Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Trade agreements are a common feature in international economic law as they govern trade relations between states. These agreements are anchored by a firm foundation of the requisite legal provisions to support trade. In this regard, the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) have each developed their own legal texts that acknowledge the significance of trade facilitation and would, when implemented, facilitate the movement of goods and services across international borders. The thesis was a comparative analysis of the legal texts on trade facilitation of the WTO and the AfCFTA whose aim was to identify the resemblances and divergences between the two. The WTO has a broader mandate of global trade and ensures that trade amongst its members is conducted in conformity with global rules. On the other hand, the AfCFTA is a trade agreement that has been negotiated by African member states pursuant to the political vision of the African Union (AU), and within the confines of WTO, specifically Article XXIV of GATT 1994. This research was therefore undertaken against the backdrop of these seemingly contradicting circumstances. The central research question for the study concerns the differences and similarities between the legal texts on trade facilitation of the WTO and the AfCFTA. The study was qualitative involving a desktop review of primary and secondary sources of data. Among others, the thesis finds that the AfCFTA complies with the strategic goals of the AU, and at the same time, complements the multilateral trading system of the WTO. The thesis concludes that while there are certain similarities, the legal texts on trade facilitation of the WTO and the AfCFTA are different. The inherent dissimilarities in the texts are not contrary to the principles of the WTO. The thesis contributes to scholarly literature in trade facilitation with respect to both the AfCFTA and the WTO. It also identifies new areas for further studies and provides the necessary groundwork. The study recommends some improvements that can be made to the respective legal texts on trade facilitation.

La construction internationale est en plein essor. De multiples partenaires sont susceptibles de s'engager dans un projet de construction internationale. Chacun de ces partenaires s'engageant à accomplir une tâche déterminée, variant selon le type de modèle contractuel choisi. Il existe, en effet, plusieurs types de modèles contractuels dans le secteur de la construction (le modèle traditionnel avec de la sous-traitance, le modèle design-construction, le « bridging », les contrats dits de « concession » …). Les parties choisissent librement le modèle contractuel qui leur convient le mieux et qui répond à leurs besoins. La figure contractuelle vient alors s'adapter aux besoins et aux compétences des parties. L'importance du contentieux dans les relations contractuelles du secteur de la construction internationale n'est pas négligeable. Le secteur de la construction internationale apparait même très propice à l'apparition de contentieux, dans un contexte ancré dans la mondialisation, du fait que les contrats internationaux de construction sont des contrats complexes et très souvent multipartites, s'exécutant sur le long terme. Les questions des responsabilités peuvent varier selon les différents modèles de contrats internationaux de construction. Les obligations des parties sont accrues dans le modèle de design-construction et la responsabilité des constructeurs sera très large (ces derniers assumant une très grande partie des risques tels que le risque de la conception, de la construction …) dans les contrats types « DBOOT ». Du fait de ces questions relatives à la responsabilité, le rôle de l'assurance n'est pas négligeable, mais, parfois, l'assurance ne protégera pas les responsabilités post-construction du constructeur et toutes les garanties ne sont pas toujours couvertes. Une réalité s'impose. Les litiges dans le secteur de la construction internationale ne cessent de croître, représentant plus de 20 % du contentieux devant la CCI. La pratique des dispute est alors apparue, pratique controversée du fait de l'absence d'exécution forcée des décisions du board.

Soils are essential for food security and the right to food. But where is the connect between soil, trade in agriculture and the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO)? While the WTO is not an environmental protection agency (as per its initial design at least), existing WTO rules fail to make agricultural trade patterns sustainable when it comes to the medium of soil. Notwithstanding, trade policy is of growing importance to soil protection, biodiversity preservation, deforestation, land degradation and desertification. Soil is key in this regard not only because it is the world's second-largest carbon sink after the oceans. Unsustainable trade in agricultural commodities should increasingly be seen in light of an industrial transition to increased climate neutrality and decarbonisation. This in turn should be guided by the leitmotiv – in times of climate change - to place soil protection for sustainable food security at the centre of any economic policy, also in terms of the rules on international trade in agriculture under the WTO.

This study examines the effect of digitalization on the internationalization of new ventures and further investigates the influence of a home country’s presence of institutional voids and digital infrastructure on the extent of internationalization by new ventures, with the prediction that a home country’s institutional voids and a weak digital infrastructure strengthen the positive relationship between new ventures’ digitalization and internationalization. Applying multilevel modeling on a sample of more than 6000 entrepreneurs from 62 countries the study offers empirical support for these predictions. The findings are robust to alternative specifications. Entrepreneurs using the internet to sell their products and services are more likely to focus on customers in foreign markets when they face institutional voids and a lack of digital infrastructure in their home countries. The study contributes as follows: From a theoretical view, it provides a better understanding of the boundary conditions of the digitalization-new venture internationalization linkage. From a practical perspective, the findings of the study suggest the complementary roles of institutional voids and digital infrastructure at home to help entrepreneurs grow domestically and facilitate their internationalization.

Please refer to full text to view abstract.