Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Sovereign rights in Exclusive economic zones and Continental shelves are functionally limited to the economic exploitation of these zones. Moreover, in the case of disputed maritime zones these sovereign rights are neither exclusive nor necessarily constant. Nevertheless, states are still expected to provide the investments established in these zones the same treatment they should provide in their territories where they exercise full and constant sovereignty. If a host state agrees to the establishment of an investment in a maritime zone that become later contested, do the occurrence of the contestation and the hazards arising from such contestation relief the host state from its contractual and treaty obligations toward the investment by virtue of the force majeure concept. This paper argues that a traditional interpretation of the force majeure concept in respect of investment agreements and contracts, hampers states ability to de-escalate their maritime disputes, diminishes its capacity to conclude delimitation agreements and reduces the promotion of the UNCLOS III as well as its mechanisms for disputes settlement. It proposes a contextualist interpretation of the force majeure concept that is adapted to the exploitation of disputed maritime zones and states obligations under the international law of the sea. First, it examines the concept of force majeure as a doc-trinal hypothesis and its applications in international contracts and international in-vestment agreements. Second, it analyzes the legal act of maritime contestation as a force majeure event according to the possible interpretations of the concept of “force majeure”. Finally, it examines the recurrent legal implications susceptible of arising out of a contestation; provisional orders and unfavorable delimitation and their qualifica-tion as a force majeure event in the realm of investment agreements and contract.

L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser l’apport des compétences spécifiques des membres du conseil d’administration (CA) au développement des investissements immatériels dans un contexte de marché boursier embryonnaire. Pour conduire cette étude, nous avons utilisé la méthode hypothético-déductive. Ainsi, à partir de la revue de la littérature, nous avons pu formuler trois (03) hypothèses qui ont été testées par la suite. Les données de l’étude ont été collectées auprès d’un échantillon de 78 Sociétés Anonymes opérant au Cameroun. Les résultats obtenus mettent en exergue deux (02) dimensions des compétences des administrateurs qui permettent particulièrement de garantir une information comptable et financière de qualité sur la composante immatérielle et d’améliorer le niveau des investissements immatériels dans ces entreprises.

Este trabalho parte da seguinte indagação: qual seria o melhor critério de avaliação para calcular o reembolso para fins de recesso do acionista minoritário dissidente de uma sociedade por ações? A análise partiu da constatação de que a atual Lei das Sociedades por Ações (Lei nº 6.404 de 1976), conforme entendimento majoritário, fixa como método de cálculo o patrimônio líquido contábil, quando o estatuto social não determina que outro seja aplicado. Contudo o método nem sempre reflete o valor justo da companhia, o que faz com que ao acionista seja ofertado um valor irrisório. Para estudar esse tema, começou-se por analisar a origem e os propósitos para os quais o recesso foi criado. Em seguida, analisaram-se os métodos de cálculo disponíveis para avaliar uma companhia. Estudou-se, também, a maneira como o reembolso é calculado nos Estados Unidos da América e na Itália. Com esse arcabouço teórico, analisou-se o direito brasileiro e, ao final, delineou-se como seria o valor de reembolso ideal. Concluímos pela necessidade de uma reforma legislativa de forma a prever que o valor do recesso deve dar-se obrigatoriamente pelo valor justo e, assim, oferecer proteção ao acionista minoritário e fomentar o mercado de capitais.

There is substantial scholarship on the limitations that international investment agreements (IIAs) place on States’ authority to regulate in the public interest. An area of fundamental importance that has not received scholarly attention in connection with IIAs is public procurement regulation. Given that public procurement is about the needs of States and their citizens, States would want to retain their authority within municipal public procurement laws to decide with whom to contract to meet those needs, and to pursue socioeconomic and industrial policies through procurement. However, most States are parties to IIAs, which impose obligations on them with respect to the protection of foreign investment. This article explores this seminal issue of whether IIAs stand to limit the authority of States in the implementation of procurement legislation and policies. Based on textual analysis and arbitral case study, it argues that treaty-based standards of investment protection can limit States’ authority on the implementation of methods of procurement (such as national competitive tendering or restricted tendering) and socioeconomic policies in procurement. A question that needs fuller engagement is the extent of conflict between specific IIAs and public procurement laws and policies, either regionally or globally, and how to reconcile conflicting obligations to promote foreign investment and sustainable development. This article provides the foundation for such future research.

Since the crises of 1970 and 1980, there has been a remarkable growth in the creation of enterprises in both formal and informal economies. This study attempts to highlight the determinants of the probability of entering the formal sector through an econometric analysis. The data used are based on surveys of 210 SMEs in the in[formal] sector in the city of Bukavu in DR Congo. We find that the probability of entering the formal sector is explained by the entrepreneur’s characteristics (gender and occupied status of employee) and the firm’s characteristics (capital, turnover, and the size of the workforce]. The capital of the company remains the most important constraint that entrepreneurs face to undertake in the formal sector.

Résumé : L’objectif de ce papier est d’évaluer l’effet du capital humain dans la relation qui existe entre l’investissement direct étranger (IDE) et la croissance économique dans les pays de la Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale (CEMAC). Pour y arriver, des estimations économétriques ont été faîtes en utilisant la Méthode des Moments Généralisés (MMG) en panel dynamique des six pays de la zone sur la période allant de 1996 à 2016. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le capital humain n’exerce aucune influence sur la relation  entre l’IDE et la croissance économique dans le cas des pays de la CEMAC, et que la quasi-totalité de ces pays font plutôt face à un problème de la qualité du capital humain. Au regard de ces résultats, des recommandations ont été faites pour une amélioration de la capacité d’absorption des technologies avancées issues des flux entrants d’IDE par les pays hôtes à travers un capital humain au potentiel optimal pour la promotion d’une croissance économique de long-terme dans la zone Mots clés : Capital humain, Investissement Direct Etranger, croissance économique, CEMAC, MMG. The objective of this paper is to assess the effect of human capital in the relationship that exist between foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth in the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (EMCCA) countries. To achieve this objective, econometric analyses of the panel data of the six countries for the period 1996 to 2016 have been carried out using the Generalized Methods of Moment (GMM). The result obtained from the analyses show that human capital has no influence on the relationship between FDI and economic growth in the case EMCCA countries, and that instead they face the problem of the quality of human resources. Based on the findings recommendations were made on how to improve the absorptive capacity of advanced technology deriving from FDI by hosts’ countries through human capital of optimal potential for the promotion of long-term economic growth in the zone.Keys words: human capital, foreign direct investment, economic growth, CEMAC, GMM

Depuis 2016, le Maroc est devenu le premier investisseur intra-africain. Une telle amplification de ses IDE envers l’Afrique reflète des motivations stratégiques outre-économiques que ne cesse de rappeler les plus hautes instances dirigeantes du royaume. Concomitamment à cela, la diplomatie africaine du Maroc a été remarquablement entreprenante et ce depuis 2013, et plus particulièrement dans le cadre de sa demande de réintégration réussie à l’union africaine, suivie par une seconde demande d’admission au sein de la CEDEAO qui s’est soldée également par un accord de principe favorable. À cet effet, nous nous sommes penchés sur des considérations d’ordre stratégique en mettant au diapason les caractéristiques inhérentes des investissements marocains en Afrique par rapport à une multitude d’enjeux. Dit autrement, nous avons délimité la ventilation stratégique des investissements marocains à la base d’une considération tridimensionnelle, se basant en l’occurrence sur le motif d’ordre économique, l’intérêt géopolitique outre la motivation tendancielle relativement à la prédation économique mondiale dont est victime le continent.

This chapter identifies major categories of situations, events and institutions in which or through which questions of international investment law have been dealt with before African courts. The chapter is selective in nature and aims at showing tendencies instead of exhaustivity. A noteworthy tendency that becomes apparent through the chapter’s analysis is that the prevailing narrative of bypassing African courts and tribunals seems declining in importance as an increasing number of national investment law instruments foresee African judicial and arbitral institutions for the settlement of investment disputes.

Recognizing the immense potential for greater Chinese investment promotion and its contribution to Ethiopia’s industrialization and acknowledging the gaps, this paper aims to conduct a rigorous research through analysis of secondary sources and qualitative survey of Chinese enterprise doing business in Ethiopia in various sectors. In this regard, the key policy questions that this study tries to answer are ‘the involvement in and the contribution to Ethiopia’s industrialization and the challenges and opportunities they face. Hence, the overall objective of this research will be to (i) assess the trends in Chinese enterprises involvement in Ethiopia’s industrialization for the last decade, (ii) inform both the Chinese government and Ethiopian government on key business barriers and market failures that are constraining Chinese business entry and growth in Ethiopia; (iii) investigate the immense untapped investment potential from China that can be attracted and opportunities that Ethiopia could offer to Chinese investors; and (iv) propose policy options on how to address the challenges and thereby maximize the opportunities to enhance Chinese investment towards Ethiopia’s industrialization.

The future of sustainable development in Africa and for its growing population will depend on investments which might come mostly from abroad attracted by a favourable investment climate (or ecosystem). It is rather doubtful that the actual ('old') international legal framework for investment-related and investment-specific measures which does hardly create an adequate balance between the interests of all important public as well as private stakeholders would meet the requirement of today and tomorrow. But any alterations or improvements must start from the present state of things. So, this study looks at the different levels and various instruments dealing with traditional standards of investment and investor protection, e.g. BITs und TIPs, and at the activities of global, regional and sub-regional organizations (in particular EU and OHADA). Moreover, new developments at global and regional levels are discussed including trends showing a somewhat specific African approach to investment issues ('Africanization'). Finally, a very important topic, i.e. the relation between investment protection and human rights (of investors and of other people negatively affected by relevant activities), is described and assessed in more detail. A second part of the analysis will turn to elaborating on dispute settlement and enforcement issues since till today, there seems to be a sharp distinction between Investor-State- Dispute Settlement (ISDS) by way of mediation, conciliation and arbitration on the one hand and judicial redress by national courts (of home, host or third States) on the other.

The lack of long-term and stable financial support for SMEs is the fundamental reason why enterprises cannot develop for a long time. At present, the situation of financing difficulties for SMEs is becoming more and more serious. Private equity (PE) investment has emerged as an important financing method. Private equity investment, while broadening the financing channels of SME capital markets, brings advanced management experience to enterprises, which helps enterprises to develop rapidly and effectively. According to the statistics of the Zero2IPO Research Center, the active investment institutions in China's equity market have grown from more than 200 in 2000 to more than 14,000 in 2018, with a total asset under management over RMB 9 trillion. Great progress has been realized in the scale and development of the industry. In addition, with the launch of the GEM in 2009, PE investment industry met new opportunities of development and became popular. At present, the development of China's PE investment business is still at an early stage. Neither relevant policies, laws and regulations nor supporting mechanisms are mature enough. Therefore, researches on China's PE investment business needs to be carried out. In this context, more and more scholars are beginning to focus on the field of PE investment. This paper focuses on whether PE investments can fundamentally increase the enterprise value. The basic theory is sorted out to serve as the theoretical basis for this study. Through a systematic analysis, this paper draws out 4paths of PE investment affecting enterprises, which are the influence on technological innovation, corporate governance activities, dividend distribution decision and earnings management, respectively. And through empirical analysis, it finds the empirical basis of the impact of PE investment on enterprise value, and investigates how PE investments affect enterprise value based on the difference in investment characteristics such as investment duration and whether the investment is joint or not. This paper conducts an empirical test by selecting the listed companies of the Shenzhen Stock Exchange GEM in 2015-2018 as sample. The results show that the investment of PE firm will significantly increase the value of the target enterprise. This paper makes a detailed analysis of sample data. The conclusion of the study is that private equity investment will have a significant impact on the value of target enterprises. Private equity investment plays an important role in the modern governance structure of small and medium-sized enterprises in China This paper enriches the existing literature and provides constructive suggestions for the health development of the PE investment market. 中小企业缺乏长期稳定的资金来源是企业无法长久发展的根本性原因，目前 中小企业融资难的形势越来越严峻，私募股权投资作为一种重要的融资手段应运 而生。私募股权投资在拓宽中小企业资本市场融资渠道的同时，给企业带来先进的 管理经验，有助于企业快速并有效的发展。据清科研究中心的统计数据显示，中国 股权市场活跃的投资机构已由 2000 年的 200 多家发展到 2018 年的 1.4 万多家，管 理资本量超过 9 万亿人民币，行业规模和发展实现了质的飞跃。此外，随着 2009 年创业板的推出，私募股权投资行业的发展业迎来了新的希望和契机，私募股权投 资业务开始盛行。目前，我国私募股权投资业务的发展还处于早期阶段，无论是从 政策还是法律法规再到配套机制，都还不够健全。因此，对我国私募股权投资业务 的研究亟需开展，在此背景下，越来越多的学者开始关注私募股权投资这一领域。 本文研究的重点是私募股权投资是否能够根本上提升企业价值。本文首先对 基础理论进行了梳理，以此作为研究的理论依据，而后论述了私募股权投资对被投 资企业价值影响的理论分析，。本文通过系统的理论分析得出了私募股权投资影响 企业的路径，并通过实证分析，得到私募股权投资对企业价值的影响的实证依据， 并且从投资期限和是否联合投资等投资特征的差异性，深入研究私募股权投资对 企业价值的影响方式。本文通过选取深圳证券交易所创业板 2015-2018 年的上市企 业作为样本，进行了实证检验，并得出以下研究结论:私募股权投资的参与会显著 提升目标企业的价值，同时，私募股权投资的期限越长、联合投资机构的数量越多， 目标企业的价值也会越高。 本文基于理论又结合实际，对样本数据进行了分析，研究的结论是私募股权投 资会对被投资企业的价值产生显著影响。私募股权投资对于我国中小企业的现代 化治理结构起到了完善作用。本文的研究结果丰富了现有文献，对私募股权投资市 场健康发展提出了建设性的建议。

Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is supposed to help enhance comparability of financial statement, improve the quality of financial reporting and accounting information of businesses in a country. This is expected to help improve Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the adopting countries. This study examined the effect of IFRS adoption on FDI inflows in Africa. Unlike previous studies that sample both adopting and non-adopting countries, this study sampled only Africa countries that have adopted IFRS to determine whether the adoption has improved FDI inflows. To achieve this objective, 20 African countries that have adopted IFRS were sampled covering a period 1980 to 2015. Data was sourced from The World Bank financial and Economic Data. Control variables such as GDP growth, openness of the economy, government debt and population growth were included in the model. The correlation and regression analysis showed that IFRS adoption has a positive and significant influence on FDI inflows in Africa. On the other hand, open economy, government debt and population growth had a positive and significant association with FDI. Overall, the results show that African countries that want to improve FDI inflows must improve the quality of their reporting environment by adopting IFRS.