Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Le présent travail propose une étude approfondie de la définition de la marque renommée et de la protection dont elle bénéficie à l’heure actuelle au niveau national, à la lumière du nouveau contexte européen et international.

Comment les droits de propriété intellectuelle (DPI), création de l’esprit, reflet de la personnalité du créateur, attachés à celui-ci ne s’éteignent pas simultanément lorsque cesse la vie de la personne par laquelle ils existent ? Telle est la question qui anime souvent les esprits lorsqu’on parle de dévolution successorale des DPI. Et pourtant, cette transmission a sa raison d’être. Elle a été consacrée par divers textes internationaux et nationaux. Mais en l’absence des règles spécifiques en la matière, il est généralement fait recours au droit commun des successions. Cependant, certains pays ont institué sans réserve au profit du conjoint survivant la totalité de l’usufruit sur le droit de suite. Or, celui-ci est la plus importante des prérogatives en matière d’arts graphiques et plastiques. C’est la seule qui rapporte des revenus à leurs titulaires et il n’est pas rare que certaines personnes aient investi exclusivement dans ces domaines. Les prérogatives patrimoniales étant temporaires, la question de savoir si l’usufruit du conjoint survivant ne porterait pas atteinte à la réserve héréditaire à toute sa logique. De cette analyse, il nous apparaît que la réserve héréditaire n’est pas garantie dans la dévolution successorale des DPI du fait de la vigueur de l’usufruit du conjoint survivant. Il s’avère alors nécessaire d’adopter des règles adaptées aux spécifiques des DPI. How the intellectual property rights (IPR), creation of the mind, reflection of the personality of the creator, attached to this one do not extinguish simultaneously when the life of the person by whom they exist ceases? This is the question that animates generally people's minds when it comes to the inheritance of IPRs. And yet, this transmission has its raison d'être. It has been consecrated by various international and national texts. But in the absence of specific rules in this area, recourse is generally had to the common law of inheritance. However, some countries have instituted the entire usufruct on the resale right for the benefit of the surviving spouse. However, this is the most important prerogative in terms of graphic and plastic arts. It is the only one that earns income for its holders and it is not uncommon that some people have invested exclusively in these areas. Of view of a temporally character of others attributes of IPRs, the question of whether the usufruct of the surviving spouse would not affect the inheritance reserve in all its logic. From this analysis, it appears to us that the hereditary reserve is not guaranteed in the inheritance of IPRs due to the strength of the usufruct of the surviving spouse. It then becomes necessary to adopt rules adapted to the specifics of IPRs.

This study examines and critiques New Zealand intellectual property protection for industrial designs, taking into account that many New Zealand industrial design owners outsource manufacture of their designs to China. Industrial design, which refers to improving the aesthetics of products to increase their marketability, is evolving conceptually and practically. In New Zealand, copyright and registered design laws each protect, respectively, the visual expression and the “eye appeal” of an original design. As design practices evolve with advances in technology however, it is increasingly evident that industrial design is about more than just visual expression or “eye appeal”. Many designers are not focusing solely on product stylisation and decoration, but on the provision of a more holistic product experience for the consumer. The development process of industrial designs from concept to marketable product is also changing, with many New Zealand industrial design owners employing increasingly efficient design development strategies. The fast-paced, cost-effective infrastructure of China is often utilised by New Zealand businesses for the manufacture of industrial designs. This study therefore sought to determine how to appropriately protect New Zealand industrial designs, in light of: a. foreseeable advances in technology; and b. the fact that many New Zealand industrial designs are manufactured in China. To answer these questions, this study examined and analysed New Zealand’s copyright and registered design laws, taking into account not only existing protections, but also factors that are likely to be of significant relevance in the future, such as the impact on industrial design from developments in 3D printing and virtual reality. The Chinese intellectual property regime for industrial designs was also examined because China is a major trading partner and often, as noted, the locus of manufacture. The study included an empirical investigation, in the form of interviews with designers and design academics as well as legal practitioners specialising in intellectual property law. The input of the interviewees, together with the legal analysis, informed a series of suggestions and recommendations for New Zealand policy and its law-makers regarding how industrial design protection can be improved. A key finding of this study was that existing legal protections do not appropriately protect increasingly holistic designs, as well as new types of designs emerging from developing fields such as virtual reality. In assessing the appropriateness of protection, the interests of industrial design owners were balanced against the public interest in protecting the public domain. It is suggested that to achieve equilibrium copyright law should be expanded to protect design expressions for all senses. Moreover, new categories of copyright protected works should be introduced to accommodate emerging design. The definition of design in registered design law should also be reconceptualised in order to acknowledge new types of designs and evolving design practices. Industrial design owners who outsource manufacturing to China can protect their designs via copyright as well as design patent. However, enforcement of intellectual property protection is unsatisfactory in many areas of China. Therefore, New Zealand industrial design owners should also employ non-legal protection strategies. Interviews with successful businesses, in the course of the empirical investigation for this study, revealed that the leveraging of existing relationships of those with already established operations in China, and intentionally splitting an industrial design’s component parts for manufacture among several factories in different locations, are useful strategies to employ.

Le Code civil égyptien connaît depuis sa promulgation en 1949 la révision pour imprévision. Le texte est rédigé en termes limpides et a fait l’objet de maints arrêts de la Cour de cassation. Un demi-siècle plus tard, le droit d’auteur a consacré cette question dans un texte dont les termes ambigus confondent lésion et imprévision et auquel la jurisprudence reste réticente. Cette étude essaie d’aborder l’imprévision en droit commun et son articulation avec le droit d’auteur, une telle articulation pouvant révéler la nécessité d’une réforme du texte spécial. The Egyptian Civil Code, since its enactment in 1949, recognizes the revision for unpredictability. The text is written in clear terms and it is the subject of numerous decisions of the Court of Cassation. Half a century later, copyright law has enshrined this issue in a statute whose ambiguous terms confuse substantive inequality and impracticability of contract caused by un event unpredictable and to which case law remains reluctant. This study tries to shed the lights on the unpredictability in civil law and its articulation with copyright. Such an articulation could reveal the need for a reform of the special text.

The internet and digital technologies have irreversibly changed the way we find and consume news. Legacy news organisations, publishers of newspapers, have moved to the internet. In the online news environment, however, they are no longer the exclusive suppliers of news. New digital intermediaries have emerged, search engines and news aggregators in particular. They select and display links and fragments of press publishers’ content as a part of their services, without seeking the news organisations’ prior consent. To shield themselves from exploitation by digital intermediaries, press publishers have begun to seek legal protection, and called for the introduction of a new right under the umbrella of copyright and related rights. Following these calls, the press publishers’ right was introduced into the EU copyright framework by the Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market in 2019.

That intellectual property is the creation of ideas in the form of new discoveries, literary works, and works of art, symbols, names and images used in trade. Of course, intellectual property is closely related to the world of commerce because its emergence is triggered by the desires of the members of the World Intellectual Property Organization who want to protect their economies in the era of free trade. In this case how the form of protection of intellectual property rights in the perspective of international trade, it can be seen that basically the laws and or regulations in every country in the world are different and each country has the right to implement its own legal rules in the jurisdiction of their country.

Le juge togolais a rendu une intéressante décision sur la contrefaçon en cas de cumul des droits, notamment de brevet et de marque, sur un produit. D’un côté, quant à l’appréciation de la contrefaçon de brevet d’invention, ne constitue pas une contrefaçon, la mise sur le marché d’une invention dont le mécanisme a une double fonction distincte de l’unique fonction de l’invention protégée. De l’autre, l’apposition de la marque d’autrui sur les emballages et l’étiquette du prix d’un produit constitue un comportement gênant et troublant susceptible de donner lieu à une réparation du dommage subi par le propriétaire de la marque. La portée de la décision dépasse de loin les seules conséquences de la contrefaçon. Elle implique également que, la propriété intellectuelle étant fille de la liberté de commerce et de l’industrie, l’appréciation de la contrefaçon ne puisse oblitérer l’aspect concurrentiel de ces droits. La liberté de commerce et de l’industrie peut donc aussi bien intervenir pour soutenir les titulaires de droit de propriété intellectuelle que pour encadrer leurs pratiques.

Les États membres de l’OAPI forment un espace d’harmonisation du droit d’auteur en Afrique. Cette harmonisation est encore inachevée. Les règles conventionnelles relatives au contrat d’édition en témoignent. Aussi, enquêter sur le contrat d’édition dans l’espace OAPI nécessite un examen tant du texte de l’Accord de Bangui que des lois nationales des dix-sept États membres, dont il faut relever quelques différences sans éluder la question d’éventuels conflits de lois.