Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Le droit CEMAC de la consommation repose classiquement sur une logique de protection du consommateur, appréhendé comme la partie structurellement vulnérable dans les relations de marché. Cette vulnérabilité, consacrée tant par la directive n°02/19-UEAC-639-CM-33 harmonisant la protection du consommateur au sein de la CEMAC que par les législations nationales des États membres, justifie une intervention normative visant à corriger les déséquilibres contractuels au profit du consommateur. Toutefois, l’évolution des pratiques de consommation, la judiciarisation croissante des relations contractuelles et l’émergence de préoccupations environnementales et sociétales révèlent une transformation progressive de la figure du consommateur. Celui-ci apparaît désormais comme un acteur revendicatif et engagé, assumant des charges procédurales et participant à l’orientation des modes de production et de consommation. L’article met ainsi en lumière l’émergence d’une dualité de la figure du consommateur en droit CEMAC de la consommation, oscillant entre vulnérabilité normative et réactance fonctionnelle, et interroge la capacité du droit positif à concilier protection et responsabilisation du consommateur. CEMAC consumer law has traditionally been based on the protection of the consumer, regarded as the structurally weaker party in market relations. This vulnerability, enshrined both in Directive No. 02/19-UEAC-639-CM-33 harmonizing consumer protection within CEMAC and in the national legislations of Member States, justifies regulatory intervention aimed at correcting contractual imbalances. However, the evolution of consumption practices, the increasing judicialization of consumer relations, and the rise of environmental and social concerns reveal a gradual transformation of the consumer’s role. The consumer now appears as a more assertive and engaged actor, bearing procedural obligations and influencing production and consumption patterns. This article highlights the emergence of a dual figure of the consumer in CEMAC consumer law, oscillating between normative vulnerability and functional reactance, and questions the ability of positive law to reconcile consumer protection with growing consumer responsibility.

Internet a révolutionné le commerce à distance en abolissant littéralement les barrières territoriales qui existaient entre le commerçant et le consommateur pour permettre des échanges dans un environnement dématérialisé. La pandémie de la Covid19 a été un tournant important pour le e-Commerce puisque le confinement qui s’en est suivi a presque obligé le monde à se tourner vers le virtuel qui a connu un boom spectaculaire. Presque tout se fait virtuellement au point que les épiceries aussi offrent la possibilité d’achat en ligne. Mais force est de constater que même dans le cyberespace, la relation entre le consommateur et le commerçant demeure déséquilibrée puisque ce-dernier reste celui qui édicte les règles du jeu. Dans ce travail, nous posons la question de savoir si les protections et garanties du consommateur, consacrées notamment par le Code Civil du Québec et la Loi sur la protection du consommateur, ont survécu avec le e-Commerce ou faut-il d’autres protections pour le consommateur dans le cyberespace? Nous postulons que le contrat intelligent peut être un moyen de sécuriser le consommateur dans le cadre du e-Commerce puisqu’il oblige le commerçant à clarifier les termes du contrat, offrant ainsi une prévisibilité de la relation contractuelle. Dans le cadre de notre travail, nous allons analyser les protections offertes actuellement au consommateur du commerce électronique en procédant à une analyse de droit comparé entre le Québec et la France dans le cadre de l’Union européenne. Puis nous verrons les avantages et inconvénients du contrat intelligent ce qui nous permettra de répondre à la question que nous posons à savoir s’il est un procédé salutaire qui remettrait l’équilibre dans la relation entre commerçant et le consommateur en assurant ainsi une protection adéquate à ce dernier. The Internet has revolutionized e-Commerce by literally abolishing the territorial barriers that existed between the merchant and the consumer to allow exchanges in a dematerialized environment. The Covid19 pandemic was an important turning point for e-Commerce since the subsequent lockdown almost forced the world to turn to the virtual, which experienced a spectacular boom. Almost everything is done virtually. Even grocery stores offer the possibility of online shopping. But even in cyberspace, the relationship between the consumer and the merchant remains unbalanced since the latter remains the one who dictates the rules of the game. In this work, we ask the question of whether consumer protections and guarantees, enshrined by the Quebec Civil Code and the Consumer Protection Act, have survived with e-Commerce or are there other consumer protections needed in cyberspace? We postulate that the smart contract can be a way to secure the consumer in the context of Ecommerce since it requires the merchant to clarify the terms of the contract. As part of our work, we will analyze the protections currently offered to consumers in electronic commerce by conducting a comparative law analysis between Quebec and France in the context of the European Union. Then we will see the advantages and disadvantages of the smart contract, which will allow us to answer the question whether it is a beneficial process that would restore balance in the relationship between merchant and consumer by ensuring adequate protection for the latter.

A première vue, l'alliance des expressions "pratiques déloyales" et "réseaux de distribution" pourrait offusquer. Pourtant, le faible pouvoir de négociation du distributeur en réseau est à l'origine de pratiques déloyales occasionnées par le promoteur.Face à ce constat liminaire, la présente étude s'interroge : le droit de la concurrence, est-il suffisamment adapté pour se saisir de ce phénomène des pratiques déloyales dans les réseaux de distribution ? Ou au contraire, les règles générales ne seraient-elles pas devenues suffisamment obsolètes pour que l'on se décide à développer un régime sui generis ?Tout l'enjeu est alors de déterminer si, à l'instar des règles précédentes, le droit positif ne gagnerait pas à s'enrichir de mécanismes spécifiques pour lutter contre les pratiques déloyales au sein des réseaux de distribution.A cette dernière interrogation, nous avons répondu de façon nuancée. En premier lieu, nous évoquerons l'aménagement des règles substantielles du droit de la concurrence. De l'étude approfondie des règles du droit des pratiques anticoncurrentielles en passant par celles relatives aux pratiques restrictives de concurrence, le droit positif gagnerait à modifier ses règles pour s'adapter pleinement à la problématique des pratiques déloyales dans les réseaux de distribution.Cependant, parce que ces dernières règles resteraient ineffectives sans un cadre processuel adapté, notre étude nous a amené, en second lieu, à éprouver les règles processuelles. Si nous ne prônons pas une refonte intégrale des mécanismes, certains aménagements spécifiques s'imposent pour que ces règles soient adaptées à la problématique des pratiques déloyales dans les réseaux de distribution. At first glance, the combination of the terms ‘unfair practices' and ‘distribution networks' may seem offensive. However, the weak bargaining power of network distributors is at the root of unfair practices caused by the promoter.Given this preliminary observation, this study asks: is competition law sufficiently adapted to address the phenomenon of unfair practices in distribution networks? Or, on the contrary, have the general rules become sufficiently obsolete that we should decide to develop a sui generis regime?The challenge is therefore to determine whether, as with previous rules, positive law would benefit from being enriched with specific mechanisms to combat unfair practices within distribution networks.We have responded to this last question in a nuanced manner. Firstly, we will discuss the adjustment of the substantive rules of competition law. From an in-depth study of the rules of anti-competitive practices to those relating to restrictive practices, positive law would benefit from modifying its rules to fully adapt to the issue of unfair practices in distribution networks.However, because these rules would remain ineffective without an appropriate procedural framework, our study led us, secondly, to examine the procedural rules. While we do not advocate a complete overhaul of the mechanisms, certain specific adjustments are necessary to ensure that these rules are adapted to the issue of unfair practices in distribution networks.

随着我国电子商务的快速发展，消费纠纷的高频化、小额化与跨地域性特征对传统争议解决机制提出挑战。当今社会各方面发展都强调数字化转型，数字赋能正如火如荼为电子商务行业源源不断地注入能量。从技术层面来说，电商消费纠纷仲裁可以通过在线流程、区块链存证等技术手段实现，从而显著降低纠纷解决成本并提升效率。但在数据尚未正式在法律层面确权或者明确为某种权益的背景下，加之消费纠纷对立双方在信息、地位、经济上天然的不对等性，设计何种仲裁规则才能实质上促使纠纷双方形成平等的法律地位，从而公正地保护双方合法权益，有效化解纠纷是一个值得研究的问题。本文在传统商事仲裁、消费仲裁在域外实践以及国内最新试验实践的基础上，研究在我国电子商务场域建立消费仲裁制度的必要性、可能性与可行性，设置“消费者友好型”的仲裁规则，以期为消费仲裁制度制定者与电商平台治理者提供参考。 With the rapid development of e-commerce in China, the high-frequency, small amount and cross-regional nature of consumer disputes have challenged the traditional dispute resolution mechanism. All aspects of development in today’s society emphasize digital transformation, and digital empowerment is in full swing to inject energy into the e-commerce industry. From the technical level, e-commerce consumer dispute arbitration can be realized through online processes, blockchain deposits and other technological means, thus significantly reducing the cost of dispute resolution and improving efficiency. However, against the backdrop of data not yet being formally recognized or defined as a specific right at the legal level, and considering the inherent inequality between the opposing parties in consumer disputes in terms of information, status, and economic power, designing arbitration rules that can effectively promote equality in legal status between the disputing parties, thereby fairly protecting the legitimate rights and interests of both sides and effectively resolving disputes, is a question worthy of in-depth study. On the basis of traditional commercial arbitration, consumer arbitration in overseas practice and the latest domestic experimental practice, this paper studies the necessity, possibility and feasibility of establishing consumer arbitration system in China’s e-commerce field, and sets up “consumer-friendly” arbitration rules, with a view to providing references for the makers of consumer arbitration system and e-commerce platforms’ governors.

L’examen des institutions de régulation a pour objectif de mettre en équilibre le principe de concurrence. Cet objectif se situe au cœur des missions essentielles de l’État dans l’optique d’une vie sociale harmonieuse qui prenne en compte les intérêts de toutes les entités ; individuelles ou collectives, publiques ou privées. Il s’agit en effet à la fois de la normalisation de la société, des activités économiques, et de manière plus significative, la mission de contrôle du fonctionnement du marché par l’Etat. Dans une économie libérale, l’Etat a en effet, pour mission, de s’assurer que les opérateurs économiques agissent vis-à-vis des consommateurs et de leurs concurrents dans des conditions conformes aux règles du droit économique et en respect de la règlementation, ceci conformément aux règles du marché et au droit de la concurrence. La protection des consommateurs et la préservation d’une saine concurrence entre différents actes restent donc la priorité des pouvoirs publics. C’est ainsi que l’Etat qui est garant de cet équilibre, va mettre sur pied des mécanismes et institutions de régulation. Normalization is at the heart of the essential missions of the State for a harmonious social life that takes into account the interests of all entities. It is in fact the normalization of the society, normalization of the economic activities, more significats, the mission of control of the operation of the market by the State. In liberal economy, the State has the mission of ensuring that economic operators are acting vis-à-vis consumers and their competitors under conditions that comply to the rules of economic law and in compliance with regulations, in accordance with the compliance with market rules and competition law. The protection of consumers and preservation of healthy competition between differents players. This is how the State, which is the guarant of this balance, will set up mechanisms, institutions and instruments of regulation.

Le contrat d’assurance appartient à la catégorie des contrats de consommation et se caractérise par l’opposition entre les professionnels de l’assurance et les consommateurs des services d’assurance. La souscription d’un contrat d’assurance par un consommateur s’expliquerait en grande partie par la recherche du profit, de l’utilité que pourrait lui apporter ledit contrat. A ce titre, sur le fondement de l’utilité, le contrat d’assurance devrait pouvoir assurer au consommateur une certaine sécurité juridique même au stade de l’extinction du contrat. En principe, dans la rupture du lien contractuel, la bonne foi doit nécessairement guider le comportement des parties dans l’usage des facultés de résiliation. Aussi, dans l’intérêt du consommateur, l’utilité contractuelle peut être présentée comme critère de la résiliation du contrat de telle sorte que l’inutilité du contrat d’assurance serait considérée comme la cause et la condition de la résiliation. Ce critère d’utilité constituerait ainsi une donnée fondamentale d’appréciation de la résiliation du contrat d’assurance, laquelle serait abusive s’il est établi que dans l’exercice de son droit, le professionnel d’assurance avait pour objectif de se détourner de ses engagements contractuels ou de priver le consommateur du bénéfice qu’il pouvait tirer du contrat.

Dijitalleşmenin hız kazandığı ve tüketici davranışlarının dönüşüme uğradığı günümüz e-ticaret ortamında, özellikle Covid-19 pandemisi sonrası çevrimiçi alışverişin yaygınlaşması sürdürülebilir lojistik uygulamalarının önemini artırmıştır. Artan sipariş hacmi, çevresel etkiler, karbon salımı ve teslimat sürelerine ilişkin beklentiler; daha verimli, esnek ve çevre dostu teslimat çözümlerine olan ihtiyacı gündeme getirmiştir. Bu bağlamda ev dışında teslimat gibi alternatif lojistik hizmetler ile sosyal, çevresel ve ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik yaklaşımları, tüketici davranışlarını etkileme potansiyeli taşıyan önemli değişkenler olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda tezin amacı, sürdürülebilir tedarik zinciri uygulamaları ile ev dışında teslimat modellerinin, e-memnuniyet, e-sadakat ve ödeme isteği üzerindeki etkilerini tüketiciler üzerinden incelemektir. Araştırma, açıklayıcı sıralı karma yöntem stratejisi ile yürütülmüştür. İlk aşamada 300'ü aşkın tüketiciden anket yoluyla nicel veriler toplanmış, ardından ikinci aşamada 27 katılımcı ile yapılan yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler aracılığıyla nitel veriler elde edilmiştir. Nicel veriler yapısal eşitlik modellemesiyle, nitel veriler ise tematik analiz yöntemiyle değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular, özellikle sosyal ve çevresel sürdürülebilirlik boyutlarının e-memnuniyet üzerinde ve ekonomik ve çevresel sürdürülebilirlik boyutlarının ise e-sadakat üzerinde anlamlı etkiler yarattığı yönündedir. Sürdürülebilirliğin üç boyutu da ödeme istekliliği üzerinde anlamlı ve pozitif bir etki yaratmamıştır. Ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik boyutu ise tüketiciler tarafından doğrudan algılanamadığı için memnuniyet üzerinde anlamlı bir etki göstermemiştir. Ev dışında teslimat uygulamalarının esneklik, zaman tasarrufu ve erişilebilirlik gibi avantajlar sunarak e-memnuniyeti ve ödeme isteğini artırdığını göstermektedir. Son olarak e-memnuniyetin, e-sadakati ve e-sadakatin, ödeme isteğini pozitif yönde anlamlı etkilediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu tez, sürdürülebilir tedarik zinciri yönetimi, ev dışında teslimat ve e-ticarette tüketici memnuniyeti, tüketici sadakati ve ödeme isteğini bütüncül biçimde ele alan özgün bir model sunmaktadır. Sürdürülebilir tedarik zinciri uygulamaları ve ev dışında teslimat hizmetlerinin tüketici davranışları üzerindeki etkilerini açıklamak amacıyla Sosyal Kimlik Teorisi (SIT), Yeşil Tüketici Davranışı Yaklaşımı ve destekleyici olarak Yeniliğin Yayılımı Teorisi (YYT) çerçevesinde şekillenen kuramsal yapı, sürdürülebilir uygulamaların tüketicilerdeki karşılığını açıklamaya yardımcı olmuştur. Ayrıca bu çalışma, Türkiye örneğinde sürdürülebilir teslimat hizmetlerine yönelik farkındalık düzeyini ve bu hizmetlerin e-memnuniyet, e-sadakat ve ödeme davranışları üzerindeki etkilerini analiz ederek hem akademik literatüre hem de pratik lojistik ve pazarlama stratejilerine katkı sunması beklenmektedir. In today's rapidly evolving e-commerce landscape, shaped by accelerated digitalization and shifting consumer behaviors, the widespread adoption of online shopping - particularly in the aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic - has amplified the significance of sustainable logistics practices. Increasing order volumes, environmental impacts, carbon emissions, and heightened expectations regarding delivery times have underscored the need for more efficient, flexible, and eco-friendly delivery solutions. In this context, out-of-home delivery services and the dimensions of social, environmental, and economic sustainability have emerged as key variables with the potential to influence consumer behavior. Accordingly, the purpose of this dissertation is to examine the effects of sustainable supply chain practices and out-of-home delivery models on e-satisfaction, e-loyalty, and willingness to pay, through the lens of consumer perceptions. The research adopts an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design. In the first phase, quantitative data were collected via a survey administered to over 300 consumers; in the second phase, qualitative data were obtained through semi-structured interviews conducted with 27 participants. The quantitative data were analyzed using structural equation modeling, while the qualitative data were evaluated through thematic analysis. The findings indicate that the social and environmental dimensions of sustainability have a significant impact on e-satisfaction, while the economic and environmental dimensions significantly influence e-loyalty. None of the three dimensions of sustainability were found to have a significant and positive effect on willingness to pay. The economic dimension of sustainability did not show a significant effect on satisfaction, likely because it is not directly perceived by consumers. Out-of-home delivery practices were found to enhance e-satisfaction and willingness to pay by offering advantages such as flexibility, time savings, and accessibility. Finally, the results revealed that e-satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on e-loyalty, and e-loyalty, in turn, significantly and positively affects willingness to pay. This study aims to develop an original and integrative model that examines sustainable supply chain management, out-of-home delivery, and key consumer outcomes in e-commerce, namely e-satisfaction, e-loyalty, and willingness to pay. Grounded in the Social Identity Theory (SIT), the Green Consumer Behavior Approach, and supported by the Diffusion of Innovations Theory (DOI), the proposed theoretical framework explains how sustainable supply chain practices and out-of-home delivery services shape consumer behavior. Moreover, by investigating the level of awareness of sustainable delivery services in the Turkish context and analyzing their effects on e-satisfaction, e-loyalty, and payment behavior, this research is expected to provide significant contributions to both academic literature and practical implications for logistics and marketing strategies.