Bibliographie sélective OHADA

En matière d’information dans les sûretés personnelles, le droit français connaît une très grande disparité entre le cautionnement, la garantie autonome et la lettre d’intention. Pour ce qui est du cautionnement, son souscripteur, lorsqu’il s’agit d’une personne physique, bénéficie de multiples obligations d’information, qu’il s’agisse du moment de la formation du contrat ou de celui de son exécution. Ces obligations d’information, procédant à la fois du législateur et de la jurisprudence, ont été inspirées par les caractéristiques accessoire et dangereuse du cautionnement. En effet, la caution, à partir du moment où elle prend le risque de se substituer à la défaillance éventuelle du débiteur cautionné, on s’aperçoit très aisément de l’intérêt pour elle d’être informée de la situation financière de celui-ci, ainsi que de l’évolution de la dette garantie, c'est-à-dire sa propre dette. S’agissant en revanche de la garantie autonome et de la lettre d’intention, aucune obligation d’information ne s’impose, quand bien même le signataire de tels documents serait une personne physique. Il est vrai qu’à la différence d’une caution, un garant autonome s’engage à payer une dette qui est déterminée indépendamment de l’obligation garantie. Du fait de l’indépendance de son engagement, le garant autonome n’a alors aucun intérêt à être informé de l’évolution de l’obligation de base. Pour des raisons différentes, le souscripteur d’une lettre d’intention n’a, lui non plus, aucun intérêt à être informé de l’évolution de la dette garantie. En effet, à la différence d’une caution ou d’un garant autonome, l’émetteur de la lettre d’intention n’a a priori aucune obligation de payer. Son engagement est de faire ou de ne pas faire. Pourtant, l’on ne peut ignorer que la garantie autonome et la lettre d’intention peuvent par hypothèses s’avérer plus dangereuses que le cautionnement. Aussi, la question n’a pu être éludée quant à la possible extension à leurs souscripteurs des obligations d’information données au profit de la caution. Il est certainement difficile de répondre à une telle interrogation. En effet, si l’argument a fortiori, reposant sur l’idée de danger, permettrait l’alignement de l’information du garant autonome et de l’auteur de la lettre d’intention sur le même régime que la caution, l’exigence d’interprétation restrictive des exceptions permet néanmoins de récuser un tel alignement. Á ce sujet, il est à noter que les textes relatifs à l’information de la caution visent exclusivement celle-ci. De surcroît, un tel alignement signifierait, sans conteste, la mort de la garantie autonome et de la lettre d’intention qui, on le sait, relevant principalement de la liberté contractuelle, s’adaptent difficilement à la rigueur qui accompagne les obligations d’information de la caution. In french legal system, the obligation to inform the guarantor depends on whether the guarantee involved is a surety bond, a standby letter of credit or a comfort letter. As to surety bond, the issuer, when it is a natural person, is due to be informed at any time of the contract. Since surety bond is a collateral and dangerous contract, the need for its issuer to be informed could easily be explained. On that subject, it should be borne in mind that standing surety for a debtor means paying his debts when he failed to do so. In others words, being surety means taking the risks to pay someone’s debts. Therefore one can easily figure out the need for a surety to be informed about the financial problems of the debtor and the evolution of the guaranteed debt. Unlike the surety, french laws makers require no legal information concerning the issuer of standby letter of credit or comfort letter, should the issuer be a natural person. The reasons relied up on the fact that, contrary to surety bond, standby letter of credit is not collateral contract. The issuer of such a letter agrees to pay a sum which is wholly different from the one relying on the main debtor. Because he is not paying the same thing as the main debtor, the issuer of standby letter of credit has no need to be informed about the evolution of the main debt. For different reasons the signatory of comfort letter has, either, no need being informed about the evolution of the guaranteed debt. On that subject, it should be noted that contrary to surety and issuer of standby letter of credit, subscriber of comfort letter has no payment obligation in principle. It is an obligation to do or not to do which is different from the obligation of payment. However we can not ignore that in some cases standby letter of credit or comfort letter could be more dangerous than surety. Thereupon the question has been asked to extend the scope of surety’s legal information so that it includes the others guarantors. This question is very difficult to answer. Though the even more so reasoning, relying on the idea of risk, permits the extension of surety’s informative measures to the others guarantors, the doctrine of strict interpretation of exceptions can be used as an opposing argument. On that subject, it should be noted that all the surety’s informative measures are drawn from legal texts that aim only surety. Furthermore, extending surety’s informative measures will simply be a death sentence to the others personal guarantees which rely mainly on the doctrine of free will of parties to a contract.

The capital markets are expected to play a pivotal role in the attainment of Kenya's development blueprint 'vision 2030.' It is, therefore, essential that obstacles to the attainment of a fair and efficient market are examined and rooted out. This study investigates the limitations of the Capital Markets Act in combating insider trading. It also examines whether reforms would promote a fair and efficient capital market. The study makes use of existing literature as well as decided cases to investigate the inadequacies in the formulation of and provisions for inside information, material pricesensitive information, publication of information, possession of information and disclosure of information in the Capital Markets Act. This literature draws out key learnings from other jurisdictions and analyses how legislation in developed economies treats challenges to the enforcement of insider trading laws. The doctrinal analysis is triangulated with results of a survey of practical experiences of legal practitioners in applying the Capital Markets Act. The findings affirm the existence of conceptual difficulties in determining the elements of the crime of insider trading. As a consequence, it is concluded that the present formulation of insider trading law is inadequate. The study, therefore, makes suggestions for reforms to the provisions on insider trading in the Capital Markets Act.

La mise en place, au cours des années quatre-vingt-dix, de l’OHADA et d’autres organisations africaines d’intégration, s’est réalisée dans un contexte caractérisé par le phénomène de la mondialisation de l’économie et des marchés financiers. Dès lors, le législateur de l’OHADA, dans son œuvre de construction d’un espace d’intégration juridique stimulateur de croissance et de développement économiques, a-t-il pris en compte les exigences liées à l’émergence de marchés financiers communautaires en zone OHADA ? Si, en matière d’obligations de transparence imposées aux entreprises et autres émetteurs faisant appel public à l’épargne, l’Acte uniforme relatif au droit des sociétés commerciales paraît assez satisfaisant, en revanche, en matière de mécanismes de financement desdits émetteurs, la construction paraît pour le moins inachevée, situation qui semble nécessiter une modernisation du dispositif, destinée à promouvoir l’attractivité, la compétitivité et le développement des marchés financiers de l’espace OHADA.

The thesis covers one of the investment standards of international investment law, namely the full protection and security standard. In Part I, the study is introduced in terms of structure and substance. Chapter 1 provides a description of the scope of the research topic and a definition of its terms and structure. Chapter 2 covers the historical development of the full protection and security standard. Part II deals with three fundamental issues concerning the standard: sources, interpretation and content. Chapter 3 contains a discussion dealing with the various sources of the standard. Each source will be studied independently. Chapter 4 will address general issues with regard to interpretation, such as to what extent the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties influences the process of interpretation. Chapter 5 deals with the content of the standard of full protection and security, including conceptual issues relating to the substantive elements of which the standard consists. Moreover, the chapter will ask questions as to which underlying issues are needed to explore when a due diligence assessment is made in order to determine whether a state has fulfilled its obligations to provide protection and security. Part III deals with issues relating to the violations of the standard. In Chapter 6, the violations of the standard and their many manifestations will be analyzed. The chapter will address whether certain fact-based scenarios can be established in which the standard is most commonly violated. Finally, Chapter 7 contains a summary of findings.

Although a substantial body of literature has developed in recent years in the area of cross-border insolvency, this scholarship has been dominated by scholars from the United States and Europe, so that a perspective from most of Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries is lacking. This study addresses this perspective. It makes an in-depth examination and discussion of the challenges that SSA countries face in reform and application of cross-border insolvency law given the ever-growing multinational trade and investment. The study focuses on the risk of failure of SSA legislative processes to properly address the potential challenges of cross-border insolvencies in a manner that is sensitive to the local contexts and which provides a balance with international insolvency benchmarks. It examines cross-border insolvency theories; the global drivers for convergence of insolvency law through global insolvency norms; and the implications for cross-border insolvency regulations arising from cross-border trade and investment arrangements, such as the bilateral investment treaties, before considering the state and future of the legislative frameworks of SSA countries.