Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Chinese politicians and businessmen and their African counterparts are improving economic and commercial relations between them. This manifest interest of partnership needs a legal framework which guarantees equal and fair advantages to both parties. To reach this global aim, China and Africa must develop their collaboration in the domain of law. In the 80s China has adopted laws to reflect the country's economic and social demands such as Economic Contract Law (1981), Foreign Economic Contract Law (1985), General Principles of Civil Law (1987). Now, to better facilitate economic growth the National People's Congress (NPC) has unified China's various national specialized contract laws to obtain the “Uniform” Contract Law 1999. OHADA is a system that aims the harmonization of business law in Africa. This study aims to compare the two systems contract formation, breach of contract and liability for breach in order to have a legal frame more appropriate for business between China and this part of African Continent.

A celebração de negócios jurídicos é fundamental para a Administração Pública. Sem ela, não só sua interação com a sociedade seria precária, como também não conseguiria cumprir com a maior parte dos princípios que regem seu regime jurídico, pois não se mostra autossuficiente. Para formalizar tais negócios jurídicos, o instrumento utilizado é o contrato. Parte da doutrina defende que tais instrumentos não se enquadram adequadamente no conceito de contrato por conta das peculiaridades que os cingem quando uma das partes pertence à Administração Pública ou está a exercer função que lhe foi delegada pelo Poder Público. De outro lado, aqueles que concordam com a classificação desses instrumentos como contratos dividem-se entre os que acreditam existir um regime jurídico único para todos os contratos da Administração Pública e aqueles que defendem a existência de duas modalidades de contratos: os contratos administrativos, regidos predominantemente pelo direito público, e os contratos privados da Administração Pública, que, tendo como objeto negócios jurídicos característicos da vida privada, são regidos predominantemente pelo direito privado. Somos partidários desta última corrente e, diante da escassa literatura pátria sobre os contratos privados da Administração Pública, nos propomos a analisá-los mais detidamente no presente estudo. Assim, dividimos este trabalho em cinco capítulos. No primeiro deles, apresentaremos nossas considerações iniciais sobre a matéria, fornecendo um apanhado do que a doutrina nacional e estrangeira já produziu sobre o assunto e de como se dividem as opiniões. Tendo em vista que os contratos regidos primordialmente pelo direito privado apresentam grande parte dos traços dos contratos privados, no segundo capítulo analisaremos as características mais relevantes das cláusulas típicas de direito público que integram os contratos administrativos. O terceiro capítulo, por sua vez, é dedicado à verificação da legislação brasileira e os respectivos dispositivos normativos pertinentes aos contratos privados da Administração Pública. No quarto capítulo nos debruçaremos sobre as decisões jurisprudenciais estrangeiras que marcaram o início da distinção entre as duas modalidades de contratos da Administração Pública e no quinto capítulo apresentaremos nossas conclusões, conjuntamente com algumas sugestões que acreditamos sejam pertinentes ao aperfeiçoamento do tratamento da matéria no Brasil.

Comme dans presque tous les pays d'Afrique subsaharienne, la majorité de la population sénégalaise est rurale. Elle vit de l'agriculture ou d'activités qui en dépendent. Paradoxalement les investissements publics dans le secteur agricole restent très faibles, alors que l'insécurité alimentaire progresse. Pour faire face aux problèmes alimentaires, les pouvoirs publics multiplient les annonces de politiques agricoles, qui ne sont presque jamais suivies d'effets, parce que ne reposant pas sur des études précises et rigoureuses. Dans ce contexte, nous avons cherché à comprendre les stratégies développées par la petite paysannerie, les dynamiques qui animent les exploitations agricoles familiales pour faire reculer l'insécurité alimentaire en milieu rural, et dans quelle mesure celles-ci peuvent contribuer à la souveraineté alimentaire du Sénégal. Cette question appelle celle de l'accès à une nourriture suffisante et celle de sa production. Ainsi, à travers notre étude que nous avons intitulée « Dynamiques paysannes, souveraineté alimentaire et marché mondial des produits agricoles : l'exemple du Sénégal », nous cherchons à répondre à une série de questions : 1. Comment les paysans sénégalais produisent-ils les biens nécessaires à l'alimentation et l'entretien de leur famille ? 2. Comment les paysans sénégalais sont-ils organisés autour des questions de la vie rurale ? 3. Quelle est l'influence du marché mondial de produits agricoles et de ses règles établies par l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC), sur la disponibilité et l'accès aux produits alimentaires ? De quelle façon les biens alimentaires importés concurrencent-ils la culture de biens agricoles qu'il est possible de produire localement ? Nous avons ainsi consacré une première partie de notre étude au procès de production et à son évolution. En dehors des conditions climatiques, le contrôle effectif par les paysans, des moyens de production et de la tenure foncière, détermine en grande partie, les volumes de biens agricoles et alimentaires produits, ainsi que leur accès. Dans une seconde partie, nous avons analysé l'émergence et l'évolution des modes d'organisation paysanne et examiné leur influence sur la satisfaction des besoins alimentaires et les orientations des politiques publiques en matière agricole. Enfin, dans une troisième partie, nous avons essayé de mesurer l'impact des règles du commerce international sur les productions locales de biens agricoles et alimentaires. Ce travail nous a permis de tirer un certain nombre de conclusions. La majorité des paysans du Sénégal ne parvient plus à produire le volume d'aliments de base nécessaires pour nourrir et entretenir leur famille. Les moyens de production ont relativement peu évolué au cours des dernières décennies, même si la culture attelée et l'introduction de nouveaux matériels ont considérablement amélioré les conditions de production et diminué la pénibilité du travail. L'outil de production s'est dégradé et ce qu'il en reste ne survit que grâce à l'habileté des forgerons ruraux. La recherche agronomique a permis d'obtenir des variétés homologuées de semences adaptées aux conditions pédologiques et climatiques. Mais elle demeure inefficace en ce sens que les moyens pour appliquer concrètement ses résultats sont absents et les paysans n'ont aucune maîtrise sur elle. Sur le plan du commerce international des produits agricoles, la faiblesse du Tarif extérieur commun (TEC) de la CEDEAO a eu pour conséquence l'augmentation des volumes d'importations de biens qui peuvent être produits localement. Les règles de l'OMC basées sur une conception ultralibérale du marché portent davantage préjudice aux produits agricoles et alimentaires de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. Sur un plan plus global, et à défaut de sortir l'agriculture des accords de l'OMC, il est possible de réclamer avec la CEDEAO, la mise en place d'un autre Accord sur l'agriculture qui redéfinirait le dumping de manière à protéger les pays les plus vulnérables.

Modern dönemde ticarî hayatta ortaya çıkan mübadele yöntemlerini İslâm ticaret hukuku açısından değerlendirebilmek ve İslâm'ın ticarî alandaki temel ilkelerine aykırı işlemlere alternatif yöntemler üretebilmek için öncelikle vahiy dönemindeki ticaret hukukunu tespit etmek gerekmektedir. Vahiy dönemindeki ticaret hukukunun sağlıklı bir şekilde anlaşılabilmesi ise dönemin ticarî kurallarının sosyolojik açıdan incelenmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Bu amaçla yapılan bu araştırmada ulaşılan sonuçları kısaca şu şekilde ifade etmek mümkündür:Cahiliye döneminde Hicaz bölgesinde sosyal hayat, bölgenin coğrafî yapısı ile dönemin siyasî ve dinî şartları etkisi altında sürdürülmüştür. Yeni bir yaşam biçiminin hedeflendiği vahiy döneminde toplumsal hayatın bütün ünitelerinde değişikliğe gidilmiş, Hicazlılar'ın iktisadî tecrübe ve ihtiyaçları göz önünde bulundurularak yeni bir ticaret hukuku oluşturulmuştur. Mekke devrinde, Hz. Peygamber kanun koyup uygulayacak siyasî güce sahip olmadığı için, hayatın diğer alanlarında olduğu gibi ticaret hukuku alanında da temel ahlâkî değerler müslüman tebaaya benimsetilmeye çalışılmakla yetinilmiştir. Hicretten sonra Medine'de siyasî ve askerî bakımdan yeterli güce kavuşulunca ekonomik sisteme müdahale edilmeye başlanmıştır. Bir önceki dönemden devralınan ticarî kurum ve işlemler adalet eksenli yeni hukukî ve ahlâkî kurallara göre değerlendirilmeye tabi tutulmuştur. Ticaret hayatında yapılan değişiklikler içtimaî kurallara uygun bir şekilde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yeni hukukî düzenlemelerin kargaşaya meydan vermemesi için gerekli görülen konularda tedricî yöntem uygulanmış ve alternatif uygulamalar devreye sokulmuştur. Öte yandan toplumsal yapıyı oluşturan diğer kurumlarda gerçekleştirilen değişiklikler de yeni ticaret hukukunun kolaylıkla topluma mal edilmesinde oldukça etkili olmuştur. Occurring in the commercial life of modern methods of exchange, to assess in terms of commercial law of Islam, and contrary to the fundamental principles of commercial transactions in the field of Islam in order to produce alternative methods, primarily trade law to determine the required period of revelation. Revelation during the period of commercial law in a healthy way to understand the rules of trade requires a review of the sociological perspective. For this purpose, the results achieved in this study, it is possible to briefly stated as follows:The period of ignorance of social life in the Hijaz, the region's geographical structure and the period continued under the influence of political and religious conditions. Revelation in a new way of life, social life aimed to change all the units were made, considering the economic needs of the people of Hijaz experience and created a new trade law. Mecca during the reign of the Prophet put the law does not have the power to implement the political, as in other areas of life in the field of commercial law to teach basic moral values were muslims. After the migration, the strength is reached Medina, the political and military respects, the economic system started to intervene. Commercial institutions and processes inherited from the previous period, according to the rules of justice-oriented evaluation has been subject to new legal and moral. Changes to trade in his life was carried out in accordance with social rules. New legal challenge to prevent confusion in the arrangements, gradual method is applied to matters deemed necessary and alternative practices were introduced. On the other hand, changes in social structure in the new trade law is easily performed by other institutions in society to be the goods have been quite effective.

This thesis explores the interactions between French and foreign influenced formal commercial law in the Republic of Benin and women's on-the-ground business practices. It uses a comparative, historical and inter-disciplinary and empirical methodology (Clinical legal pluralism). It contributes to the debate on the relationship between law and socio-economic development in African States where formal law is modeled on that of their former colonizing power. The dissertation looks at the evolution of business law and of economic activity in the region from pre-colonial times to present where OHADA Uniform Acts ("Acts") largely inspired by French and foreign law constitute Beninese formal commercial law's primary source. The thesis then examines elements of businesswomen's socio-cultural realities and economic practices in the region to assess the extent to which they are accounted for in formal law. The analysis reveals the considerable gap that continues to exist between the Western-inspired Acts and the realities and modes of Beninese women entrepreneurs. While the OHADA regime may benefit French and other foreign companies that contribute to the region's economic vitality to varying extents, the difficult appropriation and access by a majority of citizens and enterprises in Benin to OHADA laws prevent Beninese (in particular female) small and medium enterprises from playing a greater role in the socio-economic development of their countries. The dissertation suggests that the paradigms and methods currently used by OHADA and international organizations such as the World Bank in their law reform activities do not take appropriate account of economic, social and cultural realities of the regions where the new law is to be implemented. These include gender issues in business practices. It argues that commercial law reformers should recognise the central role of citizens in creating the law. Finally, it outlines an analytical framework for applying these objectives so as to empower citizens in Benin as lawmakers. This framework will integrate some of existing law reform paradigms with additional ones focused on the identity of legal actors in the region (banks, small, medium and large entrepreneurs, micro-credit institutions, financiers, etc.), the dynamics between them, the role of women in business and alternative legal reform methods based on bottom-up approaches to law. Ce mémoire s'intéresse aux interactions entre le droit commercial d'inspiration française ou étrangère dans la République du Bénin avec les réalités pratiques que les femmes commerçantes y vivent sur le terrain. Une méthodologie comparative, historique et interdisciplinaire y est employée (pluralisme juridique clinique). Il se veut une contribution au débat sur la relation entre le droit et le développement socio-économique dans les États Africains où le droit formel prend modèle sur celui de leur ancienne métropole.L'auteure débute en examinant l'évolution du droit des affaires et de l'activité économique dans la région à partir de l'époque précoloniale jusqu'à aujourd'hui, où les Actes Uniformes OHADA (les « Actes »), fondés largement sur le droit Français et étranger, constituent la source la plus importante du droit commercial Béninois.Elle poursuit en explorant les réalités socioculturelles et les pratiques économiques des femmes commerçantes dans la région afin de vérifier dans quelle mesure elles sont prises en compte par le droit formel. Cette analyse révèle un écart considérable qui perdure entre les Actes d'inspiration occidentale et les réalités et pratiques des femmes commerçantes Béninoises.Bien que le régime OHADA puisse bénéficier aux investisseurs Français et étrangers qui contribuent, à divers degrés, à l'activité économique dans la région, la difficulté pour une majorité de citoyens et d'entreprises Béninois à s'approprier ou accéder aux Actes empêchent les petites et moyennes entreprises Béninoises (particulièrement celles dirigées par des femmes) de jouer un plus grand rôle dans le développement socioéconomique de leur pays.L'auteure postule que les paradigmes et méthodes employés par l'OHADA ainsi que par des organisations internationales telles la Banque Mondiale dans le cadre de leurs activités de réforme législative ne tiennent pas suffisamment compte des réalités économiques, sociales et culturelles des régions où leurs réformes sont mises en œuvre. Ces réalités comprennent les questions liées au genre dans le cadre des pratiques commerciales. L'auteure suggère que les réformateurs du droit commercial reconnaissent davantage le rôle central que les citoyens jouent dans la création du droit.Enfin, le mémoire trace les contours d'un cadre analytique qui applique ces objectifs de façon à réhabiliter les citoyens Béninois à titre de créateurs de droit. Ce cadre intègre quelques-uns des paradigmes existants sur la réforme du droit avec de nouveaux paradigmes centrés sur l'identité des acteurs juridiques dans la région (les banques, les petites, moyennes et grandes entreprises, les institutions de microcrédit, les investisseurs, etc.), les dynamiques entre eux, le rôle des femmes dans le milieu des affaires et les méthodes alternatives de réforme législative fondées sur une approche juridique du bas vers le haut.

This thesis addresses issues of anti-dumping law and practice from a critical and juridical analysis position. In particular, the thesis seeks to determine whether the South African anti-dumping regime is compliant with the anti-dumping regime of the World Trade Organization (hereafter WTO), and to consider possible solutions for addressing instances where the South African law is not WTO compatible. The thesis departs from the hypothesis that the WTO merely requires functional equivalence of the implementation of national legislation on anti-dumping, and not the verbatim adoption of WTO jurisprudence and relevant provisions of the Agreement on the Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994 (hereafter URAA), into the legislation of State Parties. Some of the provisions of the URAA are not completely clear, and are cast in convoluted and complicated technical jargon, leaving loopholes that may be justifiably exploited by State Parties. The study in this thesis was achieved through the critical analysis of legislation and relevant legal documents, case law and contemporary literature. The primary research paradigm used in this study is interpretive and analytical, which is the same as qualitative research methodology. The legal comparative research method, with a historical component, also played an important role in this study. The literature study undertaken and the critical analyses made of the South African anti-dumping regime show mixed findings. The South African antidumping regime was found to have both positive aspects and problematic aspects when compared with WTO regulations. Some of the critical areas of the South African anti-dumping regime are WTO compatible whilst others are not. In some areas the South African anti-dumping regime has adopted functionally equivalent provisions to the provisions of the WTO law. However, the practice of the International Trade Administration Commission (ITAC) is sometimes fraught with inconsistencies. The compatibility of the South African anti-dumping system with the WTO regime came close to being examined by the WTO on 1 April 1999 in the dispute of South Africa - Anti-dumping Duties on the Import of Certain Pharmaceutical Products from India based on allegations that the method for calculating normal value used by the ITAC was found to be inconsistent with the URAA. Similarly, the conformity of the procedures and findings of the International Trade and Administration Act (ITAA) in anti-dumping cases came under attack in the cases of Algorax v The International Trade Administration Commission and others, and Scaw v The International Trade Administration Commission and others, respectively. Finally, the thesis ends with recommendations in response to the challenges identified and key submissions made throughout the analysis. Key recommendations include the broadening of the concept of interested parties to include registered trade unions and trade union federations; introducing an explicit and mandatory "public Interests" provision to ensure that South Africa's anti-dumping administration is free from political trappings in the form of the involvement of the Minister of Trade and Industry; introducing the new section 31 bis of the ADR in order to allow the initiation of anti-dumping petitions by a registered trade union or trade union federation; providing procedural guidelines for self-initiation of anti-dumping petitions by the ITAC; increasing transparency in anti-dumping proceedings and enquires; setting realistic time-lines for all anti-dumping processes and ensuring compliance with the same; improving the institutional and functional capacity of the ITAC; amending section 18.3 of the ADR to allow search and seizure operations pursuant to the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 and the Customs Act; having a clear provision on verification visits confidentiality and a clear provision on producer knowledge; introducing a clear provision in the ADR dealing explicitly with zeroing pursuant to Article 2.4.3 (ii) of URAA; and the introduction of duty refund procedures. It is hoped that the recommendations made in this thesis, which are in the form of suggested legislative interventions required to upgrade certain areas of South African anti-dumping law and practice to be fully WTO compliant, will influence the introduction of suitably crafted anti-dumping legislation in South Africa. It is further hoped that the thesis will become an invaluable source of information for practitioners and students, and a critical source on the best practice for the imposition and implementation of anti-dumping measures. Moreover, the thesis will add to the body of academic writing on South African anti-dumping law.