Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Sur le plan supranational en Afrique, le droit de la concurrence est visé par les systèmes d’intégration existants ou émergents comme ceux de l’UEMOA en Afrique de l’Ouest et de la CEMAC en Afrique centrale. Par contre, jusqu’à l’heure actuelle, l’Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA) ne s’occupe pas du droit de la concurrence, ce qui pose la question de savoir si l’OHADA devrait avoir un rôle à jouer dans ce domaine. Le présent article aborde cette question dans une perspective européenne, en analysant l’approche de l’Union européenne en matière d’harmonisation du droit de la concurrence de ses États membres. En particulier, cette analyse met en relief les particularités du droit de la concurrence par rapport à d’autres matières du droit des affaires. Ces particularités peuvent expliquer les raisons pour lesquelles l’UE, jusqu’à maintenant, n’a pas harmonisé le droit de la concurrence dans les États membres. Mais la nécessité d’appliquer le droit de l’Union d’une manière décentralisée et les règles procédurales qui en résultent ont abouti à une harmonisation « souple » des droits nationaux. Pour l’OHADA, l’expérience européenne explique que la création d’une loi uniforme, en conformité avec l’approche traditionnelle de l’OHADA, ou la création d’un droit de la concurrence supranational de l’OHADA, qui s’ajouterait aux systèmes existants, ne produiraient guère des réponses adéquates. Par contre, l’article propose la création d’une politique concurrentielle pour l’Afrique, basée sur des recommandations ou des lignes directrices non contraignantes, qui pourraient être appliquées par les autorités nationales et supranationales existantes ou émergentes en Afrique subsaharienne. De même, il fait l’analyse critique de la politique de l’UE envers les pays en développement qui, dans le cadre des négociations pour des accords de partenariat économique (APE), pourrait facilement mener à un « regroupement géographique » des systèmes d’intégration économique en Afrique. Par conséquent, l’Europe ferait mieux de promouvoir l’idée d’un centre de politique de la concurrence africain qui, en formulant des recommandations ou des lignes directrices relatives à la politique de la concurrence pour l’Afrique, contribuerait davantage au développement durable des économies africaines et à leur intégration dans l’économie mondialisée.

Haksız rekabet hukuku, ticarî hayatın gerektirdiği dürüstlüğü sağlamak ve rekabet etme serbestîsini bu yönden sınırlamak amacıyla ortaya çıkmıştır. İlk olarak, haksız rekabet eyleminden zarar gören rakiplerin menfaatleri(ekonomik kişilikleri) korunmuştur. Daha sonra, rakibin kişiliği ile doğrudan bağlantısı bulunmayan ve hattâ rakip olmayanların menfaatlerinin de(müşteri, tüketici) zarar görebildiği farklı haksız rekabet eylemlerinin ortaya çıkması neticesinde, dürüst rekabetin temin edilmesinde, sadece rakiplerin değil; toplumun(tüketici dahil) da menfaatinin bulunduğu kabul edilmiştir. Bu yaklaşım, haksız rekabet hukuku ile korunan menfaat çevresinin genişlemesine zemin oluşturmuştur.Kartel kanunlarının etkisiyle, haksız rekabet hukukunun da tıpkı rekabetin korunması hukuku gibi, rekabet serbestisini ve rekabeti kurum olarak koruduğu, bu sebeple, ekonomik düzenin gerçekleşmesine katkıda bulunduğu ve ekonomi politikaları ile ilgisinin olduğu ileri sürülmüş ve uygulama alanının genişletilmesi önerilmişse de, bu görüşler kalıcı olamamıştır.Haksız rekabet ile ilgili düzenlemelerin(1986 tarihli İsviçre Haksız Rekabete Karşı Kanunu, 2004 tarihli Alman Haksız Rekabet Kanunu ve Temmuz 2012'de yürürlüğe girecek olan 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu'nun haksız rekabetle ilgili hükümleri) amacı, tüm ilgililerin lehine dürüst ve bozulmamış rekabeti temin etmektir. "Bozulmamış rekabet" kavramından, piyasa ekonomisi kurumu olarak rekabetin bozulması anlaşılmamalıdır. Haksız rekabet hukuku, dürüstlük kurallarına aykırı davranışın, ilgili mal ya da hizmetin tedavülü ile bağlantısı olan çevrelerin pazar davranışını ve böylelikle pazara katılanlar arasındaki ilişkileri etkileyip etkilemediği ile ilgilenir. Davranışın ya da kullanılan yöntemin, salt aldatıcı nitelikte olmasından hareketle haksız rekabet teşkil ettiği söylenemez. Bu nedenle, haksız rekabetle ilgili düzenlemelerin amacının, pazara katılanlar bakımından dürüst ve bozulmamış rekabetin temini olarak yorumlanması gerektiğini düşünüyoruz.Öte yandan, belli bir pazar gücüne sahip teşebbüslerin, piyasa yapısı üzerinde, rekabeti bütünüyle ya da önemli ölçüde ortadan kaldırabilecek düzeydeki uygulamaları, haksız rekabet hukukunun uygulama alanı içerisinde değerlendirilemez. Pazar gücünün denetimi ve piyasa yapısının korunması, münhasıran rekabetin korunması hukukunun konularıdır. Dolayısıyla, haksız rekabet hukuku ve rekabetin korunması hukuku, farklı açılardan rekabet kurumunun korunmasına hizmet etmektedir. Unfair competition law aims at assuring fairness in commercial affairs and restricting the freedom of competition from this respect. Firstly, the interests(the economic personality) of competitors who were damaged by the unfair competition act were protected. Next, as a result of different unfair competition acts which are not directly related to the personality of the competitor and even by which the interests of non-competitors might be damaged(client, consumer), it has been accepted that not only the competitors, but, also the public(including consumer) has an interest on the assurance of fair competition. This approach has established a basis for the enlargement of the scope of protected interests.Under the influence of cartel laws, it has been claimed that, like competition law, unfair competition law protects the freedom of competition and the competition itself as an institution and therefore, unfair competition law contributes to the settlement of economic order and has a relation with economy policies and its scope of application should be extended. Nonetheless, this idea did not remain.The aim of the unfair competition rules(Swiss Code Against Unfair Competition, German Act Against Unfair Competition and the provisions on unfair competition of Turkish Commercial Code which shall enter into force by July 2012) is in favour of all concerned parties, to assure fair and undistorted competition. By the concept of "undistorted competition", it should not be understood the distortion of competition as an institution of market economy. Unfair competition law is concerned with whether the unfair conduct influences or not the market behaviour of the milieu, which is related to the exchange of the concerned good or service, and eventually the relations between market participants. The conduct or the applied method could not be qualified as unfair competition, solely by its deceptive nature. For this reason, the aim of the unfair competition rules should be interpreted as the assurance of fair and undistorted competition with respect to the market participants.However, the practices of enterprises with certain market power, which could annihilate, completely or to a considerable extent, the competition in the market could not be treated in scope of unfair competition law. The control of market power and the protection of market structure are exclusively the matters of competition law. Therefore, unfair competition law and competition law serve to the protection of competition as an institution from different aspects.

Competition law and intellectual property rights (IPRs) have evolved historically as two separate systems of law. There is a considerable overlap in the goals of the two systems of law because both are aimed at promoting innovation and economic growth. Yet there are also potential conflicts owing to the means used by each system to promote those goals. IP laws generally offer a right of exclusive use and exploitation to provide a reward to the innovator, to provide an incentive to other innovators and to bring into the public domain innovative information that might otherwise remain trade secrets. Competition authorities regulate near monopolies, mergers and commercial agreements with the aim of maintaining effective competition in markets. This article introduces the concept of IPRs and Competition law. It highlights important areas of conflict between the two laws and also deals with the Indian antitrust law. It concludes by trying to harmonize the conflicts.