctions are concerned) the aim of integration (unification) has been jeopardized. The solution of this problem is to have the same penal approach.

This study is concerned with integration efforts on the African continent. This study sets out to investigate the politico-legal and economic impediments to regional and continental integration efforts in Africa. The documents, processes, and organs of the African Union, as the main continental organisation, are the focal point of this study. In order to achieve this, the study primarily adopted a qualitative approach since the literature involved in this work could not be reduced to a quantitative concept. The study ensured that the premises and the conclusions in this work conform to the principles of reliability and validity and in addition the elimination of bias in this was curtailed by validation and triangulation. This was achieved by the fact that the arguments in this work were not only based on qualitative arguments but, where possible, quantitative data was brought in to validate/ triangulate the qualitative arguments. Evidently, the study would have been incomplete if it did not discuss and evaluate the many regional economic communities that have been established to further the objectives of the Treaty establishing the African Economic Community. One of the major premises that this study discovers is that there is a direct and demonstrable relationship between democracy and economic progress; genuine and sustainable development has to be fostered primarily by securing peace and stability on the African continent. Some of the other key findings of the study include that; a) the ultimate goal of the African Union is full political and economic integration leading to the United States of Africa; b) overlapping memberships to a custom unions are highly detrimental to the state since it has to subscribe resources and political will to two or more different arrangements. c) overlapping memberships cause confusion, inertia and most importantly legal uncertainty thereby stifling trade liberalisation efforts; d) many African states still guard their sovereignty closely and that many perceive that yielding their sovereignty to a continental body is tantamount to losing their independence; e) the African Union infrastructure still lacks supra-national and national institutions that are capable of implementing its values; f) the African Union infrastructure does not contain an institutionalised mechanism for the promotion and management of Union affairs at national level; g) the NEPAD initiatives, the APRM process and the functions of the Peace and Security Council play a positive role in African politico-legal and economic development. It has however been shown that these mechanisms are more reactive than preventative and as such intervene too late in the internal affairs of member states; h) armed conflicts cause a reduction in the per-capita Gross Domestic Product growth rate of a nation experiencing a civil war/ conflicts. i) the African Union has regressed from the original timelines of the African Economic Community. The highest regression being Phase 2 which involves the most critical element of strengthening of African regional integration arrangements and the harmonisation of policies concerned. A thirteen (13) year postponement is noted in this regard. j) Africa's poor intra-trade performance is also attributed to the limited progress among African countries in fostering structural transformation. This structural transformation relates to the building of roads, bridges, railway lines and power grids; In order for the African continent to re-position itself in an attempt to harness the benefits of regional integration, some of the recommendations that the study makes are that; a) the African Union grant supra-national status to institutions of the Union for the equitable and speedy attainment of integration; b) the Union and member states should as soon as possible create mechanisms with decision making powers to manage Union affairs at regional and national level; c) the operationalization of the Pan African Parliament should be pursued with the utmost determination to bring the Parliament to full functionality as a Continental legislative body; d) the operationalization of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights be completed as soon as possible in order to allow the body to function as a fully-fledged continental judiciary. This will ensure that the development of integration jurisprudence from an international law perspective is not delayed. The Court will also pursue the enforcement of Human rights norms and practices; e) the Union should further lead the continent in the following sectors with clear and predictable deliverables; i) the establishment and upgrading of regional land, air, and other means of transportation and communication; ii) the creation of a cross-border power and energy generation and distribution network; iii) the establishment, advancement, and diversification of regional financial and commodity markets; iv) the establishment of a regional higher education system by facilitating wider access through specialization in regional integration; The study further acknowledges that these recommendations are not conclusive since the study of regional integration is still at its infancy and many other ideas on how to strengthen African regional integration still await discovery.

The Zimbabwean economy rapidly declined over the past two decades. A record hyperinflationary environment and a collapse of the financial service sector coupled by lack of external lines of credit created a difficult operating environment for corporate businesses. Businesses thus either closed down operations or resorted to survival strategies. Corporate mergers and acquisitions emerged as natural favoured strategies in implementing survival corporate restructuring transactions. However, the success of such strategies largely depends on the effectiveness of the merger regulatory framework, that is, its ability to promote beneficial corporate restructuring transactions on one hand and to maintain the competitive structure of the market on the other hand. This research analyses the current merger regulatory framework in Zimbabwe and assesses whether it is suited to promote beneficial corporate restructuring transactions implemented through mergers and acquisitions without unnecessarily distorting the competitive structure of the market. Employing the failing firm doctrine as the focal point, the research identified a number of shortcomings within the current merger regulatory framework that impacts upon its ability to effectively promote beneficial corporate mergers and acquisitions without sacrificing the competitive market structure. Selected comparative jurisdictions were used to draw various lessons for Zimbabwe. The aim of the comparative study was not to provide an exhaustive analysis of these jurisdictions but to identify specific arrears that can be used to develop and suggest an effective merger regulatory framework for Zimbabwe. In order to remedy the identified shortcomings inherent within the current Zimbabwean merger regulatory framework, this thesis proposes a number of amendments to the current Competition Act [Chapter 7:01] of 1996. These proposed amendments are aimed at bringing clarity, flexibility and strengthening the merger regulatory framework including the institutions tasked with such. The research is primarily a legal analysis of the Zimbabwean merger regulating statute and its implications on any decisions made by the competition authority. As such, the thesis states the status of legal development in Zimbabwe and the selected comparative jurisdictions as of 31 July 2013.

Ticari hayatta sıklıkla karşılaşılan hukuki işlemler ve özellikle sözleşmeler dolayısıyla borç ilişkileri ortaya çıkmaktadır. Borç ilişkisi ise sözleşmenin taraflarını alacaklı veya borçlu konuma getirmektedir. Ticari hayatın baş aktörlerinden olan tacir; borç ilişkisinde alacaklı tarafta yer aldığında, alacağını elde edememe kaygısını taşıyabilir. Bu kaygıyı minimize etmek amacıyla borçludan bir güvence istemesi tabidir. Bu bağlamda tacir, ipotek veya rehin ile alacağını güvence altına almaya çalışabilir. Ancak gerek ipotek ve rehin tesis edilebilecek unsurların sınırlı olması gerekse bu işlemlerin fazla masraflı olması nedeniyle tacir ayni teminatlardan daha çok şahsi teminatlara yönelmektedir. Kefalet sözleşmesi ise en sık başvurulan şahsi teminatlardan biridir. Çünkü genellikle dostane ilişkilere dayanmaktadır. Dolayısıyla kefalet sözleşmesi ticari hayatın vazgeçilmez unsurlarındandır. 01.07.2012 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren 6098 sayılı Türk Borçlar Kanunu ile borçlar hukuku alanında, yine aynı tarihte yürürlüğe giren 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu ile de ticaret hukuku alanında reform sayılabilecek değişimler yaşanmıştır. Her iki Kanundaki değişimler gerek ticari iş, ticari işletme, ticaret ortaklıkları ve dolayısıyla tacire ilişkin hükümleri ve gerekse kefalet sözleşmesi başta olmak üzere teminat sözleşmelerini yeni bir yapılanmaya götürmüştür. Bu çerçevede çalışmada; Türk Ticaret Kanunu ve Türk Borçlar Kanunu'nda yapılan reform değişiklikler harmanının ticari işlerde kefalet sözleşmesine ve kefile yansımaları ele alınmıştır. Konu, gerçek kişi tacir-tüzel kişi tacir ayrımı doğrultusunda incelenip ticari işlerde kefalet sözleşmesi düzenlendiğinde, sözleşmenin durumu ve tacirlerin sorumlulukları değerlendirilmiştir. Değerlendirme yapılırken, tüzel kişi tacir sıfatına sahip olan ticaret ortaklıkları, ticari işletme işleten dernekler ve vakıflar, ticari şekilde işletilmek üzere kurulan kamu tüzel kişileri ve ayrıca bankaların kefalet sözleşmesindeki konumu, durumu ve sorumluluğu yenilenen hükümler ışığında irdelenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kefalet Sözleşmesi, Kefil, Sorumluluk, Tacir, Ticari İş. Relations of loan rise due to legal transactions and especially contracts which are frequently experienced in business life. Relations of loan put contracting parties either debtor or creditor positions. When trader, who is one of the main actors of business life, is on creditor side; might have concern about not collecting the debt. And it is quite natural that he can ask for security to minimize this concern. In this regard, trader could secure his claim by hypothec and pleadings. However, trader heads for personal guarantee rather than real security as both the components which can establish hypothec and pleading are limited and these transactions are too costly. Suretyship contract is one of the most chosen personal guarantees. Because, it relies on amicable terms. So, suretyship contract is one of the indispensable components of business life. Turkish Code of Obligations, Law Number 6098 which came into force on 01.07.2012 and Turkish Commercial Code, Law Number 6102 which entered in force on the same date are the changes which can be called as reforms. With changes in both laws, not only commercial affair, business organization, business partnership and accordingly the terms as to trader, but also contract of guarantees, particularly suretyship contracts were re-structured. Within this scope in this study, changes in Turkish Commercial Code and Turkish Code of Obligations and their influence on surety and suretyship contracts in business affairs are interpreted. Subject is assessed in line with difference between real person trader and legal person trader and when suretyship contract is drawn up in business affairs, condition of contract and responsibilities of traders are handled. The business partnerships which have legal person trader title, associations and foundations which run business organizations, the public entities established to be operated commercially, and position, condition and responsibility of banks in suretyship contracts are addressed in the light of renewed terms. Key Words: Suretyship Contract, Surety, Responsibility, Trader, Commercial Affair.

There is enough evidence on how climate change consequences will adversely affect Africa despite the fact that it is the continent that has least contributed to the problem. The international climate change regime recognises Africa's vulnerability to climate change and provides for special treatment under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (the UNFCCC). Thus, the international climate change regime presents an opportunity for African countries to adapt and mitigate the consequences of climate change through the UNFCCC mechanism. However, the international climate change legal regime has not been able to adequately assist African countries to address the consequences of climate change under the vulnerability principle. Although the current international climate change regime requires developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, Africa needs to take steps itself to address the problem, because it is most vulnerable to the consequences of climate change. The African Union (AU) could play a great role in ensuring that the international climate change regime addresses the consequences of climate change in the region. This could be done through fostering strong African common positions during international climate change negotiations. A strong common position could strengthen African bargaining power and might result in more funding, capacity building and technology development and transfer for adaptation and mitigation programmes under the UNFCCC-Kyoto Conference of Parties. However, reaching a strong common position requires the cooperation of the AU member states. In this context, African regional integration is an opportunity for the AU to foster such cooperation among member states. The Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community (the Abuja Treaty), the Constitutive Act of the AU and the Protocol on the Relations between the AU and Regional Economic Communities (RECs) prioritise regional economic integration and call for states' cooperation, but the call has not yet been heeded. To realise deep and viable African integration, there must be a well-structured institutional and legal framework that defines the relationship between the AU, the AEC and the RECs. African regional integration is also seen as an avenue whereby the AU can create its own regional climate-change regime. In this regard, the AU's and RECs' normative framework on climate change is examined in order to assess whether it adequately integrates climate change issues. This study finds that although Africa is most vulnerable to the consequences of climate change, the AU's and RECs' normative framework on climate change is weak and inadequate to address the problem. The Framework should integrate climate change issues in order to achieve sustainable development. The AU should also ensure that member states ratify the relevant treaties and protocols (the Maputo Nature Convention and the Protocol establishing the African Court of Justice and Human Rights) that have not yet been ratified in order that they may become operational. The Maputo Nature Convention puts sustainable development in the forefront of attention as a reaction to the potentially conflicting environmental and developmental challenges facing the continent (such as climate change), but it is not yet in force. This work finds that human rights law can strengthen the AU's role in addressing climate change through its normative framework. The human rights approach to climate change under the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (the Banjul Charter) is a viable avenue because human rights law forms the basis for states' responsibility based on human rights obligations and principles. The extraterritorial application of the Banjul Charter presents an avenue for AU institutions such as the Human Rights Commission and the African Human Rights Court to curb the effects of climate change through a human rights lens. The future of the AU is presented within the context of a set of recommendations that identify strong African regional integration as an avenue through which the AU can foster the cooperation of member states to address the consequences of climate change in the AU's and RECs' normative frameworks. General recommendations are made on the need for the international climate change regime to pay more attention to issues of funding, capacity building and technology development and transfer on the basis of the vulnerability principle and in relation to the principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. Also, the AU needs to strengthen its legal and institutional structures to ensure deep African integration that is capable of addressing common challenges such as the consequences of climate change.

Tarafların sözleşmeden kaynaklanan sorumluluklarını kararlaştırılan zamanda ifa etmemeleri birtakım sorunlara sebep olmaktadır. Özellikle davaların kısa sürede sonuçlandırılamaması, zarar ve kusurun ispatı gibi güçlükler alacaklıyı borcun ifasını sağlayacak arayışlara sevk etmektedir. Cezai şart günümüzde borçlar hukukunda, ticaret hukukunda, iş hukukunda ve medeni hukukta geniş uygulama alanına sahiptir. Tarafların kolay bir şekilde ve kendi iradeleriyle istedikleri gibi kararlaştırabilmeleri cezai şartın sıklıkla başvurulan hukuki işlem olmasının en önemli nedenlerindendir. Borçluyu ifaya zorlama, zararın tazmin edilmesi ve alacağın teminat altına alınması gibi birçok temel işlevi olan cezai şart borçlunun, asıl borcunu ilerde hiç veya gereği gibi ifa etmemesi ya da geç ifa etmesi durumunda, alacaklıya ödemeyi önceden taahhüt ettiği edimdir. Cezâî şart anlaşmasından doğan borç, asıl borca bağlı feri bir borçtur. Bu bakımdan asıl borç yoksa cezai şartın varlığından bahsedilemez. Ancak ifa zamanından sonra cezai şart, niteliği veya miktarı bakımından bağımsız bir edim haline dönüşür. ?Sözleşmelerde Cezai Şart? konulu çalışmamız, üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Giriş kısmında çalışmanın önemi, amacı, yöntemi, kaynakları ve değerlendirme metodu hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Birinci bölümde hem modern hukuk hem de İslam hukukuna göre sözleşme, şart ve cezai şart kavramları incelenmiş, cezai şartın konusu, amacı, benzer kavramlarla ilişkisi ve çeşitleri araştırılmış, hukuki niteliği, unsurları ve muaccel olmasının şartları tespit edilmiş, İslâm hukukuna göre para borçlarında ve diğer borçlarda cezai şartın hükmü tahlil edilmiştir. İkinci bölümde amacı bakımından sınıflandırılan sözleşmelere cezai şartın etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bu bağlamda sözleşme çeşidi hakkında kısa bilgi verilmiş İslâm hukukçularının görüşleri delilleriyle birlikte tespit edilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde cezai şartın tadili, iptali ve sona ermesi başlığı altında, modern hukukla mukayeseli olarak cezai şart miktarının indirilmesinin veya artırılmasının kriterleri tespit edilmiş, cezâî şartın iptali ve sona ermesi konusu araştırılmıştır. Sonuç kısmında ise `Sözleşmelerde Cezai Şart? konulu çalışmadan elde ettiğimiz neticeler ifade edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: İslâm Hukuku, Cezai şart, Borç, Faiz, Zarar. Not performing the responsibilities of two partners on a stated time causes some problems. Especially not ending of the lawsuits in short time and difficulties such as proving of damage and negligence lead to searching to provide executing of debt. Penal clause has a large practice field in law of obligations, trade law, labour law and civil law. Deciding of the partners easily and with their own freedom is one of the most important causes commonly applied process of penal clause. Penal clause having many functions such as forcing to excuting, reimbursing of damage and ensuring the credit is an action that commits to pay to the creditor in case of not performing of the borrower at all in the future. The debt from penal clause contract is a secondary one belonging to the principal debt. So, in the absence of original debt, it is not a case to talk about penal clause. But after the time of execution, penal clause transforms into an independant action. The study titled 'The Penal clause in Contracts' consists of three sections. In the introductory section In the introductory chapter the information has been presented about the goal, the method, resources evaulation method of the study. In the first section, the conditions of the contract and the concept of penal clause have been searched according to both modern law and islamic law and also the subject of penal clause has been examined in terms of its goal and relations with similar concepts and types and also judicial qualification and conditios for being executory and the provision of penal clause with currency debtsand another type of debts according islamic law. In the second section the effects of penal clause to the contracts classified in the respect of the goals have been researched. In this sense a short information has been given about the types of contract and the thoughts of islamic lawyers have been examined. In the third section under the title of remodelling and ending of penal clause, the criteria of the decrease or increase of the quantitity of penal clause in contrast with modern law have been examined and the issue of cancellation and ending of penal clause has been searched. In the conclusion part of the study , the results obtained by the study titled penal clause in contracts have been stated. Key Words: Islamic Law, Penal Clause, Loan, Interest, Los

The thesis considers the approaches followed by the European Union with the Brussels Regime, the federal system of the United States of America under the ‘full faith and credit clause’; the inter-state recognition scheme under the Australia and New Zealand Trans- Tasman judicial system; as well as the convention-approach of the Latin American States. It finds that the most suitable approach for the SACU is the negotiation and adoption by all SACU Member States of a multilateral convention on the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments, comparable to the 1971 Convention of the Hague Conference on Private International Law; the EU Brussels I Regulation and the Latin-American Montevideo Convention, as complemented by the La Paz Convention. It is imperative that a proposed convention should not merely duplicate previous efforts, but should be drafted in the light of the legal, political and socio-economic characteristics of the SACU Member States. The current legislative provisions in force in SACU Member States are compared and analysed, and the comparison and analysis form the basis of a proposal for a future instrument on recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments for the region. A recommended draft text for a proposed Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments for the SACU is included. This draft text could form the basis for future negotiations by SACU Member States

"Bu çalışma, markanın hükümsüzlüğü ve hükümsüzlüğün hukuki sonuçlarını mukayeseli hukukla karşılaştırmak suretiyle incelemeyi amaçlar. İnceleme 3 bölüm-den oluşmaktadır. Marka kavramı ve benzer kavramlarla karşılaştırılması başlıklı birinci bölümde: Markanın tarihçesi ve marka hakkındaki hukuki gelişmeler, teori-ler, markanın iktisabına ilişkin sistemler, markanın tanımı, türler, işlevi ve sınıfları ile markanın benzer kavramlarla karşılaştırılması konuları; markanın Hükümsüz-lük Halleri başlıklı ikinci bölümde: Hükümsüzlük ve iptal kavramları, mutlak ret nedenleri, nispi ret nedenleri ve markanın tescil edilmesinden sonra ortaya çıkan di-ğer hükümsüzlük nedenleri ile KHK da öngörülmemesine rağmen, Tasarıda düzen-lenen ve bizce de hükümsüzlük nedeni olarak kabul edilmesi gereken bazı haller; Hükümsüzlük davası ve hükümsüzlüğün hukuki sonuçları başlıklı üçüncü bölümde ise: hükümsüzlük davasının niteliği ve özellikleri, tarafları, deliller ve değerlendiril-mesi ile resen araştırma sorunu ve hükümsüzlük kararının etkileri ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiş ve gerekli değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. This study aims at examining the invalidity of trademark and legal conse-quences of invalidity through comparative law. The study is divided into three chapters. The first chapter with the heading of Trademark Concept and It’s Comparison with Similar Concepts reviews the history of trademark and legal evolution of trademark, theories, trademark acquisition systems, definition of trademark, types of trademark, functions and classifications and comparison of trademark with similar concepts; then, the second chapter with the heading of Reasons of Invalidity of Trademark reviews the concepts of invalidity and annulment, absolute refusal reasons, relative refusal reasons and other reasons that can appear after registration of trademark and many reasons, in our opinion, that should be accepted as reasons for invalidity despite those are not foreseen in Decree Law, many further reasons for annullment that are stated in Draft Law as we also share the same opinion; while, finally, the third chapter with the heading of Suit of Invalidity and Legal Consequences of Invalidity reviews in detail, the nature of suit of invalidity and its properties, the parties, proofs and its as-sessment, courts duty of ex-officio assessment, and effects of court verdict for invalidity. Then, necessary evaluations were made at the end of the study."

L’entreprise sociale et solidaire est aujourd’hui reconnue comme un modèle efficace pour mener un projet économique commun dans le respect des personnes. La coopérative, qui est l’une des formes que peut revêtir cette entreprise, répond parfaitement à cette attente car elle autorise la mise en place d’une structure juridique responsable, fondée sur l’application de principes éthiques. Néanmoins, le statut de la coopérative est appelé à évoluer afin de s’adapter au mieux à l’environnement économique dans lequel elle est appelée à s’intégrer. Il est donc nécessaire d’analyser avec un regard nouveau la coopérative pour en faire résolument un outil privilégié de l’économie sociale et solidaire.