Bibliographie sélective OHADA

L’examen des institutions de régulation a pour objectif de mettre en équilibre le principe de concurrence. Cet objectif se situe au cœur des missions essentielles de l’État dans l’optique d’une vie sociale harmonieuse qui prenne en compte les intérêts de toutes les entités ; individuelles ou collectives, publiques ou privées. Il s’agit en effet à la fois de la normalisation de la société, des activités économiques, et de manière plus significative, la mission de contrôle du fonctionnement du marché par l’Etat. Dans une économie libérale, l’Etat a en effet, pour mission, de s’assurer que les opérateurs économiques agissent vis-à-vis des consommateurs et de leurs concurrents dans des conditions conformes aux règles du droit économique et en respect de la règlementation, ceci conformément aux règles du marché et au droit de la concurrence. La protection des consommateurs et la préservation d’une saine concurrence entre différents actes restent donc la priorité des pouvoirs publics. C’est ainsi que l’Etat qui est garant de cet équilibre, va mettre sur pied des mécanismes et institutions de régulation. Normalization is at the heart of the essential missions of the State for a harmonious social life that takes into account the interests of all entities. It is in fact the normalization of the society, normalization of the economic activities, more significats, the mission of control of the operation of the market by the State. In liberal economy, the State has the mission of ensuring that economic operators are acting vis-à-vis consumers and their competitors under conditions that comply to the rules of economic law and in compliance with regulations, in accordance with the compliance with market rules and competition law. The protection of consumers and preservation of healthy competition between differents players. This is how the State, which is the guarant of this balance, will set up mechanisms, institutions and instruments of regulation.

Le contrat d’assurance appartient à la catégorie des contrats de consommation et se caractérise par l’opposition entre les professionnels de l’assurance et les consommateurs des services d’assurance. La souscription d’un contrat d’assurance par un consommateur s’expliquerait en grande partie par la recherche du profit, de l’utilité que pourrait lui apporter ledit contrat. A ce titre, sur le fondement de l’utilité, le contrat d’assurance devrait pouvoir assurer au consommateur une certaine sécurité juridique même au stade de l’extinction du contrat. En principe, dans la rupture du lien contractuel, la bonne foi doit nécessairement guider le comportement des parties dans l’usage des facultés de résiliation. Aussi, dans l’intérêt du consommateur, l’utilité contractuelle peut être présentée comme critère de la résiliation du contrat de telle sorte que l’inutilité du contrat d’assurance serait considérée comme la cause et la condition de la résiliation. Ce critère d’utilité constituerait ainsi une donnée fondamentale d’appréciation de la résiliation du contrat d’assurance, laquelle serait abusive s’il est établi que dans l’exercice de son droit, le professionnel d’assurance avait pour objectif de se détourner de ses engagements contractuels ou de priver le consommateur du bénéfice qu’il pouvait tirer du contrat.

Dijitalleşmenin hız kazandığı ve tüketici davranışlarının dönüşüme uğradığı günümüz e-ticaret ortamında, özellikle Covid-19 pandemisi sonrası çevrimiçi alışverişin yaygınlaşması sürdürülebilir lojistik uygulamalarının önemini artırmıştır. Artan sipariş hacmi, çevresel etkiler, karbon salımı ve teslimat sürelerine ilişkin beklentiler; daha verimli, esnek ve çevre dostu teslimat çözümlerine olan ihtiyacı gündeme getirmiştir. Bu bağlamda ev dışında teslimat gibi alternatif lojistik hizmetler ile sosyal, çevresel ve ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik yaklaşımları, tüketici davranışlarını etkileme potansiyeli taşıyan önemli değişkenler olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda tezin amacı, sürdürülebilir tedarik zinciri uygulamaları ile ev dışında teslimat modellerinin, e-memnuniyet, e-sadakat ve ödeme isteği üzerindeki etkilerini tüketiciler üzerinden incelemektir. Araştırma, açıklayıcı sıralı karma yöntem stratejisi ile yürütülmüştür. İlk aşamada 300'ü aşkın tüketiciden anket yoluyla nicel veriler toplanmış, ardından ikinci aşamada 27 katılımcı ile yapılan yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler aracılığıyla nitel veriler elde edilmiştir. Nicel veriler yapısal eşitlik modellemesiyle, nitel veriler ise tematik analiz yöntemiyle değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular, özellikle sosyal ve çevresel sürdürülebilirlik boyutlarının e-memnuniyet üzerinde ve ekonomik ve çevresel sürdürülebilirlik boyutlarının ise e-sadakat üzerinde anlamlı etkiler yarattığı yönündedir. Sürdürülebilirliğin üç boyutu da ödeme istekliliği üzerinde anlamlı ve pozitif bir etki yaratmamıştır. Ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik boyutu ise tüketiciler tarafından doğrudan algılanamadığı için memnuniyet üzerinde anlamlı bir etki göstermemiştir. Ev dışında teslimat uygulamalarının esneklik, zaman tasarrufu ve erişilebilirlik gibi avantajlar sunarak e-memnuniyeti ve ödeme isteğini artırdığını göstermektedir. Son olarak e-memnuniyetin, e-sadakati ve e-sadakatin, ödeme isteğini pozitif yönde anlamlı etkilediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu tez, sürdürülebilir tedarik zinciri yönetimi, ev dışında teslimat ve e-ticarette tüketici memnuniyeti, tüketici sadakati ve ödeme isteğini bütüncül biçimde ele alan özgün bir model sunmaktadır. Sürdürülebilir tedarik zinciri uygulamaları ve ev dışında teslimat hizmetlerinin tüketici davranışları üzerindeki etkilerini açıklamak amacıyla Sosyal Kimlik Teorisi (SIT), Yeşil Tüketici Davranışı Yaklaşımı ve destekleyici olarak Yeniliğin Yayılımı Teorisi (YYT) çerçevesinde şekillenen kuramsal yapı, sürdürülebilir uygulamaların tüketicilerdeki karşılığını açıklamaya yardımcı olmuştur. Ayrıca bu çalışma, Türkiye örneğinde sürdürülebilir teslimat hizmetlerine yönelik farkındalık düzeyini ve bu hizmetlerin e-memnuniyet, e-sadakat ve ödeme davranışları üzerindeki etkilerini analiz ederek hem akademik literatüre hem de pratik lojistik ve pazarlama stratejilerine katkı sunması beklenmektedir. In today's rapidly evolving e-commerce landscape, shaped by accelerated digitalization and shifting consumer behaviors, the widespread adoption of online shopping - particularly in the aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic - has amplified the significance of sustainable logistics practices. Increasing order volumes, environmental impacts, carbon emissions, and heightened expectations regarding delivery times have underscored the need for more efficient, flexible, and eco-friendly delivery solutions. In this context, out-of-home delivery services and the dimensions of social, environmental, and economic sustainability have emerged as key variables with the potential to influence consumer behavior. Accordingly, the purpose of this dissertation is to examine the effects of sustainable supply chain practices and out-of-home delivery models on e-satisfaction, e-loyalty, and willingness to pay, through the lens of consumer perceptions. The research adopts an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design. In the first phase, quantitative data were collected via a survey administered to over 300 consumers; in the second phase, qualitative data were obtained through semi-structured interviews conducted with 27 participants. The quantitative data were analyzed using structural equation modeling, while the qualitative data were evaluated through thematic analysis. The findings indicate that the social and environmental dimensions of sustainability have a significant impact on e-satisfaction, while the economic and environmental dimensions significantly influence e-loyalty. None of the three dimensions of sustainability were found to have a significant and positive effect on willingness to pay. The economic dimension of sustainability did not show a significant effect on satisfaction, likely because it is not directly perceived by consumers. Out-of-home delivery practices were found to enhance e-satisfaction and willingness to pay by offering advantages such as flexibility, time savings, and accessibility. Finally, the results revealed that e-satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on e-loyalty, and e-loyalty, in turn, significantly and positively affects willingness to pay. This study aims to develop an original and integrative model that examines sustainable supply chain management, out-of-home delivery, and key consumer outcomes in e-commerce, namely e-satisfaction, e-loyalty, and willingness to pay. Grounded in the Social Identity Theory (SIT), the Green Consumer Behavior Approach, and supported by the Diffusion of Innovations Theory (DOI), the proposed theoretical framework explains how sustainable supply chain practices and out-of-home delivery services shape consumer behavior. Moreover, by investigating the level of awareness of sustainable delivery services in the Turkish context and analyzing their effects on e-satisfaction, e-loyalty, and payment behavior, this research is expected to provide significant contributions to both academic literature and practical implications for logistics and marketing strategies.

Although Zimbabwe has established several institutions to combat money laundering and related crimes, there is a perception that inadequate measures are taken to apprehend offenders responsible for financial crimes. Institutions such as the Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU), the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission (ZACC), the Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP), the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) and the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ) have done little to prove that the government of Zimbabwe is resolute in combatting money laundering. On the contrary, it increasingly appears that these institutions are poorly equipped and lack the necessary capacity to enforce and uphold anti-money laundering (AML) measures in Zimbabwe. Further, there appears to be a selective application of the law, with one set of rules for individuals or institutions that are perceived as political adversaries of the incumbent establishment and a different set of rules for the political elite. Consequently, the selective application of the law projects Zimbabwe as a jurisdiction that is somehow tolerant to money laundering, corruption and related financial crimes, thereby lowering and tarnishing the standing of the country in the global economic community of nations. This paper provides a regulatory analysis of the AML role-players in Zimbabwe in order to assess their functions in combatting financial crimes. It also analyses whether these role-players are effective and substantively executing their responsibilities therein. The authors argue that while Zimbabwe is well able to effectively combat money laundering through the even application of the law to all persons regardless of their political or economic standing, it is imperative that its AML institutions operate without fear, favour or prejudice. This is crucial in combatting money laundering and instilling confidence in the general public's perception of AML institutions in Zimbabwe.

The Motor Industry Ombudsman of South Africa (MIOSA) is an industry ombud recognised under the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 (CPA). The MIOSA regulates the interaction and provides for alternative dispute resolution in the automotive and related industries in South Africa. Moreover, the MIOSA is an impartial organisation that focusses on the resolution of disputes where a deadlock has been reached between the automotive and related industries and their customers, as well as relationships among participants in the automotive and related industries to the benefit of the parties. The role of the MIOSA is to make recommendations in cases referred to it where parties cannot reach common ground and are unable to arrive at mutually acceptable agreements following a dispute. This analysis explores and proffers possible solutions to address the challenges that impede the MIOSA from discharging its role and mandate under the CPA effectively in resolving consumer disputes in the South African automotive industry.

To provide protection against harm caused by defective, unsafe products and to promote product safety, the law of product liability has developed as a specialized area of the law of delict (tort). The vexing question is, who should bear such liability? This contribution interrogates the notorious EU development risk defence, which exonerates manufacturers that meet certain stringent requirements for undiscoverable development risks in products that consequently inflict harm on consumers. In particular, it considers the election by South Africa, which recently adopted a “strict” product liability regime with the introduction of the Consumer Protection Act 2008, not to adopt such a defence. The purpose of this contribution is to consider the nature and scope of the development risk defence as contained in article 7(e) of the European Union (EU) Product Liability Directive and to determine whether it was prudent for South Africa to steer clear of incorporating a similar defence in its new statutory product liability regime.

Les théories spécifiques et plus strictes de la responsabilité du fait des produits, qui ont maintenant été largement harmonisées au maximum dans l'UE, se sont développées sur la base d'un modèle économique linéaire. En utilisant la recherche doctrinale et économique en droit, cette thèse examine l'état du droit européen en matière de responsabilité du fait des produits et comment il est mis à l'épreuve par des méthodes économiques alternatives et circulaires de distribution et de production de biens de consommation, comme la réutilisation des produits, le réemploi, la revente et autres retransferts, les réparations, les reconditionnements et la refabrication. Outre une pertinence directe pour l'économie circulaire dans le secteur des biens de consommation, cette étude des questions jusqu'à présent négligées offre de nouvelles perspectives théoriques sur la responsabilité du fait des produits avec une pertinence académique et pratique plus large. Après une introduction générale aux domaines de la responsabilité du fait des produits et de l'économie circulaire, un cadre normatif est développé qui mélange la justice distributive en termes d'efficacité économique avec la justice corrective. Ensuite, il est soutenu que, même dans un cadre économique plus circulaire, une règle de responsabilité du fait des produits plus stricte comme l'harmonisation de l'UE est préférable à la lumière de ce cadre normatif, tandis que la valeur ajoutée de la responsabilité du fait des produits augmente par rapport à ses principales alternatives réglementaires. La thèse étudie ensuite l'application aux stratégies circulaires susmentionnées du droit actuel de l'UE en matière de responsabilité du fait des produits basé sur la Directive de 1985 et son successeur de 2024 presque adopté. Dans l'ensemble, le droit européen en matière de responsabilité du fait des produits se révèle assez polyvalent et sa pertinence dans un secteur de consommation plus circulaire est améliorée par plusieurs des nouvelles règles proposées. Néanmoins, certaines limitations subsistent et des questions d'interprétation sont également identifiées dans la nouvelle directive proposée, pour lesquelles des amendements sont proposés.

The purpose of the Competition Act 89 of 1998 as amended (the Competition Act) is, among others, to promote the efficiency, adaptability and development of the economy as well as to provide consumers with competitive prices and product choices. In line with this purpose, the Competition Act provides that a dominant firm is prohibited from engaging in price discrimination if such conduct will likely substantially prevent or lessen competition, which would be to the detriment of consumers. Notably, the Competition Act has established various bodies to regulate competition and act against any conduct prohibited by this Act in South Africa. These bodies include the Competition Commission, the Competition Tribunal, and the Competition Appeal Court. Notwithstanding the prohibition of price discrimination, the Competition Act does not expressly provide adequate enforcement tools for competition authorities to combat uncompetitive practices in the digital era. Moreover, the Competition Act does not expressly grant these statutory bodies clear roles and mandates on providing consumers with adequate and suitable redress when they have been victims of algorithmic price discrimination. With recent technological developments, electronic commerce (e-commerce), and digital transformation, consumers have become vulnerable to various challenges such as excessive pricing, data breaches and algorithmic pricing. The online and digital markets are characterised by complex transactions, innovative technologies and business practices which expose all consumers, including vulnerable consumers, to different risks. As such, the role of the competition authorities needs to be recalibrated to enhance consumer protection on the pricing of goods and services. To this end this paper seeks to investigate the role and ambit of the powers of these competition authorities in the regulation of price discrimination in the context of digital transformation and the digital economy. This is done to assess whether the competition authorities have the necessary tools of enforcement to ensure that markets are competitive and to combat uncompetitive conduct in the digital economy and online markets.

L’information du consommateur est l’une des obligations légales les plus accrues en matière contractuelle compte-tenu de l’expérience des parties en cause. Cette information est nécessaire aussi bien pour la formation du contrat projeté que pour sa bonne exécution. Elle est alors contractuelle ou extracontractuelle. Ainsi, la rétention de toute information est susceptible d’engager la responsabilité du professionnel vis-à-vis du consommateur. La mise en œuvre d’une telle responsabilité nécessite une action devant aboutir à des sanctions proprement dites à l’encontre du professionnel censé être le conseiller de son co-contractant. L’Etat doit y veiller à travers la lutte contre la fraude et les pratiques de concurrence déloyale. Le consommateur et ses ayants droits, l’association des consommateurs doivent pouvoir exercer leurs droits de recours devant les organismes de protection des consommateurs et juridictions compétents. Mieux, ces derniers doivent connaître leurs droits et obligations ainsi que les textes qui les protègent dans une langue accessible afin de leur permettre de prendre des décisions conformes à leurs intérêts légitimes dans la mesure où la mauvaise information peut non seulement les induire en erreur mais porter atteinte à leur sécurité.

The Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 (CPA) seeks to promote the achievement and maintenance of a fair, accessible, efficient, sustainable and responsible market place for consumer products and services in South Africa. Moreover, the CPA seeks to provide an accessible, consistent, harmonised, effective and efficient system of redress for consumers. Notably, the CPA provides that the supplier should not supply or enter into an agreement to supply any goods or services at a price that is unfair, unreasonable, or unjust. This is generally aimed at combating any problems that are suffered by consumers when accessing goods and services in South Africa. Accordingly, various regulatory bodies and related role-players were established to enforce consumer rights and provide redress mechanisms to vulnerable and affected consumers. These consumer protection bodies and related roleplayers include the National Consumer Commission (NCC), the National Consumer Tribunal (NCT), provincial consumer courts, ordinary courts and other alternative dispute resolution agencies. These bodies and role-players are statutorily obliged to resolve consumer disputes in South Africa. However, there are some uncertainty challenges regarding the jurisdiction of ordinary courts and consumer protection regulatory bodies in relation to disputes that relate to the consumers’ right to fair, just and reasonable prices, terms and conditions of goods and services. This article discusses the role of the NCC, the NCT, provincial consumer courts, ordinary courts and other alternative dispute resolution agencies in the regulation of prices for goods, services and access to redress for affected consumers under the CPA. This is done to provide some recommendations that could resolve jurisdictional and regulatory challenges in relation to the price and access to goods and services under the CPA.

Le commerce électronique peut s’effectuer par le biais d’un acte juridique appelé contrat. Le contrat peut être entendu comme un acte qui constate une convention entre deux ou plusieurs personnes. À l’origine de tout contrat électronique, il existe une offre électronique. Cette offre électronique renferme un certain nombre de spécificités. La problématique de cette étude vise à savoir si les mécanismes juridiques encadrant l’offre électronique sont propices à la sécurisation du consommateur qui contracte par voie électronique Cette étude sur la protection du consommateur à l’épreuve de l’offre électronique a eu pour objectif de montrer l’effort législatif effectué en vue de protéger le consommateur qui recourt au contrat électronique. La méthodologie a porté sur la collecte et l’analyse documentaire, pour saisir les dimensions de cette protection. Les résultats indiquent, que, les textes adoptés tendent à sécuriser les transactions en ligne et surtout à assurer au consommateur un niveau de protection considérable.

L'après franchise (?)... le contrat de partenariat... nouveau modèle de contrat de distributionLes réseaux de franchise et le contrat qui les sous-tend sont aujourd'hui incontournables. Toutefois, le monde et le commerce sont en constante évolution. À tel point, que d'aucuns parlent d'une « crise » de la franchise. De nouveaux enjeux juridiques ont-ils vus le jour ? La maturité des réseaux actuels de franchise, le développement des concepts de commerce équitable, d'économie solidaire et le mode de fonctionnement des nouvelles générations tendent-ils vers un nouveau modèle contractuel plus horizontal ? A la marge des contrats de distribution en réseau « traditionnels », le contrat dit « de partenariat » occuperait aujourd'hui une place en progression constante, en prétendant répondre aux problématiques ci-dessus. Les observateurs relèvent, dans le même temps, que ce système de distribution en réseau semble peiner à s'affirmer et à être reconnu, notamment dans son cadre juridique. Le temps semble venu de vérifier si le contrat de partenariat n'est qu'une variante des autres modèles de contrats de distribution, notamment celui d'une franchise devenue éthique, ou bien s'il est un système spécifique et autonome de distribution. Constatant l'autonomie, cette thèse ambitionne de modéliser et de qualifier juridiquement le contrat de partenariat, en proposant des solutions novatrices aux freins avérés, afin de participer à son avènement.

Choice of law is a perplexing concept due to the importance of party autonomy, the diversity of connecting factors, and the variety of different contractual issues. The problem of choosing a governing law is complicated in consumer contracts by industrialised mechanisms depriving consumers of negotiation rights. The core mandate of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) is to establish a single market for goods and services associated with the free movement of legal persons for economic integration. This objective requires a harmonised consumer protection policy to resolve the diverse consumer protection regimes applicable in state parties within AfCFTA member states. This policy should provide suitable consumer protection mechanisms generally and in the context of choice of law specifically. Implementing a draft competition policy bestows a legitimate mandate on the AfCFTA to negotiate a continental framework on consumer protection as both fields of law complement each other to safeguard consumer rights in cross-border trade. This article argues the dynamics of providing adequate choice of law rules on consumer contracts to inform suitable mechanisms on consumer interest within the AfCFTA. The article discusses the abuse of choice of law clauses in consumer contracts, affecting consumers’ rights in cross-border contracts within the AfCFTA. It suggests a harmonised consumer protection policy to regulate and mitigate these clauses. The article also examines trends in Global North jurisdictions like the European Union to inform a context-specific institutional framework for the AfCFTA’s choice of law rules.

O fenômeno da globalização, decorrente do avanço tecnológico e consequente encurtamento das distâncias em face da massificação dos meios de transporte, promoveu o deslocamento da base econômica do sistema produtivo para o sistema de consumo, bem como aumentou a oferta de produtos e serviços no mercado. Com isso, instigou-se a batalha diária entre os fornecedores para conquistar a liderança da concorrência, ou mesmo manter-se no mercado, visível, segundo o jargão que quem não é visto não existe. Para tanto, fornecedores e agências de publicidade e propaganda recorrem aos meios de comunicação de massa, sendo mais presentes na televisão em razão da força desse veículo no atendimento do desiderato de investir no discurso subjetivo a fim de penetrar no imaginário do consumidor, por meio de técnicas de persuasão/sedução que o induzem a desejar o produto ou serviço objeto de publicidade e propaganda, no caso deste trabalho, por meio do merchandising. E hodiernamente esse fenômeno está igualmente nas redes sociais, onde se destacam os autodenominados influenciadores ou youtubers que, destacando-se por algum motivo (música, gastronomia, cosmetologia etc.), são logo contratados para seus poucos minutos de mensagens trazendo conselhos mas cuja eficácia depende de produtos determinados. Considerados esses fatores, este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a prática do merchandising no Brasil com o propósito de distinguir entre o que é bom e, portanto, aceitável diante das normas legais, no Código de Defesa do Consumidor, e de cunho moral, insertadas no Código de Autorregulamentação Publicitária, e o que é ruim e condenável e, portanto, merecedor da fiscalização, pelo Estado e outros não-governamentais, para garantir segurança ao consumidor, figura considerada vulnerável nas relações de consumo diante das técnicas de persuasão adotadas pelas agências de publicidade e propaganda, bem como pelos fornecedores de produtos ou serviços. As questões discutidas no decorrer do trabalho interessam não apenas aos profissionais do Direito, como também, como é curial, àqueles vinculados à atividade publicitária, notadamente no que toca à ética e às técnicas que a devem presidir, bem como a tantos quantos se dediquem ao estudo dos fenômenos psicológicos, porquanto as mensagens publicitárias contêm uma considerável dose de apelo às percepções conscientes e subconscientes e, quiçá, das inconscientes, sendo certo que nesse terceiro aspecto residem as maiores polêmicas atinentes ao merchandising.

European legal protection of consumer autonomy has been significantly changed in the digital environment, where algorithm-driven systems perform everything. This book focuses on protecting consumer autonomy facing the pervasive and global phenomenon of dark patterns: the expression includes various tactics that manipulate consumers by altering online choice architecture to thwart user preferences for objectionable ends. Overloading, skipping, stirring, hindering, and flicking are examples. Moving from the perspective that the sole traditional information approach is ineffective in protecting autonomy, the adopted methodology considers the multiple concerns revolving around the tight combination of transparent information and fair digital architectural design. Consequently, the comparative study of the new suitable regulatory directions arises across different legal fields, including data protection, consumer, and competition law. The relationship between deceptive designs, the nature of human-digital architecture interaction, and the techno-legal paradigms emphasises which future changes in European private law could integrate legal rules into fair designs to protect digital consumer autonomy effectively. Specific importance will be attributed to the functionality of comparative methodology to include non-legal essential insights (e.g. behavioural, informatic elements) into pragmatic and global regulatory paths and models.

As maritime lawyers, yachting law in France is both the law applicable to recreational boating and to its user – the boater. Therefore, yachting law is a transversal law, nourished by maritime law which concerns the ship itself, but also governed by other laws – private law and public. Among these different laws, what is the impact of consumer law on yachting law? To fi nd out, we take the example of the charter contract for pleasure craft. Can it deviate from special and legal provisions of maritime law governing chartering where the charterer is a priori a consumer ? Pour les juristes en droit maritime que nous sommes, le droit de la plaisance est en France le droit applicable au navire de plaisance ainsi qu’à son utilisateur, le plaisancier. Le droit de la plaisance serait donc un droit transversal, fortement irrigué par le droit maritime qui a pour objet le navire, mais régi également par d’autres droits – le droit privé et le droit public. Parmi ces différents droits, quel est l’incidence du droit de la consommation sur le droit de la plaisance ? Pour le mesurer, nous prendrons l’exemple du contrat d’affrètement d’un navire de plaisance. Peut-il s’écarter des dispositions spéciales et légales du droit maritime régissant l’affrètement lorsque le loueur est a priori un consommateur ?

Dans un marché bancaire oligopolistique, marqué par un nombre limité d'institutions bancaires et financières offrant des services bancaires de plus en plus innovants et attractifs à une quantité innombrable de consommateurs, le système bancaire ouvert a engendré la multiplicité de ces services, grâce aux entreprises de technologie financière qui se présentent comme des concurrentes de taille face aux banques traditionnelles. Désormais, le consommateur peut procéder à des transactions électroniques, dont celles relatives au paiement ou au transfert électronique de fonds, sans devoir passer au comptoir de sa banque traditionnelle. Depuis la mise en place du Règlement général sur la protection des données et de la Directive révisée sur les services de paiement au niveau de l'Union européenne, les entreprises commerciales peuvent avoir accès aux renseignements personnels, dont les données financières des clients de banques, notamment pour initier un paiement, par le truchement des interfaces de programmation d'applications. Toutefois, le traitement des renseignements personnels des consommateurs par les entreprises commerciales augmente le risque de vol d'identité, étant donné la présence d'une quantité impressionnante de données sur le Web, sans un contrôle adéquat pour en assurer la confidentialité. Les conséquences d'une fuite de ces données sont pourtant non négligeables, aussi bien à l'égard de la banque, de la personne concernée que de l'État qui doit en assurer une protection optimale. Devant ce phénomène où le consommateur est vulnérable, l'État intervient pour le protéger et contrebalancer le déséquilibre dans sa relation contractuelle avec les prestataires de services financiers.

La présente réflexion est une contribution au débat sur la protection du consommateur des produits et services bancaires dans l’espace CEMAC et plus précisément sur la définition faite du consommateur par le législateur CEMAC. La matérialisation impliquant la reconnaissance du consommateur comme personne physique uniquement. À cette préoccupation, il a été émis l’hypothèse de la place de l’encadrement de la protection du consommateur par le législateur CEMAC dans la construction de la notion du consommateur. Cependant s’il est bel et bien vrai que le législateur CEMAC accorde une définition quasi parfaite à la notion du consommateur, il n’en demeure pas moins vrai qu’il chancelle au niveau de l’organisation de la protection dudit consommateur.

Els hostes com a consumidors en el marc del contracte d'intermediació digital amb element internacional subscrit amb una plataforma en línia per a allotjaments turístics, poden ser subjectes d'especial protecció tant per les normes de Dret internacional privat com per les normes substancials de protecció al consumidor de cada Estat. Aquesta recerca exposa el panorama actual i comparat de protecció dels consumidors en matèria de competència judicial internacional, llei aplicable i normes imperatives a la Unió Europea i a Colòmbia, Mèxic, l'Argentina i el Brasil. D'una banda, l'anàlisi es centra en les plataformes en línia per a allotjaments turístics, el seu passat col·laboratiu, la seva estructura societària, la redacció dels seus termes i condicions i les seves obligacions actuals enfront del canvi que suposarà el Digital Services Act. D'altra banda, s'aplica la normativa de competència judicial internacional i llei aplicable (RBIbis i RRI) a la Unió Europea i en els sistemes de Dret internacional Privat dels estats llatinoamericans seleccionats, al contracte d'intermediació entre la plataforma i l'hoste-consumidor quan es presenta una controvèrsia i aquest últim, d'acord amb criteris com el seu domicili o residència habitual, es troba protegit en diferents nivells que només poden considerar-se més o menys favorables en l'anàlisi del cas concret.