Bibliographie sélective OHADA

The vast number of commercial transactions that take place daily in the modern business world will be inconceivable without negotiable instruments like cheques. This is the reason why the recovery of debts inherent in cheques without cover has been given the attention it deserves within the CEMAC Region under the OHADA Uniform Act on Business Law. The OHADA Uniform Act on Simplified Recovery Procedure and Enforcement Measures has instituted a procedure in the member states of the OHADA zone to recover debts of a company when it eventually goes bankrupt or when it winds up. It should however be understood that all the member states of CEMAC are OHADA signatories. This ipso facto means that Cameroon being a member of CEMAC, with its bi jural nature, where the Common Law and Civil law legal systems operates in the Former West Cameroon and Former East Cameroon respectively, both parts of the country are bound to implement the OHADA Uniform Act in their various jurisdictions. The Uniform Act on Simplified Recovery Procedures and Enforcement Measures was issued on the 10th of April 1998. Like the Uniform Act on Securities, this Act overlaps the bound of pure business law in that it effects a general reform of civil procedure in relation to recovery and enforcement. The reform was indispensable of the OHADA Member States, only Mali had, in 1994, put in place a modern system that was suited to present day economic and social conditions. Otherwise, the relevant legislation dated, at best from the 1970s and in several cases from colonial times. The OHADA Uniform Act governs commercial companies and Economic Interest groups. Since banks are commercial companies governed under Public Limited Companies S. As , they are equally governed by the OHADA Uniform Act. Thus, this paper questions the potentials of the OHADA Simplified Recovery Procedure and Enforcement Measures in relation to the special mechanisms for the Recovery of Debts inherent in cheques without cover in Cameroon.

Personal property security law is a key element of “access to credit” and “financial inclusion”. The prevailing view is that a legal framework enabling the effective use of personal property as collateral markedly benefits both lenders and borrowers. Lenders can offer financing at a lower cost thanks to reduced credit risk; borrowers can access funding by leveraging the otherwise unavailable value of the assets integral to their operations. Over the past century, the priorities of personal property security law have evolved fundamentally. As small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and individual entrepreneurs have become the growth engine of both developed and developing economies, legislators have grown sensitive to the financing needs of these entities. In parallel, the advent of the information society has demanded that lawmakers address squarely the rules governing the use as collateral of intangibles such as “receivables”, “intermediated securities”, “non-intermediated securities”, and “intellectual property rights”, rather than confine their gaze to tangibles such as industrial machinery, mobile equipment and inventory. Concurrently, the increasingly transnational nature of both economic development policies and commercial activity have engendered the need for global principles and standards for asset-based lending. To address these novel priorities and promote a healthy and vibrant credit ecosystem, international and regional organizations have undertaken projects aimed at modernizing and harmonizing personal property security law. Over time, these efforts have yielded a panoply of legal instruments. Binding conventions have been adopted to unify the rules of discrete facets of personal property security law, while soft-law texts, such as model laws and legislative guides, have been formulated to supply comprehensive legal templates to lawmakers keen to revise their domestic legal regimes. Nevertheless, states have struggled to assimilate these international efforts into their domestic legal systems. Common law jurisdictions have been loath to abandon the familiarity and safety of the path paved by centuries of case law; in similar vein, civil law jurisdictions have resisted inducements to renovate the normative infrastructure erected by the codifications of the 19th century. This Chapter explores the tension between international ambitions and local realities, with a special focus on the issues encountered in civil law jurisdictions. To this end, the case of Italy is examined as a living experiment in comparative personal property security law. In this jurisdiction, the recent enactment of a non-possessory security device, absent a comprehensive reform of the country’s civil code affords important lessons for any civil law system which might be pondering personal property security law reforms. More profoundly, it epitomizes the gap that separates the aspirations of international legal instruments from their effective implementation in domestic contexts. This analysis is divided into two parts. The first reviews international and regional legal initiatives that have shaped the personal property law landscape and then identifies a set of core tenets shared among them. In the second part, attention shifts to Italy, scrutinizing both the personal property security legal edifice originally constructed in this jurisdiction and the attempts to overhaul it that have taken place over the past three decades. This is followed by a critical appraisal of the current state of the law, by reference to the aforementioned core tenets of personal property law reform.

This research questions the capacity of the OHADA accounting system to report on the societal commitment of companies. To carry out such a study, we are interested in the companies of the Douala Stock Exchange, which permanently publish green operations. The analysis was done at two levels: the first level of analysis highlighted the categories of green operations reported by the companies of our sample. The second level of analysis consisted in analysing the financial statements produced by these companies, in order to see in which accounts green transactions are recorded. The analysis reveals that, apart from some additional clarifications to be made in the appendices, the financial statements produced according to OHADA do not specifically highlight green information.

Le commissaire aux comptes est un acteur incontournable dans la vie des sociétés commerciales. En effet, cet organe désigné extérieurement à la société est chargé du contrôle des comptes de la société, dont il doit attester qu'ils donnent une image fidèle de l’entreprise contrôlée. Pour ce faire, il doit jouir d'une indépendance pour mener à bien sa mission. Cependant, certains facteurs, en 1 'occurrence, le mode de sa désignation et de sa rémunération, conjugué au caractère illimité de son mandat, paraissent mettre à mal l'indépendance nécessaire pour l'accomplissement de la mission du commissaire aux comptes qui, à bien des égards, s'apparente à une mission de service public.

L'articulation entre le droit des biens et celui des sociétés commerciales n'est pas aisé dans l'usufruit des titres sociaux à cause d'une répartition inadaptée des pouvoirs. L'usufruitier de titres sociaux a les attributs d'associé sans en avoir la qualité qui est exclusive au nu propriétaire. Ce dernier est un associé dépouillé des utilités essentielles des titres sociaux. L'affaiblissement récurent des prérogatives de l'usufruitier est un obstacle à l'exercice de la plénitude de ses pouvoirs dans la réalisation du profit. L'heure semble être à la reconnaissance de la qualité d'associé à l'usufruitier pour une meilleure adaptation du droit des biens à des fins sociétaires.

Face à la mondialisation des économies et la globalisation des marchés, le désire d’avoir un langage commun s’est de plus en plus fait ressenti. Pour assoupir ce besoin plusieurs pays  ont jugé opportun d’adopter les normes IFRS pour des informations de qualité et comparable à travers le monde. C’est dans cet  élan que  l’espace OHADA  décide en 2017 d’harmoniser ses normes à celles d’IFRS. L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser la perception des acteurs sur l’harmonisation des normes OHADA et IFRS. Cette étude qualitative s’appuie sur une population de 16 individus composés d’académiciens et de praticiens de la comptabilité. Les résultats de l’étude révèlent que l’harmonisation du SYSCOHADA aux IFRS était souhaitable mais que certains points de convergences restent questionnable. De plus on ne saurait parler dans le processus d’harmonisation des normes OHADA et des normes IFRS, d’une adoption pure et simple des normes IFRS, mais plutôt d’une adaptation des normes OHADA aux normes IFRS en tenant compte des caractéristiques des pays de l’espace OHADA.

Les certifications, y compris Fairtrade, misent sur les petites coopératives et sur des partenariats « engagés » pour promouvoir des moyens d’existence durables. Dans la filière du cacao en Côte d’Ivoire, marquée par l’appauvrissement des planteurs, ces derniers se méfient des coopératives. Les bénéfices attendus des certifications, dont le label Fairtrade, paraissent faibles. L’objectif de cet article est d’entrer dans la « boîte noire » de 80 coopératives : composition des équipes dirigeantes, gestion de la prime et du prix minimum garanti. Il montre que la majorité des coopératives constituent une simple « conversion » du statut d’entreprises privées préexistantes, sans réel collectif ni adhésion aux valeurs coopératives. Les conditions ne sont pas réunies pour une gestion collective et démocratique des bénéfices issus des labels dits « de développement durable » dont la crédibilité est ébranlée.

Strategic objectives in public procurement, such as environmental or social considerations, are being increasingly referred to under the umbrella term of sustainable public procurement (SPP). The concept of sustainability is intrinsically multidimensional, encompassing environmental, social, and economic aspects. However, the existing literature on SPP highlights the generalization that the regulation and practices of public procurement are biased toward the environmental dimension. There is conflicting evidence from countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) that calls for further investigation. Analyzing how SPP is actually constituted in SSA and contrasting it with the situation in the European Union (EU), as a spotlight on the Global South and North, contributes to a better understanding of sustainability in public procurement. The comparative analysis will help with understanding processes related to the integration or disintegration of sustainability dimensions in SPP. Our results indicate a contrary orientation on the environmental and the social dimensions in the EU and SSA. Although there is no sign of a comprehensive integration of all dimensions in SPP, there are developments toward the integration of the ‘missing’ dimension in the respective regional setting. Thus, at the moment, achieving a multidimensional implementation of SPP appears to be more a matter of expanding SPP practices of the ‘missing’ dimension than of pushing for integrated concepts.

Accounting standardization in black African French-speaking countries is presented through two streams of research. The first stream presents the general chart of accounts common to all these countries as an accounting model which reconciles the divergences between the Anglo-Saxon and continental approaches to accounting, and thereby satisfies the requirements of users of accounting information. The second stream considers that the convergence towards IAS/IFRS is a vital way of attracting international investors and increasing development. This article stands by the second perspective and analyzes the changes introduced in the PCG-OHADA (2017) compared to the PCG-OHADA (2000). It shows that the new provisions of the PCG-OHADA are mainly inspired by IAS 1, IAS 16, IAS 19, IAS 36, IAS 38, IAS 40, and IFRS 6.

Résumé : L’apport en industrie est l’un des apports qu’une personne physique ou morale peut mettre dans une société à côté de la forme numéraire et de celui en nature. L’article 416 du code civil algérien qui le prévoit ne donne aucune définition à ce type d’apport, pas plus que le code de commerce. L’apport en industrie constitue un atout précieux pour les sociétés, puisqu’il recouvre les connaissances techniques et professionnelles, l’activité, le savoir faire et la notoriété. Ce type d’apport présente des caractéristiques spécifiques et soumis à un régime juridique particulier. Il peut être réalisé dans certains types de sociétés notamment au sein des sociétés de personnes : telles que la société en nom collectif(CNC), la société à commandité simple(SCS) et la société en participation(SP).Son introduction au sein des SARL a vu le jour à partir de 2015, suite aux modifications apportées au code de commerce algérien. Néanmoins, il reste interdit dans les sociétés par actions et les sociétés en commandité par action du fait qu’il ne rentre pas dans la formation du capital social , contrairement à l’apport en numéraire et celui en nature, il ne peut en aucun cas faire objet d’une exécution forcée par les créanciers des dites sociétés .L’apport en industrie permet de valoriser le capital humain en plus du capital financier, mais celui-ci reste lié à la personne de l’apporteur par son caractère d’intuitu-personae, il ne peut être transmissible ni cessible. Abstract: Industry contribution is a contribution made by a natural person or legal entity when setting-up the company, in addition to cash considerations and in-kind contributions. Article 416 of the Algerian Civil Code, which provides for the possibility of bringing industry contribution, does not give any definition to this type of contribution, any more than the Commercial Code, although industry contribution represents an important and significant asset for trading companies as it represents technical and professional knowledge, know-how and reputation. Industry contribution has certain characteristics that are distinct from cash considerations and in-kind contributions and is subject to a legal regime specific to the same. As far as the area of industry contribution is concerned, it occurs usually in partnerships such as general partnerships, limited partnerships and joint venture companies. This type of contribution has been implicated in limited liability companies from 2015, following the amendments of the Algerian Commercial Code. Nevertheless, it remains prohibited in investment companies, especially shareholding companies and joint stock companies, as they do not contribute to the formation of the company's share capital, in contrast to cash consideration and in-kind contribution, and it is not subject to specific performance by the creditors of these companies. Although industry contribution allows the development of human capital in addition to financial capital, it remains inherent in the shareholder's person, and thus, it can neither be transferable nor assignable. ملخص: تمثل الحصة من عمل في تلك المساهمة التي يقدمها الشخص الطبيعي أو الاعتباري عند تأسيس الشركة، إلى جانب المساهمة النقدية والعينية. لم تتناول المادة 416 من القانون المدني الجزائري التي نصت على إمكانية الإسهام بحصة من عمل على تعريف هذا النوع من المساهمة ولا حتى القانون التجاري، رغم ما تمثله الحصة من عمل من رصيد هام و معتبر للشركات التجارية، باعتبارها تمثل المعرفة التقنية و المهنية، النشاط ،الخبرة والسمعة. تتمتع الحصة من عمل بخصائص محددة و مميزة عن الحصة النقدية و العينية، وتخضع لنظام قانوني خاص بها. أما عن مجال المساهمة بالحصة من عمل، فعادة ما يكون في شركات الأشخاص كشركة التضامن، شركة التوصية البسيطة و شركة المحاصة. لقد تم إقحام المساهمة بهذا النوع من الحصة في الشركات ذات المسؤولية المحدودة ابتداء من2015، ولكن لا تزال هذه الحصة محظورة في شركات الأموال، لاسيما شركات المساهمة و شركات التوصية بالأسهم، باعتبارها لا تساهم في تكوين الرأس المال الاجتماعي للشركة خلافا للحصة النقدية و العينية، كما أنها لا تخضع للتنفيذ العيني من طرف دائني هذه الشركات. فبالرغم من أن الحصة من عمل تسمح بتطوير رأس المال البشري بالإضافة إلى رأس المال المالي، إلا أنها تبقى لصيقة بشخصية المساهم ، فهي لا تنتقل و لا يمكن التنازل عنها

In the case Micula A.O. v. Romania, the arbitration tribunal established under the auspices of the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) sentenced Romania to pay a compensation for the revocation of investment incentives and for the breach of fair and equitable treatment principle that had been laid down in a bilateral investment treaty between Sweden and Romania. Considering investment incentives as a breach of the EU regulations regarding state aids, the European Commission then rendered a directive, prohibiting the enforcement of the arbitration award by the member states. As articles 53 and 54 of ICSID emphasize that the awards are binding, the EU Commission’s act of rendering the aforementioned directive, and the member states refusal to comply with the award equals to giving the EU law primacy over international law, which should be considered as a breach of their international obligations. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this article seeks to explain the viewpoints of the parties and the courts which were asked to enforce the award, as well as to determine the nature of their acts.

The assessment of the investor’s nationality is of utmost relevance to determine the arbitral tribunal’s jurisdiction in Investor-State Arbitration. In treaty-based arbitration the investor must give evidence that is protected by the BIT, which means that he must have the nationality of the State party to the BIT that is not the host State. The case law considers irrelevant the fact that the investor possesses another nationality besides the nationality of the State party to the BIT and considers also irrelevant the fact that the invoked nationality is not the dominant one. Things get more serious if the investor has also the nationality of the host State (double nationality). In this scenario the investor cannot launch an ICSID arbitration against the host State because the Washington Convention forbids it. The possibility of an ad hoc arbitration is subject to the interpretation of the applicable BIT which has led to an unstable case law both because the BITs are not all equal and because different tribunals have analyzed the dominant nationality doctrine in different ways. A determinação da nacionalidade do investidor é um dos elementos mais importantes para a verificação da jurisdição dos tribunais arbitrais nas arbitragens de proteção de investimentos. Nas arbitragens baseadas em BIT (bilateral investment treaties) o investidor que inicia a arbitragem tem de demonstrar que está protegido pelo BIT que pretende invocar, pelo que terá de possuir a nacionalidade do Estado parte nesse mesmo BIT, que não seja o Estado onde o investimento foi realizado. A jurisprudência tem considerado irrelevante o facto de o investidor poder ter outras nacionalidades, para além da nacionalidade do Estado parte no BIT, desvalorizando igualmente o facto de essa nacionalidade não ser a nacionalidade dominante do investidor. Tudo se complica no caso de o investidor possuir igualmente a nacionalidade do Estado onde o investimento foi realizado. Nesse caso o investidor não poderá iniciar uma arbitragem com base no ICSID tendo em conta que a Convenção de Washington veda essa possibilidade. Já no caso de arbitragens ad hoc tudo dependerá da interpretação do BIT em concreto, o que tem levado a uma flutuação jurisprudencial, seja porque os BIT são diferentes, seja porque tem havido diferentes abordagens jurisprudenciais quanto à relevância da nacionalidade dominante.

En l’espace d’une dizaine d’années, de nombreux pays ont adopté un cadre juridique régissant l’économie sociale et solidaire (ESS). L’intérêt pour le secteur est également grandissant dans les organisations internationales, y compris les Nations unies. En comparant les législations relatives à l’ESS à travers le monde, les auteurs montrent que les intitulés choisis pour qualifier le secteur, la définition des principes essentiels, le périmètre des formes statutaires incluses, ainsi que les modes d’institutionnalisation sont variables en fonction des contextes économiques, sociaux, culturels et politiques des pays concernés. Néanmoins, les points de convergence sont nombreux et une culture juridique mondiale commune de l’ESS et de son entreprise semble s’esquisser. En el espacio de una década, muchos países han adoptado un marco jurídico que regule la economía social y solidaria (ESS). El interés en el sector es también creciente en las organizaciones internacionales, incluidas las Naciones Unidas. Comparando las legislaciones relativas a la ESS en todo el mundo, los autores muestran que los términos seleccionados para calificar el sector, la definición de los principios fundamentales, el perímetro de las formas legales incluidas, así como los modos de institucionalización cambian en función de los contextos económicos, sociales, culturales y políticos de los países concernientes. Sin embargo, son muchos los puntos de convergencia y parece que se esta dibujando una cultura jurídica mundial común a la ESS y a su modelo de empresa.