Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Cet article analyse les droits des personnes en matière des traitements des données sur les réseaux sociaux au Mali. Soucieux d’assurer la protection de leurs données, le législateur malien a mis en place un texte portant protection des données à caractère personnelle. En plus de ce texte, une autorité a été créée en vue d’assurer la coordination et le contrôle des traitements des données personnelles. Au-delà de l’existe de la loi portant protection des données personnelles et de l’existence d’une autorité de protection, il faut relever les violations des droits des personnes en matière des traitements des données personnelles sur les réseaux sociaux à savoir, le droit d’accès à la rectification, le droit de s’informer et le droit de s’opposer. Cependant, il existe des solutions pour une effectivité des droits des utilisateurs sur les réseaux. Aux termes de celles-ci, il y a les sensibilisations, l’extension du champ d’application de la loi portant protection des données personnelles, Adoption des mesures efficaces pour un renforcement du système de sécurité, une affirmation de l’agence de la protection des données. Notre étude est basée sur la méthode documentaire et celle méthode empirique. Les deux approches combinées nous ont permis de mener une réflexion sur les droits des personnes en matière des traitements des données sur les réseaux sociaux au Mali. This article analyzes the rights of individuals in terms of data processing on social networks in Mali. Anxious to ensure the protection of their data, the Malian legislator has put in place a text on the protection of personal data. In addition to this text, an authority has been created to ensure the coordination and control of the processing of personal data. Beyond the existence of the law on the protection of personal data and the existence of a protection authority, it is necessary to note the violations of the rights of individuals in the processing of personal data on social networks, namely, the right of access to rectification, the right to be informed and the right to object. However, there are solutions for effective user rights on the networks. Under these, there are awareness-raising, the extension of the scope of the law on the protection of personal data, Adoption of effective measures to strengthen the security system, an affirmation by the agency of the Data protection. Our study is based on the documentary method and the empirical method. The two combined approaches allowed us to reflect on the rights of individuals in terms of data processing on social networks in Mali.

Le développement fulgurant du numérique a entraîné partout dans le monde la collecte, le stockage et manipulation d’importantes données à caractère personnel. C’est la raison pour laquelle dans de nombreux pays, des lois ont été adoptées pour réguler le contenu des plateformes numériques, lutter contre la contrefaçon, garantir la liberté d’expression et surtout protéger la vie privée. Suivant le mouvement, le législateur camerounais, après de nombreuses années d’hésitation, a finalement adopté le 23 décembre 2024 une loi relative à la protection des données à caractère personnel. Même si l’objectif affirmé du nouveau texte de loi est de garantir les droits et libertés fondamentaux des personnes en matière de traitement de leurs données à caractère personnel, il est question dans la présente étude d’interroger l’efficacité des garanties mises en place pour maintenir une limite raisonnable entre la collecte puis le traitement des données à caractère personnel et le respect de la vie privée des citoyens. Il ressort de l’analyse du texte que le dispositif de traitement des données offre une protection acceptable de la vie privée de la personne concernée par l’opération. Toutefois, en l’état actuel, celle-ci reste encore fragile en raison des insuffisances du texte ou de l’inexistence d’une Autorité nationale de protection des données. C’est la raison pour laquelle des solutions pouvant permettre d’optimiser la protection sont également proposées. The rapid development of digital technology has led to the collection, storage and manipulation of significant personal data worldwide. This is why in many countries, laws have been adopted to regulate the content of digital platforms, combat counterfeiting, guarantee freedom of expression, and, above all, protect privacy. Following this trend, the Cameroonian Legislator, after many years of hesitation, has finally adopted a law on the protection of personal data on December 23, 2024. Even though the stated objective of the new Law is to guarantee the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals regarding the processing of their personal data, this study examines the effectiveness of the safeguards put in place to maintain a reasonable boundary between the collection and processing of personal data and respect of the citizens’ privacy. Analysis of the text reaveals that the data processing system offers acceptable protection of the privacy of the individual concerned. However, as it stands, this protection remains fragile due to the shortcomings in the text and the absence of a national data protection Authority. Therefore, solutions that could optimise this protection are also proposed.

Le droit des sociétés constitue un archétype du droit gestionnaire, une technique d’organisation de l’entreprise. Ainsi, ce droit occupe-t-il une place importante au sein du monde des affaires. L’œuvre communautaire d’harmonisation du droit des affaires entrepris par le droit OHADA n’a pas manqué de prendre en compte ce droit. Seulement, cette œuvre communautaire, ne postulant pas à la perfection, affiche en effet un certain nombre de limites. D’une part, devant l’évolution du droit de sociétés, l’OHADA s’est recroquevillé sur elle-même, n’intégrant nullement les impératifs nouveaux du droit des sociétés. D’autre part, ce droit souffre d’une certaine ineffectivité dans son articulation avec les règles produites par certaines organisations communautaires concurrentes existant dans la zone de sa compétence territoriale. Corporate law is archetype of managerial law. Corporate law is also a technique used to organise the business. So, corporate law is very important in the business world. However, the harmonisation of corporate law by OHADA reveals several limitations. Corporate social responsability does not exist in OHADA law. In his articulation with the law of others community organizations, OHADA law sometimes does not produce any effect.

A l’ère du numérique, les données personnelles circulent librement au-delà des frontières, échappant souvent au contrôle des Etats. Le droit béninois, bien qu’enrichi par le code du numérique et l’action de l’APDP, se heurte à des limites structurelles lorsqu’il s’agit de protéger efficacement la vie privée face à des traitements transnationaux opérés par des acteurs étrangers. En effet, le droit béninois, dans sa configuration actuelle, ne permet pas une protection pleinement efficace de la vie privée face aux enjeux transfrontaliers du numérique, en raison de l’absence de mécanismes extraterritoriaux et de coopération internationale suffisants. Ainsi, une convergence normative avec les standards internationaux comme le RGPD et le renforcement des capacités de l’APDP pourraient améliorer la résilience du droit béninois face aux défis du numérique. Ainsi, la protection de la vie privée face au caractère international du numérique est un enjeu important au Bénin, qui nécessite une approche coordonnée et des solutions technologiques, réglementaires et éducatives. In the digital age, personal data circulates freely across borders, often escaping state control. Beninese law, although enriched by the Digital Code and the work of the APDP (National Agency for the Protection of Personal Data), faces structural limitations when it comes to effectively protecting privacy against transnational data processing carried out by foreign actors. Indeed, Beninese law, in its current form, does not allow for fully effective protection of privacy in the face of the transnational challenges of the digital age, due to the lack of sufficient extraterritorial mechanisms and international cooperation. Thus, normative convergence with international standards such as the GDPR and strengthening the capacities of the APDP could improve the resilience of Beninese law in the face of digital challenges. Thus, protecting privacy in the face of the international nature of digital technology is a significant challenge in Benin, requiring a coordinated approach and technological, regulatory, and educational solutions.

This article seeks to examine the extent to which users of e-banking services are protected in Cameroon. Over the past decades financial transactions have gradually emerged from traditional methods to modern forms of banking. The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has transformed the banking system into a digital arena. With e-banking, customers can access their bank accounts, transfer funds, pay bills, and check their accounts balances. Banks serve as the backbone of every modern economy and should be protected. The development of e-banking in the 1980s with the aid of ICT has rendered banks and their customers vulnerable to cybercrimes. As an effort to combat cybercrimes and ensure cyber security in Cameroon, the 2010 Cyber Law provides both substantive and procedural rules. It is rather unfortunate that, the measures put in place to ensure cyber security and protect bank customers against cybercrimes are to a greater extent ineffective. The main objective of this article is to determine the protection accorded to banks and their customers against cybercrimes. The method adopted in the course of this work is doctrinal wherein, both primary and secondary sources of data were collected. The findings reveal among others that, the measures put in place to combat cybercrimes within the banking sphere in Cameroon are not effective. There is lack of explicit definitions for cyber offences. Most of the offences provided by the 2010 Cyber Law are vague and ambiguous. We therefore recommend that, the 2010 Cyber Law should be amended to address the current issues of ICT. This amendment should include explicit definitions for the different forms of cybercrimes with severe sanctions. Banks are advised to put in place effective monitoring machineries to mitigate cybercrimes.

PURPOSE : Financial institutions such as Bureaux de Change are susceptible to money laundering, posing a significant risk to a nation’s financial stability and security if not properly regulated and supervised. Botswana is a member of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), a global organisation that sets standards, promotes policies to prevent money laundering, terrorist financing and arms proliferation, all to safeguard the global financial system. Efforts have been made to incorporate FATF recommendations on money laundering into the fiscal laws of Botswana. However, some deficiencies still remain. Although there are no recorded cases of money laundering in Botswana, Bureaux de Change entities are susceptible to it as their business involves cash transactions and rapid money transactions. This paper aims to analyse the challenges faced by Bureaux de Change entities in combating money laundering in Botswana. This will be done by assessing the effectiveness of the current regulatory framework and role of the regulatory authorities in combating money laundering within Bureaux de Change entities. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH : This paper provides a comprehensive examination of the obstacles faced by Bureaux de Change entities in Botswana when it comes to combating money laundering. A qualitative research method and doctrinal research method are both used in this context. FINDINGS : It is hoped that policymakers and other relevant persons will adopt the recommendations provided in the paper to enhance the curbing of money laundering in Botswana. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS : This paper is only limited to the regulation of money laundering within the Bureaux de Change entities in Botswana and does not provide empirical research. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS : This paper is useful to policymakers, lawyers, law students and regulatory bodies especially in Botswana. SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS : This paper suggests changes to the Bank of Botswana (Bureaux de Change) Regulations of 2004 to improve their effectiveness, robustness and competitiveness in combating money laundering. ORIGINALITY/VALUE : This paper is original research on the challenges of combating money laundering within Bureaux de Change entities in Botswana.

Le domaine bancaire garantit le développement socio-économique des Etats à travers le financement des activités. Bien que les procédures demeurent complexes, elles sont soumises à une autorité de régulation tenant compte des risques et des responsabilités qui en découlent en vue de sécuriser les acteurs intervenants publics comme privés. The banking sector ensures socio-economic development of States, through the financing of activities although the procedures are complex, they are subject to regulatory authority that takes into account the associated risks and responsabilities, aiming to secure the interests of both public and private stakeholders.

Data gatekeepers (data controllers and processors) that use blockchain for data transfer effectively enjoy limited liability for violations of the GDPR. This is due to the fact that applying the GDPR’s data gatekeeper system of liability to a decentralized technology such as blockchain is difficult for three reasons. Firstly, identifying data gatekeepers on the blockchain can only be done by either assigning data gatekeeper roles to actors on the blockchain, or structuring the blockchain as private or permissioned one, so as to fit with GDPR requirements. Neither of these approaches provides a universally applicable and satisfactory method for privacy protection. Secondly, because of their knowledge and investment in infrastructure, large data gatekeepers such as IBM, Amazon and Microsoft have an informational advantage over data protection authorities (DPAs) and an additional protective layer against liability, as their blockchain infrastructure is used by other businesses and corporations that are primarily liable for data processing. Finally, administrative fines and reputational damages for non-compliance with the GDPR are insufficient deterrents for large data gatekeepers, whereas damages awarded to individual data subjects for data gatekeepers’ violations of GDPR are extremely low and too costly to obtain.

Although Zimbabwe has established several institutions to combat money laundering and related crimes, there is a perception that inadequate measures are taken to apprehend offenders responsible for financial crimes. Institutions such as the Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU), the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission (ZACC), the Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP), the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) and the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ) have done little to prove that the government of Zimbabwe is resolute in combatting money laundering. On the contrary, it increasingly appears that these institutions are poorly equipped and lack the necessary capacity to enforce and uphold anti-money laundering (AML) measures in Zimbabwe. Further, there appears to be a selective application of the law, with one set of rules for individuals or institutions that are perceived as political adversaries of the incumbent establishment and a different set of rules for the political elite. Consequently, the selective application of the law projects Zimbabwe as a jurisdiction that is somehow tolerant to money laundering, corruption and related financial crimes, thereby lowering and tarnishing the standing of the country in the global economic community of nations. This paper provides a regulatory analysis of the AML role-players in Zimbabwe in order to assess their functions in combatting financial crimes. It also analyses whether these role-players are effective and substantively executing their responsibilities therein. The authors argue that while Zimbabwe is well able to effectively combat money laundering through the even application of the law to all persons regardless of their political or economic standing, it is imperative that its AML institutions operate without fear, favour or prejudice. This is crucial in combatting money laundering and instilling confidence in the general public's perception of AML institutions in Zimbabwe.

L’entreprise constitue une source incroyable d’innovations, de progrès, de créativité et d’enthousiasme. En effet, elle est l’outil le plus efficace de création d’un changement positif. Or, le fossé entre les entreprises et la société reste encore flagrant ainsi que la relation entre les pouvoirs publics et les entreprises est caractérisée par le manque de confiance et de lucidité. Le droit de la compliance apparaît comme la panacée à ces nouveaux défis, et se présente comme l’outil le plus perfectionné de gouvernance pour l’entreprise et qui permet de concilier entre l’intérêt de l’entreprise et celui de la société.Les entreprises sont tenues de respecter les ordres publics nationaux et supranationaux dans lesquels ils s'inscrivent, Les principes de compliance désignent les lois qui imposent un objectif d’intérêt général à l’entreprise tout en la laissant libre des moyens pour atteindre cet objectif. Les pouvoirs et les régulateurs publics ne font que surveiller la manière dont les opérateurs privés se conforment par eux-mêmes (self-policing, self-reporting, self-compliance et self-monitoring) et contrôler la stricte observance de leurs diligences, c’est-à-dire de leur « capacité à s’auto-policer». The enterprise constitutes an incredible source of innovations, progress, creativity as well as enthusiasm. Indeed, it is the most efficient tool of the creation of positive change. Yet, the gap between enterprises and society still remains obvious as well as the relation between the public powers and enterprises is characterized by the lack of confidence and clarity. The law of compliance seems to be the answer to these new challenges, it presents itself as the most ideal tool of governance for the enterprise and which allows to conciliate between the enterprise’s interests and those of society. Enterprises are required to respect the national and supranational public order which they are a part. The principles of compliance mean the laws that impose a goal of general interest for the enterprise while leaving it free the means to achieve this objective. Powers and public regulators only control the way in which private operators conform by themselves ( self-policing, self-reporting, self-compliance and self-monitoring) and control as well the strict observance of their diligence, that is to say, their self-policing ability.

« Réguler c’est faciliter », tel est le slogan de l’Agence de Régulation des Télécommunications au Cameroun. Cela suppose que soient prévues des mesures destinées à assurer l’exécution des décisions de l’Agence, mais surtout leur exécution paisible, celle-ci étant le gage de l’absence de crispation et de méfiance entre les acteurs majeurs du secteur. Le législateur a manqué à cette exigence. Il semble n’avoir pas été plus soucieux de l’exécution paisible des décisions de l’ART autant qu’il l’a été pour les hypothèses d’exécution difficultueuse. Une telle posture n’est pas de nature à « faciliter » l’exécution des missions de régulation, qui doit pouvoir allier avec sagesse la prévention et la répression. Donner une meilleure place aux possibilités d’exécution paisible de ses décisions semble pourtant plus à même d’assurer l’effectivité des décisions rendues par l’ART, sans créer de tension avec les opérateurs. Qui veut la paix ne prépare pas forcément la guerre. Regulating is facilitating” this is the slogan of the Telecommunications Regulatory Board in Cameroon. This presupposes that measures are planned to ensure the execution of the Agency's decisions, but above all their peaceful execution, this being the guarantee of the absence of tension and mistrust between the major actors in the sector. The legislator failed to meet this requirement. He seems to have been no more concerned with the peaceful execution of TRB decisions as much as he was for the difficult execution hypotheses. Such a posture is not likely to "facilitate" the execution of regulatory missions, which must be able to wisely combine prevention and repression. Giving greater importance to the possibilities of peaceful execution of its decisions, however, seems more likely to ensure the effectiveness of the decisions rendered by the TRB, without creating tension with the operators. Whoever wants peace does not necessarily prepare for war.

Toda organización necesita establecer estrategias, fijar objeticos y formular planes para lograrlos partiendo de una definición de la misión y visión. Para apoyar a la empresa en sus esfuerzos para lograr el cumplimiento de la herramientas de Control Interno. El propósito de este artículo es identificar cómo la gestión de riesgos empresarial se involucra en los procesos de una organización. De hecho, a lo largo de los años ha estado en constante crecimiento hasta involucrarse de manera directa con el control interno, para poder definir conceptos relacionados y administrar mejor la organización. Sin embargo, debido a la poca mención de los estándares académicos y la gestión de riesgos, los líderes organizacionales tienen poco conocimiento de los conceptos de riesgo y cómo manejarlos. En conclusión, se determinó que el diagnóstico realizado al Proceso de Gestión se evidenció la existencia de un bajo control interno debido a la inexistencia de metodología para desarrollar los controles de cada uno de los subprocesos.

Compliance with the GDPR while using blockchain technology for data processing results in compliance issues, due to the fact that the blockchain and the GDPR employ different methods to ensure privacy-by-design and privacy-by-default. The blockchain is built on disintermediation and relative decentralization, whereas the GDPR aims for re-intermediation and relative centralization of the data protection process. This paper provides an overview of and suggestions on how to secure compliance with the GDPR while processing data using the blockchain. A focus is placed on the data protection impact assessment on the blockchain network, issues in identifying and determining the role(s) of sole and joint data controllers and data processors, obstacles to exercising the right to rectification and right to be forgotten when the data is recorded on the blockchain, GDPR data transfer requirements as applied to the blockchain, and the protection of privacy in the process of creating blockchain-based smart contracts.