Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Cette étude porte sur la conformité environnementale, une politique juridique au service de la performance globale de l’entreprise. Il s’agira de démontrer que les réglementations environnementales et les normes environnementales volontaires auxquelles tentent de se conformer les entreprises et les États, peuvent améliorer à la fois leur protection de l’environnement, leur compétitivité, et dans une certaine mesure leur performance sociale. Cette conformité environnementale a pris un essor particulier depuis les grands phénomènes économiques induits par la mondialisation. La mondialisation se caractérise depuis les années 1970 par l’avènement d’une économie de marché ouverte dans laquelle les entreprises circulent librement d’un pays à un autre. Cette économie repose notamment sur le libre-échange des biens, des services, des technologies, des capitaux, ainsi que sur libre circulation des entreprises elles-mêmes. La mondialisation se caractérise également, du fait de l’ouverture de cette économie, par la mise en concurrence des États et des entreprises à l’échelle internationale. Ce phénomène économique de la mondialisation a toutefois entraîné une dégradation majeure de l’environnement au fil des années. Afin de répondre à ces différents enjeux, les États ont mis en place des mécanismes réglementaires ainsi que des mécanismes volontaires de protection de l’environnement destinés à encadrer les activités des entreprises, qui forment le socle de la politique juridique de conformité environnementale menée par ces entreprises. Les entreprises tentent alors de s’adapter à ces mécanismes juridiques afin de mieux protéger l’environnement, mais aussi afin de devenir plus compétitives.

Este estudo examina a Internet como uma infraestrutura, ou seja, um recurso social de larga escala que produz benefícios a partir das atividades que ela permite sejam desenvolvidas. O gerenciamento das redes que compõem a Internet sem que haja discriminação de usuários e utilizações diversas (gerenciamento como commons) pode gerar benefícios sociais substantivos, apropriados pelas partes diretamente envolvidas ou na forma de externalidades positivas. O design original da Internet estabeleceu uma arquitetura de rede que inviabilizava que os provedores de Internet pudessem influir sobre a camada dos aplicativos (conteúdos e serviços), garantindo assim a prevalência de acesso amplo e não discriminatório às redes. Essa opção de design foi posteriormente associada à noção de neutralidade (cunhando a expressão neutralidade de rede) e foi responsável por viabilizar intensa dinâmica de inovação (que ocorria independente de permissão dos detentores das redes e de modo descentralizado) e expansão das capacidades dos indivíduos, que passam a produzir e acessar conteúdos sem restrições. Essa percepção sobre a relevância do gerenciamento não discriminatório da Internet deu origem ao debate sobre a necessidade de regulação ex ante para disciplinar a neutralidade das redes, que conta com extensa e confusa produção acadêmica. A partir do exame sistemático dessa literatura, o trabalho procura demonstrar que há incentivos para que os provedores de Internet passem a adotar condutas exclusionárias e exploratórias baseadas na diferenciação de conteúdos e serviços que trafegam por suas redes. Essas práticas podem subverter a dinâmica de inovação e criar óbices ao exercício de capacidades pelos indivíduos, alterando o balanço de externalidades positivas geradas à sociedade e benefícios aos usuários das redes, o que serve de justificativa para propostas de regulação com o fim de preservar as condições de gerenciamento não discriminatório. O trabalho segue então para uma análise dos benefícios que se procuram efetivar com a regulação e potenciais custos de sua implementação, procurando apresentar um quadro amplo, transparente e sistemático dos potenciais custos e benefícios das propostas de regulação. Esse exame é realizado com a consideração particular de cada regra usualmente apontada para integrar a regulação, num exercício de identificação e sopesamento dos custos e benefícios de cada uma delas. Esse exame revela que as regras que compõem as propostas de regulação de neutralidade de rede têm potencial de gerar benefícios relevantes e que tendem a compensar os custos a serem sopesados. Mesmo quando os potenciais custos da regulação sejam consideráveis e tornem mais complexo o sopesamento dos benefícios, os custos identificados poderiam ser mitigados com a adoção de modelos de negócios alternativos e que não ferem regulação. Dessa forma, a opção pela regulação parece ter um balanço positivo, permitindo a manutenção da Internet como uma infraestrutura capaz de gerar benefícios sociais substantivos.

We have arrived at crossroads in the debates about the future of the internet governance. It is high time to address the reasons why policy choices have not been sufficient to preserve the internet\'s promise to bring about development, democratic engagement, and social justice. The network neutrality is central to this debate since it intersects all internet layers and is related to most contemporary issues that will shape future of the internet. My assumption is that network neutrality\'s failures are not an unintended consequence of the regulatory system, but part of the problem. My core hypothesis is that network neutrality\'s limits mainly occur because of, first, its inability to secure all envisioned goals and, second, its decontextualized focus on innovation on the last mile of the internet distributional chain. The network neutrality debate has produced a wide variety of work embedded within economic and legal studies regarding what would be necessary to guarantee a free and innovative internet. Although this work has been often disguised under the mask of technique, it is widespread influenced by the evolutionary economics and denies the network neutrality's effects on ongoing struggles for social and economic justice. My proposition is that network neutrality debate has failed because it proved unable to address the problems related to concentrated power structures on the internet and increasing inequalities. To achieve this objective, this dissertation investigates the network neutrality debate over the last decades to identify processes and mechanisms by which its sterile arrangements came to take specific form in time and place, focusing on what such arrangements might inform about contemporary policy efforts. In Chapter 1, prevalent internet governance myths are deconstructed, presenting how specific architecture design and the corresponding network neutrality outcomes came to prevail in particular periods. Drawing upon and integration of distinct source materials, Chapters 2 and 3 identify the specific contingencies over the past decades by which a dynamic set of evolving actors, events, and institutions converged (or not) and gave rise to current network neutrality rules and dissent in the United States and Brazil. At the center of the analysis is the identification of structures and power struggles. Finally, Chapter 4 aims at presenting a new framework towards the network neutrality debate and its potential distributive effects in the global economy, taking technology not as deterministic but embedded and being embedded in all the building blocks of what we term the social.

With citizens’ movements mediated by many technologies that aid our navigation the potential for omnipresent surveillance may potentially institute fundamental changes to the human condition. Locational privacy is pivotal in developing inter-personal associations and relational ties with others and its function is therefore complex, rather than solely affording a degree of independence from the observations made by others. In this respect, a more nuanced understanding of the utility of location data is required; the current hierarchy that delineates personal data from special categories of personal data does not adequately appreciate the capacity for location data to act as a proxy for other sensitive personal data. Furthermore, the binary distinction that reflects the conceptualisation of the right to privacy as a negative right, with related concepts such as identity and personality formation viewed as positive constructs, is increasingly difficult a notion to preserve. The classification and terminology of technologies can illustrate how terms and legal metaphors are developed and applied so as to bridge gaps in applying existing context and precedent. Though the designation ‘location data’ once constituted a reasonable accommodation in nomenclature as an intelligible and easily comprehensible term, even while constituting a significant oversimplification of the data it represented, technological advances have rendered the term increasingly problematic. This study asks whether the existing legal framework at the regional level in Europe is apt to provide sufficiently cogent and coherent regulation given recent developments in technologies. The review analyses the risks associated with this predilection in data processing activities that allows for the identification of ever more intimate and nuanced details of a citizen’s life, behaviours and convictions through the analysis of their location data; in turn, it shall discern the necessity of considering the resulting impacts on citizens’ fundamental rights to privacy and personal data protection.