Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Sovereign rights in Exclusive economic zones and Continental shelves are functionally limited to the economic exploitation of these zones. Moreover, in the case of disputed maritime zones these sovereign rights are neither exclusive nor necessarily constant. Nevertheless, states are still expected to provide the investments established in these zones the same treatment they should provide in their territories where they exercise full and constant sovereignty. If a host state agrees to the establishment of an investment in a maritime zone that become later contested, do the occurrence of the contestation and the hazards arising from such contestation relief the host state from its contractual and treaty obligations toward the investment by virtue of the force majeure concept. This paper argues that a traditional interpretation of the force majeure concept in respect of investment agreements and contracts, hampers states ability to de-escalate their maritime disputes, diminishes its capacity to conclude delimitation agreements and reduces the promotion of the UNCLOS III as well as its mechanisms for disputes settlement. It proposes a contextualist interpretation of the force majeure concept that is adapted to the exploitation of disputed maritime zones and states obligations under the international law of the sea. First, it examines the concept of force majeure as a doc-trinal hypothesis and its applications in international contracts and international in-vestment agreements. Second, it analyzes the legal act of maritime contestation as a force majeure event according to the possible interpretations of the concept of “force majeure”. Finally, it examines the recurrent legal implications susceptible of arising out of a contestation; provisional orders and unfavorable delimitation and their qualifica-tion as a force majeure event in the realm of investment agreements and contract.

La France en tant qu’un pays développé possède une richesse juridique et judiciaire à propos de l’arbitrage et des contrats de transfert de technologie. Alors que la Syrie n’a pas jusqu’à ce moment un système juridique spécial à ces contrats. En plus, la loi syrienne de 2008 sur l’arbitrage a besoin d’être modifiée en raison des erreurs juridiques massives commises dans cette loi. S’agissant de l’Égypte, la loi de 1999 sur le commerce a mis en place un système juridique solide pour régir les contrats de transfert de technologie et l’arbitrage. Il faut mentionner que la jurisprudence égyptienne est très développée par rapport à la jurisprudence syrienne, ce qui me permet de faire une comparaison entre la France et les deux pays en développement

A tese tem como objetivo desenvolver as relações entre o exercício da jurisdição - especialmente, a limitação territorial de eficácia das decisões - e os conflitos vinculados à postagem de manifestações infringentes na internet. A hipótese central defendida pela tese é a de que a jurisdição e as decisões judiciais estatais, quando direcionadas a remover postagens na internet, têm seu espectro de eficácia limitado ao território do Estado em que proferidas. Isso significa dizer que pessoas que se conectam à internet a partir de outros Estados não podem ser diretamente impactadas pelo comando. A tese busca demonstrar, ainda, que o modelo de reserva de jurisdição estatal não é efetivo, independentemente de critérios de eficácia territorial, para solução de problemas especialmente vinculados à disseminação em massa de manifestações danosas. A tese foi dividida em três capítulos. No primeiro, o objetivo será o de estabelecer os princípios e regras vinculados às ideias de jurisdição internacional de acordo com a legislação brasileira de direito processual civil e direito internacional privado. Na segunda parte, será a vez de abordar os temas em referência a partir das perspectivas trazidas por ordenamentos jurídicos estrangeiros, especialmente recentes pronunciamentos advindos dos Estados Unidos da América e do Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia a respeito dos limites territoriais de decisões judiciais destinadas a produzir efeitos na internet, além da apresentar uma breve contextualização de como outros países - como China, Brasil, Argentina e México - encaram fenômenos vinculados ao ambiente virtual. No terceiro e último capítulo, tais soluções serão compatibilizadas de modo a delimitar a amplitude territorial da jurisdição e das decisões jurisdicionais estatais nos casos que envolvem conflitos para retirada de postagens na internet. O capítulo abordará, também, a perspectiva de processos e decisões não estatais, adotados por gestores de redes sociais ou tribunais privados em um ambiente de autorregulação regulada, e de que modo isso pode ter reflexos no direito processual sob a ótica das noções de online dispute resolution (ODR).

This article is devoted to the complex analysis of the English legislation of the international commercial arbitration. The author analyzed the commercial disputes and the bodies that proceed these disputes in England as well as main statutes regulating the international commercial arbitrations of England. The international commercial practices of the London International Court of Arbitration are described. Moreover, the author represents the main conclusions formed on the basis of the provisions of the national legislation on commercial arbitration and the regulations of the most well-known international arbitrations in England.

Arbitration is considered as one of the basic means that has been legislated by Islam to resolve the people's disputes. Usually the resolutions of the arbitration are fast, guarantee the rights, respect the essence of justice and reduce the level of the controversy. Today, arbitration plays a vital role in resolving the international disputes such as the economic, political and local disputes as long as its effect upon the resolution of the internal disputes. This study highlights on the arbitration role in resolving the disputes as along with judiciary through showing the advantages of the arbitration and explain the relationship between arbitration and judiciary. And clarify its areas and its implications in jurisprudence. This study found out that the arbitration has a pivotal role in resolving the disputes resulting from the contractual and non-contractual relationships and the disputes resulting from the people in their natural and moral capacity, both internally as well as externally The study has shown the jurisprudence has taken the lead in explaining the terms and effects of the arbitration.

La procédure de conciliation est l’une des innovations de la réforme de l’Acte Uniforme relatif aux procédures collectives d’apurement du passif. Le législateur OHADA l’a institué dans l’objectif de mieux gérer la prévention de la cessation des paiements des entreprises en difficulté financière. La conciliation est entrée dans la sphère des procédures collectives de l’OHADA avec un principe clé à savoir la confidentialité. Le principe de confidentialité constitue une pierre angulaire de la conciliation au regard de la place qu’elle occupe dans le dénouement de celle-ci. Le législateur communautaire fait intervenir ce principe dans tout le dénouement de la conciliation. La confidentialité se présente ainsi comme un aspect phare de la procédure. Cet état de chose nous a alors amené à s’interroger sur le rôle que peut bien jouer cette confidentialité qui anime l’ensemble de la procédure préventive. Selon notre point de vue, la confidentialité joue un double rôle dans la procédure de conciliation. Elle favorise d’une part la protection du débiteur soumis à la procédure en lui assurant la préservation de son crédit ainsi que les informations divulguées et d’autre part, facilite l’efficacité de la procédure à travers son imposition générale même si elle est un peu fragilisée par certaines atteintes. The procedure of conciliation is an innovation of the uniform Act organizing the legal treatement enterprises difficulties. The OHADA lagislator has institute it with the objective for the better manage in the suspension of payments prevention for enterprises in financial difficulty. The conciliation procedure has come in the sphere of OHADA legal treatement enterprises difficulties with a main principle which is confidentiality. The principle of confidentiality constitute a cornerstone of the conciliation procedure ending according to the Sport place it occupe. The Community legislator makes this principle to intervene in all the conciliation procedure. The confidentiality is present as a main aspect of the procedure. This situation brought us to question the role of the confidentiality witch lead all the preventive procedure. According to our point of view, the confidentiality plays a double role in the conciliation procedure. It favours firstly the protection of the debtor submit to the procedure insuring the preservation of his credit as well as divulgates informations and secondly, it facilitate the effectiveness of the procedure by his general using even it is fragilize by certains attacks.

This article examines the effectiveness of the framework for the resolution of intra-African cross-border commercial disputes, arising from the projected increase in intra-African trade in goods, services, and investments under the African Continental Free Trade Area. It examines the peculiar nature of intra-African trade and of the participating entities to provide the context to discuss the three major processes adopted in commercial dispute resolution (litigation, mediation, and arbitration) in Africa. It then argues for the promotion of arbitration as the dispute resolution process of choice for such disputes. It reimagined the framework for arbitration at the continental level and made two proposals targeted at the greater efficiency of the process: the designation of Regional Arbitration Centres across the African Union's eight recognized Regional Economic Communities, to administer such references; and the establishment of an African Commercial Court as a one-stop court for the enforcement or annulment of the final award.

Il n’est pas évident d’identifier le « petit professionnel » dans le droit des contrats actuel. Qu’il s’agisse du droit commun des contrats ou des droits spéciaux, aucun n’a réellement vocation à appréhender de manière spécifique cet acteur économique. Pourtant, si le droit positif ne porte pas un regard attentif à ce contractant, son éclosion au sein des relations juridiques n’est pas contestée et le droit européen, au travers des projets mis en œuvre, se positionne comme témoin de cette émergence. C’est pourquoi, il est proposé d’étudier les manifestations du « petit professionnel », d’une part, aux côtés des notions déjà connues de consommateur, de non-professionnel et de professionnel, puis d’autre part, des notions voisines de commerçant et d’entreprise. De nombreux domaines sont touchés par l’avènement du « petit professionnel » notamment le droit des contrats, le droit de la concurrence, ou encore le droit de la consommation. Aussi, l’objectif est de mettre en évidence le manque d’attention dont il fait l’objet. Dans le cadre de ses relations contractuelles, le « petit professionnel » est considéré bien souvent comme un professionnel quelconque malgré son statut particulier. Le propos est donc également de réfléchir à une adaptation des règles auxquelles il est soumis. Le contenu de ses droits et devoirs doit être analysé avec rigueur afin de les comprendre et de les rendre plus appropriés.

Esta tese analisa os efeitos da falência sobre a arbitragem. A falência constitui um regime complexo, formado por regras materiais e processuais, criado para lidar com o problema da insolvência empresarial. Tem natureza de execução coletiva, reunindo todos os credores do falido e todos os seus bens, que devem ser liquidados a fim de pagar os credores. Para a consecução dos seus objetivos, a decretação da falência opera efeitos diretos sobre a pessoa do devedor, seus bens, seus contratos e seus processos. O processo falimentar realiza-se mediante procedimento administrado pelo Poder Judiciário, centralizado, público, com a finalidade de lidar com os diversos interesses envolvidos. Diversamente, a arbitragem é meio privado de solução de controvérsias pelo qual partes capazes elegem um terceiro, da sua confiança, para resolver litígio versando sobre direitos patrimoniais disponíveis. Tem natureza jurisdicional e caracteriza-se por constituir alternativa privada, rápida, flexível e especializada de dirimir demandas que admitem transação. Seu procedimento tem natureza de processo de conhecimento, terminando com a prolação de sentença, e constitui processo descentralizado, privado, usualmente sigiloso, no qual as partes têm ampla liberdade para definir as regras materiais e processuais aplicáveis. Enquanto a falência constitui sistema que visa lidar com interesses de ordem pública -- sendo, portanto, controlado pelo Estado, centralizado, público e coletivo --, a arbitragem pauta-se na autonomia da vontade, na descentralização do sistema de resolução de litígios, lida com interesses privados e é usualmente sigilosa. Considerando as relevantes diferenças entre os dois institutos, questiona-se em que condições a falência e a arbitragem podem coexistir. O que se propõe neste trabalho é, portanto, analisar quais são os efeitos que a falência opera sobre a arbitragem e como esses efeitos impactam na convivência entre os dois institutos. Para tanto, este estudo organiza-se em duas partes: parte I, na qual são apresentadas noções introdutórias da falência e da arbitragem, que servem para assentar as premissas utilizadas na análise; e parte II, na qual são analisados os efeitos propriamente ditos da falência sobre a arbitragem. A parte I está dividida em dois capítulos, nos quais se trata, sucessivamente, da falência e da arbitragem. Já a parte II está dividida em três capítulos, nos quais se trata, sucessivamente: (i) dos efeitos da falência sobre a convenção de arbitragem; (ii) dos efeitos da falência sobre o procedimento arbitral; e (iii) dos efeitos da falência sobre a sentença arbitral. Ao final, conclui-se que, apesar de a falência operar efeitos sobre alguns aspectos da arbitragem, impondo-lhe limites no contexto falimentar, isso não as torna incompatíveis. Aduz-se que a falência não invalida a convenção arbitral celebrada antes da falência, nem impede sua celebração pelo administrador, que, entretanto, depende de autorização judicial. Comprovase, também, que o advento da falência não atrai nem suspende os procedimentos arbitrais, mas impõe condições para que o processo possa se desenvolver. Por fim, evidencia-se que a sentença arbitral, uma vez proferida, deve ser submetida a verificação no processo falimentar.

Almost 20 years after it adopted the Uniform Act on Arbitration, OHADA revised its Uniform Act on Arbitration and adopted a new Uniform Act on Mediation along with the fresh set of arbitration rules of the Common Court of Justice and Arbitration in Abidjan. These three texts were revised with the assistance of consultants. Among other changes, with the 2018 Uniform Act on Mediation, a solid platform for the use of mediation in the region is now in place. The ability of mediators to carry out their adjudication function with judicial intervention remains a major challenge by parties under the OHADA zones. In this light, the worry which this article seeks to uncover is how the new mediation law is applicable and facilitates the amicable settlement of investment disputes. The article also highlights the legal basis regulating the mediation process as a whole. In attaining these objectives, we employ doctrinal research methodology. The article conclude with vigorous recommendations which if effectively implemented will go a long way to enhance business (investment) security.

Defining the applicable standards for proving and measurement of damages constitute one of the most significant issues under the law of damages. In principle, an aggrieved party, who claims compensation for damages based on contractual liability is responsible for showing the existence and the amount of losses suffered or to be suffered. Due to great importance of the issue, transnational instruments of contract law, such as UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (UPICC), Principles of European Contract Law (PECL) and Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) have set out, explicitly or implicitly, special standards such as reasonable certainty, reasonably likely to occur and so on for proving damages; By contrast, the Iranian laws and regulations including the Civil Code do not set out such standards. The legal scholarship and jurisprudence have also failed to address the issue. Therefore, a comparative study of the issue with particular look at international instruments and arbitral awards could provide a reliable source of guidance. This paper analyzes the general and specific standards for proving damages and those situations that fall outside of ambit of the standards such as late payment damages. By doing so, the paper tries to open the debate in Iranian law. یکی از موضوعات قابل توجه در حوزه حقوق خسارت، تعیین استانداردهای قابل اعمال برای اثبات خسارات و میزان آن­ها است. علی القاعده، زیان‌دیده­ای که به استناد مسئولیت قراردادی برای مطالبه خسارت اقامه دعوی می­کند، بایستی اصل و میزان خسارتی را که متحمل شده یا خواهد شد، به اثبات برساند. نظر به اهمیت موضوع، اسناد فراملی مربوط به حقوق قراردادها از جمله اصول قراردادهای تجاری بین­المللی، اصول حقوق قراردادهای اروپا و پیش­نویس طرح مشترک مرجع، به صورت صریح یا ضمنی، استانداردهای مشخصی مانند قطعیت متعارف، وقوع محتمل متعارف و غیره را برای اثبات خسارت پیش­بینی کرده­اند. در مقابل، مقررات موضوعه ایران از جمله قانون مدنی؛ چنین استانداردهایی را تنظیم ننموده و موضوع نیز مورد بررسی حقوقدانان و رویه قضایی قرار نگرفته است. بنابراین، مطالعه تطبیقی موضوع با نگاهی ویژه بر اسناد بین­المللی و آرای داوری می‌تواند منبع قابل اتکایی برای طرح بحث باشد. این مقاله، استانداردهای عام و خاص اثبات اصل خسارت و میزان آن و نیز مواردی مثل خسارت تأخیر تأدیه را که خارج از قلمرو شمول این استانداردها هستند، مورد تحلیل قرار می­دهد و در نهایت تلاش دارد تا باب بحث را در حقوق ایران بگشاید.

International commercial arbitration has established itself as the main dispute resolution mechanism for international commercial disputes. This increased visibility has drawn attention to arbitrators’ public role, leading to a well-established general perception that arbitrators are bound to special obligations, such as the duty to be independent and impartial or the obligation to assure that arbitral proceedings are not abused to achieve nefarious goals. Despite this general acknowledgement, little attention has been paid to the mechanisms that ensure that arbitrators adhere to these obligations. In particular, there has been limited analysis of the underlying mechanisms that incentivise the production and enforcement of professional norms in this field. <p></p> This thesis argues that the particulars of the arbitration market largely explains why the evolution of the regulation of international arbitrators has not matched those of other professions. At the same time, it will argue that those same particularities create incentives for several actors, most notably the arbitral community itself, to step in and occupy this regulatory vacuum. In particular, it explores the notion that the market strategies employed by arbitrators, arbitral institutions and other members of the arbitral community have the production of professional norms as a by-product. It further explores how the arbitral market tends to create an environment where compliance with professional norms is rewarded, leading, at the same time, the arbitral community to work as a network that promotes adherence to professional norms through mostly informal sanctions.

In international arbitration, arbitrators have procedural powers that allow them to manage and conduct the arbitration proceedings in a fair and efficient manner. These powers are typically set out in the arbitration rules that the parties have agreed to, such as the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) rules or the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) rules. Arbitrators have the authority to determine the procedure to be followed in the arbitration, including the admissibility, relevance, materiality, and weight of the evidence presented. They can also decide on the language to be used in the arbitration and the location of the hearings. In addition, arbitrators can issue orders and directions as needed to ensure the fair and efficient conduct of the proceedings. This may include ordering the production of documents or witness testimony, or setting time limits for the submission of evidence. The present paper critically examines the lex arbitri, the law that governs the arbitral proceedings, and makes out a case that lex arbitri cannot be challenged in court, as the parties to the arbitration have agreed to resolve their disputes through arbitration rather than through the courts. However, if the tribunal exceeds its powers or acts in a manner that is inconsistent with the lex arbitri, the parties may have grounds to challenge the tribunal's decision on the grounds of lack of jurisdiction or due process. The paper summarises some key judgments in which Courts have upheld or quashed the Tribunals procedural orders. It will be concluded that the procedural powers of arbitrators in international arbitration are real and not perfunctory, though bounded within powers extended by Parties to the arbitral tribunal.

随着世界经济全球化，国内外企业之间的商贸往来迅猛发展，出现商事争议与纠纷的案件也呈现上升趋势，仲裁以其高效、快速等优点成为解决国际商事纠纷的最终方式之一。本文从仲裁的优点入手，首先阐述了完整仲裁过程中各个关键环节及注意事项，然后用流程图和横道图两种形式体现了一个完整的仲裁过程，最后就国际工程项目仲裁管理给出了具体建议。 With the globalization of the world economy, the commercial exchanges between domestic and foreign enterprises are developing rapidly, and the number of commercial disputes cases is growing quickly. Considering its advantages of high efficiency and speed, arbitration has become one of the final ways to solve international commercial disputes. This paper firstly presents the advantages of arbitration, then expounds the key stages and attention during the whole arbitration process. Flow chart and Gantt chart are drawn to show logics of the process. Specific suggestions on the arbitration management of international projects are given at the end of the article.