Bibliographie sélective OHADA

O presente trabalho investiga as novas estruturas organizacionais das bolsas de valores e das bolsas de mercadorias e futuros, implementadas após os processos de desmutualização. É feita uma análise da importância das bolsas para o desenvolvimento econômico, bem como do seu papel de entidades auto-reguladoras. São ainda apresentados os principais fatores que motivaram a conversão das bolsas de associações mutualísticas para sociedades anônimas, bem como as conseqüências dessa alteração organizacional. O trabalho explora também as alterações regulamentares ocorridas no exterior, que buscaram evitar o surgimento de conflitos de interesses entre o papel de entidades auto-reguladoras das bolsas e seu objetivo de maximização do valor das ações. Realiza-se, por fim, uma análise crítica da Instrução CVM n.O 461/07, norma editada pela Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM) que regula a organização, o funcionamento e as atividades das bolsas no Brasil. O trabalho conclui que a norma editada pela CVM utiliza diversos mecanismos de controle que objetivam evitar a ocorrência de conflitos de interesses, com o estabelecimento de práticas de governança corporativa internamente às bolsas, na esteira das experiências observadas em outros países. The present work examines the new organizational structure of the stock and derivatives exchanges, implemented after their demutualization process. It analyses the importance of the stock exchange for the economical development, as well as its role as self-regulatory organization. There are also presented the main factors that motivated the conversion of the stock exchange, from mutual associations to corporations, as well as the consequences of this organizational change. The work also explores the regulatory changes made in foreign countries, that aim to avoid the conflict of interests between the role of the exchanges as selfregulatory entities and their goal of maximizing value. Finally, a critical analysis is made, regarding CVM´s Instruction n.º 461/07, rule issued by the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Comission (Comissão de Valores Mobiliários - CVM) that deals with the structure and functioning of the Brazilian exchanges. The work concludes that the rule issued by the CVM uses many mechanisms of control that aim to avoid the conflict of interests, settling high level corporate governance practices inside the stock exchange, in accordance to international regulatory standards.

L'article L 650-1 du Code de commerce, issu de la loi de sauvegarde du 26 juillet 2005, procède à un allègement de la responsabilité du banquier : celui-ci n'est plus responsable des préjudices subis du fait des concours accordés à une entreprise en difficulté. Si la légitimité de la mesure a été remise en cause, elle répond néanmoins à un objectif d'intérêt général : promouvoir la fourniture de crédit. La recevabilité de l'action en responsabilité est toutefois admise dans trois cas : la fraude, l'immixtion caractérisée dans la gestion du débiteur et la prise de garanties disproportionnées, qui constituent les trois seuls cas d'ouverture de l'action pour soutien abusif. Ainsi les banquiers bénéficient-ils désormais d'une immunité dont les causes de déchéance tendent à la moralisation du droit des affaires. Mais cet allègement ne saurait concerner les autres hypothèses de mise en cause de la responsabilité du banquier. Celui-ci reste responsable en cas de rupture abusive de crédit ou de non respect de ses obligations contractuelles en particulier envers les emprunteurs non avertis. La direction de fait est également source de responsabilité civile. Enfin, la fourniture de moyens ruineux pour éviter ou retarder l'ouverture d'une procédure collective engage la responsabilité pénale du banquier, devenu complice. Les conséquences de la responsabilité sont en outre particulièrement dissuasives, en particulier la nullité des garanties constituées. Cet allègement de la responsabilité constitue donc une chance pour les banquiers de s'investir dans le financement des entreprises, encore faut-il que cette occasion soit saisie, sans toutefois tomber dans l'excès de crédit.

Regulating telecommunications is complex: international experience indicates that there is no 'successful' regulatory framework due to the balancing of industry and regulatory interests (Laffont & Tirole, 2000, p. 13). The New Zealand 'light-handed' regulatory experiment failed and the 1999 General Election presented an opportunity for change in telecommunications. The Labour-led Government in implementing a policy of 'responsible re-regulation' enacted the Telecommunications Act 2001, signalling the passage of "landmark telecommunications legislation ..." (Swain, 2001d). Within the Telecommunications Act 2001, 'cost' assumed a central regulatory role. It is this move to cost that this thesis considers in identifying, developing, and critiquing the interface of law and accounting. The thesis examines the increasing call for accounting information in law and regulation by interrogating the use, presentation, and reception of accounting to examine the interface between law and cost in the regulation of telecommunications. The Telecommunications Act 2001 incorporates total service long run incremental costing as the 'costing technique' for interconnection access and annual net costing for the Telecommunications Service Obligation. Through interrogating 'cost' as an accounting technology, in contrast to the economic and legal conception of cost as a simple, objective concept, the thesis illustrates the role of cost at methodological, technical, and political levels, and the challenges that this poses for telecommunications regulation. The thesis articulates the relevance of discourse theory to the interface of law and accounting. Consequently, the thesis investigates the formation and discursive enunciation of standpoints of political identities characterised by antagonism and uncertainty. This includes identifying attempts by interested parties, including industry actors, stakeholders, and the Government and its agents, to articulate 'new' discourses centred on nodal points around 'cost'. The rhetorical analysis examines how actors articulate the metaphorical element of 'cost' in agitating for particular costing methods to be included in the legislation. The empirical analysis examines the process of rhetorical condensation as arguments for and against the incorporation of total service long run incremental costing and net costing came to signify the complete failure of the light-handed regulation. Then, by examining the politics following the enactment of legislation, this condensation is unpacked. The analysis of the contestation over interpreting and implementing the regulation illustrates displacement of the 'common' signifier resulting in confusion and disappointment in relation to the aims of the new regulatory regime.

Dans cette communication, nous postulons l'hypothèse de la manipulation des données comptables comme stratégie de contournement adoptée par les PME dans un environnement fiscal répressif. Par rapport à l'environnement spécifique des PME camerounaises présenté, l'étude se situe quelques années après l'adoption d'un nouveau cadre comptable, en l'occurrence le système comptable OHADA. Deux conclusions importantes méritent d'être immédiatement présentées. En premier lieu et conformément aux prédictions de Watts et Zimmerman, la taille est un facteur susceptible de favoriser l'instrumentalisation des données comptables. En second lieu, le type d'activité exercé conditionne la capacité à manipuler les données.