Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Un des problèmes les plus fréquents auxquels les entreprises se confrontent est sans doute celui relatif à la dotation des moyens financiers. Le problème de financement des entreprises est plus qu’actuel au regard du scandale des subprimes aux USA en 2007 ayant conduit au crash boursier de septembre 2008 mieux encore, l’affaire Maldoff. Ce phénomène financier qui touche sans exception toute la vie économique n’a pas pour autant épargné les groupes de sociétés. En fait, les groupes constituent...

La présente thèse vise à montrer que l'analyse économique du droit est une philosophie du soupçon, un système logique d'interprétation des phénomènes juridiques qui peut nous apporter des connaissances si nous prenons bien en compte sa qualité de système d'interprétation. Les propositions économiques étant largement analytiques, elles peuvent nous informer uniquement par les questions qu'elles suscitent. Le raisonnement économique est tout d'abord un code de perception qui se fonde sur deux concepts : la rationalité et l'efficience. Ce code de perception nous donne des intuitions qui « semblent » pertinentes pour l'étude du droit (à la fois sur ce qu'est le droit l'approche du raisonnement juridique). Se pose alors la question de ce qui fait la « validité » des connaissances proposées. Des considérations a priori ou des considérations empiriques semblent insuffisantes pour rendre compte de la pertinence de ce type d'analyse. Nous proposons finalement une approche en termes de renversement : ce n'est qu'en que le code n'est qu'un code et en confrontant ses propositions à d'autres points de vue que nous pouvons espérer gagner des « connaissances ». L'analyse économique du droit pose aussi la question de l'analyse juridique du droit.

O International Accounting Sstandards Board-IASB vem buscando meios de regular a atividade contábil pela adoção de pronunciamentos contábeis International Financial Reporting Standard-IFRS para proteger os parceiros econômicos e facilitar o funcionamento do mercado de capital no mundo financeiro. Neste processo mundial de convergência internacional, vários países do continente africano parecem indiferentes. Entretanto, dezesseis países da África Ocidental e Central formaram o bloco econômico: a Organização para a Harmonização do Direito de Negócios na África-OHADA, que criou um Sistema contábil de aplicação comum - o Sysco-OHADA. Antigas colônias francesas, esses países ficaram muito tempo fechados e mal conhecidos no exterior, bem como suas práticas contábeis. Isso levanta a pergunta: quais são as condições econômicas, políticas e sociais dos países da OHADA frente à regulação da contabilidade internacional? O objetivo principal deste estudo é analisar as condições de regulação contábil interna dos países-membros da OHADA ao se alinhar às normas contábeis internacionais emitidas pelo IASB. Para alcançar este objetivo, foi analisado o ambiente legal e regulamentar do bloco OHADA; foi comparado o referencial conceitual do Sysco-OHADA e o do IASB; algumas normas, bem como o âmbito sócio-econômico da OHADA, com os demais países que possuem processo de convergência avançado. As análises mostraram que a contabilidade da OHADA é de tipo europeu-continental baseada em regras. A estrutura conceitual do Sysco-OHADA diverge do IASB em vários níveis e suas normas apresentam menos detalhamento e é sujeito a interpretações diversas. O bloco OHADA apresenta um mercado de ações fraco, um baixo nível de desenvolvimento humano, um nível de abertura comercial fechado em relação aos demais países comparados. O nível de desenvolvimento econômica e social do bloco OHADA não pode proporcionar uma convergência às normas IFRS em curto prazo.

Libya is a predominately Muslim country where Islamic finance has not yet been established. However, given the current extensive program of financial reform in Libya and the rapid growth and appeal of Islamic finance in comparable economies, there is growing pressure for a system of Islamic finance to be provided. There is then a pressing need for research into the prospects for Islamic finance from a consumer and provider perceptive to inform this debate and thereby meet the needs of policymakers, financial service providers and prospective users. Accordingly, this study of Libyan attitudes towards Islamic methods of finance, the first study attempted in the Libyan context and one of few studies globally, applies a model derived from the Theory of Reasoned Action to analyse attitudes towards Islamic finance. The particular focus is to understand how the Theory of Reasoned Action can be used for predicting and understanding attitudes towards the potential use of Islamic methods of finance by Libyan retail consumers, business firms and banks. Four main research questions are posed to address this objective. First, does awareness of Islamic methods of finance influence attitudes towards the use of Islamic finance? Second, do socioeconomic, demographic and other factors influence attitudes towards Islamic finance? Third, what are the principal motivating factors towards the potential use of Islamic finance? Finally, is religion the major influence on the likelihood of engaging in Islamic finance? Three surveys of 385 retail consumers, 296 business firms and 134 bank managers in Libya are conducted in 2007/08 to achieve this objective. Descriptive analysis and multivariate statistical analysis (including factor analysis, discriminant analysis and binary logistic regressions) are used to analyse the data. The principal findings are that awareness of Islamic methods of finance and socioeconomic, demographic and business characteristics are key determinants of the likelihood of the use of Islamic finance. Further, religion plays a key, though not the only, role in influencing these attitudes. The thesis findings are of key importance in informing future financial industry practice and financial policy formation in Libya.

In a progressive income tax system with an individual tax unit, high-rate taxpayers have an incentive to split income with lower-rate family members to minimise the family’s total tax burden. This raises equity and neutrality concerns. Adopting a spousal tax unit limits the gains from income splitting, but the individual is the better choice on privacy, autonomy, equality, definitional, marriage neutrality and work incentive grounds. Once the individual is chosen as the income tax unit, the control model provides a strong policy basis for attributing both earned and unearned income to individuals. Income splitting, however, undermines this model as well as the individual tax unit. This thesis focuses on the UK’s approach to income-splitting in family businesses. The relevant UK income tax rules, particularly the settlements provisions, are inadequate for the task. Various possible reforms are examined. Incorporating a transfer pricing or ‘reasonableness’ test into the settlements provisions would strengthen these rules, but would make taxpayer compliance with an uncertain regime even more difficult. Another option is to expand the scope of employment tax by moving the borderline between employees and the self-employed or companies. Deeper structural reforms could be made to enhance the neutrality of taxation on different legal forms of economic activity. This would reduce the incentives to incorporate for tax savings, including from income splitting. Integration of income tax and NICs is one such option; a dual income tax is another. A TAAR or GAAR also could be pursued. Ultimately, some combination of these various reform options could provide a partial solution to this challenging issue.

Les pays africains de la zone franc ont entrepris, il y a maintenant deux décennies, des réformes de leurs secteurs financiers, avec pour ambition non seulement de restaurer les équilibres nécessaires à leur efficacité et la confiance des agents économiques envers les institutions financières, mais aussi de favoriser la mobilisation des épargnes et la diversification des canaux de financement. L'objectif final étant la relance d'une croissance économique stable et durable. Au sein de la zone UEMOA (Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest-Africaine), le projet majeur au coeur de ces réformes fut la création d'un marché financier commun dont la mission est de doter les entreprises des moyens de financement à long terme, qui leur permettraient de réaliser leurs projets les plus productifs et d'accroitre leurs performances. L'autre mission dévolue à ce marché est d'attirer des capitaux étrangers dans la sous-région. Notre étude a pour but de déterminer si, une décennie après sa création, le marché financier a atteint ses objectifs en termes d'amélioration des performances des entreprises et de relance de la croissance économique. Globalement, nous observons que les entreprises cotées à la Bourse Régionale des Valeurs Mobilières (Place boursière du marché financier de l'UEMOA) ont vu leurs performances opérationnelles s'améliorer, notamment au cours de la seconde moitié de la décennie. Le développement du marché boursier semble également avoir eu un impact positif sur la croissance économique de la Côte d'ivoire, Pays phare de l'Union, qui détient 34 des 38 entreprises cotées. Cependant, le marché n'a pas réussi à attirer des capitaux étrangers; mais à l'inverse, l'écrasante majorité des entreprises qui lèvent des fonds sur le marché financier de UEMOA sont des filiales des multinationales occidentales. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Introduction en bourse, Croissance économique, Performance, Marché financier, Entreprises cotées.