Analyser le travail en Afrique avec les concepts importés - Nkuitchou Nkouatchet, Raoul (Revue africaine des sciences humaines et sociales, 2022)
Des centaines de millions d’hommes et de femmes pratiquent une activité quotidienne de travail sur le continent africain, et pourtant la notion de travail y demeure relativement mystérieuse. Il arrive même encore assez souvent en Afrique subsaharienne [ASS] qu’on considère le travail comme la « chose du Blanc ». L’objectif de cet article est d’interroger cette dissonance, c’est-à-dire dans une large mesure le statut des connaissances sur le travail en ASS. En nous appuyant sur une recherche-action en cours, aussi sur une démarche propre à l'anthropologie et à la sociologie qualitative, qui suggèrent quelques “bricolages méthodologiques”, nous proposons que toute réflexion sur la source des théories et des compétences mobilisées pour traiter des résonances du travail dans la région, commence par l’examen de la dépendance de ce sous-continent vis-à-vis de l’ancienne puissance colonisatrice. Ensuite, faire l’inventaire des ressources cognitives disponibles localement et prendre acte que la circulation des connaissances est une composante de la mondialisation, est une étape importante. Enfin, essayer d’échapper à l’autorité pesante d’un Père abusif est une voie de réconciliation entre les besoins scientifiques du Sud et les ressources qu’offre le Nord En dépit des transformations considérables qui ont eu lieu sur le continent africain au cours des dernières décennies, et qui ont notamment placé l’emploi au coeur de la vie économique et sociale, le concept de travail reste mystérieux pour le plus grand nombre. Le travail – dans son acceptation moderne – y est encore assez souvent considéré comme la « chose du Blanc ». Il est vrai que tel qu’il est saisi par l’économie politique, et les sciences humaines et sociales en général, le travail est une notion essentiellement exogène. Sur la base d’une recherche-action en cours, que nous menons sur la possibilité de mettre sur pied un réseau d’experts en relations professionnelles en Afrique subsaharienne [ASS], nous étudierons le statut des connaissances mobilisées pour traiter des résonnances du travail dans la sous-région. Nous le ferons en quatre temps. Dans une note méthodologique, nous présenterons la problématique de notre essai ainsi que l’hypothèse principale (1) ; ensuite nous nous pencherons sur la dépendance de l’ASS, qui est au fondement de la relation entre l’Afrique et l’Occident (2). Après, nous verrons comment la circulation des connaissances est une composante de la mondialisation, et participe à ce titre de l’un des grands enjeux de la modernité (3) ; et enfin nous examinerons le caractère potentiellement abusif de la domination épistémique du Nord sur le Sud, et comment l’Afrique pourrait s’y prendre pour y échapper (4). Hundreds of millions of men and women are engaged in daily work on the African continent, yet the notion of work remains relatively mysterious. In fact, in sub-Saharan Africa [SSA], work is still often considered to be a "White man's thing". The aim of this article is to interrogate this dissonance, i.e. to a large extent the status of knowledge about work in SSA. Drawing on ongoing action research, as well as on an approach specific to anthropology and qualitative sociology, which suggest some "methodological bricolages", we propose that any reflection on the source of theories and skills mobilized to address the resonances of work in the region, should begin by examining the dependence of this subcontinent on the former colonizing power. Next, taking stock of locally available cognitive resources and recognizing that the circulation of knowledge is a component of globalization is an important step. Finally, trying to escape the heavy authority of an abusive Father is a way of reconciling the scientific needs of the South with the resources offered by the North.
Keywords: Analyse du travail; Circulation des connaissances; Circulation of knowledge; Colonisation; Colonization; Dependency; Dépendance; Globalization; Mondialisation; Work analysis

Le droit au logement dans les ordres juridiques des Etats d'Afrique de l'Ouest au regard des normes internationales de protection des droits de l'Homme - Traoré, Abdoulaye (Université Paris 1, 2022)
Le droit international reconnaît le droit de chacun à un niveau de vie suffisant, notamment à un logement convenable. Les États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest étudiés, en l’occurrence la Côte d’Ivoire, le Bénin, le Burkina-Faso, le Ghana, le Mali, le Nigeria, le Sénégal et le Togo, sont devenus parties à un certain nombre de traités internationaux qui reconnaissent ce droit. Conformément aux prescriptions internationales qui leur sont opposables, ces États ont procédé à une reconnaissance constitutionnelle expresse et implicite de ce droit qui n’est toutefois pas toujours sans ambiguïtés. De même, leurs législations, notamment en matière de bail, d'urbanisme, de foncier ou de fonction publique, ont tôt fait d’affirmer des pans du droit au logement. Malgré cela, nombre de leurs ressortissants ne sont pas encore convenablement logés au sens où l’entendent les organes de contrôle du respect des droits de l’homme. Les initiatives législatives sont en effet largement dépourvues d’effet pratique de sorte que ce droit est très peu effectif. On observe ainsi que les juges étatiques, qu’ils soient judiciaires, administratifs ou constitutionnels ont du mal à protéger le droit au logement ou du moins n’arrivent pas à protéger l’habitat. Les indicateurs tendent même à montrer une dégradation du droit au logement, par la dégradation continue des conditions de vie des groupes les plus vulnérables. Face à cette situation, il est nécessaire de renforcer le cadre normatif et plus généralement juridique du droit au logement pour une meilleure efficacité dans la sanction des violations du droit au logement.
Keywords: Afrique de l'Ouest; Droit au logement; Droits de l'Homme (droit international); Droits économiques et sociaux; Droits économiques sociaux et culturels; Economic social and cultural rights; Justiciability; Justiciabilité; Right to housing; West Africa

De quelques Innovations apportées par le Système comptable OHADA révisé - Mbumba Phambu, Richard; Nzila Nkuka, Hippolyte (Revue Internationale du Chercheur, 2022)
Avec l’adhésion tardive de la République Démocratique du Congo à l’espace OHADA, il s’est posé les problèmes de vulgarisation à grande échelle et d’appropriation de l’ancien acte par les différents utilisateurs. Avec la révision de l’ancien acte menant vers les IFRS, les mêmes problèmes se posent encore avec acuité. Dans le souci de faciliter l’appropriation du nouvel acte comptable de l’OHADA, cette étude tente de ressortir à l’attention des théoriciens et praticiens de la comptabilité exerçant dans l’espace OHADA, quelques innovations majeures et améliorations opérées dans l’acte uniforme relatif au droit comptable et à l’information financière. Celles-ci se rapportent aux traitements des charges immobilisées, des frais de recherche et développement, des contrats pluri-exercices, des frais accessoires d’achat, les instruments de monnaies électroniques, l’approche par composant et l’attribution gratuite d’actions au personnel et dirigeant. Nous procéderons par analyse comparative des traitements comptables de l’ancien acte à ceux de l’acte révisé.
Keywords: AUDCIF; AUOHCE; Comptabilité; OHADA révisé; Système comptable

Continuité du contrat de travail et traitement des difficultés des entreprises en Droit OHADA à l'épreuve du Covid-19 - Koné, Jonathan Péléni (Village de la Justice, 2022)
La situation des entreprises et celle des travailleurs est sans contester au cœur de toute activité économique et à l’épicentre de la crise sanitaire du Covid-19. Cette situation relève dès lors des réalités économiques, juridiques, politiques, sociales, nationales et internationales.
Section: Droit

Le droit de la prévention à l'aune des sciences du travail : droit et régulation du travail réel - Bouldi, Nadia (Université de Lille, 2022)
Notre thèse présente un caractère interdisciplinaire : son assise se situe dans le champ du droit, tout en s’inscrivant dans celui de l’ergonomie. Cette recherche met en lumière les contours du droit de la prévention de la santé au travail. Cette matière se développe parallèlement et consubstantiellement à la précision des faits scientifiques, en particulier ceux forgés par l’ergonomie de l’activité, discipline qui se fonde sur le principe de l’adaptation du travail à l’Homme, par le développement des personnes et des organisations. Aussi, le droit de la prévention définit un ensemble d’espaces d’expression et de délibération sur le travail, articulés avec des temps de prises de décision. L’usage de ces ressources porte le potentiel d’un réel processus démocratique pour la prise de décision, régulant les contours de l’organisation, à l’échelle la plus idoine dans l’entreprise ou la branche. En cela, ce droit invite à dépasser la relation de subordination caractérisant la relation de travail, et ce, en se donnant comme objectif le développement des personnes et des organisations. Pour un usage efficient de ces ressources, accompagner les acteurs de la prévention ‒ sans les déposséder de leurs rôles ‒ relève souvent d’un enjeu. L’expertise fondée sur l’intervention capacitante présente un intérêt pour cette mise en place. Par ailleurs, le droit de la prévention se rénove grâce, au moins, à trois vecteurs : le débat doctrinal véhiculant les différentes approches scientifiques, la jurisprudence qui adapte le prescrit du droit en fonction des rappels du réel, et le processus de prélégislation qui s’inspire des usages réels.
Keywords: Droit de la prévention; Droit de la santé au travail; Droit du travail; Ergonomie; Hygiène du travail; Interdisciplinarity; Interdisciplinarité; Interdisiplinarité; Labor Law; Labour law; Occupational Ergonomics; Occupational Sciences; Occupational health Law; Participation des travailleurs; Prevention Law; Prévention; Risques professionnels; Sciences du travail; Sécurité du travail

La création d’entreprises dans l’espace OHADA : état des lieux, défis et perspectives de croissance - ERSUMA - OHADA (2022)

L'usage de la donnée médicale : Contribution à l'étude du droit des données - Voillemet, Agathe (Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, 2022)
Appartenant à la catégorie des données de santé, la donnée médicale constitue un élément immatériel du corps humain généré à l’occasion de la prise en charge sanitaire du patient. En effet, la donnée médicale tend à réifier un état physiologique intrinsèque à la personne humaine en une information tangible et accessible. Il en advient que cette information authentique, attachée à la personne de laquelle elle émane, touche profondément à l’intimité de son hôte. En conséquence, la donnée médicale mérite une protection juridique accrue, indépendamment de son utilisation, à l’instant de sa génération. De surcroît, son usage nécessite d’être strictement encadré pendant que l’autodétermination informationnelle du patient concerné exige d’être précisément déterminée. Néanmoins, ni la protection de la donnée médicale, ni les droits que le patient détient à son égard ne doivent contrevenir à son traitement dans le domaine de la santé. Si la donnée médicale représente un élément immatériel du corps humain du patient, elle est également observée comme un matériau indispensable à la protection de la santé individuelle comme à la protection de la santé collective. D’une part, les services de soins de santé délivrés au patient reposent indispensablement sur la collecte, la circulation et l’analyse de cet outil médical. A l’évidence, toute décision sanitaire ne peut être prise, par les professionnels de santé, qu’à l’appui de ces informations particulières. D’autre part, la donnée médicale constitue le matériau de recherche des acteurs participant à l’innovation sanitaire ainsi qu’aux activités connexes à la santé publique. Assurément, le développement, l’amélioration et la protection de la santé collective reposent inextricablement sur le traitement des données médicales des membres de la société. Force est d’observer que la donnée médicale est devenue un instrument sanitaire globalisé dont l’exploitation est impérieusement nécessaire pour la prise en charge individuelle du patient comme pour l’exercice de la santé publique. Le traitement de la donnée médicale apparaît donc comme un impératif sanitaire entrainant une diminution des droits qui lui sont effectivement reconnus à l’égard des éléments immatériels de son corps humain. Au surplus, le patient aurait même le devoir de collaborer à sa prise en charge sanitaire en favorisant le traitement de ses informations capitales ; ainsi que le devoir de placer ses données médicales à la disposition de tout projet concourant à la santé publique au profit de l’intérêt général. Néanmoins, la restriction de l’autodétermination informationnelle du patient sur sa donnée médicale ne constitue-t-elle pas une atteinte à son droit fondamental à la protection des données personnelles ? Il en résulte des points de tension entre l’autodétermination informationnelle du patient envers sa donnée médicale, l’incontournable utilité de cet instrument sanitaire par-delà le colloque singulier, et le nécessaire renforcement de la protection de cet élément immatériel et confidentiel issu du corps humain. Seulement, la donnée médicale ne bénéficie d’aucun encadrement juridique permettant de considérer ses spécificités, ses enjeux, et les risques inhérents à sa création comme à son usage. Les présents travaux ont alors pour objet de démontrer l’inadaptation du droit positif aux particularités de la donnée médicale et prétendent à concevoir un cadre juridique qui lui serait dédié. Pendant que la sacralisation de la donnée médicale affirmerait sa sauvegarde, son exploitation serait favorisée par la redéfinition des prérogatives et des obligations que le patient disposerait à son égard : d’abord lorsqu’elle est traitée aux fins de sa prise en charge sanitaire, mais également lorsqu’elle fait l’objet d’une réutilisation à des fins de recherche, d’innovation et de santé publique. Belonging to the health data category, medical data is an intangible element of the human body generated during the health care of the patient. Indeed, medical data tends to reify a physiological state intrinsic to the human person into tangible and accessible information. It happens that this authentic information, attached to the person from whom it emanates, deeply touches the intimacy of its host. As a result, medical data deserves increased legal protection, regardless of its use, at the moment of its generation. Moreover, its use needs to be strictly regulated while the empowerment of the patient concerned needs to be precisely determined. Nevertheless, neither the protection of medical data nor the rights held by the patient towards himself must contravene his processing in the field of health. If medical data represents an immaterial element of the patient's human body, it is also observed as an indispensable material for the protection of individual health as well as for the protection of collective health. On one hand, the health care services provided to the patient are essentially based on the collection, circulation and analysis of this medical tool. Clearly, any health decision can only be taken by health professionals in support of this particular information. On the other hand, medical data is the research material of actors involved in health innovation as well as activities related to public health. Certainly, the development, improvement and protection of collective health depend inextricably on the processing of medical data of members of the society. It must be observed that medical data has become a globalised health instrument whose exploitation is imperatively necessary for the individual management of the patient as well as for the exercise of public health. The processing of medical data therefore appears to be a health imperative leading to a reduction a decrease in the agreed rights actually in regard to immaterial elements of its human body. In addition, the patient would even have the duty to collaborate in his health care by promoting the processing of this crucial and vital information ; along with the duty to place his medical data at the disposal of any project contributing to public health for the benefit of the public interest. Nevertheless, does not the restriction of the patient's empowerment over his medical data constitute an infringement of his fundamental right to the protection of personal data ? This results in tension points between the patient's empowerment towards his medical data, the unavoidable worth of this health instrument beyond the singular colloquium, and the necessary strengthening of this immaterial and confidential element from the human body. Thus, medical data does not benefit from any legal framework to consider its specificities, its stakes, and the risks inherent in its creation and use. The purpose of this work is then to demonstrate the inadequacy of positive law to the particularities of medical data and to design a legal framework dedicated to it. While the sacralization of medical data would affirm its preservation, its exploitation would be favoured by the redefinition of the prerogatives and obligations that the patient would have towards it : first when it is used for health care management but also when it is reused for research and innovation and public health purposes.
Keywords: Availability; Choses communes; Commons; Donnée médicale; Dossiers médicaux; Health care of the patient; Medical data; Mise à disposition; Prise en charge sanitaire; Protection de l'information (informatique); Protection des données personnelles; Protection of personal data; Public health; Santé publique

Le standard juridique : Essai d'une théorie générale à l'épreuve du droit des contrats - Zaffagnini, Marie (Université Côte d'Azur, 2022)
Le standard juridique, longtemps considéré comme une notion indéterminée à la technicité molle et à la variabilité menaçant la sécurité juridique, méritait pourtant d'être réhabilité. Son usage croissant par le législateur, sa capacité à adapter le droit aux contingences contemporaines le rendait effectivement digne d'intérêt. Les définitions qui avaient été proposées et retenues par une majorité l'avaient, pourtant, réduit à la qualité de notion indéterminée générique et ainsi confondu tour à tour avec la notion-cadre, le principe juridique ou les simples adjectifs et adverbes intégrés dans la règle. Il est apparu, dans cette perspective, que la classification des standards sous le prisme de l'idée de normalité, elle-même particulièrement confuse et abstraite, obscurcissait davantage une notion déjà en déficit de concrétisation. La voie que nous avons choisi de suivre était donc celle de la réobjectivation d'une technique juridique vieille et riche de plusieurs millénaires. Appréhendé par l'intermédiaire d'une méthode réductionniste, le standard juridique a été redéfini comme une sous-directive, dépendante et référée, d'application d'une directive référentielle, dotée de deux caractères déterminants : sa concrétisabilité et son objectivité. Cette définition, au carrefour d'une approche fonctionnelle et conceptuelle, devait subir l'épreuve de sa mise en pratique. C'est au droit des contrats que nous avons décidé de soumettre notre essai théorique. À la fois en quête de prévisibilité et de liberté, le contrat est le creuset d'antagonismes réfléchis. Le standard juridique, instrument à sa juste mesure, a ainsi été décrit comme le vecteur prépondérant d'objectivation et de concrétisation du principe d'équilibre contractuel interne et externe au contrat.
Keywords: Contrats; Droit des contrats; Normativité; Notions indéterminées; Notions-cadre; Principes juridiques; Référentiels; Standards juridiques; Sécurité juridique; Équilibre contractuel; Équité

Les principes généraux du droit de l'environnement et les conventions régionales dans la lutte contre la pollution marine en Afrique - Sow, Amadou (Université Paris 2, 2022)
Le problème de la dégradation de l’environnement n’est plus aujourd’hui celui de la rédaction de nouvelles conventions, même si tous les domaines ne sont pas encore couverts par le droit, mais bel et bien celui de l’effectivité et de la mise en application des normes en vigueur. Le plus souvent le droit existe mais il est inappliqué ou mal appliqué. Ceci soulève deux difficultés : l’une relative à la mise en œuvre du droit et, l’autre portant sur le contrôle de sa bonne application. Dans ce contexte, le continent africain ne peut œuvrer à son unité et son développement économique sans se soucier du changement climatique notamment dû aux gaz à effet de serre et de la destruction du milieu marin. Par ailleurs, l’Organisation pour l’harmonisation en Afrique de droit des affaires (OHADA) doit permettre à l’Afrique de progresser et d’œuvrer à la responsabilisation des entreprises en matière de protection de l’environnement et du climat. Face à ce vide juridique, l’OHADA devrait s’intéresser dans un proche avenir à l’adoption d’un acte uniforme relatif à la Responsabilité sociale et environnementale. La mise en œuvre des politiques environnementales et du droit qui en résulte nécessite une véritable révolution culturelle. Ainsi, ce sont les jeunes générations qui doivent recevoir une éducation adaptée sur les nouveaux enjeux écologiques. Si les principes généraux du droit de l’environnement contribuent de manière importante au développement de la soft law en droit international, il est plus étonnant de constater que le phénomène prend une importance croissante en droit interne. Au-delà des aspects juridiques formels, la mise en œuvre des conventions régionales imposera de relever d’autres défis, au premier rang desquels figure le renforcement des capacités institutionnelles des autorités nationales à concilier les impératifs économiques, sociaux et environnementaux. = The problem of environmental deterioration is not linked to the draft of new agreements anymore, even though not all fields are covered so far by the existing law, but to the efficiency of the norms in effect. Most often, law exists, but is badly applied or not applied at all. This leads to two problems: first, the implementation of law, and second, the control of its application. In this context, the African continent cannot achieve its unity and its economic development without caring of the sword of Damocles which is the global warming caused by greenhouse gases and environmental destruction. Furthermore, the OHADA (Organization for the Harmonization in Africa of Business Law) should allow Africa to significantly advance on the subject of the companies’ responsible behaviour in terms of environmental and climate protection. In order to fill this gap, the OHADA should adopt in the near future a Uniform Act concerning social and environmental responsibility. The implementation of environmental policies and the application of the norms arising from them require a cultural revolution. The young generations should receive an education which is adapted to the new ecological challenges. The principles contribute in an important way to the development of the soft law in international law, but it is even more surprising that this phenomenon is more and more important in national law. Beyond formal legal aspects, the implementation of regional agreements will be confronted to further challenges: first of all, the reinforcement of the national institutional authorities’ capacity to reconcile economic, social and environmental imperatives.
https://assasrecherche.u-paris2.fr/ori-oai-search/notice/view/2022ASSA0008
Keywords: Abidjan Convention; Afrique; Convention d'Abidjan; Droit international - Afrique; Droit international de l'environnement; Droit souple - Afrique; Ecological responsibility; Environnement; Environnement marin; Fonds marins (droit); International environmental law; Lois (application); Marine environment; Marine pollution; Pollueur-payeur; Polluter pays; Pollution de l'eau - Afrique; Pollution marine; Precautionary principle; Principe de précaution; Principe de prévention; Principle of prevention; Responsabilité sociétale; Responsabilité écologique; Soft law; West African coastal zone; Zone côtière ouest-africaine

Nanotechnologie(s), propriété intellectuelle et droits de l'homme - Kav Goseberg, Banu (Université Côte d'Azur, 2022)
Le monde de la nanotechnologie, le monde de l’infiniment petit, évolue rapidement. Cette branche relativement nouvelle des sciences attire de plus en plus l’intérêt de scientifiques, des entreprises, des Etats mais aussi celui de tout le monde. Il y a des nouveautés tous les ans et énormément d’argent et de temps de recherche est investi dans ce domaine. Le marché de la nanotechnologie en 2020 est estimé à plus de 70 milliards de dollars et grandit rapidement tous les ans. Le droit de la propriété est plus ancien. Les principes de base et les instruments de protection ont été mis en place bien avant l’arrivée de la nanotechnologie. Le droit de la propriété intellectuelle se veut universel et neutre et a été développé sans se concentrer sur certaines inventions, technologies ou œuvres en particulier. Dans ce contexte, il faut se demander comment protéger les nouveaux développements nanotechnologiques et les investissements et si le droit de la propriété intellectuelle propose suffisamment d’instruments. La question se pose si le droit existant peut être appliqué aux inventions de la nanotechnologie et comment le faire. Il faut rechercher comment le droit de la propriété intellectuelle peut à la fois protéger les intérêts des propriétaires et en même temps faire bénéficier la société du progrès scientifique. Également, vu que la nanotechnologie concerne en grande partie le développement des médicaments et d’autres dispositions médicales, l’environnement, la surveillance, le développement durable et les intérêts et risques pour les générations futures, la question de l’éthique et des droits de l’homme se pose. Il faut arriver à trouver un équilibre entre les intérêts financiers des investisseurs et le progrès scientifique et technique qui doit bénéficier sans distinctions aux riches et aux pauvres. Ici, le droit joue un rôle fondamental pour arriver à des solutions justes pour tout le monde.
Keywords: Droits de l'homme; Intellectual property; Nanotechnologie; Propriedade intelectual; Propriété intellectuelle

Hyperlinking and copyright - Karjiker, Sadulla (The South African Law Journal, 2022)
This article critically considers the legality of hyperlinking to copyright-protected material on the Internet. It considers the position with respect to standard hyperlinks, and attempts to provide a possible approach in light of the proposed introduction of two new exclusive rights, namely (i) the right of communication to the public; and (ii) the making-available right. These new exclusive rights appear to be an attempt to amend the South African Copyright Act in order to give effect to the 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty, which sought to ‘digitise’ copyright law in light of the digital technology that had developed. The WIPO Copyright Treaty supplements, in particular, the rights granted to copyright owners under the Berne Convention, extending the right of communication to the public to include the making-available right. Use will be made of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which has given effect to the right of communication to the public (including the making-available right), following its inclusion in the WIPO Copyright Treaty of 1996. Through a more focused analysis of these exclusive rights, it is intended that this article can provide some guidance to South African lawyers and our courts when considering the application and scope of these exclusive rights.
Keywords: Copyright; Hyperlinking; Intellectual property; Legality

Exporting the Luxembourg Rail Protocol to the Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment to Africa - Otabor-Olubor, Iyare (Uniform Law Review, 2022)
This article recommends the Cape Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment and appeals to African countries to accede to the Luxembourg Protocol on Railway Rolling Stock (Rail Protocol). The discussion in this article focuses on the extent to which Article XXII of the Rail Protocol can be applied with respect to Africa. The article critically analyses the competence of the African Economic Community (AEC) and its sub-regional organizations to accede to the Cape Town Convention and Rail Protocol. The author provides a detailed argumentative analysis of the legal mandate of the AEC and the influence of African Union (AU) laws on the competence of the AEC’s sub-regional organizations to make declarations under the Cape Town Convention and Rail Protocol. The analysis confirms that competence to accede to the Convention and Rail Protocol resides with sovereign States in Africa and not with the AU, the AEC, the Organisation pour l’harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires, or any existing sub-regional organization in Africa.

Soil protection and legal aspects of international trade in agriculture in times of climate change: The WTO dimension - Ruppel, Oliver C. (Soil Security, 2022)
Soils are essential for food security and the right to food. But where is the connect between soil, trade in agriculture and the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO)? While the WTO is not an environmental protection agency (as per its initial design at least), existing WTO rules fail to make agricultural trade patterns sustainable when it comes to the medium of soil. Notwithstanding, trade policy is of growing importance to soil protection, biodiversity preservation, deforestation, land degradation and desertification. Soil is key in this regard not only because it is the world's second-largest carbon sink after the oceans. Unsustainable trade in agricultural commodities should increasingly be seen in light of an industrial transition to increased climate neutrality and decarbonisation. This in turn should be guided by the leitmotiv – in times of climate change - to place soil protection for sustainable food security at the centre of any economic policy, also in terms of the rules on international trade in agriculture under the WTO.
Keywords: Climate change; Decarbonisation; Food security; Soil protection; Trade in agriculture; World trade law

Les salaires différés en famille - Lejeune, Etienne (Université de Limoges, 2022)
Rien de plus antithétique, à première vue, que l’expression « les salaires différés en famille ». Comment pourrait-on imaginer, dans nos sociétés occidentales, que puissent s’entremêler les notions de salaire et de famille ? Pourtant, les exemples de salaires différés en famille sont nombreux et divers. Qu’elle soit nommément admise comme telle, ainsi la créance de salaire différé agricole instituée en 1939, ou qu’elle se cache derrière la notion plus large d’enrichissement injustifié, la prise en compte du temps passé sans contrepartie à faire fructifier l’entreprise familiale mérite et connaît rétribution. Il en va de même pour le temps passé gratuitement auprès d’un proche en mal d’autonomie. En ce cas, l’enfant ayant aidé plus que de mesure son parent affaibli pourra prétendre à une créance d’assistance sur la succession de ce dernier. C’est, dans un cas comme dans l’autre, une garantie d’équité. Cette équité doit être préservée et encouragée, pour faire face au défi majeur de ce siècle, le vieillissement de la population et la perte d’autonomie qui l’accompagne. Cependant, le législateur continue d’ignorer l’existence même de ces salaires différés en famille. Il est permis de proposer, de lege ferenda, une reconnaissance légale de ces salaires particuliers. Un travail législatif semble aujourd’hui indispensable pour apporter sécurité juridique et efficience à la notion de salaire différé en famille, et consacrer son rôle de mécanisme d’équité et de solidarité. There’s nothing more antithetical than the expression ‘‘the family deferred wages’’. In our occidental societies, how could we imagine the notions of wage and family to interweave?However, there are many examples of deferred wages. Some are specifically admitted, like the 1939 agricultural deferred wage claim. Some are hidden behind the broader notion of unjustified enrichment, which consists in considering the time spent to grow the family business needs to be payed. Same goes for the time spent to take care of a relative with reduced autonomy. In this situation, a child who would have significantly helped his parent can ask an assistance claim on his inheritance. In both cases, it makes sure equity is preserved. It is crucial to preserve and promote this equity since our society is ageing. Yet, legislators keep ignoring the existence of these family deffered wages. It is allowed to propose a lege ferenda which legally recognizes these particular wages. A legislative work on the notion of family deferred wage seems essential to bring it legal safety and efficiency as well as keep its equity and solidarity role.
Issue: 2022LIMO0012
Keywords: Créance d'assistance; Créance de salaire différé; Enrichissement injustifié; Family; Mandat de protection future; Salaire différé en famille; Salary

La dématerialisation des valeurs mobilières dans l'espace OHADA : regard juridique et prospective - N'Tchatat Tounya, Fabrice Léonel (Actes de la troisième Conférence internationale sur la Francophonie économique, 2022)
Keywords: Dématérialisation; Dépositaire central; Société par actions; Valeurs mobilières

Cooperação no processo civil: abrangência e consequências da omissão do juiz, partes e terceiros - Dall'Olio, Gustavo (Universidade de São Paulo, 2022)
A cooperação, modelo de processo diverso dos inquisitorial e dispositivo, foi acolhida pelo art. 6o do CPC/2015. Com origem no direito europeu, dentre os quais o português, italiano e alemão, o modelo cooperativo de processo não constitui propriamente novidade, tampouco logrou ainda alcançar, por déficit de regras que lhes deem adequada concreção, aptidão para efetivo rompimento dos modelos anteriores, instaurando a tão esperada mudança de cultura ou mentalidade nos juízes, Tribunais e advogados. Com status de princípio jurídico, a cooperação, que projeta efeitos também entre às partes, tem sido alvo, por parcela da doutrina, dalgum descrédito, que vê no modelo originalmente europeu resquícios de atividade judiciária autoritária e moralista, contrária à liberdade das partes e advogados, detentores exclusivos, em última análise, dos desígnios do processo, imunes que são na formulação de suas pretensões ao longo do processo. Sem embargo, há muito superada a concepção egoística do processo, que deve avançar, mediante diálogo intenso, numa autêntica comunidade de trabalho, à obtenção da solução justa e efetiva, a mais próxima possível da verdade, porquanto todos, juízes, Tribunais e advogados, igualmente a integram, não dela se apartam, responsáveis que são, conjuntamente, pela realização do melhor direito. A mera enunciação dos deveres que decorrem da cooperação (auxílio, prevenção, consulta e esclarecimento), essencialmente importados da doutrina estrangeira, não cumpre satisfatoriamente o desiderato de dar autonomia à cooperação, destacando-a do contraditório, eficiência processual e boa-fé, embora com eles guarde relação próxima, como, também, não lhe confere integral execução, algo muito além de simplesmente orientar a sua aplicação, já que ainda débil o conjunto de regras prescritas pelo legislador ordinário para impulsionar o modelo de processo naquilo que lhe é mais caro e relevante, vale dizer, a intensidade do debate, em autêntico prestígio à oralidade, para a descoberta da verdade. Mais do que dizer a verdade, não contrariando fatos sabidamente verdadeiros, é dever das partes, por força da boa-fé que emerge da cooperação, fazer declarações completas e integrais, não homiziando fatos relevantes do juiz ou Tribunal com o propósito de manipular o resultado do julgamento. Mister que se dê, compreendidas a abrangência e as consequências da omissão pelos juízes, partes e terceiros, adequado impulso à aplicação do princípio da cooperação, como felizmente tem sido feito pelas Cortes de Justiça. Cooperation, a principle of the procedural model different from the inquisitorial and the dispositive, is included in art. 6 of the CPC/2015. Originating in European law amongst which Portuguese, Italian and German law the cooperative principle is not exactly a novelty, nor has it yet managed to achieve, due to a lack of rules that give it adequate concretion, the ability to effectively break the previous models, establishing the long-awaited change in the culture or mentality of judges, courts and lawyers. Endowed with legal principle status, cooperation which also affects the parties has been subjected by part of the doctrine much to its (the cooperation principles) discredit. The doctrine sees in the originally European model remnants of authoritarian and moralistic judicial activity which goes against the freedom of the parties and lawyers the ultimately exclusive procedure designers who are immune in the formulation of their claims throughout the procedure. Nevertheless, the egoistic conception of the procedure has long been overcome and must advance, through intense dialogue in an authentic working community to obtain a fair and effective solution one as close to the truth as possible since all judges, courts, and lawyers who are also part of it, and not separate from it are jointly responsible for the realization of the best practice. The mere enunciation of the duties that arise from cooperation (aid, prevention, consultation, and clarification) which are essentially imported from the foreign doctrine does not satisfactorily fulfill the desire to give autonomy to cooperation. This distinguishes it from the contradiction, procedural efficiency, and good faith although being closely related to them as it also does not grant full implementation, which is much more than simply guiding its execution. And that is because since the body of rules set forth by an ordinary legislator to encourage the procedural model in what is most dear and relevant to them, is still weak regarding the intensity of the debate in honor to orality for the discovery of the truth. More than telling the truth and not contradicting facts known to be true, it is the duty of all parties by the good faith that comes from cooperation to make complete and integral statements, not omitting relevant facts from the judge or Court with the purpose of manipulating the result of the trial. It is necessary taking into consideration the scope and consequences of omission by judges, parties, and third parties to give adequate encouragement to the application of the principle of cooperation, as it has fortunately been done by the Courts of Justice.
Keywords: Boa-fé; Cooperation; Cooperação; Deveres; Duties; Good faith; Omission; Omissão; Truth; Verdade

L'intégration régionale africaine et ses problèmes - Kabanda Mashini, Mashini; Makolo Makopo, Célestin (International Journal of Social Sciences and Scientific Studies, 2022)
L’intégration économique est un facteur déclencheur du développement des Etats membres d’une communauté économique. Apres l’indépendance des pays africains, la volonté de créer une structure d’intégration régionale a caractérisé, plusieurs acteurs africains parmi lesquels ; KHRAME KRUME …, c’est cette volonté, qui justifie la prolifération des organisations internationales africaines à caractère d’intégration. On peut citer ici ; l’UEMOA, CIMA, OHADA, CEMAC…, Cependant, plusieurs problèmes bloquent l’émergence de cette intégration économique, surtout au niveau régional. Ces problèmes sont entre autre ; l’attachement des Etats à leurs souverainetés, la diversité linguistiques, héritage de la colonisation. Voilà pourquoi, dans le cadre de cette recherche nous proposons, que les Etats membres de l’Union africaine puissent céder, plusieurs attributs de leurs souverainetés au profit d’une organisation d’intégration globale comme le cas avec, l’Union Européenne. Cette solution débouchera, à l’ouverture des barrières douanières des Etats membres, ce qui va donner lieu, à la zone de libre-échange continentale, comme est la volonté actuelle de l’Union Africaine, Union douanière, Union monétaire, jusqu’à l’union économique.
Keywords: Barrières douanières; CEMAC; CIMA; Intégration régionale; OHADA; UEMOA; Zone de libre échange

Le rôle de la pratique dans la formation du droit de la famille en Afrique noire francophone : cas du Bénin - Gnonlonfoun, Yémalin (Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 2022)
Si la règle de droit doit répondre à un idéal, il faudra qu'elle soit aussi et surtout conforme aux aspirations et aux réalités sociales. Ainsi, les pratiques sociales participent à la formation du droit dans toutes les sociétés, en y jouant un rôle important. C’est dans ce sens que la présente thèse aborde la question du rôle des pratiques dans la formation du droit de la famille en Afrique Noire francophone et plus précisément au Bénin. Les problèmes qui relèvent de ce sujet sont : est-il convenable que puisse s’opérer progressivement sinon insensiblement, le passage du fait au droit ? Pourrait-on avoir de droit sans les pratiques ? Les pratiques sont-elles préalables au droit ? Y A- t-il de construction de droit sans l’implication des pratiques ? L’analyse de ces problèmes a permis de mieux appréhender : le fonctionnement des pratiques dans la formation du droit de la famille d’une part et de l’influence des pratiques dans la formation du droit de la famille d’autre part. Les pratiques ont une fonction importante dans la construction du droit de la famille, dans un système béninois où ces pratiques constituent les règles piliers, base du fondement de même que du fonctionnement de la famille. D’ailleurs construire le droit de la famille en méconnaissance des pratiques culturelles et coutumes béninoises familiales serait comme construire un bâtiment sans fondation. Le risque serait d’avoir une législation inefficace et impuissante devant la coutume. Le problème n’est pas exclusif au droit béninois. Tous les pays de l’Afrique noire francophones ne tiennent pas vraiment compte de leur réalité sociale dans la construction de leur droit moderne. Les réalités sociologiques sont les éléments piliers sur lesquels se reposent les interactions et relations entre les individus. Les règles qui régissent ces interactions et relations ne peuvent être étrangères à la société, au risque de paraître inefficaces et inadaptable. La démarche utilisée dans la présente étude est axée sur la recherche documentaire fondée sur la méthode empirique. Elle est aussi fondée sur des enquêtes de terrains
Keywords: Afrique francophone; Benin; Bénin; Bénin (Royaume); Coutumes; Droit coutumier; Famille; Family; Formation; Formation du droit; Pratiques religieuses

Les smart contracts : étude de droit des contrats à l’aune de la blockchain - Leveneur, Claire (Université Paris 2, 2022)
La blockchain est définie comme une technologie de registre distribué utilisant une base de données avec chaînage cryptographique, fonctionnant sans organe de contrôle. Des programmes informatiques auto-exécutants, appelés « smart contracts », peuvent être déployés sur des blockchains afin d’exécuter automatiquement des actions prédéfinies, répondant à des conditions déterminées. Ils s’apparentent ainsi à des mécanismes d’exécution de contrats. La recherche a pour objet de déterminer comment cet outil peut être appréhendé par le droit des contrats et être utilisé au service des contrats. De nombreuses questions se posent dans cette perspective. Les smart contracts peuvent-ils exécuter des contrats ? Sont-ils des contrats ? Sont-ils dotés d’intelligence ? Peut-on les modifier alors qu’ils sont déjà enregistrés sur une blockchain ? Comment prouver qu’une exécution s’est produite sur une blockchain ? Comment trouver l’identité des contractants s’ils sont sous pseudonyme ? Que faire en cas d’erreur de programmation ? L’étude se propose d’aborder l’ensemble des questions qui peuvent survenir lorsque l’on considère les smart contracts comme un outil contractuel. Un travail de qualification de l’instrument permettra de déterminer le régime juridique applicable pour chaque situation donnée.
Keywords: Blockchain; Blockchains; Contrats; Contrats intelligents; Contrats numériques; Droit des contrats; Droit du numérique; Droit et innovation technologique; Exécution automatique du contrat; Lex cryptographia; Smart contracts; Technique et droit

La notion de "navire arrivé" : la mise à disposition du navire à l'affrèteur dans l'affrètement maritime au voyage - Ducharne, Jean-Louis (Université Paris 1, 2022)
Un navire est un « navire arrivé », lorsqu’il est parvenu au port ou lieu de chargement (ou de déchargement) contractuellement désigné par l’affréteur, et s’y trouve prêt en tous points à être mis à la disposition de celui-ci pour charger ou décharger la cargaison. La notification officielle par le fréteur à l’affréteur de cette mise effective et immédiate à disposition du navire (Notice of readiness), qui doit être faite conformément aux modalités d’envoi convenues, déclenche le début du décompte du temps de planche déterminé à la charte-partie. Lorsque le navire devient un « navire arrivé », la première des quatre phases de l’exécution de l’affrètement au voyage sera réalisée, phase qui sera suivie par les opérations de chargement de la cargaison, par le voyage vers le lieu de déchargement et enfin les opérations de déchargement. Cette étude analyse en trois parties, les droits et les obligations des parties au cours de cette première phase d’exécution, s’agissant de la désignation de la situation géographique du navire lors de la négociation de l’affrètement, de l’indication de ports ou de lieux sûrs pour le navire et pour l’exécution des opérations commerciales prévues, de la diligence raisonnable pour assurer la mise à disposition du navire à la date convenue, de la navigabilité nautique, commerciale et administrative du navire, et de la sanction en cas de défaut de mise à disposition du navire navigable à la date contractuellement fixée. L’analyse prend en considération à la fois les réalités pratiques de l’affrètement au voyage et la jurisprudence judiciaire et arbitrale, essentiellement au regard du droit anglais, ainsi que du droit français.
Keywords: Affrètement; Affrètement naval; Always afloat; always accessible; Chartes-parties (droit maritime); Droit maritime; Droits et obligations des parties; Estimated ready to load; Estimated time of arrival; France; Grande-Bretagne; International safety management; Navire arrivé; Notice of readiness; Ports (droit); Whether in berth or not; Whether in free pratique or not; Whether in port or not

Los Procesos del Control en la Gestión de Riesgo Empresarial - Alvarez-Indacochea, Arturo Antonio; Pibaque-Pionce, Maritza Sandra; Moran-Chilan, Jessenia Herminia (Polo del Conocimiento, 2022)
Toda organización necesita establecer estrategias, fijar objeticos y formular planes para lograrlos partiendo de una definición de la misión y visión. Para apoyar a la empresa en sus esfuerzos para lograr el cumplimiento de la herramientas de Control Interno. El propósito de este artículo es identificar cómo la gestión de riesgos empresarial se involucra en los procesos de una organización. De hecho, a lo largo de los años ha estado en constante crecimiento hasta involucrarse de manera directa con el control interno, para poder definir conceptos relacionados y administrar mejor la organización. Sin embargo, debido a la poca mención de los estándares académicos y la gestión de riesgos, los líderes organizacionales tienen poco conocimiento de los conceptos de riesgo y cómo manejarlos. En conclusión, se determinó que el diagnóstico realizado al Proceso de Gestión se evidenció la existencia de un bajo control interno debido a la inexistencia de metodología para desarrollar los controles de cada uno de los subprocesos.
Keywords: Ao controle; Business risk management; COSO II methodology; Control; Gestion des risques; Gestión de riesgos empresarial; Gestão de risco empresarial; Metodologia COSO II; Metodología COSO II; Organización; Organization; Organização; Procesos; Processes

La codification en droit international privé : une perspective universaliste en matière de conflit de lois ? - Becherel, Clémentine (Normandie Université, 2022)
Depuis la seconde moitié du XXème siècle, la prolifération des sources écrites du droit international privé révèle l’existence d’un processus de codification. Pour codifier cette branche du droit, la codification internationale c’est-à-dire l’unification par voie de traités internationaux est privilégiée. Un tel choix s’explique par l’objet du droit international privé qui est de réglementer les rapports de droit présentant un élément d’extranéité. Pour autant, la codification internationale ne supplante pas les différentes réglementations nationales du droit international privé ; la plupart des États possèdent leur propre codification. Cette dualité de la codification exalte la controverse doctrinale qui oppose, en matière de conflit de lois, les universalistes aux particularistes. Les universalistes considèrent que les rapports privés qui présent un élément d’extranéité doivent recevoir une réponse universelle tandis que les particularistes estiment que de tels rapports requièrent une réaction nationale. Cette opposition est lourde de conséquences puisqu’elle signifie que les dispositions relatives au conflit de lois, bien qu’elles soient unifiées par voie de traités internationaux, restent une projection, sur le plan international, du droit civil interne. Ces droits civils internes étant très hétérogènes, la codification internationale n’est pas en mesure de répondre à l’objectif principal du droit international privé qui est d’assurer la continuité des situations juridiques à travers le monde. L’étude du processus de codification en droit international privé cherche à dépasser cette opposition et à prouver que la codification nationale participe à l’établissement de solutions universelles en matière de conflit de lois. Si c’est le cas, la confrontation entre universalisme et particularisme pourrait céder devant la complémentarité des « méthodes » de codification. Pour le savoir, il faut procéder à un examen comparatif d’un échantillon de codifications nationales et supranationales pour tenter d’en dégager des « modèles communs » de réglementation des rapports privés internationaux. Cet examen comparatif permettra d’appréhender les raisons de la survivance de la codification nationale et de démontrer, qu’à l’image de la codification internationale, elle peut favoriser la constitution de solutions universelles en matière de conflit de lois.
Keywords: Codification; Comparative law; Conflict of laws; Conflit de lois; Droit comparé; Droit international privé; Particularism; Particularisme; Private international law; Sources; Universalism; Universalisme

Arrimage des normes OHADA et IFRS: une analyse de la perception des dirigeants d'entreprises au Cameroun - Nyasseu, Emma Joachim; Tatsi Sop, Isidore; Yepdo, Florentin Gaël; Nkwabon, Fabrice William; Fotso Bopda, Thomas (Revue Internationale des Sciences de Gestion, 2022)
La révision du système comptable OHADA, symbole de l’évolution vers les normes IFRS, a marqué le point de réflexion de cette étude. Il est question de comprendre comment les dirigeants d’entreprises perçoivent l’évolution des normes OHADA vers les normes IFRS. Pour mener cette étude, nous avons opté pour une démarche qualitative. De ce fait, nous avons fait des entretiens semi-directs avec vingt-cinq dirigeants d’entreprises au Cameroun (18 dirigeants d’entreprises camerounaises et 7 dirigeants d’entreprises multinationales). Les données collectées ont été exploitées à travers l'analyse de contenu via le logiciel Nvivo 10. Cependant, les résultats montrent que, les innovations comptables du SYSCOHADA permettent la production et la communication d’une information comptable et financière plus pertinente pour les utilisateurs. De même les dirigeants d’entreprises multinationales pensent que l’OHADA doit converger totalement vers les normes IFRS. Cette perception est contraire à celle des dirigeants d’entreprises camerounaises qui citent le contraste contextuel comme principal obstacle et donc la prise en compte des spécificités de ce contraste sera un atout pour une convergence totale vers les IFRS.
www.revue-isg.com
Keywords: Comptabilité; Convergence; IFRS; Normes IFRS; Normes OHADA; Normes comptables; SYSCOHADA

A tutela da proteção de dados pessoais na era digital: uma análise da cooperação internacional entre o BRICS - Silva, Rafaela Nicolazzi Corrêa da (Universidade de São Paulo, 2022)
Este trabalho busca analisar os atuais modelos e mecanismos para a cooperação internacional sobre a tutela da proteção de dados pessoais com o propósito de verificar quais os instrumentos que os países Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul devem considerar para estreitar seus laços de colaboração no grupo BRICS em prol de suas economias e negócios sem olvidar a proteção ao direito à privacidade e proteção de dados pessoais. Partese da hipótese de que, apesar de suas diferenças como nações heterogêneas e diversas, o BRICS possui o ânimo de cooperar em matéria de tecnologia, informação e comunicações e o tema de proteção de dados pessoais torna-se área essencial para a data driven economy e reconhecida por estes Estados. A tutela da proteção de dados pessoais está presente na construção legislativa de jurisdições distintas e que também exercem influência nos países do BRICS, como os modelos europeu e norte-americano. Conclui-se apontando que os modelos existentes de cooperação internacional sobre proteção de dados pessoais devem ser considerados pelo BRICS para o balanceamento de colaboração e desenvolvimento de garantias que assegurem a proteção de dados pessoais e a promoção de oportunidades de negócios para suas economias e desenvolvimento de seus interesses comerciais.
Keywords: BRICS; China; Cooperação internacional; Direito comparado; Estados Unidos; Europa; Integração econômica internacional; International cooperation; Privacidade; Protection of personal data; Proteção de dados pessoais; Right to privacy and data protection; Rússia; África do Sul; Índia

Formalisme et dématérialisation du cautionnement - Bourassin, Manuella (Revue de droit bancaire et financier, 2022)
Cet article analyse l'évolution du contentieux relatif à la validité formelle du cautionnement qu'emporte l'ordonnance du 15 septembre 2021, ainsi que les précautions de rédaction qu'appellent désormais l'article 2297 du Code civil et la généralisation de la dématérialisation du cautionnement.
Keywords: Cautionnement; Dématérialisation; Formalisme; Réforme des sûretés

Le droit pénal au crible de la doctrine du droit utile - Issoufa, Abdoul-Malik (Revue des Réflexions Constitutionnelles : Revue mensuelle de publication en droit constitutionnelle, 2022)
Keywords: Droit pénal

La transmission du bail professionnel en droit OHADA - Sanou, Tonssira Myriam Corine (Revue d’étude et de recherche sur le droit et l’administration dans les pays d’Afrique, 2022)
L’article analyse le régime de la transmission du bail professionnel en droit OHADA sous l’angle de ses finalités. Celles-ci consistent, d’une part, en la préservation de l’activité professionnelle par l’aménagement de la transmission de plein droit du bail et, d’autre part, en la protection des intérêts des parties à travers la soumission de l’opération à leur accord. Bien qu’elles cohabitent, ces finalités n’apparaissent pas toujours équilibrées. En effet, la transmission dite de plein droit peut être remise en cause par la latitude accordée au bailleur de l’interdire. De même, elle ne repose pas toujours sur les garanties qui pourraient compenser les effets de son automatisme à l’égard du bailleur. La protection des parties contre les risques de la transmission est, elle, essentiellement assurée par le contrat. Le législateur prévoit des garanties en faveur du bailleur dans des situations exceptionnelles telles que les restructurations de société, le sauvetage des entreprises en difficulté, mais il intervient peu dans les hypothèses plus courantes de cession ou sous-location du bail. La cohérence entre les finalités de la transmission est examinée à la lumière des actes uniformes OHADA et des décisions rendues par la CCJA et par les juridictions des États membres de l’OHADA.
Keywords: Activité professionnelle (protection); Bail professionnel; Bail professionnel (transmission); Droit OHADA; Parties au bail (protection)

La couverture sanitaire universelle (CSU) dans les Etats d’Afrique de l’ouest : entre textes et réalité - Zakane, Vincent (Afrilex : Revue d’étude et de recherche sur le droit et l’administration dans les pays d’Afrique, 2022)
La couverture sanitaire universelle (CSU) est une nouvelle politique de santé publique préconisée depuis une dizaine d’années par l’Organisation mondiale du la Santé (OMS) et d’autres agences du système des Nations Unies, en vue de favoriser l’accès de tous les citoyens aux soins de santé dont ils ont besoin, sans s’exposer à des dépenses catastrophiques. Consacrée par de nombreux instruments internationaux, universels et régionaux, obligatoires et non-obligatoires, elle est réputée favoriser l’accès des populations aux soins de santé de qualité, promouvoir la réalisation du droit à la santé et à la sécurité sociale et favoriser la lutte contre la pauvreté, tout en induisant la réalisation d’une justice sociale. Aussi, encouragés par la communauté internationale, les Etats ouest africains se sont-ils tous engagés, depuis une dizaine d’années, dans un processus de mise en œuvre de la couverture sanitaire universelle. La présente contribution engage une réflexion sur le dispositif normatif et institutionnel de mise en œuvre de la couverture sanitaire universelle dans les Etats ouest africains. Il en ressort que la CSU, en tant que politique publique innovante, est abondamment consacrée par des textes politiques et juridiques dans les Etats ouest africains du fait de leur adhésion à de nombreux instruments internationaux obligatoires et non obligatoires y relatifs et de l’adoption, au plan interne, de nombreux textes politiques et juridiques visant à promouvoir et à la mettre en œuvre. Toutefois, dans les faits, si la mise en œuvre effective de cette politique publique connaît des progrès indéniables, sa pleine réalisation se heurte à de nombreuses limites qui rendent sa réalisation incertaine. Il convient donc de prendre des mesures idoines pour garantir sa mise en œuvre efficace.
Keywords: Assurance maladie universelle; Couverture sanitaire universelle; Droit à la santé; Droit à la sécurité sociale; Etats ouest africains; Financement de la santé; OIT; OMS; ONU; Politique publique; Régime d’assurance maladie; Santé; Soins de santé; Sécurité sociale

La nature juridique de la transaction en droit burkinabè - Zongo, Wendinkonté Sylvie (Afrilex : Revue d’étude et de recherche sur le droit et l’administration dans les pays d’Afrique, 2022)
La transaction est définie par l’article 2044 du Code civil burkinabè comme « un contrat par lequel les parties terminent une contestation née, ou préviennent une contestation à naître ». Paradoxalement à la lourdeur de l’office qui lui est confié d’être un instrument de règlement pacifique des différends, sa réglementation dans le code civil est particulièrement ambiguë et lacunaire. Postérieurement au code, pendant que le juge s’attèle à circonscrire et à clarifier les spécificités de ce contrat, le législateur multiplie les régimes particuliers en adoptant des règles spéciales sur la transaction dans divers domaines. Cet article propose de confronter les régimes spéciaux au régime de droit commun de la transaction, pour rechercher ce qui fait sa nature spécifique par-delà l’éparpillement des sources et la diversification de ses applications. Il en ressort que la transaction est un acte hybride qui est singulièrement contractuel dans sa formation et spécifiquement juridictionnel dans ses effets. « Mauvais arrangement mieux vaut que bon procès » H. ROLAND et L. BOYER, Adages du droit français, Paris, Litec, 1999, p.431, n°218.
Keywords: Concessions réciproques; Contrat; MARD; Modes alternatifs de règlement des différends; Nature juridique; Transaction

La théorie du capital humain à l’épreuve du terrain subsaharien - Nkuitchou Nkouatchet, Raoul (Revue Internationale des Sciences de Gestion, 2022)

L'attractivité de l'arbitrage au regard des nouvelles réformes de l'OHADA - Kounouho, Marcson Smile Geoffroy Tagnon (Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 2022)

Le principe de proportionnalité en droit de la propriété intellectuelle - Amat, Quentin (Université Paris 12, 2022)
Le principe de proportionnalité recouvre un champ d’application large, découlant de la protection des droits fondamentaux, dont la propriété intellectuelle fait indéniablement partie. Sa mise en œuvre, par plusieurs types de contrôles de proportionnalité, a bouleversé les certitudes doctrinales et enclenché une réflexion relative à la motivation et l’interprétation juridique. Le plus discuté desdits contrôles de proportionnalité est celui utilisé en cas de conflit fondamental. Son impact au niveau judiciaire s’est fait en plusieurs étapes. Il a pour origine la jurisprudence des deux cours européennes, elle-même inspirée du principe de proportionnalité allemand. La Cour européenne des droits de l’homme et la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne ont développé leurs propres contrôles de proportionnalité pour résoudre un conflit entre droits fondamentaux. Si la première entreprend une démarche plus concrète que la seconde, liée à la nature de sa mission, ces deux juridictions confirment toutes deux le caractère non absolu du droit de la propriété intellectuelle et la nécessité de le concilier avec les autres droits fondamentaux (reconnus par la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme et la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne). Lors de leur contrôle de proportionnalité, les deux cours réservent une certaine marge d’appréciation aux États membres mais donnent des indications afin de le réaliser à leur tour. Au-delà du développement d’un test en trois étapes (adéquation, nécessité et proportionnalité stricto sensu), les cours européennes révèlent des éléments à prendre en compte selon le droit fondamental opposé au droit de la propriété intellectuelle et les faits de l’espèce (type de discours en cause pour la liberté d’expression invoqué pour une utilisation d’un bien intellectuel hors des exceptions légales ; durée, complexité, coût, nécessité pour la liberté d’entreprise ou le droit à la vie privée invoquée pour une mesure de blocage sur internet…). La France a lancé ce processus d’adoption du contrôle de proportionnalité lors d’un conflit fondamental au niveau judiciaire le 15 mai 2015 par un arrêt de la première chambre civile de la Cour de cassation. Celle-ci impose désormais aux juges du fond d’expliquer de façon concrète en quoi la recherche d'un juste équilibre entre le droit de la propriété intellectuelle et un autre droit fondamental opposé commande la condamnation prononcée. Les premiers jugements et arrêts au fond ont appliqué cette jurisprudence de la Cour de cassation, notamment en cas de conflit de la liberté d’expression à travers la notion de nécessité d’usage. Leur motivation devrait assurément s’étoffer dans les prochaines années. En parallèle, il ne faut pas négliger le contrôle de proportionnalité de la sanction, qui découle également du principe de proportionnalité et qui a des applications déterminantes pour le contrôle lors d’un conflit fondamental. Une sanction disproportionnée pourrait menacer directement l’application et la cohérence des droits fondamentaux et ce risque rend indispensable la conjonction des deux contrôles. Si le législateur, tant national et européen, a adopté différentes mesures inspirées par la volonté de parvenir à une sanction proportionnée, le juge demeure essentiel dans l’application du principe de proportionnalité, puisqu’il choisit la sanction la mieux adaptée aux faits. L’enjeu est central pour le droit de la propriété intellectuelle en ce qu’il offre une grande variété de sanctions, tant pénales que civiles, afin de lutter contre la contrefaçon. Cependant, son application reste timide, autant que son intérêt pour la doctrine. Cette application est appelée à se développer davantage à travers la jurisprudence.
Keywords: Conflits de droits fondamentaux; Droit; Intellectual property; Law; Proportionality; Proportionnalité; Proportionnalité (droit); Propriedade intelectual; Propriété intellectuelle; Propriété intellectuelle (droit européen)

Performances des entreprises sénégalaises et réformes dans l'environnement des affaires - Diagne, Idrissa (Université Cheikh Anta Diop, 2022)
L’objectif de ce travail consiste à étudier les réformes et la performance des entreprises sénégalaises. Nous avons à cet effet utilisé l’analyse en composante principale (ACP) suivie d’une classification ascendante hiérarchique (CAH) afin de définir la structure des entreprises sénégalaises et la typologie du tissu des entreprises des pays de référence. Les résultats obtenus nous ont permis de conclure que la taille de l’entreprise est un déterminant de sa position géographique, de son âge et de la participation des capitaux étrangers. Toutefois, aucun lien n’a pu être décelé entre la taille et le régime d’exportation. Ensuite, nous avons pu déterminer que la typologie du tissu des entreprises du Sénégal est loin de refléter celle des pays de référence. De plus, à partir de la méthode de régression linéaire simple (OLS), nous avons relevé que la position géographique, le statut juridique, le transfert de technologie, l’innovation et l’ouverture aux nouveaux marchés, affectent positivement la valeur ajoutée de l’entreprise. En revanche, la taille de l’entreprise, le secteur d’activité, la participation de l’État dans le capital, les garanties sur les prêts influent négativement sur la valeur ajoutée des entreprises. Enfin, à partir de la méthodologie d’analyse comparative, nous avons tiré des leçons sur les meilleures pratiques en termes de réformes. Les résultats suggèrent que l’État du Sénégal devrait davantage s’orienter vers la réduction des coûts afférant à la création d’entreprise, notamment, les frais de notaire, les droits d’enregistrement et la réduction des taxes. L’État devrait également diminuer les coûts de l’énergie, les pertes énergétiques et se réorienter davantage vers le mix-énergétique. En outre, il pourrait améliorer l’accès aux financements à travers le renforcement de l’information sur le crédit, l’acquisition d’actifs et la règle de l’insolvabilité. L’État pourrait par ailleurs renforcer le développement des infrastructures, notamment, aéroportuaire, ferroviaire. D’autre part, la mise en œuvre d’une stratégie nationale de réformes foncières devrait lui permettre de sécuriser le foncier. L’accent devrait être mis ainsi sur l’enseignement professionnel, à l’image du Rwanda et doter le pays d’un système intégré d’informations sur l’emploi. Afin de renforcer la compétitivité des entreprises sénégalaises, l’État gagnerait à renforcer un système national intégré de qualité, et à promouvoir le “label made in Sénégal” à l’image du Rwanda et de l’Éthiopie.
Keywords: Affaires; Entreprise (performance); Entreprise (taille); Secteur manufacturier; Sénégal; Valeur ajoutée

Third Party Investment in International Commercial Arbitration - Ebrahimi, Seyed Sadegh; Boloori, Peyman; Solhchi, Mohammad Ali (Public Law Researsh, 2022)
International commercial arbitration imposes heavy costs to the parties involved. In this regard, one of the new phenomena in international commercial arbitration is "financing of court costs by a third party investor. There are several reasons for the emergence of a third party investor: 1- involved parties may not have the resources to pay for the costs of arbitration or they may be reluctant to use their funds to finance the litigation: 2. the uncertainty of receiving compensation as a result of paying the arbitration fees might encourage the parties to transfer this risk to a third party; 3. having its own advantages and disadvantages. Since the funder holds the power of the purse, TPF entails the risk of the control of the claim being transferred to the third party funder. We might ask whether international arbitration tribunals should examine the extent of the investor's influence in determining the allocation of costs or not. In addition, is it essential to disclose the third parties contracts confidential? Overall, it is concluded that those mentioned Tribunals should allocate and guarantee the arbitration cost and agree on disclosing of third parties fund contracts under urgent conditions by international arbitration tribunal. مراجعه به داوری تجاری بین المللی هزینه های کلانی را برای طرفین درگیر در فرآیند داوری به همراه دارد و تأمین این هزینه ها در خیلی از موارد به‌صورت مانع در مراجعه به داوری نمود پیدا می‌کند. در همین راستا یکی از پدیده‌های جدید در داوری تجاری بین المللی، «تأمین مالی هزینه دادرسی توسط سرمایه گذار ثالث» است. ظهور سرمایه گذار ثالث دلایل متعددی دارد؛ اولاً طرفین دعوی ممکن است فاقد امکانات مالی کافی برای هزینه های داوری باشند، ثانیاً ممکن است طرفین دعوی تمایلی به استفاده از منابع مالی خود برای تأمین مالی دادرسی پرهزینه نداشته باشند، ثالثاً عدم قطعیت ذاتی که در زمینه امکان اخذ خسارت در نتیجه دادرسی وجود دارد می تواند باعث تمایل طرف منازعه به انتقال این ریسک به شخص ثالث شود. پرسش این است که آیا محاکم تجاری بین‌المللی تعیین تخصیص هزینه‌ها بپردازد یا خیر؟ و آیا افشاسازی قراردادهای شخص ثالث ضروری می‌باشد؟ در نهایت این نتیجه حاص می‌شود که محاکم مذکور باید به تعیین تخصیص و تضمین هزینه‌های داوری پرداخته و از سویی با افشاسازی قراردادهای تامین مالی شخص ثالث در داوری تجاری بین المللی، در شرایط خاص و ضروری موافقت نمایند.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Commercial Arbitration; Cost Allocation; Disclosure; International Arbitration Tribunals; International commercial arbitration; Investments; Third Party Investment; Third parties; افشاسازی; تخصیص هزینه‌ها; داوری تجاری بین‌المللی; دیوان‌های داوری بین‌المللی; سرمایه‌گذاری شخص ثالث

Le secret bancaire : une institution en déclin - El Mir, Jalal (Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 2022)
Le secret bancaire, ou le secret professionnel du banquier, est l’obligation de l’établissement de crédit de tenir confidentielle, toutes les informations relatives aux soldes, opérations, et à l’identité de son client. Issu du devoir de confidentialité du banquier envers son client, il engendre aussi une valeur économique d’où son institutionnalisation économique comme moyen d’attirer les capitaux. Face à des pratiques abusives de dissimulation dans les réseaux bancaires, des fonds monétaires provenant de trafic de stupéfiants, de blanchiment de capitaux ou en dernier ressort de financement de terrorisme, son champ d’application s’est vu restreint par des lois lui imposant des exceptions pour ajuster son application, et menant de ce fait à l’institutionnalisation juridique de la notion. Après la crise financière mondiale de 2008, son domaine d’application se retrouve envahi par une vague de la transparence dans le monde des affaires. La notion juridique du secret bancaire qui s’était institutionnalisée se retrouve en déclin par des mouvements juridiques consécutifs de neutralisation de ses effets. Mais, son intérêt juridique demeure primordial, et sa valeur subsiste du fait de son rattachement au droit fondamental de respect de la vie privée, mais aussi pour son intérêt dans la confirmation de la confiance dans l’industrie bancaire, consacrant la notion du secret bancaire comme une valeur juridique et une nécessité. Banking secrecy, or the professional secrecy of the banker, is the obligation of the banks to keep confidential all information relating to balances, transactions, and the identity of its client. A derivative from the banker's duty of confidentiality towards his client, it also generates economic value, hence its economic institutionalization as a mean of attracting capital. Facing abusive practices of concealment in banking networks, of funds resulting from drug trafficking, money laundering or as a last resort the financing of terrorism, its scope has been restricted by laws imposing exceptions to adjust its application, and thereby leading to the legal institutionalization of the concept of bank secrecy. After the global financial crisis of 2008, its scope is vastly impacted and reduced by the wave of transparency in business environment. The legal notion of bank secrecy, which became institutionalized, is in decline due to the consecutive legal acts of neutralizing its effects. Nonetheless, its legal interest remains vital, and its value lays on the fact of its attachment to the fundamental right of respect for private life. Also, for its interest in the confirmation of confidence in the banking industry, enshrining the concept of banking secrecy, as a legal value and a necessity.
Keywords: Act of foreign sovereignty; Bank secrecy; Banques; Confidentiality; Confidentialité; Droit à la vie privée; Extraterritorial law; Fait du prince étranger; Financial Transparency; General Data protection regulation (GDPR); Law Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA); Loi Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA); Loi d'application extraterritoriale; Privacy; Règlement général de la protection des données (RGPD); Secret bancaire; Secret professionnel; Transparence (droit); Transparence financière; Vie privée

A Legal Analysis of the Structure of Dispute Resolution Mechanisms of International Tax Agreements - Salehifar, Alireza (Public Law Researsh, 2022)
As international trade is expanding, international trade and tax disputes are increasing. Under international tax agreements, there are two mechanisms for the resolution of potential disputes between contracting States. These agreements mostly rely on a form of negotiation known as the “Mutual Agreement Process (MAP)” as the main mechanism for the settlement of disputes. During the last decade, the inclusion of “ad hoc arbitration” as a new dispute resolution mechanism in international tax treaties has become popular to augment the MAP. Iran has long concluded several international tax agreements with several countries for the avoidance of double taxation. Due to Iran’s macroeconomic policy for relying more on tax revenues as an alternative to revenues from the petroleum industry, it is important that the Iranian lawyers seek to focus more on tax law and tax dispute resolution mechanisms. The purpose of this article is to introduce and critically analyse the dispute resolution mechanisms of international tax agreements. In this article, to make some suggestions for the improvement of the dispute resolution system of tax treaties, the strengths and weaknesses of the MAP and ad hoc arbitration, will be scrutinised by adopting a descriptive-analytical approach. همسو با گسترش تجارت فراسرزمینی،‌ میزان دعاوی مرتبط با تجارت و مالیات‌های بین‌المللی نیز افزایش یافته است. در بسیاری از معاهده‌های مالیاتی بین‌المللی برای حل اختلافات، دو ساز و کار با عنوان «فرآیند توافق دوجانبه» و «داوری موردی» وجود دارد. فرآیند توافق دوجانبه که مبتنی بر مذاکره بین طرفین معاهده است بعنوان ساز و کار اصلی و داوری موردی هم که در یک دهه اخیر در این معاهده‌ها رواج یافته، بعنوان ساز و کار مکمل فرآیند توافق دوجانبه برای حل اختلافات استفاده می‌شوند. ایران از دیرباز جهت اجتناب از مالیات مضاعف، معاهده‌های مالیاتی متعددی را با کشورهای مختلف منعقد نموده است. همچنین سیاست کلان اقتصادی کشور در سال‌های اخیر مبتنی بر اتکای بیشتر به درآمدهای مالیاتی بعنوان جایگزینی برای درآمدهای نفتی بوده است. لذا اهمیت شناخت این نوع معاهده‌ها و‌ مکانیسم‌های حل و فصل اختلافات آنها برای حقوقدانان کشور بیش از پیش آشکار می‌شود. هدف این مقاله معرفی،‌ تحلیل و نقد ساز و کارهای موجود در معاهده‌های مالیاتی بین‌المللی برای حل اختلافات می‌باشد. در این مقاله نقاط ضعف و قوت فرآیند توافق دوجانبه و داوری موردی به شیوه توصیفی-تحلیلی بیان و راهکارهایی جهت بهبود این مکانیسم‌ها ارائه می‌شود.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Dispute Resolution; International Tax Agreements; Mutual Agreement Procedure (MAP); Negotiation; داوری; فرآیند توافق دوجانبه; مذاکره; معاهده مالیاتی بین‌المللی; ‌ حل و فصل اختلاف

A tributação das sociedades não residentes sem estabelecimento estável no sistema fiscal guineense - Nhaga, Justino (Universidade de Lisboa, 2022)
Nesta dissertação estudamos, como ponto principal, a estrutura do sistema fiscal guineense e da tributação aplicável às sociedades não residentes sem estabelecimento estável na Guiné-Bissau. Tivemos de estudar alguns aspetos da tributação das sociedades residentes e não residentes com estabelecimentos estáveis: os critérios de determinação da residência fiscal tanto no Direito Fiscal Internacional (DFI), assim como no Direito Fiscal Guineense (DFG); os elementos de conexão, aferição do estabelecimento estável (EE), tipos e conceitos de EE e do lucro imputável ao EE. Achamos pertinente e com isso procuramos abordar sinteticamente os fundamentos que legitimam o Estado guineense a tributar os rendimentos obtidos no território por sociedades não residentes sem estabelecimento estável. É sabido que não existe uma única definição para Estabelecimentos Estáveis, mas sim diferentes conceitos que variam de sistema para sistema e que podemos agrupar estes em dois polos, conforme estejamos a falar dos sistemas de países desenvolvidos ou de países em vias de desenvolvimento. Mas, pelo objetivo traçado, somos obrigados a analisar o conceito de estabelecimento estável adotado pelo legislador guineense1. Pese embora para efeitos de atualização e análise critica, não podemos abdicar de chamar à colação as novas formas de desenvolver atividades económicas trazidas pelas novas tecnologias e pela globalização que colocam em causa os tradicionais conceitos de estabelecimento estável adotados pelos Estados. Seguidamente, entramos na parte nuclear da nossa dissertação, expondo o regime jurídico aplicável aos sujeitos em causa e a aplicação de diferentes soluções. Concomitantemente, consoante sejam sociedades não residentes sem estabelecimento estável (o centro de atenção) ou não residentes com estabelecimento estável (assunto subsidiário), com destaque para o primeiro grupo. Neste círculo, levantamos questões bastante específicas, muitas delas de difícil compreensão e até de índole politica, que nos levaram a apreciações, as quais foram obviamente limitadas por este ser um trabalho pura e simplesmente académico e não socioeconómico e politico. Finalmente, este exercício académico nunca ficaria minimamente completo sem que se discutisse a questão da necessidade de receita fiscal, concorrência fiscal e os esforços que o Estado tem vindo a enveredar no sentido de incentivar e atrair mais investimentos. Com uma política mais atrativa, torna-se mais eficaz e eficiente a diversificação da economia, sendo que isto só é possível com a presença de grandes empresas a operar nos diferentes setores da economia no território. Deverá pois, não ser só acompanhada da eliminação da pesada burocracia, da excessiva intervenção do poder politico no sistema e da dupla tributação (económica ou jurídica2), visto que são verdadeiros constrangimentos para os operadores económicos. Mas também a criação de critérios consistentes e claros da concessão de benefícios fiscais3 e da eliminação da dupla não tributação também prejudiciais para o erário público dos Estados. Os resultados destas análises revelaram os problemas dos aspetos socioeconómicos e financeiros inerentes ao índice do desenvolvimento humano (IDH). A Guiné-Bissau dispõe de recursos naturais, sendo que a grande maioria continua por explorar. Porém, mesmo tendo os recursos naturais disponíveis, a dependência de ajudas externas para resolver as suas necessidades pontuais é persistente e contínua.
Keywords: Direito fiscal; Globalização; Guiné-Bissau; Poder tributário; Sociedades sem estabelecimento estável; Tributação

La production du droit par les entreprises en Afrique. Le cas du droit de la monnaie mobile dans la sphère publique camerounaise-CEMAC - Onchi Ngongang, Vanelle Dimitri (Université Côte d'Azur, 2022)
Symptomatique de la transformation technologique du droit d’hier et représentatif du droit de demain, le mobile money, ne bouleverse pas seulement le paysage financier (en l’occurrence par la remise en cause du monopole bancaire, la fragmentation des opérations bancaires et la pénétration des acteurs non bancaires notamment les Opérateurs de Télécommunication Mobile dans le paysage financier). Il heurte surtout la conception monocentrique du droit, encore omniprésente et omnipotente dans notre champ d’étude. En effet, le mobile money encore qualifié de monnaie mobile nous permet de témoigner de façon brute et factuelle de la réalité du pluralisme juridique et d’exposer dans une construction cohérente les raisons de la genèse des foyers normatifs privés ainsi que de comprendre la coexistence de plusieurs ordres juridiques dans un espace. C’est dans ce cadre que les multiples crises (crises des institutions étatiques, crises de la loi, carence et inadéquation de loi, inintelligibilité des lois, inefficacité et ineffectivité du droit étatique) qui touchent la sphère étatique ont été indexées comme sources de coûts de transaction, d’imprévisibilité, d’insécurité juridique, poussant les acteurs privés en quête d’un minimum de sécurité juridique et d’un droit adapté à leurs besoins à se livrer à une production normative. Les normes privées de la monnaie mobile ainsi produites ont, en raison de leur pertinence et de leur effectivité été incorporées dans la sphère publique, rendant par la même occasion difficile toute analyse (sans risque de se tromper) pertinente sur les sources réelles des normes en vigueur dans la sphère publique. Cette incorporation normative qui matérialise le dialogue normatif permanent entre la sphère privée et la sphère publique nous a conduit à esquisser une théorie d’interaction normative inter sphériques. Cette dernière nous semble indispensable non seulement pour rendre compte des rapports entre les ordres juridiques, entre les sources étatiques et les sources non étatiques du droit mais également pour penser la conception et la production du droit de demain. This paper defends the theory of legal pluralism in Cameroonian-CEEAC (Economic community central African States) legal order and aims to demonstrate that the omnipresence of monism in this area is incapable of describing the real legal world and the law as it is. A preliminary question not always considered in the debate, regards the existence of legal pluralism or private ordering is why private actors issue norms? The paper begins by looking at a variety of reasons why private actors produce norms and discusses in detail the concepts of the hierarchy of norms and their legal validity. The paper points out the fact that public space faced crises of state institutions regarding separation of powers, parliamentary time, terrorism and secession. These crises drawn all the attention of public space and affect its normative reactivity in the sense of regulating new activities, social practices. This legal ordering sometimes produces ineffective and unintelligible norms. There is no doubt that a poorly design law and ineffective access to the law can affect economic activities. The emergence of private norms can be explained in two different ways. It could be argued that, confront to an inadequacy law, private actors decide to subject their activities to non-state law. Produce norms is therefore a unique opportunity to private actors to free themselves from the constraints of the legal insecurity since the inadequacy or lack of state law expose them to additional transaction costs. This paper doesn’t or never claimed complete autonomy from legal system. I shall conclude that far to compete with legal space, private ordering help to discipline private actors and to organize new activities. The paper tries to explain why Mobile Network Operators (MNO) produce mobile money norms and intends to demonstrate that an increasing number of mobile money rules issued by GSMA, and MNO can be found within a corpus of rules of legal orders. We will try to identify, among layers of legal corpus rules, legal norms which originally come from private ordering. One could observe that mobile money private norms had been recognized by public actors through legal transplants. Other question not always considered in the debate, regards the existence of private norms which had not been incorporated to the contents of positive law. The importance of private norms in the regulation of mobile money system is undeniable. The mobile money private norms are an important source of public legislation, they structure mobile money operators’ agreement. It is important to be aware of their existence of private norms which has not be incorporated on state legal orders. This paper also outlines the impact of technology, more specifically of mobile money on the financial landscape and above all, the access of non-banking players MNOs in the financial landscape. By its characteristics, mobile money is on the way to change landscape of financial inclusion for unbanked countries. A financial market has born or raised around mobile money and now, Bank and other financial institutions must compete with MNOs, owners of the Unstructured supplementary service Data: which is a critical platform required to provide mobile financial services and to enable mobile financial service operators to access potential mobile money clients or to send responses to clients and confirm transactions. This relatively new roles for MNOs generate competition issues particularly in the case where one MNO in dominant position on the voice market also plays an active role in providing mobile money services or mobile financial services. Finally, this paper aims to describe and explain the various normative interaction between a private ordering and a state order especially regarding pure theory of law. To do so, we study a high number of sector (lex mercatoria) where we can verify normative interaction between legal norms and private norms. We therefore manage to theorize this normative interaction.
Keywords: Banking law; Banques; Cameroun; Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale; Droit; Gsma; Legal pluralism; Mobile money; Mobile network operators; Monnaie mobile; Monnaie électronique; Pluralisme juridique; Responsabilité Sociale de l'Entreprise; Social Responsibility of Corporation; Sources du droit; Téléphonie mobile privée; Établissement de paiement

Sanction pénale et sanctions ayant le caractère d'une punition - Hounhagni, Bel dora carrol (Université Clermont Auvergne, 2022)
Entre rapprochement et indépendance, les rapports que partagent la sanction pénale et les sanctions ayant le caractère d’une punition débouchent bien souvent sur un cumul.Si l’ampleur de la double punition infligée à une seule et même personne et pour les mêmes faits impressionne, l’étroitesse de son encadrement alerte sur le risque de violation des droits et libertés fondamentaux des administrés, des contribuables, des employés, des notaires, des entreprises, …des justiciables de façon brève. Mais par-dessus tout, une insatisfaction est née, d’une part, du basculement permanent entre le cumul et le non-cumul des sanctions et d’autre part, des insuffisances et des imprécisions des solutions existantes de coordination des sanctions. Cette insatisfaction est couronnée par la non-uniformité dans l’élaboration et dans l’application des techniques développées. Ce qui implique la nécessité d’une réflexion favorisant l’articulation des sanctions, préférée aujourd’hui par la jurisprudence constitutionnelle, en matière fiscale. Pour ce faire, la distinction de finalités et de régimes des sanctions, particulièrement en termes d’application des garanties de droit pénal, a préparé un terrain favorable à la mise en œuvre de l’articulation. Pour favoriser une hausse de la protection des droits et libertés fondamentaux des justiciables, il convient de prévenir le cumul de poursuites et de qualifications. Il importe également que cette articulation engendre entre les autorités répressives pénales et extra-pénales une collaboration effective et élargie à toutes les branches du droit concernées par la répression. C’est sans compter sur les limites relatives aux spécificités de chaque domaine concerné. Enfin, il est indispensable de penser une politique répressive, devancée nécessairement par une nouvelle législation, source d’harmonisation de la répression. Between approximation and independence, the relationship between criminal sanctions and sanctions having the character of a punishment often leads to a combination.If the extent of the double punishment inflicted on one and the same person and for the same facts impresses, the narrowness of its framework alerts on the risk of violation of the fundamental rights and freedoms of the citizens, the taxpayers, the employees, the notaries, the companies, ... of the litigants in a short way. But above all, a dissatisfaction is born on the one hand, from the permanent switch between the accumulation and the non-accumulation of sanctions and, on the other hand, from the insufficiencies and imprecisions of the existing solutions of coordination of sanctions. This dissatisfaction is crowned by the non-uniformity in the development and application of the techniques developed. This implies the need for a reflection favoring the articulation of sanctions, preferred today by the constitutional jurisprudence, in fiscal matters. To this end, the distinction in the purposes and regimes of sanctions, particularly in terms of the application of criminal law guarantees, has paved the way for the implementation of articulation. In order to promote an increase in the protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms of those subject to trial, it is advisable to prevent the cumulation of prosecutions and qualifications. It is also important that this articulation engenders between the criminal and extra-criminal repressive authorities an effective collaboration extended to all the branches of law concerned by repression. This is without counting on the limits related to the specificities of each field concerned. Finally, it is indispensable to think of a repressive policy, necessarily preceded by new legislation, as a source of harmonization of repression.
Publication Title: theses.fr
Keywords: Chose jugée; Droits de l'homme; Droits et libertés fondamentaux; Extra-pénales; Harmonisation; Politique répressive; Punition; Sanction pénale; Sanctions (droit)

Le pluralisme juridique au Cameroun de l'administration franco-britannique sous le régime colonial à la mouvance constitutionnelle du 18 janvier 1996 dans l'état indépendant : essai sur le «vivre-ensemble juridique» en Afrique noire - Oyono, Yannick (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)
Le destin juridique commun construit avec le temps et dans une histoire mouvementée rend atypique l’expérience camerounaise de pluralisme juridique qui résulte de coexistences multiformes plus ou moins rattachées à l’organisation de l’État du Cameroun. Dans ce pays où, à la suite de la colonisation, des systèmes traditionnels et modernes se sont croisés en donnant lieu à une existence simultanée de cultures juridiques venant de divers horizons. Cette rencontre de cultures, et même de civilisations, offre l’occasion d’apprécier la vie juridique commune qui en a résulté. À l’observation, les faiblesses du pluralisme étatique ont conduit à l’échec de l’acculturation, la coexistence étant de façade non seulement entre systèmes étatiques, mais aussi entre ceux-ci et les systèmes traditionnels. Depuis l’administration étrangère, les systèmes romano-germanique et de Common Law sont, en effet, restés mal agencés, allant d’une juxtaposition qui n’a pas toujours été bien coordonnée à une superposition établissant une hégémonie de l’un sur l’autre. La même inégalité se traduit dans la coexistence entre cultures juridiques modernes et traditionnelles, les premières étant au cœur de l’organisation du pluralisme juridique, tandis que les secondes sont affectées par des entorses, amenuisant leur existence dans le pluralisme juridique qui se trouve affaibli. Pour retrouver les lettres de noblesse d’un pluralisme juridique sérieux, une autre organisation serait à souhaiter afin que le pluralisme juridique soit mieux à l’écoute du Cameroun. Pour ce faire, l’organisation qui a eu cours jusque-là, ayant tendance à sublimer la juridicité étatique, pourrait être redressée. The common legal destiny built over time and in a turbulent history makes the Cameroonian experience of legal pluralism atypical, which results from multifaceted coexistence more or less linked to the organization of the State of Cameroon. In this country where, following colonization, traditional and modern systems have crossed, giving rise to a simultaneous existence of legal cultures coming from various horizons. This meeting of cultures, and even of civilizations, offers the opportunity to appreciate the common legal life that has resulted from it. On observation, the weaknesses of state pluralism have led to the failure of acculturation, with a seemingly coexistence not only between state systems, but also between them and traditional systems. Since the foreign administration, the Romano-Germanic and Common Law systems have, in fact, remained poorly organized, with in one sense, one next to the other, such that these legal system have not always been well coordinated and in another sense, one above the other. The same inequality is reflected in the coexistence between modern and traditional legal cultures, the former being at the heart of the organization of legal pluralism, while the latter are affected by sprains, reducing their existence in legal pluralism which is weakened. To regain the letters of nobility of serious legal pluralism, another organization would be desirable so that legal pluralism is more responsive to Cameroon.
Keywords: Cameroon; Cameroun; Common law; Droit coutumier; Droits romano-germaniques; Legal living; Pluralism; Pluralisme juridique; Vivre-ensemble

Stratégie(s) comptable(s) des dirigeants et détermination de la parité d’échange : cas des opérations de fusions acquisitions au Sénégal - Kandji, Mamadou (Finance & Finance Internationale, 2022)
Cette étude s’intéresse à la détermination de la parité d’échange dans les opérations de fusion acquisition effectuées au Sénégal et notamment à l’impact de la politique comptable des dirigeants des sociétés absorbantes sur la parité. Cette étude montre d’une part, que les gestionnaires des entreprises absorbantes gèrent les résultats comptables l’année qui précède la fusion. Les ajustements comptables à la discrétion des dirigeants représentent environ 17.67 % du total de l’actif économique. D’autre part, ces ajustements sont influencés par plusieurs facteurs tels que : le contrôle majoritaire qu’exerce la société absorbante sur l’absorbée, la part majoritaire des dirigeants et/ou de leur famille dans le capital de l’absorbante, le pourcentage des parts de l’Etat dans la société, l’influence des critères de nature comptable dans la détermination de la parité et la performance de la société absorbante.
Keywords: Earnings management strategy; Exchange rate; Fusion acquisition; Merger acquisition; Parité d’échange; Pouvoir; Power; Richesse; Stratégie de gestion des résultats; Wealth

The Economics of Trade, Innovation and the Technology Revolution - Tharwat, Ismaeel (Université Paris-Saclay, 2022)
Cette thèse étudie principalement l'impact du commerce international sur l'innovation, avec un accent particulier sur les pays en développement. Elle couvre également l'impact des retombées commerciales sur les inégalités de genre. Le chapitre 1 présente un aperçu de la littérature économique théorique et empirique récente traitant de l'effet de la concurrence des importations sur les résultats liés à l'innovation. Ce chapitre est divisé en quatre sections. Tout d'abord, un historique des brevets et des marques déposées en tant qu'indicateurs d'innovation est présenté. Deuxièmement, les mécanismes théoriques qui sous-tendent l'impact de la concurrence des importations sur l'innovation sont discutés. Troisièmement, une revue de la littérature des études empiriques récentes sur le commerce et l'innovation est résumée. Enfin, une analyse empirique est menée pour examiner l'impact de la concurrence des importations chinoises sur l'innovation, mesurée par l'activité de dépôt de brevet, dans les pays en développement.Le chapitre 2 est un exercice empirique qui examine l'impact de la concurrence des importations chinoises sur l'innovation, en utilisant une nouvelle mesure qui est le dépôt de brevet. L'étude utilise un ensemble de données de panel de 1995 à 2018 sur plus de 100 pays en développement. Le modèle empirique corrige l'endogénéité en utilisant une approche de variable instrumentale qui permet d'identifier la part du développement dû aux importations chinoises dans d'autres pays en développement. Les principales estimations trouvent un effet global décroissant de la concurrence des importations sur l'activité de dépôt de brevet. Les résultats de la variable instrumentale sont particulièrement robustes pour les demandes de brevet, mais pas pour les enregistrements. Cela suggère que la concurrence des importations affecte négativement les nouvelles innovations locales de produits ou de services dans les pays en développement.Enfin, le chapitre 3 aborde la question de l'impact des retombées du commerce international sur les normes d'égalité de genre. La majorité des études existantes documentent l'effet des épisodes de libéralisation sur les inégalités de genre. Celui des acteurs commerciaux, en revanche, a été largement ignoré. L'inégalité de genre au sein d'un pays est-elle affectée par ses partenaires commerciaux? Nous avons examiné cette question dans cet article en adoptant un modèle spatial du commerce entre 123 pays sur la période 1997-2013. Nous utilisons l'indice d'inégalité de genre pour capturer les tendances globales sur le genre au sein d'un pays. Nous avons ensuite désagrégé les échanges commerciaux au niveau produits afin d'identifier un canal technologique. Les résultats montrent que des normes d’égalité de genre plus élevées à l'étranger se répercutent, via les importations de produits de moyenne, haute technologie et minéraux, sur des normes d'égalité de genre plus élevées au niveau national. Ces résultats suggèrent qu'une révolution technologique affecte les entreprises, les ménages et les gouvernements en ayant un impact sur l'autonomisation des femmes.
Keywords: Brevets; Brevets d'invention; Economie du genre; Economie internationale; Gender Economics; Innovation; International Trade; Marques commerciales; Marques de commerce; Patents; Technologie; Technology; Trademarks; Économie de marché; Études sur le genre

Situación Jurídica del Trabajador y la Despersonalización del Empleador - Llerena-Miranda, Daniela Alejandra; Molina-Torres, María Victoria (Polo del Conocimiento, 2022)
Los derechos de los trabajadores en el Ecuador se han ido desarrollando a través del tiempo, buscando defender y proteger a los mismos, que, muchas veces han sido, y siguen siendo vulnerados por los empleadores. El presente artículo propone como tema el análisis una realidad que se vive a menudo dentro del estado ecuatoriano, siendo ésta, la causa de vulneración de los derechos del trabajador por parte de su empleador. Se ha establecido como objetivo general determinar, cómo se vulneran los derechos de los trabajadores en el Ecuador por la despersonalización del empleador bajo la idea de evidenciar la necesidad de implementar esta figura en la legislación laboral ecuatoriana actual, para lo cual, el tipo de investigación empleada según el enfoque o modalidad fue mixta, ajustada, a las variables cualitativas y cuantitativas. Puesto que, la investigación se basó en los métodos inductivo, deductivo, analítico, sintético, histórico y lógico para la elaboración de los fundamentos teóricos como fueron los derechos de los trabajadores en el Ecuador frente a la despersonalización del empleador dando un enfoque con derecho comparado, a fin de evidenciar la vulneración del debido proceso y el principio In dubio pro Operario.
Situação legal do trabalhador e despersonalização do empregador
Keywords: Depersonalization; Derechos; Despersonalización; Droit du travail; Droits; Empleador; Employer; Employeur; Employé; Rights; Trabajador; Worker

Le Gouvernement Congolais et la mise en œuvre du droit OHADA en République Démocratique du Congo - Badjela Dengba, Thomas-R. (Mouvements et Enjeux Sociaux, 2022)
La République Démocratique du Congo a adhéré à l’OHADA en date du 11 juillet 2012. Le Traité, les Règlements d’application et les Actes uniformes sont entrés en vigueur le 12 septembre 2012. Il faudra rappeler ici que cette adhésion est consécutive à la loi n° 10/002 du 11 février 2010 autorisant l’adhésion de la RDC au Traité du 17 octobre 1993 relatif à l’harmonisation du droit des affaires en Afrique. A la suite de cette adhésion, plusieurs mesures ont été prises par le Gouvernement de la RDC pour assurer la mise en œuvre de l’OHADA. La présente réflexion passe en revue certaines de ces mesures en vue d’apprécier leurs incidences dans la sécurité juridique et judiciaire de la RDC.

Does the implementation of IFRS improve transparency regarding the company's financial conditions?: evidence from an emerging market - Ebaid, Ibrahim El-Sayed (PSU Research Review, 2022)
Purpose This study aims to examine whether there are differences between financial statements prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and financial statements prepared in accordance with local accounting standards in terms of its ability to present the financial conditions of companies listed on the Saudi Stock Exchange as one of the emerging markets. Design/methodology/approach Data on study variables were obtained from the published financial statements of 67 of listed companies in the Saudi Stock Exchange during the period 2014–2019. The study addressed the research hypotheses by using Altman Z-score model. Both the T-test and Wilcoxon rank test were used to investigate the significance of differences between the values of Z-score and the individual variables included in the model in the pre- and post-IFRS mandatory adoption periods. Findings The results revealed a decrease in the values of Z-score as well as the values of the individual variables included in the model in the period following the adoption of IFRS than it was before the adoption of IFRS, which indicates the ability of IFRS to show the financial conditions of companies more transparently than local accounting standards. However, the results of the T-test and Wilcoxon test showed that these decreases were not statistically significant. Research limitations/implications This study has some limitations, including the small sample size as a result of the small size of the Saudi Stock Exchange, As well as the reliance of this study only on the Altman model with its five variables in assessing financial conditions without examining the impact of other factors that may affect the financial conditions of companies. Practical implications Financial conditions of the companies have important implications for multiple parties such as management, government, investors and others as an early warning sign that enables them to take the necessary measures early before the actual bankruptcy occurs and what results in costs. Originality/value Although assessing financial conditions of the companies is one of the basic uses of accounting information, this topic has not received sufficient attention as a means to test the benefits of adopting IFRS, especially in emerging markets such as Saudi Stock Exchange. This is the first study to examine the impact of adopting IFRS on the transparency of financial reporting in assessing financial conditions in Saudi Arabia.
Keywords: Financial conditions; IFRS; Saudi Arabia; Z-score

Factors affecting the probability of formalizing informal sector activities in Sub Saharan Africa: evidence from World Bank enterprise surveys - Moyo, Busani (African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 2022)
Purpose This study aims to investigate the factors that affect the likelihood of formalizing informal sector activities in 13 Sub-Saharan African countries, using World Bank enterprise survey data collected between the periods 2009 and 2018. Notwithstanding the great contribution of the informal economy in Africa, developing countries may stand to gain more if they make inroads in formalizing the informal sector. Design/methodology/approach Since the dependent variable is binary taking the value of one if the firm is willing to formalize and zero otherwise, the study will employ a discrete choice probit model. Findings Results inter alia show that firms that are more likely to formalize are young, owned by individuals with high levels of education and, have registered before. Governments should therefore target firms that are young and provide them with information about the benefits of registration, and if these firms are owned by experienced and educated individuals, the likelihood for them to register would be high. Research limitations/implications The study uses cross sectional data and therefore cannot capture time variant factors affecting the probability to register and also cannot correct effectively for endogeneity. Practical implications Governments should therefore target firms that are young and provide them with as much information as possible about the benefits of registration, and if these firms are owned by experienced and educated individuals, the likelihood to convince them to register would be high. They should also reduce the cost of registration so as to improve net benefits in line with the rational exit view. Social implications Formalizing informal activities will help improve the performance of these firms, reduce vulnerable employment as well as crime, poverty and inequality. Providing decent operating and working conditions to informal players will reduce social and political unrest. Originality/value The African continent is home to many informal firms accounting for roughly 55% of economic activity with 90% of workers eking out a living in a sector that does not respect worker rights, provide decent working conditions and where changes in growth have done little to reduce its size. Regulatory reforms have also been implemented resulting in the number of start-up registration procedures falling from 11 in 2003 to seven in 2019. The uniqueness of Sub Saharan Africa in terms of entrepreneurial culture, political, institutional and economic conditions as well as lack of consensus in the extant empirical literature make this study pertinent.
Keywords: Formalization; Informal; World Bank and Africa

The legal framework for multimodal transport in West Africa: the African Continental Free Trade Area in perspective - Osinuga, Damilola (World Maritime University, 2022)
This thesis examines how multimodal transport can play a role in achieving the objectives of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). The thesis argues that multimodal transport is cheaper compared with unimodal transportation. While there are a number of issues affecting the operationalisation of multimodal transport in Africa, this study considers, at its core, the legal regimes and other fragmented institutional and governance frameworks of multimodal transport in West Africa. The fragmentation of the legal framework governing multimodal transport leads to uncertainty and unforeseeability of the liability of parties involved in multimodal transport, consequently leading to increased legal costs. There is an undisputed view that for effective regional integration, which Africa is seeking to achieve through the establishment of the African Continental Free Trade Area, there is a need to eliminate all trade barriers. Trade barriers (tariff or non-tariff barriers) should be removed to improve competitiveness and reduce trade friction costs. In other words, to achieve the objectives of the African Continental Free Trade Area, it is essential that all unnecessary costs associated with trade are eliminated or reduced to the barest minimum. The process of doing this is called trade facilitation. This thesis looks at the impact of trade facilitation on regional integration and trade. This thesis’ original contribution to knowledge is that Africa’s regional integration process needs cost-effective transportation in order to achieve smooth market access, and multimodal transportation can provide the most cost-effective solution. However, the legal uncertainty and complexities that could potentially ensue from the use of multimodal transport make it unattractive to prospective users. Accordingly, actions must be taken to reduce legal ambiguity and create a system in which liability is foreseeable and predictable. This study reveals that the current legal framework is incomplete, unsatisfactory and, ultimately, leads to uncertainty. The thesis further contends that neither the option of freedom of contract nor improving the current system of various Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS )member-states’ view of multimodal transport, can significantly improve the current fragmented system or deliver the needed certainty. Accordingly, the thesis proposes that a modified uniform system would help achieve the legal certainty needed for multimodal transport. The thesis finally submits that the ECOWAS should establish a legally binding, regional governance regime on multimodal transport and a majority of its member-states should ratify the instrument.

The impact of the pandemic on the legal regulation of entrepreneurial activity of transport companies - Rubtsova, Natalya (Transportation Research Procedia, 2022)
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the trends of legal regulation in the business activity under the conditions of new coronavirus infection. The dialectical method of research in conjunction with a retrospective and comparative analysis made it possible to identify three main trends in the legal regulation of entrepreneurial activity in the framework of new socio-economic realities. The increasing role of state regulation of entrepreneurial activity, based on the use of public and legal means, due to the need to increase state intervention in the activities of entrepreneurs is shown. The state support of business for the subsequent development of the economy and compliance with the social balance is also increasing. Accordingly, the social importance of entrepreneurial activity is growing. The pandemic has also intensified the digitalization of entrepreneurial activity, of transport companies, since many traditional forms of doing business are limited by the forced isolation of society. Individual means of digitalization, including the industrial Internet of Things, e-commerce, and smart contracts, have become most prevalent. Consequently, the pandemic cannot be viewed only as a negative factor, its impact on entrepreneurial activity also has a positive effect.
Keywords: Business; axiology; digitalization; means of legal regulation; pandemic; transport companies

Does the impact of IFRS on audit fees differ between early and late adopters? - Tawiah, Vincent Konadu (International Journal of Accounting & Information Management, 2022)
Purpose This study aims to examine whether the impact of international financial reporting standards (IFRS) on audit fees differs between early and late adopters. Design/methodology/approach The authors use robust econometric estimation on a sample of 314 firms from both early and late IFRS adopting countries. Findings The authors find that IFRS is positively and significantly associated with an increase in audit fees for early adopters, but the impact is very weak for late adopters and insignificant in some cases. The results on auditing time suggest that increase in audit fees around IFRS adoption is due to an increase in audit reporting lags. After accounting for pre- and post-years, the authors find that the relationship between IFRS and audit fees, as well as audit time for late adopters, is significant only in the adoption year. However, early adopters experience a significant increase in audit fees and audit time in the transition year to one-year post-adoption. Practical implications The findings imply that countries that are yet to adopt IFRS are less likely to experience a significant increase in audit fees audit time. Hence, is probable that the benefit of IFRS will outweigh the cost. Originality/value The results, therefore, suggest that early adopters paid a premium for been the first users of IFRS, which is consistent with any innovation. The study provides new insights by demonstrating that the consequences of IFRS differ between early and late adopters.
Keywords: Africa; Audit fees; Audit reporting lags; Early adopters; IFRS; Late adopters

L’établissement de la filiation paternelle des enfants naturels en droit ivoirien : les ambiguïtés d’une réforme inachevée - Kakaly, Jean-Didier (Revue d’étude et de recherche sur le droit et l’administration dans les pays d’Afrique, 2022)
« Tout enfant a droit à l’établissement de sa filiation à l’égard de ses auteurs». En proclamant, sous cette forme de principe, le droit de tout enfant à l’établissement de sa filiation à l’égard des auteurs de ses jours, la loi ivoirienne relative à la filiation a introduit, en son article 1er, une révolution juridique, principalement au regard de l’établissement de la filiation paternelle des enfants nés hors mariage. En effet, la difficulté la plus grande que soulevaient les rapports entre la filiation légitime et celle naturelle était assurément celle de l’égalité de traitement entre les enfants légitimes et les enfants naturels au regard de l’établissement de leur filiation, en général, de la filiation paternelle en particulier. Il semble que cette quête de l’égalité était une éternelle revendication et que les réformes législatives successives étaient impuissantes à éliminer l’infériorité de l’établissement de la filiation paternelle naturelle sur celui de la filiation légitime au double point de vue de la reconnaissance et de l’action en recherche de paternité[4]. Dès lors, la consécration, au fronton du dispositif légal, de cette égalité apparaît comme un changement radical dans l’univers du droit ivoirien de la filiation.
Keywords: Droit ivoirien; Enfant naturel; Filiation paternelle

Le préjudice d'anxiété - Morin Trudelle, Adeline (Université d'Angers, 2022)
Le juge qui a vocation à interpréter le droit dans le cadre de litiges se trouve confronté à des situations humaines dans lesquelles les émotions sont présentes. Ainsi, les parties à un procès invoquent-elles parfois l'anxiété qu'elles ont pu ressentir avant de solliciter l'indemnisation du préjudice qui en résulte. Le juge, qui n'est pas un professionnel de la psychologie, doit pour autant prendre position sur la réparation de préjudices fondés sur l'anxiété. S'il admet la réparation de préjudices liés à l'anxiété dans différentes situations telles que l'exposition d'un salarié à l'amiante ou le port d'une sonde cardiaque défectueuse, à ce jour il n'existe pas de préjudice d'anxiété général qui aurait vocation à s'appliquer de manière identique dans toutes les branches du droit privé. En l'absence de définition de l'anxiété réparable et de précisions quant aux conditions de réparation, de multiples préjudices sont consacrés pour une seule et même émotion qu'est l'anxiété. L'enjeu est alors de proposer un préjudice d'anxiété permettant d'harmoniser la jurisprudence. The judge, who has the task of interpreting the law in the context of legal actions, finds himself confronted with human situations in which emotions are present. Thus, the parties to an action sometimes invoke the anxiety that they may have felt in order to seek compensation for the resulting harm. The judge, who is not e a psychologist by profession, must in such a situation take a position on the compensation for the harm due to anxiety. While, in some situations, compensation for the harm linked to anxiety is accepted, such as in the case of exposure of an employee to asbestos or the wearing of a defective pacemaker, to date there is no general prejudice of anxiety that would apply identically in all branches of private law. In the absence of a definition of repairable damage as regards anxiety and of the details as to the conditions for reparation, there is a multiplicity of situations in which there are various rulings devoted to one and the same emotion, which is anxiety. The issue them is to propose a prejudice of anxiety that would make it possible to harmonise the jurisprudence.
Issue: 2022ANGE0026
Keywords: Anxiety; Anxiété; Civil liability; Dommage moral; Exposition à une situation dangereuse; Exposure to a dangerous situation; Judicial recognition; Obligation de sécurité; Prejudice; Prejudice of anxiety; Préjudice; Préjudice d'anxiété; Reconnaissance judiciaire; Responsabilité civile; Safety obligation; Sécurité du travail

L'immeuble et le droit commercial à l'aune du droit OHADA - Ngoupou Mbouemboue, Arnaud (International Multilingual Journal of Science and Technology, 2022)
Si les meubles ont toujours pu faire l’objet d’actes de commerce, tel n’a pas toujours été le cas de l’immeuble, en raison de son exclusion du droit commercial du fait de son rattachement au droit civil par la loi. Mais, ce dernier a néanmoins finalement été atteint par les vagues de la commercialité. Ce qui n’a manqué de susciter un vif conflit de qualification en matière immobilière, mettant ce bien en exergue comme une illustration parfaite du duel entre ces deux grandes branches du droit privé. Cette situation révèle la nature imprécise du statut de l’immeuble en droit commercial dont le présent article a pour objet de clarifier. A présent, le caractère commercial des actes relatifs à l’immeuble a été expressément consacré et ne fait plus l’ombre d’aucun doute en droit OHADA. Toutefois, on constate néanmoins toujours le maintien de certaines opérations immobilières dans le giron du droit civil. Cette commercialité appliquée de façon singulière à ce bien comparativement à son analogue mobilier rend donc ainsi compte de celui-ci comme un critère d’application du droit commercial qui, à ce titre, témoigne de la remarquable évolution de cette branche du droit dans son rapport de force avec le droit civil. Ainsi, si à travers l’extension de son champ d’application à l’immeuble, le droit commercial fait effectivement figure d’un droit conquérant au détriment du droit civil, il subit cependant de plus en plus un certain rapprochement avec ce dernier tendant plutôt à relativiser les mérites de cette laborieuse conquête.
Keywords: Acte de commerce; Commerçant; Droit civil; Droit commercial; Immeuble

La défaillance contractuelle - Ouedraogo, Edouard (Afrilex : Revue d’étude et de recherche sur le droit et l’administration dans les pays d’Afrique, 2022)
La défaillance contractuelle renvoie à la carence du débiteur, le manquement à ses obligations assumées en vertu du contrat. Il s’agit d’une situation anormale qui peut avoir des incidences tant sur le contrat que sur le patrimoine de ce débiteur défaillant. En effet, l’inexécution de ses obligations par le débiteur suscite la déception du créancier, dont les attentes sont, pour ainsi dire, trahies. En pareille situation, il pourrait à son tour refuser sa prestation ou, au besoin, contraindre par voie de justice le débiteur à s’exécuter. De la même manière, en respectant les conditions, il pourrait mettre fin au contrat afin de chercher un nouveau partenaire contractuel ; car il n’y a aucun intérêt à rester lié par une convention dont on ne tire aucun avantage. Il est également possible pour le créancier de viser le patrimoine de son débiteur en situation d’inexécution pour obtenir des dommages-intérêts, au titre de la responsabilité contractuelle. Celle-ci passe, en principe, par une action en justice car, normalement, seuls les juges doivent prononcer une sanction, qui plus est, frappe le débiteur dans son patrimoine. Cependant, en vertu de la liberté contractuelle, les parties peuvent, au moment de la conclusion du contrat, y insérer des clauses qui excluent ou aménagent la responsabilité. Les premières, en tant qu’elles instituent une impunité, sont sévèrement encadrées par la jurisprudence. Les secondes, expression d’une justice privée, présentent l’avantage de ‘’déjudiciariser’’ les sanctions contractuelles et, ainsi, faire gagner les parties en temps. De telles clauses imposent au débiteur fautif de payer une somme d’argent, à titre de dommage-intérêts, au créancier désappointé.
Keywords: Clause; Contrat; Créancier; Dommages-intérêts; Débiteur; Défaillance; Exécution; Inexécution; Obligation; Patrimoine; Responsabilité; Résolution; Sanction

Accountability during the Incorporation of Public and Private Limited Companies under Ohada Law - Sama, Merinda Afanui (International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 2022)
This work sets out to evaluate the OHADA Uniform Act’s laws on accountability in Private and Public Limited Companies. Normally, laws which provide for effective accountability, guarantee the smooth functioning and stability of companies since its rules work at averting all forms of mismanagements. The inspiration of this work stems from the realization that, levels of accountability in these companies are still wanting. Hitherto, companies are plagued with vices of obscured activities, fake transactions, non-transparent reporting and acute dishonesty by its organs. It is therefore baffling that, these are still prevalent despite the existence of the Uniform Act’s laws which contains accountability mechanism aimed at dispelling all these forms of corporate transgressions. From this arose lingering doubts as to how these laws are.

la réglémentation de l'industrie bancaire et performances du secteur des assurances dans la communauté économique et monetaire de l'Afrique Centrale - Abanda Bete, Emmanuel Romaric (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

Foreign Bank Penetration, Institutional Structures and Banking Sector Stability in Sub-saharan Africa - Abeka, Mac Junior (University of Cape Coast, 2022)
Link broken
Keywords: Bank penetration; Banking sector; Sub-Saharan Africa

Digitalisation du secteur des assurances de la zone CIMA : Enjeux et perspectives, cas d'une compagnie dommage, serenity sa (Côte d'Ivoire) - Adou, Cyrille Roméo (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

Impact de la mise en place d'un système de contrôle interne sur la performance financière des compagnies d'assurance financière des compagnies d'assurances : Cas de la NSIA vie-assurance Benin - Agbomandjozodo, Dominique (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

Réflexions sur l'optimisation de la distribution de l'assurance non-vie : Cas de l'atlantique assurances Bénin IARDT - Akpang G., pyrrhus Berlioz (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

La règlementation de la décarbonation du transport maritime - Alavoine, Zoé (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)
Keywords: Droit maritime; Décarbonisation; Transport maritime

The Singapore Convention on Mediation: a commentary - Alexander, Nadja; Chong, Shouyu; Giorgadze, Vakhtang (Kluwer Law International, 2022)
Article-by-article commentary
Selected contents: Foreword by Anna Joubin-Bret, p. xiii
Keywords: Dispute Settlement; MARD; Mediación; Mediation; Mediação; Médiation; UN Convention on International Settlement Agreements resulting from Mediation (2018)

Multimodal taşıma operatörünün sorumluluğu - Alhan, Yunus (Akdeniz Üniversitesi, 2022)
Multimodal taşıma; multimodal taşıma sözleşmesine binaen multimodal taşıma operatörünün eşyaların bir yerden farklı yerdeki teslimat için belirlenmiş bir noktaya taşınmasını en az iki farklı taşıma türü ile gerçekleştirmeyi taahhüt ettiği bir taşımadır. Konteyner kullanımının yaygınlaşması, günümüzde uluslararası eşya taşımalarının birden fazla taşıma türü kullanılarak kapıdan kapıya şeklinde yapılmasına olanak sağlamıştır. Bu sayede multimodal taşıma tüm dünyada yaygın hale gelmiştir. Taşıma sektöründe sıklıkla kullanılan bu taşıma türünün hukuki açıdan izahı önem arz etmektedir. Bu sebeple, multimodal taşımanın tanımı ve unsurları ele alınmıştır. Bu taşımanın diğer taşıma türleri ile benzerlik ve farklıkları değerlendirilmiştir. Her bir taşıma türüne ilişkin konvansiyonlar, ülkelerin ulusal hukuk düzenlemeleri ve multimodal taşımaya ilişkin yeknesak kurallar oluşturma amacıyla getirilen düzenleme çalışmaları ve düzenlemeler göz önüne alındığında multimodal taşımaya hangi hukuk düzenlemelerinin uygulanacağını öngörmek zordur. Multimodal taşımalarda sorumluluğu yeknesaklaştırmak adına en önemli düzenlemeler 1975 ve 1992 tarihli Milletlerarası Ticaret Odası (ICC) Kuralları ve halen yürürlüğe girmemiş olan 1980 Tarihli Multimodal Taşıma Konvansiyonu (MTC), 2009 tarihinde imzaya açılan Eşyaların Tamamen veya Kısmen Deniz Yoluyla Uluslararası Taşınmasına İlişkin Konvansiyondur (Rotterdam Kuralları-RK). Bu düzenlemelerden esinlenilerek ortaya çıkmış çeşitli bölgesel düzenlemeler söz konusudur. Bunun yanı sıra multimodal taşımanın ülke sınırları içerisinde gerçekleşebilmesi sebebiyle bazı ülkeler bu konuyu düzenleyen kanunlar yapmışlardır. Türk Hukunda ise multimodal taşımaya ilk kez 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu'nda (TTK), 'Değişik Tür Araçlar İle Taşıma' başlığı altında yer verilmiştir. MTO'nun zıya, hasar ve geç teslime dayalı sözleşme kaynaklı sorumluluğu zarar yerinin belirlenebilir olup olmamasına göre farklı kurallara tabidir. Zarar yerinin belirlenmesi ve multimodal taşıma sözleşmesinin taraflarından birinin zararın hangi taşıma türünde oluştuğunu ispatlaması durumunda, multimodal taşıma birden fazla taşıma türünü içerdiğinden denizyolu, havayolu, karayolu, demiryolu ve ülke iç suyolu gibi her bir taşıma türünü ayrı ayrı düzenleyen ve her biri kendi sorumluluk rejimini içeren uluslararası unimodal (tekil) taşıma konvansiyonlarından usulüne göre yürürlüğe girmiş olanları öncelikli olmak üzere, ilgili taşıma türünü özel olarak düzenleyen kurallar uygulanacaktır. Zararın gerçekleştiği taşıma türünün tespit edilememesi durumunda genel hüküm olarak adlandırabileceğimiz TTK hükümleri uygulama alanı bulacaktır. Çalışmada, Türk Hukukunda MTO'nun sorumluluğu ilgili konvansiyonlar ve TTK ışığında ele alınmış, uygulanacak hükümler ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Multimodal Taşıma, Multimodal Taşıma Sözleşmesi, Multimodal Taşıma Operatörü, Multimodal Taşıma Operatörünün Sorumluluğu. Multimodal transport is a carriage in which multimodal transport operator, who assumes the responsibility of performing the carriage under the multimodal transport contract, undertakes to perform the carriage of goods by at least two modes of transport from one place to another place designated for delivery. Widespread use of containers today allows international transport of goods to be in the form of door-to-door transport using more than one mode of transport. Thus, multimodal transport becomes more widespread all over the world. Explaining this mode of transport, which is frequently used in the transport industry, from the legal perspective is of high importance. Hence, in this study, the definition and elements of multimodal transport are studied. The similarities and differences of this mode of transport with other modes of transport are evaluated. Considering different conventions regulating each mode of transport, national transport legislations and regulations aimed at setting forth uniform provisions, it is clearly difficult to determine rules that are applicable for the multimodal transport contract. Major regulations to uniform the liability in multimodal carriages are the 1975 and 1992 International Chamber of Commerce Rules, the 1980 Multimodal Transport Convention (MTC) and the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea (Rotterdam Rules-RT), which was open for signature in 2009. There are also regional regulations inspired by these instruments. In addition, a number of countries enact laws regulating multimodal transport, as multimodal transport may be performed within national boundaries, and there are no uniform rules regulating it. In Turkish law, certain rules on multimodal transport in the Turkish Commercial Law (TTK) No.6102 under the heading of 'Carriage by Various Modes of Transport (Multimodal Transport)' were introduced. The MTO's contractual liability for loss of or damage to goods or delay in delivery is subject to different rules depending on whether the place of loss can be located. If the place of loss is located, and the leg of transport in which the loss occurs is proved by any party of the multimodal transport contract, as the transport involves more than one mode of transport, rules specifically regulating that mode of transport, in particular unimodal conventions, which duly entered into effect, individually governing each mode of transport such as sea, air, road, rail and inland waterway transports and having its own liability regime, will be applicable. If the mode of transport in which the loss occurs cannot be ascertained, TTK provisions, which we may call general rules, will be applicable. In the present study, we analyse the liability of MTO within the framework of relevant conventions and TTK and seek to reveal applicable provisions. Keywords: Multimodal Transport, Multimodal Transport Contract Multimodal Transport Operator, Liability of Multimodal Transport Operator
Keywords: Carrier's responsibility; Contract of carriage; Multimodal taşımacılık; Multimodal transport; Taşıma sorumluluğu; Taşıma sözleşmesi; Taşımacılık; Transportation; Turkish Commercial Code; Turkish commercial law; Türk Ticaret Kanunu; Türk ticaret hukuku

İslam borçlar hukuku açısından ticari ihtilafların çözümünde 'Arabuluculuk' - Almasri, Raed (Ankara Üniversitesi, 2022)
Bu tez, anlaşmazlıkları çözmede arabuluculuk konusunu ele almaktadır. Arabuluculuk konusu ticari mali muamelelerdeki anlaşmazlıklar ile sınırlıdır. Dolayısıyla tez ailevi anlaşmazlıklardaki nafaka gibi diğer mali anlaşmazlıklara değinmemektedir. Tez konusu fıkhi açıdan ele alındığı için, dört fıkhi mezhebin konuyla ilgili görüşleri, mukayeseli olarak işlenmiş, mezhepler arasında ihtilaf ve ittifak edilen noktalar ele alınmış ve görüşler arasında tercih yapılarak ortaya konulmuştur. Tez; bir mukaddime, üç bölüm, bir sonuç ve kaynakçadan meydana gelmektedir. Mukaddime de tezin planı, fihrist ve içerik ele alınmıştır. Tezin birinci bölümünde; arabuluculuk kavramının tanımı ve meşruiyeti, ikinci bölümde; arabuluculuğun rükünleri ve arabuluculukla ilgili hükümler ve şartlar, üçüncü bölümde ise; arabuluculuğun sonuçları ve etkisi ele alınmıştır. The dissertation aims to cover the subject of mediation in dispute resolutions exclusively in commercial disputes. Therefore, the research does not cover mediation in other disputes such as domestic disputes even when it's related to financial matters such as alimony. The research also studies mediation in commercial disputes from a jurisprudential perspective. Hence the jurists' opinions are presented and analyzed in a comparative approach to show its similarities, differences and present a jurisprudential preference. The dissertation is presented in an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion followed by the list of references and resources. The introduction provides an insight into the research contents and methodology. The first chapter discuss the definition of mediations and its legitimacy. The second chapter tackle the main pillars of mediations and clarify its ruling and conditions. Finally, the third chapter view the results of mediations and its expected impacts.
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Keywords: Arabuluculuk; Borçlar hukuku; Commercial disputes; Incompatibility; Islamic law; Law of obligations; Mediation; Ticari uyuşmazlıklar; Uyuşmazlık; İslam hukuku

Les compétences juridictionnelles en matière de répression des infractions douanières dans les Etats membres de la CEMAC : Réflexion sur la résolution stricte des litiges douaniers au regard du Droit Public Financier - Aminou Hamidou, Mohamadou (Revue Africaine des Réflexions Juridiques et Politiques, 2022)
Le franchissement des frontières dans le territoire douanier de la CEMAC (Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale) peut se faire de manière régulière, c'est-à-dire en respect de la procédure prescrite à cet effet, ou alors de manière irrégulière en violation de cette dernière. La violation des lois et règlements douaniers donne naissance à des litiges opposant l’administration des douanes aux usagers auteurs des infractions douanières. Il s’agit donc là du contentieux douanier, un contentieux encadré par les règles propres au droit du contentieux douanier, lesquelles dans la zone CEMAC donnent compétence aux juridictions nationales des Etats membres ainsi qu’à la Cour de Justice de la CEMAC de réprimer sévèrement les infractions douanières.
Keywords: CEMAC; Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale; Contentieux douanier; Infractions douanières; Juridictions; répression

Do corporate governance codes matter in Africa? - Areneke, Geofry; Khlif, Wafa; Kimani, Danson; Soobaroyen, Teerooven (Research Handbook on Corporate Board Decision-Making, 2022)
Africa is often depicted in the literature as the ‘patron late to the party’ on account of her low uptake of corporate governance codes. Notwithstanding, countries that have an existing corporate governance code continue to exhibit weak corporate accountability and governance practices. This prompted a critical analysis based on a detailed review of published articles and existing codes in the African multiple-contexts. Our findings reveal that the efficacy of many codes remains very limited in terms of pragmatic outcomes whilst firms in countries that have adopted codes continue to face uneven performance and poor accountability. We conclude by urging for an understanding of the reasons underlying such results. We recommend an African led re-think (independence, ownership, board processes) of existing codes to make them more aligned with the governance needs of African firms and their complex sociocultural background. We call for further research to illuminate Africa’s actual governance experiences and necessities.
Keywords: Africa; African principles; Board of directors; Boardroom processes; Codes; Corporate governance; Developing countries; Neo-colonialism

La clause merchant - Arista, Pauline (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

Navlun sözleşmesinde gönderilenin sorumluluğu - Arslan, Zeynep (Kocaeli Üniversitesi, 2022)
Deniz ticaret hukukunda, varma limanında yükün teslimini talep eden kişi, gönderilen olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Gönderilen, navlun sözleşmesinin tarafı olan taşıtan olabileceği gibi sözleşme ilişkisi dışında üçüncü bir kişi de olabilir. Gönderilenin üçüncü kişi olması hâlinde navlun sözleşmesi üçüncü kişi yararına sözleşme olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Kanun koyucu, sözleşme ilişkisine taraf olmayan bu üçüncü kişi için de bir takım hak ve sorumluluklar getirmiştir. İşte bu çalışmanın konusunu üçüncü kişi sıfatını haiz gönderilenin navlun sözleşmesinden kaynaklanan sorumluluğu oluşturmaktadır. Sözleşmelerin nispiliği prensibi gereği kural olarak tarafların anlaşarak üçüncü kişiyi borç altına sokmaları mümkün değildir. Bununla birlikte üçüncü kişi gönderilenin hangi hallerde sorumlu olacağı TTK m. 1203'te düzenlenmiştir. Buna göre gönderilenin navlun sözleşmesi kapsamında sorumlu olması için ilk olarak eşyanın teslimini talep etmesi gerekmektedir. Eşyanın teslimini talep, üçüncü kişi lehine sözleşme teorisi açısından edimin kabulü olarak değerlendirilmekte ve haliyle gönderilenin borç altına girmesi tarafların kararlaştırması ile değil öncelikle kendi iradesi ile olmaktadır. Gönderilenin sorumlu tutulmasının diğer şartını, teslim talebinin dayandığı taşıma sözleşmesinde ya da deniz taşıma senetlerinde bu borçların gönderilen üzerine bırakılması oluşturmaktadır. Dolayısıyla gönderilenin yükün teslimi sözleşmeden ya da deniz taşıma senetlerinden kaynaklanan bu alacakların ödenmesi şartına bağlanmaktadır. Gönderilenin hangi alacaklardan sorumlu olduğu sözleşme şartlarına göre tespit edilmektedir. Bu kapsamda sözleşme kayıtlarının incelenmesi gerekir. Navlun sözleşmesinde gönderilen uygulamada genellikle denizaşırı alıcı olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Dolayısıyla Incoterms uyarınca tarafların kararlaştırdığı teslim şekillerinin ve FIO/FIOST/FILO/LIFO gibi gönderilenin sorumluluğunu genişleten kayıtların incelenmesi önemlidir. Bu kapsamda gönderilenin navlun sözleşmesinden kaynaklanan hangi borç kalemlerinden sorumlu olduğu sözleşme hükümleri ve mevzuat ile ayrıntılı bir şekilde açıklanmıştır. The consignee is defined as a person who requesting the delivery of the cargo at the discharge port by the maritime commercial law. The consignee might be the shipper, as a party of contract of affreightment, or might be a third party of the contract. In the case of the consignee is a third party, the contract of affreightment is characterized as a third-party beneficiary contract in which determined rights and responsibilities are given to this third party by the law makers. This thesis aims to determine the responsibilities of the third-party consignee that arising from the contract of affreightment. With regard to privity of the contract principle, as a rule, parties of a contract do not have right to bind a third party with obligations. On the other hand, the conditions of responsibilities of the third party consignee is regulated in the article 1203 of TCC. With regard to the article, in order for the consignee to be liable under the freight contract, the consignee must first request the delivery of the goods. The demand for the delivery of the goods is considered as the acceptance of the performance in terms of the theory of third party beneficiary contract and as a matter of fact, the consignee do not incur a debt with the parties' decision, but primarily with his own will. The other condition of holding the consignee responsible is the transfer of these debts to the consignee in the contract of affreightment or other transport documents on which the delivery request is based. Therefore, the delivery of the cargo is subject to the payment of these debts arising from the contract or transport documents. The debts of the consignee are determined according to the terms of the contract. In this context, it is necessary to review of the terms of the contract. In practice, the consignee in the contract of affreightment usually appears as a overseas receiver of the sale contract. Therefore, it is important to examine both the delivery methods agreed by the parties with regard to INCOTERMS and clauses that expand the responsibility of the sender, such as FIO/FIOST/FILO/LIFO. In this framework, this study explains in detail the responsibilities of consignee with regard to freight contract provisions and legislations.
Tez N°740401
Keywords: Commercial law; Contracts of affreightments; Deniz hukuku; Droit maritime; Freight; Gönderenin sorumluluğu; Law of the sea; Navlun; Navlun sözleşmeleri; Responsibility; Responsibility attiribution; Senders responsibility; Sorumluluk; Sorumluluk yükleme; Sözleşmeler; Ticaret hukuku

Politique de réassurance un levier de rentabilité d'une compagnie d'assurance : Cas de SANLAM Togo - Awia, Albert (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

La jurisprudence de la Cour commune de justice et d'arbitrage (CCJA) sur l'immunité d'exécution au profit des entreprises publiques - Quo vadis? - Ayikaba, Jules Masuku (Recht in Afrika, 2022)
This study traces the evolution of the CCJA case law on the principle of exemption from enforcement for public companies. It aims in particular to highlight the direction in which this case law is moving. It appears that the CCJA has so far not succeeded in elaborating its own definition of the concept of 'public companies'; yet it is there that, in our view, the mystery of the immunity from execution that it has long recognized to these companies hides; even when they were incorporated in the form of a corporation. However, over time, the Court has rightly reversed its previous decisions by moving from an extensive to a restrictive interpretation of exemption from enforcement. In any case, the involvement of the lawmaker is more than welcome in order to put an end to the situation of inequality, which has existed for a long time in terms of enforcement under OHADA law, between corporations having the State or its branches (public companies) as shareholders and those whose shareholders have no State participation.

Dissenting opinions in international arbitration : More than an opinion? - Baltag, Crina (Principia, 2022)
Dissenting opinions have increasingly gained acceptance in international arbitration, with arbitration rules and laws allowing them, by either providing directly for such a possibility, or indirectly, by referring to ‘arbitral awards taken with majority of votes.’ Alan Redfern’s seminal 2003 Freshfields Lecture on dissenting opinions has highlighted the benefits, as well as the concerns with dissenting opinions, in particular, with those directed to alleged irregularities in the arbitral procedure. More recently, in the motion to set aside the arbitral award in Vantage Deep Water Co. v. Petrobras Am., Inc., the US District Court for the Southern District of Texas has rejected Petrobras’ argument that ‘the arbitral process was [so] “fundamentally flawed” … that “produced the extraordinary Dissent filed” by Mr Gaitis.’ While it is accepted that dissenting opinions have no legal effects, and in particular no legal effects similar to arbitral awards, they can have significant impact on the set aside and recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards. Las opiniones disidentes han ganado aceptación en el arbitraje internacional mediante reglas de arbitraje y leyes permitiéndolos, ya sea aceptando directamente la posibilidad de emitirlos, o indirectamente refiriéndose a ‘laudos arbitrales decididos por mayoría de votos’. El seminario del 2003 de Freshfields dictado por Alan Redfern sobre opiniones disidentes llamó la atención sobre los beneficios y las preocupaciones, en particular, aquellas opiniones disidentes dirigidas a señalar irregularidades en el procedimiento arbitral. Más recientemente, durante el procedimiento para anular el laudo arbitral de Vantage Deep Water Co. v. Petrobas Am., Inc., la Corte del Distrito Sur de Texas rechazó el argumento de Petrobras de que ‘el procedimiento arbitral había sido [tan] “fudamentalmente viciado…” que “produjo la extraordinaria opinión disidente consignada” por el Sr., Gaitis’. Mientras que es aceptado que las opiniones disidentes no tienen efectos legales, y en particular ningún efecto legal parecido a los laudos arbitrales, pueden lograr impactar significativamente a lograr la nulidad y el reconocimiento y ejecución de los laudos arbitrales.
Keywords: Anulación; Arbitral Awards; Dissenting opinions; Laudo arbitral; Recognition and enforcement; Reconocimiento y ejecución; Set aside; Voto salvado

Gestion des risques financiers d'une compagnie d'assurance dommage : Cas de SUNU Assurance IARD Centrafrique - Bantol, Dieu-Béni Ghislain Madinangue (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

La libéralisation des règles de propriété et de contrôle des transporteurs aériens communautaires dans le système bilatéral international - Barron, Lisa (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

A regulação macroprudencial no sistema monetário e financeiro internacional contemporâneo : características e externalidades - Baungarten, Bruna Teixeira (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2022)
Com a Crise Financeira Global (CFG), dos anos 2007 e 2008, há espaço para inflexões na política macroeconômica dos países e nota-se a emergência da utilização de instrumentos macroprudenciais como meio para a limitação do risco sistêmico. Assim, forma-se um cenário onde a alta integração financeira e a atuação de bancos e outras instituições financeiras de forma transnacional se encontra com a crescente utilização de regulações financeiras em âmbitos nacionais, de forma descentralizada e não necessariamente harmonizada internacionalmente. Nesse sentido, esta tese busca investigar a ocorrência de externalidades, ou vazamentos financeiros internacionais que podem ocorrer a partir da implementação de medidas macroprudenciais em uma determinada economia. Assim, a pesquisa situa a temática no cenário do Sistema Monetário e Financeiro Internacional, identificando os movimentos que levaram à formação desse movimento regulatório. Uma análise exploratória acerca da experiência internacional com instrumentos macroprudenciais é conduzida de modo a identificar tendências temporais, continuidades, rupturas e diferenças entre grupos de países na condução da regulação financeira macroprudencial. Ademais, é realizada uma análise empírica que busca somar à literatura que investiga as externalidades internacionais associadas à implementação dessas regulações. Essa investigação é realizada utilizando técnicas de estimação de dados em painel para 40 países entre os anos de 2000 a 2018. Como principais resultados da tese destaca-se que: a) A partir da CFG há a emergência de uma agenda voltada para a estabilidade financeira que tem como pilar a utilização de instrumentos macroprudenciais e, esses instrumentos são largamente utilizados pelas economias nacionais; b) As Economias Avançadas aumentaram proporcionalmente mais a utilização de instrumentos macroprudenciais e, também, diversificaram mais a sua estratégia regulatória que as Economias Emergentes ou em Desenvolvimento; c) O exercício empírico encontra evidências que sugerem a ocorrência de externalidades internacionais decorrentes da implementação de medidas macroprudenciais e que estes efeitos se mantém e até ganham significância estatística de acordo com a relevância sistêmica da economia que implementa a regulação.
URI: https://lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/248038
Keywords: Financial Regulation; International Externalities; Macroprudential; Regulação econômica; Sistema Monetário Internacional; Sistema financeiro internacional

L'avarie commune - Besse, Ilana (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

Survivance des incompatibilités commerciales internes face au droit de l’OHADA - Bolitenge Lopoka, Benjamin (Cahiers Africains des Droits de l’Homme et de la Démocratie ainsi que du Développement Durable, 2022)
En droit Congolais comme en droit de l’OHADA, certaines personnes ne peuvent pas se livrer au commerce parce que leurs fonctions ou professions en sont incompatibles. Il y a donc deux régimes concurrents, l’un prévu en droit interne et l’autre en droit de l’OHADA. Conformément à l’article 10 du Traité créant l’Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires, OHADA en sigle et à l’article 1er de l’acte uniforme sur le droit commercial général qui, respectivement, consacrent l’effet abrogatoire des actes uniformes et le champ d’application de l’acte uniforme précité, les incompatibilités commerciales prévues en droit interne ne devraient plus être d’application. Mais en réalité, les incompatibilités prévues en droit interne survivent par la volonté du législateur communautaire. En effet, dans l’énumération des fonctions et professions concernées par le régime d’incompatibilité, il est prévu, à l’article 9 de l’acte uniforme précité, la prise en compte des incompatibilités consacrées par le droit national de chaque Etat Partie. Dans tous les cas, compte tenu de réalité du terrain, certaines dispositions du droit interne en la matière, n’ont plus leurs raisons d’être étant donné leur caractère anachronique, c’est-à-dire emphase avec les réalités vécues sur le terrain. D’où la nécessité de les élaguer du régime juridique en vigueur en matière des incompatibilités commerciales.
Keywords: Commerce; Commerçant; Fonction (incompatibilité); Profession

L'argumentation juridique - Bontems, Camille; Courtemanche, France; Levesque, Anne (Université d’Ottawa, 2022)
L’expertise du juriste ou de l’avocat ne s’arrête pas à la maîtrise du droit. Il doit non seulement pouvoir déterminer les règles de droit applicables dans une situation donnée, mais aussi savoir les utiliser et les présenter pour convaincre un juge du bien-fondé de la position qu’il défend. Dans cette veine, il est nécessaire de pouvoir argumenter de manière pertinente et convaincante. Il existe de nombreuses manières d’argumenter. Sans chercher à toutes les présenter, nous tenterons ici de vous présenter quelques éléments pour vous aider à construire vos premiers argumentaires juridiques. Ressource éducative libre pour le cours CML 1611 Compétences et habiletés juridiques à l’Université d’Ottawa (Faculté de droit – Common Law).
Keywords: Argumentation juridique; Common law; Raisonnement juridique; Rédaction

Définir et mettre en oeuvre une offre de services de communication performante à destination des compagnies aériennes afin de faciliter et de rationaliser le processus de gestion des taxes aéronautiques dans la perspective de la certification qualité du Secrétariat Général de la DGAC - Booms, Mélodie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

Şirketler hukukunun geleceği üzerine bir inceleme: Şirket yönetiminde yapay zekâ - Bora Çinar, Sevda (Akdeniz Üniversitesi, 2022)
Yapay zekâ teknolojileri, insan unsurunun egemen olduğu pek çok alanı etkisi altına almaya hazırlanmaktadır. Bu alanlar arasında tıp, hukuk, eğitim, mühendislik olduğu gibi ticaret de bulunmaktadır. Yapay zekâ teknolojileri, özellikle şirketler hukukunun geleneksel yapısını kökünden sarsacak yeni bir ticari düzen ve anlayış yaratma yolundadır. Karar alma süreçlerini otomatikleştiren yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin verimliliği ve hızı, şirketlerin bu sistemleri geliştirerek pazarlamalarının yanı sıra bizzat şirket bünyelerine katarak kullanma eğilimi göstermelerine de yol açmaktadır. Bu şekilde kendi kendini besleyen bu döngü, yapay zekâ alanına sermaye yapısı güçlü şirketlerin yönelmesini ve araştırma kapsamının gittikçe genişletilmesini sağlamaktadır. Şirketlerdeki bu yönelim neticesinde, hızla gelişen yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin geleneksel şirket yapılarını etkileyebilme potansiyelinin yükselmesi olgusu, şirketler hukukunun geleceği üzerine bir inceleme yapılması gerekliliğini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Çalışmamızda şirket yönetiminde yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin kullanımına ve bunun hukuki sonuçlarına odaklanılmakta ve konu dört temel bölüme ayrılarak incelenmektedir. Giriş bölümünde kısaca çalışmanın konusu, önemi, amacı, kapsamı ve sistematiği açıklanmakta, yapay zekâ ve şirket yönetiminin kavramsal çerçevesine yer verilmektedir. Birinci bölümde şirketler hukuku ve yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin etkileşimi incelenmektedir. Bu bölümde yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin ticaret hukuku ve şirketler hukuku ile etkileşimi incelenmekte, dijitalleşmenin şirketler hukukuna etkileri, özellikle şirket yapılarındaki ve menfaat çatışmalarındaki dönüşüm çerçevesinde ele alınmaktadır. İkinci bölümde, şirket yönetiminde yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin kullanılması bir süreç olarak incelenmektedir. Kullanım kararı alınmasından başlamak üzere, şirkete uygun yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin edinimi ve bu teknolojilerinin şirket yönetiminde kullanılma yöntemlerinin araştırıldığı bu bölümde, teknik, hukuki ve ticari başta olmak üzere ilgili beklenti ve belirsizlikler araştırılmaktadır. Üçüncü bölümde şirket yönetiminde yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin kullanılmasının hukuki sonuçları ve hukukun bu dönüşümden nasıl etkileneceği üzerinde durulmaktadır. Son bölümde ise yönetimin geleceği üzerine düşüncelerin yer altığı bir karar ağacı tasarımı içeren interaktif bir bölüme yer verilmektedir. Artificial intelligence technologies are preparing to influence many human-dominated and human-related fields. These fields include medicine, law, education, engineering as well as commerce. Artificial intelligence technologies are on the way to create a new commercial order and understanding that will shake up the traditional structure of corporate law. In particular, the efficiency and speed of artificial intelligence technologies that automate decision-making processes have led companies to tend to use these systems both by developing and marketing them and by incorporating them. In this way, this self-sustaining cycle has led companies with strong capital structures to move towards the field of artificial intelligence, and the scope of research has been gradually expanded. This orientation in companies and the high potential of rapidly developing artificial intelligence technologies to affect traditional company structures have revealed the necessity of conducting an examination on the future of company law. Our study focuses on the use of artificial intelligence technologies in company management and its legal consequences, and the subject is examined under four main sections. In the introduction, the subject, importance, purpose, scope and systematics of the study are briefly explained, and the conceptual framework of artificial intelligence and company management is given. In the first part, the interaction of corporate law and artificial intelligence technologies is examined. In this section, the interaction of artificial intelligence technologies with commercial law and company law is examined, the effects of digitalization on corporate law are discussed, especially within the framework of the transformation in company structures and conflicts of interest. In the second part, the use of artificial intelligence technologies in company management is examined as a process. In this section, where the acquisition of artificial intelligence technologies suitable for the company and the methods of using these technologies in company management are investigated, starting from the decision to use, all technical, legal and commercial expectations and uncertainties are investigated. The third chapter focuses on the legal consequences of the use of artificial intelligence technologies in company management and how the law will be affected by this transformation. In the last part, there is an interactive section that includes a decision tree design with thoughts on the future of management.
Keywords: AI; Anonim şirketler; Artificial Intelligence; Bilgi ve belge yönetimi; Bilgi yönetim sistemi; Bilgi yönetimi; Capital companies; Commercial companies; Financial data management system; Finansal veri yönetim sistemi; Hukuki sorumluluk; Information and records management; Information management; Information management system; Institutional responsibility; Inteligência artificial; Intelligence Artificielle; Joint stock company; Kurumsal sorumluluk; Legal responsibility; Sermaye şirketleri; Ticari şirketler; Yapay zeka

Digitalization, institutions and new venture internationalization - Brieger, Steven A.; Chowdhury, Farzana; Hechavarría, Diana M.; Muralidharan, Etayankara; Pathak, Saurav; Lam, Yan Tong (Journal of International Management, 2022)
This study examines the effect of digitalization on the internationalization of new ventures and further investigates the influence of a home country’s presence of institutional voids and digital infrastructure on the extent of internationalization by new ventures, with the prediction that a home country’s institutional voids and a weak digital infrastructure strengthen the positive relationship between new ventures’ digitalization and internationalization. Applying multilevel modeling on a sample of more than 6000 entrepreneurs from 62 countries the study offers empirical support for these predictions. The findings are robust to alternative specifications. Entrepreneurs using the internet to sell their products and services are more likely to focus on customers in foreign markets when they face institutional voids and a lack of digital infrastructure in their home countries. The study contributes as follows: From a theoretical view, it provides a better understanding of the boundary conditions of the digitalization-new venture internationalization linkage. From a practical perspective, the findings of the study suggest the complementary roles of institutional voids and digital infrastructure at home to help entrepreneurs grow domestically and facilitate their internationalization.

Contrôle interne dans une compagnie d'assurance non-vie : Cas de SANLAM assurance non-vie Mali - Camara, Adama Salifou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

Os Contratos celebrados através de Mercados em Linha - Carvalho, Joana Cristina Purvis Paixão Campos (Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2022)
A presente dissertação explora o fenómeno dos mercados em linha da perspetiva do direito dos contratos. A estrutura dos mercados em linha é sempre composta por três contratos que formam um triângulo, mas a sua atividade não pode ser reconduzida a um modelo de negócio único, pelo que não é possível retirar conclusões gerais relativas a todos os mercados em linha, sendo necessário agrupá-los por referência a características comuns. O mercado em linha forma uma rede de contratos, o que impede que possamos simplesmente analisar cada contrato separadamente, devendo, pelo contrário, analisá-los no contexto em que se inserem e tendo em conta as dinâmicas presentes. Duas questões principais ocupam este estudo. A primeira diz respeito à qualificação do contrato celebrado entre o fornecedor e o operador do mercado em linha, concluindo-se que não é possível reconduzi-lo a um contrato tipificado no ordenamento jurídico português, mas que a analogia com aspetos de alguns tipos contratuais pode permitir encontrar caminhos quanto ao regime jurídico a aplicar. A segunda é a questão de saber quando é que o operador do mercado em linha é responsável perante o cliente por questões relacionadas com o contrato principal. A resposta a que cheguei é bipartida. O operador do mercado deve ser tratado como parte quando, em resultado da interpretação das declarações negociais, possamos concluir que se apresentou ao cliente como parte no contrato, titular de direitos e obrigações dele emanadas. Ainda que o operador seja considerado terceiro face ao contrato principal, pode ser responsabilizado pelo incumprimento das respetivas obrigações ou deveres acessórios quando, expressa ou tacitamente, a sua atuação transmita ao cliente a ideia, ou este forme justificadamente a convicção, de que, se alguma coisa correr mal no contrato celebrado com o fornecedor, o operador do mercado responde pelas respetivas consequências. Além destas situações mais estruturais, pode haver responsabilidade também pelo incumprimento de deveres legais próprios do operador do mercado. A questão da responsabilidade dos operadores pelo incumprimento do contrato principal em relações de consumo foi recentemente regulada em Portugal, pelo que o estudo não ficaria concluído sem a análise desse regime especial. This dissertation aims to explore the phenomenon of online marketplaces from a contract law perspective. The structure of online marketplaces is composed of three contracts that form a triangle, but their activity cannot be traced back to a single business model, so that it is not possible to draw general conclusions concerning all online marketplaces, but rather it is necessary to group them by reference to common characteristics. The online marketplace forms a network of contracts, which makes it impossible to analyse each contract separately; instead, we need to analyse them in their context and taking into account the dynamics at hand. Two main issues are addressed in this study. The first concerns the qualification of the contract entered into between the supplier and the operator of the online marketplace, concluding that it is not possible to trace it back to a typified contract under the Portuguese legal system, but that the analogy with aspects of some types of contracts may allow solutions regarding the legal regime to be applied. The second is the question of when the operator of the online marketplace is liable towards the customer for issues related to the main contract. The answer I have arrived at is twofold. The marketplace operator is liable as a party when it appears as such, i.e. when the interpretation of the contractual statements leads to the conclusion that the operator has presented itself as a party to the main contract. Even if the marketplace operator is a third party to the main contract, it may be held liable for the breach of its obligations or ancillary duties when, expressly or tacitly, its actions give the customer the idea that if something goes wrong in the contract concluded with the supplier, the market operator is liable for the consequences. Besides these more structural situations, there may also be liability for the breach of proper legal duties. Finally, the question of the operators' liability for the breach of the main contract in consumer relations has recently been regulated in Portugal. The analysis of thisessential regime concludes the dissertation.
Keywords: Contract law; Direito dos contratos; Mercados em linha; Online marketplaces; Plataformas digitais

The Limits of Public Contract Law - Casey, Anthony J.; Niblett, Anthony (Law and Contemporary Problems, 2022)
This work received SSHRC funding
Accepted: 2023-06-19T20:16:27Z

Ticari işletmenin devri - Cerenoğluak, Ceren (Yeditepe Üniversitesi, 2022)
Ticari hayatın gerekleri, ticari işletmelerin faaliyetlerini devam ettiren bir organizasyon bütünü olarak devredilebilmesi ihtiyacını doğurmaktadır. Tüzel kişilik tanınmamış ve hukuk süjesi sayılmamış olan ticari işletmeyi ilgilendiren malvarlığının, hukuki işlemlere konu olması ve özellikle devri bakımından özel bir hukuki rejim öngörülmüştür. Bunun için, Türk Ticaret Kanunu'nun 11/3 fıkrasında düzenlenen şekil ve koşullara uyularak, ticari işletmenin devri gerçekleştirilebilir. 1 Temmuz 2012 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu 11. maddesi ile ticari işletmenin devri sözleşmesinin ve de ticari işletmeyi bir tütün halinde konu alan diğer sözleşmelerin yazılı olarak yapılacağı belirtilerek yazılı şekil şartı ilk kez hukukumuza getirilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, yeni Ticaret Kanunumuz, ticari işletmenin devri prosedürünü kolaylaştırmak adına tescilsiz kazanım öngörmekte ve de aktif unsurların devri için genel hükümlerin gerektirdiği kurucu işlemlerin yapılmasına gerek olmadan devrin gerçekleşeceğini düzenlemektedir. Bu düzenlemenin sicile güven ilkesi açısından neticeleri ve doğura bileceği hukuki sakıncalar tezimizde incelenmiştir. The requirements of commercial life may create the need to transfer the commercial enterprises as a whole organization that continues its activities. A special legal regime has been foreseen for assets of business, which is not recognised as a legal entity, to be subject to transactions, particularly to assignment. For this purpose, the transfer of a commercial enterprise is to be carried out in compliance with the forms and conditions set out in article 11/3 of the Turkish Commercial Code. The written form condition for the transfer of the commercial enterprise agreements and the other agreements in relation to the commercial enterprise has firstly regulated under the Article 11 of the Turkish Commercial Code numbered 6102, has entered in to ferce on July 1, 2012. In addition to this, in order to facilitate the transfer of the commercial enterprise procedure, New Commercial Code stipulates the acquisition without registration officially and transfers of the assets without performing the transaction required by the general provision. The results and legal inconveniency of the said regulation with respect to the believe in registration principle will be discussed in our thesis.
709946
Keywords: Commercial institutes; Contracts; Devir; Kanunlar 6102 sayılı; Laws 6102 numbered; Sözleşmeler; Ticari işletmeler; Transfer of enterprise; Turkish Commercial Code; Turkish commercial law; Turnover; Türk Ticaret Kanunu; Türk ticaret hukuku; İşletmenin devri

Règlements d’Arbitrage en vigueur à compter du 1er janvier 2021 et de Médiation en vigueur à compter du 1er janvier 2014 - Chambre de commerce internationale (ICC DRS Publications, 2022)
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; MARD; Mediación; Mediation; Mediação; Médiation; Règlement d'arbitrage; Règlement de médiation

L’adaptabilité du droit des contrats de la commande publique aux spécificités du véhicule autonome - Chapron, Arthur (Revue libre de Droit, 2022)
Résumé: Dans un contexte de relance où il est attendu des pouvoirs publics qu’ils investissent le champ de l’innovation, tant dans l’optique de participer au renforcement de la compétitivité du tissu économique, que dans celle de moderniser les services d’intérêt général relevant de leurs compétences, lesdits pouvoirs ne sauraient rester de marbre face à l’arrivée annoncée de véhicules autonomes qui mettent l’intelligence artificielle au cœur de la mobilité du quotidien. Or, afin de s’emparer concrètement de ces nouveaux moyens de locomotion, ces autorités devront nécessairement se conformer aux règles de la commande publique. La question se pose alors de savoir si, à l’instar d’autres disciplines juridiques, le droit des marchés publics et des contrats de concession doit être modifié pour s’adapter au caractère singulier de ces véhicules. A ce titre, la présente étude tend à démontrer qu’aucun élément propre aux automobiles, bus et autres poids lourds à conduite déléguée, n’est réellement problématique à l’endroit des dispositions constitutives droit de la commande publique. Au contraire, leur configuration actuelle permet d’ores et déjà aux personnes publiques d’envisager la conclusion de contrats visant à développer, à acquérir ou à organiser l’exploitation de ces véhicules particuliers.
Keywords: Commande publique; Données personnelles; Innovation; Public procurement law; Public transport; Risque de développement; Transports collectifs

The rising role of China and Chinese enterprises in transnational labour law: Theoretical inquiries and case studies in the context of Chinese outward mining investment in Africa - Chen, Si (McGill University, 2022)
Transnational labour law scholarship has emerged over the past three decades. However, relatively limited scholarship has explored the role of actors from emerging market economies and the challenges and opportunities they have brought for achieving decent work in a globalized economy. This thesis addresses the research gap through an in-depth investigation into the role of actors from China in the dynamics of multi-level governance of labour rights in a globalized economy. Building on a multi-level, actor-centred and processual approach, this thesis argues that China and Chinese enterprises are playing a rising role in developing and shaping the dynamics of multi-level governance of labour rights in the global cobalt supply chain. Furthermore, the thesis suggests that actors from China have started challenging some unequal patterns of existing labour governance in the global cobalt supply chain and have demonstrated the potential to form a counterbalancing force to challenge the dominant role of actors from the global North. A multi-level governance framework has recently emerged and rapidly evolved in the global cobalt supply chain to eliminate child labour in the artisanal copper-cobalt mining sector in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This framework is complex, pluralistic, and decentred. A wide range of state and non-state actors are developing various governance initiatives and shaping the dynamics of multi-level governance. Actors from China are playing a rising role in the global cobalt supply chain alongside a few other actors that have also provided proposals from the global South. Over the past decade, Chinese state agencies, nationwide industry associations and mining enterprises have proactively engaged in developing and shaping the multi-level governance framework to address governance deficits on decent work in the global cobalt supply chain. State agencies have developed various regulatory documents to enhance the social dimension of the Chinese regulatory framework for outward foreign direct investment. Nationwide industry associations have further conceptualized the term “corporate social responsibility” and have taken labour rights as key to the social responsibilities of Chinese enterprises operating overseas. Specifically, a Chinese nationwide industry association for the mining industry has developed comprehensive guidelines and initiatives to clarify and operationalize the labour component of social responsibilities in Chinese outward mining investment. The changing dynamics of multi-level governance have played a crucial role in shaping the private labour governance initiatives that Chinese mining enterprises are developing in the global cobalt supply chain. The contributions of this thesis are original, significant, and timely, given the notable research gaps on China and Chinese enterprises’ engagement with the dynamics of multi-level governance of labour rights in a globalized economy and the ongoing development of a multi-level governance framework in the global cobalt supply chain
Identifier: https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/7d2790853
Keywords: Chinese enterprise; Droit du travail; Investment in Africa; Labour law; Transnational labour law

Contract Interpretation in Investment Treaty Arbitration: A Theory of the Incidental Issue - Chernykh, Yuliya (Brill, 2022)
For the first time, a monograph provides a systematic, in-depth account of contract interpretation in investment treaty arbitration and offers a conceptual paradigm that would enhance the quality of the tribunals’ reasoning.; Readership: The monograph is of relevance for legal scholars, practitioners and policymakers in the field of investment treaty arbitration. The book will also be of additional value to postgraduate and doctoral students.
Accepted: 2022-04-07T09:15:30Z
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Contract interpretation; International law; Investment arbitration; Investments

L'impact de la guerre russo-ukrainienne sur le transport aérien mondial - Chevalier, Hermance (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

Courtiers de réassurance et développement de la réassurance : Cas de NCARE - Dagnogo, Foussiata (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

Local Content Requirements in WTO Law: Between Free Trade and the Right to Development - De Lima Figueiredo, Natalia (Maastricht University; Universidade de São Paulo, 2022)
In the international arena, there is a strong rhetoric against a type of industrial policy measure called local content requirements (LCRs). They are often characterised, especially by developed countries, as protectionist measures. However, under certain circumstances, LCRs can have a central role in a country’s development process. Indeed, both developed and developing countries use them to boost their economies. Despite this developmental aspect of LCRs, WTO (World Trade Organization) rules restrict their use. The WTO Agreement, however, has a development dimension and WTO law is supposed to be read in light of the wider corpus of international law. The right to development, in turn, is a principle rooted in core human rights treaties, is consolidated in several instruments of soft law nature and could potentially play a role in the interpretation of WTO provisions. In this scenario, the thesis investigates if it is possible to further a development-oriented interpretation of WTO rules affecting LCRs so that those measures that incorporate genuine development goals are not considered a violation of WTO rules.
Keywords: Development; Free Trade; Human rights; Local content requirements (LCRs); WTO; World Trade Organization

L’activité commerciale féminine en Afrique et le droit OHADA : géographie d’une divergence - Deschamps, Isabelle (McGill University, 2022)
En 1993, quatorze États africains de tradition juridique civiliste fondent l’Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (« Ohada »). Elle a pour mission de moderniser et d’unifier le droit des affaires de ses États membres et ce, afin de contribuer au développement économique sur le continent africain et d’y faciliter l’activité des entreprises. Les entreprises faisant des affaires dans les États membres de l’organisation comptent dans leurs rangs des milliers des commerces de petite ou de très petite taille exploités pour nombre de ceux-ci par des femmes. Ils sont essentiels à la distribution quotidienne de biens et de services dans leurs milieux. Pourtant, celles qui les exploitent travaillent souvent dans des conditions précaires.Cette thèse examine l’interaction entre le régime de droit commercial régional que l’Ohada met en place dans ses États membres et l’activité micro-entrepreneuriale féminine au Bénin, au Cameroun et en Côte d’Ivoire. Me fondant sur l’analyse de données recueillies auprès de femmes commerçantes, de hauts-fonctionnaires de l’Ohada, de juristes et de praticiens du droit des affaires dans ces pays, je démontre que cette interaction se caractérise par des conceptions radicalement différentes du droit. À cet effet, je montre que le régime de l’Ohada instaure une version positiviste et formaliste du droit des affaires, laquelle trouve ses fondements et origines dans la pensée européenne « moderne » qui connît son essor depuis le siècle des Lumières. Le droit que développe l’organisation est instrumental. Sa mission première est le développement des affaires via l’attrait d’investissements et d’entreprises d’envergure. Pour atteindre cette mission, l’Ohada met en place un système de droit uniforme, supranational et orienté vers l’extérieur. Ceci se constate à l’analyse des méthodes de réforme qu’emploie l’organisation, des règles et mécanismes qu’elle adopte et des propos de ceux qui participent à formuler et à mettre en œuvre le droit Ohada.En marge du régime de l’Ohada se trouve le droit commercial qui régit l’activité économique des commerçantes comme celles que j’ai rencontrées. Quant à celui-ci, je montre qu’il s’est notamment forgé sur l’enclume des exclusions dont les femmes ont et continuent de faire l’objet de la part du système juridique et économique officiel. Ce droit qui régit l’activité commerciale micro-entrepreneuriale féminine se distingue par son hybridité, son caractère relationnel et son fondement sur une éthique de la bienveillance. Ces attributs et ce fondement apparaissent à l’analyse de pratiques et d’institutions juridiques typiquement employées par les femmes dans le cadre de l’exploitation de leur entreprise. L’une de ces institutions est la tontine, un mécanisme d’épargne et de crédit remplissant également des fonctions d’entraide et de sécurité sociale. Je soutiens que l’Ohada entretient l’exclusion économique, juridique et politique des femmes commerçantes et des petites et micro-entreprises qu’elles exploitent. Ceci découle de la version de la « modernité » juridique qu’elle met en oeuvre, de sa vocation à attirer en priorité des investissements et des entreprises d’envergure, et des procédés qu’elle emploie pour ce faire. Pour favoriser le développement socio-économique en Afrique et y faciliter l’exploitation des entreprises (y compris les petites entreprises), l’Ohada est appelée à pluraliser son approche au droit et à sa réforme. Elle est appelée à reformuler un droit commercial plus inclusif, bienveillant et attentif au contexte et institutions juridiques locales. Cette thèse se veut une proposition en ce sens
https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/w3763d051
Keywords: Activité commerciale; Afrique; Divergence; Droit OHADA; Femme

La gestion de la branche caution dans les compagnies d'assurance de la zone CIMA : le cas des assurances la providence du Sénégal - Diakha, Mor (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

De la pertinence des chiffres comptables publiés par les sociétés cotées à la bourse régionale des valeurs mobilières (BRVM) avant et après la révision du système comptable OHADA (SYSCOHADA) - Diop, Ndiaga; Wade, Mouhamed El Bachir (Revue du contrôle, de la comptabilité et de l’audit, 2022)
L’objectif de notre étude est d’évaluer la pertinence du résultat net et des capitaux propres, selon le SYSCOHADA avant et après la révision. Particulièrement, nous vérifions si l'adoption du SYSCOHADA révisé améliore la qualité du résultat net et des capitaux propres publiés par les sociétés cotées à la Bourse Régionale des Valeurs Mobilières (BRVM) pour répondre aux besoins en informations des utilisateurs. A partir d’un échantillon de 21 sociétés cotées sur une période pré-SYSCOHADA révisé (2014-2017) et post-SYSCOHADA révisé (2018-2020). Des relations de type linéaire et quadratique sont testées entre les rendements boursiers et les chiffres comptables. Dans l’ensemble, nos principaux résultats montrent que par rapport à l’ancien SYSCOHADA, le SYSCOHADA révisé améliore nettement les contenus informationnels du résultat net et des capitaux propres des sociétés cotées à la BRVM. Ensuite, il ressort de nos résultats que le modèle non linéaire est plus pertinent que le modèle linéaire pour décrire de manière simultanée la relation entre le rendement boursier et les chiffres comptables.
Keywords: Chiffres comptables; Etudes d’association; Pertinence informationnelle; Rendement boursier

La répression des transporteurs routiers au Cameroun vu sous le prisme de l’application du droit pénal camerounais - Djaraï Kalgong, Olivier; Douram, Victor (Revue Africaine des Réflexions Juridiques et Politiques, 2022)

The conclusion of contracts by electronic agents in the age of the Fourth Industrial Revolution : a South African perspective - Doughan, Albert Nana (University of Johannesburg, 2022)
Please refer to full text to view abstract.
Keywords: Commercial law; Contracts; Electronic data interchange; Industry 4.0

COFOLA International 2022: Current Challenges of Resolution of International (Cross-Border) Disputes - Drličková, Klára; Malachta, Radovan; Provazník, Patrik (Masaryk University Press, 2022)
- Bridging the Public-Private Law Divide in the Conflict of Laws; - New Practices in Alternative Dispute Resolution: New Pathways to Peace; - The Singapore Convention: A Giant Leap for Mediation or Just Too Good to Be True; - Potential Nexus Between the Enforceability of Foreign Judgments and the Quality of Civil Justice in ASEAN Did the Preliminary Objections Judgment Resolve the Chagos Archipelago Sovereignty Dispute? - The Order of Periodic Penalty Payments by the CJEU in Cases Filed by a State Against Another State; - The Dichotomy of Obligations of Conduct and Result in International Investment Law; - Investment Arbitration Reform: Third-Party Funding in Investment Arbitration; - Between Protection and Access to Justice: On the Regulation of Returns in Third-Party Litigation Funding; - Contract Adjustment in Arbitration : Should the Approach Be Adjusted? - Current Challenges of Enforcing Annulled Arbitral Awards; - Condifentiality of Arbitral Awards on National, International and Institutional Level; - Digitalisation of Judicial Cooperation in the EU: A Long Road Ahead; - Resolving Cross-Border Consumer Disputes: The Digital Experience in China; - Law Applicable to Non-Consumer Contracts Concluded at an Electronic Auction; - Can Robot Judges Solve the So-Called “Hard Cases”? - Current Challenges of Cross-Border Disputes in Slovakia : Is Slovak Law Anchored in the 21st century

Bank Bail-ins in International Investment Law - Duque-Cordero, Luciano (Universität Wien, 2022)
The global financial crisis led to the introduction of special resolution regimes for financial institutions. The most prominent innovation of these resolution regimes is the so-called bail-in tool, which allows regulators to recapitalise financial institutions by expropriating shareholders and creditors. This thesis analyses the conditions under which a hypothetical bail-in of a financial institution would constitute a compensable breach of international investment law. It identifies the issues that are most likely to be relevant if a bail-in were to be litigated before an investment arbitration tribunal. The thesis first addresses jurisdictional issues, in particular the question of whether bail-inable instruments can even be considered an investment in procedural terms. The analysis then continues to substantive standards of protection. It deals comprehensively with the question of expropriation and related issues such as compensation, the right to regulate, and causation. It concludes with possible violations of the fair and equitable treatment standard.
https://phaidra.univie.ac.at/detail/o:1417287
Keywords: Bail-in; Bank resolution; Expropriation; International Investment Law; Investments

L'impact du contrôle interne sur la solvabilité des sociétés d'assurances : Cas d'ASSINCO - Ekomie Ekomie, Fabrice (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

Les assurances obligatoires au Cameroun, pour quoi faire - Elanga, Dominique (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

Les enjeux de la sûreté ferroviaire à la SNCF - Escaut, Sébastien (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

Yönetim kurulu üyelerinin şahsî sorumluluğuna ilişkin davalarda maddî hukukun usûl hukukuyla etkileşimi - Eski̇ocak, Ali (Galatasaray Üniversitesi, 2022)
Les membres du conseil d'administration, qui sont l'organe représentatif et exécutif de la société anonyme, sont investis de pouvoirs et d'attributions étendus à tous les stades de leur activité (Code de Commerce turc art. 365, art. 374). En cas de perte résultant de la violation de ces obligations, il est inévitable que la responsabilité soit mise en avant. Ceci est principalement une conséquence naturelle de la règle générale de "l'équilibre autorité-responsabilité". Dans ce contexte, l'existence et l'effectivité des actions en responsabilité ont un rôle dissuasif pour que les administrateurs ne manquent pas à leurs obligations. D'autre part, en raison du principe de la responsabilité limitée avec les actifs contre les créanciers de la société anonyme (Code de Commerce turc art. 329/1), la protection des actifs est importante pour empêcher les créanciers de subir des pertes. De plus, la question de la responsabilité revêt une importance particulière au regard des principes de gouvernance d'entreprise. Parce que la comptabilité et la responsabilité sont les éléments clés du principe de gouvernance d'entreprise dans les sociétés anonymes qui sont les acteurs les plus importants de la vie économique d'aujourd'hui. Par conséquent, des réglementations détaillées prises en vertu du Code de Commerce turc concernant les obligations et les responsabilités des membres du conseil d'administration; en outre, les dispositions relatives aux poursuites en responsabilité ont été réglementées de manière plus détaillée et systématique et des changements importants ont également été introduits à cet égard. Dans ce cadre, un régime de responsabilité spéciale a été institué pour les administrateurs en dehors des dispositions de responsabilité générale, tandis que les articles 549 à 552 du Code de Commerce turc réglementent la responsabilité spéciale, l'article 553 et les articles suivants du Code de Commerce turc réglementent les dispositions relatives à la responsabilité générale. Ces articles sont relativement larges et complets par rapport à l'ancien code. Diverses études monographiques ont été réalisées en matière de responsabilité juridique des membres du conseil d'administration et ce sujet a été largement examiné dans les travaux sur le droit des sociétés anonymes. Cependant, l'aspect droit matériel de la responsabilité juridique a été principalement examiné dans la doctrine mais les questions liées aux actions en responsabilité et l'aspect procédurale de l'action ont trouvé une place limitée dans la doctrine. Les expressions similaires sont souvent utilisées concernant la nature du droit d'action des actionnaires et créanciers, mais l'aspect procédurale n'est généralement pas examiné avec une explication détaillée, des analyses et une caractérisation. Cependant, cette question est étroitement liée à des questions importantes telles que la relation entre les demandeurs, la litispendance, le jugement définitif, l'exécution du jugement et les caractéristiques des défenses. Dans notre étude, en raison de l'importance des actions en responsabilité et de l'augmentation du nombre des actions en pratique, nous essayons d'expliquer les caractéristiques de l'action en responsabilité (l'aspect procédural) ainsi que l'aspect du droit matériel. Cependant, notre étude n'est pas une thèse de procédure civile, c'est une thèse de droit matériel et il vise à examiner les questions liées au droit procédural en commençant par la nature de la responsabilité, l'engagement de l'action jusqu'à l'exécution du jugement définitif rendu. En conséquence, le sujet de notre étude est de décrire l'aspect de droit substantiel de l'action en responsabilité et d'examiner les domaines où la responsabilité des membres du conseil d'administration intersecter avec le droit procédural. Donc l'objectif de cette étude est l'aspect de droit substantiel de la responsabilité. Les problèmes procéduraux sont examinés dans cette perspective. La responsabilité civile des membres du conseil d'administration a été examiné conformément à l'article 553 et les dispositions suivantes. L'analyse a été faite pour les personnes qui ont le droit d'action avant la déclaration de faillite, mais pas pour les autres qui ont le droit d'action après la déclaration de faillite (administration de la faillite, créanciers). La responsabilité des membres du conseil d'administration et des dirigeants a été prise en considération. Par ailleurs, la responsabilité résultant de la fondation, les cas particuliers de responsabilité régis par l'article 549 et suivants du Code de Commerce turc, la responsabilité de contrôleur qui est régie par l'article 554 du Code de Commerce turc, l'action particulière en responsabilité régie par l'article 193 du Code de Commerce turc, l'action en responsabilité à l'égard d'un groupe de sociétés régi par l'article 202 et les dispositions suivantes du Code de Commerce turc et la révocation des personnes responsables entre elles selon leurs relations internes (action en révocation) sont exclues du champ de cette étude. Notre étude, préparée dans ce contexte, se compose de cinq grandes parties, dans la première partie, les principes de l'aspect droit matériel de l'action en responsabilité ont été examinés. Dans ce cadre, les réglementations légales antérieures et nouvelles en matière de responsabilité, les innovations apportées par la Code de Commerce turc, la base juridique (la source), le but, l'objet, l'intérêt qu'elle protège, ses éléments, sa relation avec divers actions et institutions et ses caractéristiques sont important. La source de responsabilité est basée sur la relation contractuelle entre les membres du conseil d'administration et la société, et les éléments de responsabilité sont l'illégalité, le dommage, le lien de causalité et la faute. La responsabilité des membres du conseil d'administration appartient à l'organe de gestion, est personnelle et fondée sur la faute. Sur cette note, la présomption de responsabilité a été révoquée et le fardeau de la preuve repose sur le demandeur. Alors que le principe de solidarité différenciée a été inclus dans l'article 557 du Code de Commerce turc, il a été mis l'accent sur l'application des dispositions de relation de causalité ainsi que les articles 51-52 du Code des Obligations turc. En ce qui concerne le devoir de diligence, la méthode de référence indirecte au devoir de diligence de l'employé qui était régie par l'article 320 du précédent Code de Commerce a été abandonnée par l'article 369 du Code de Commerce turc, et le devoir de diligence a acquis l'objectivité par l'adoption de « business judgement rule (agir avec diligence, bonne foi et loyauté en decision de gestion)». En outre, dans l'exposé des motifs de l'article, il a été clairement indiqué que le critère de prudence sont pertinents avec la « business judgement rule» Le devoir de diligence est lié à des éléments d'« illégalité » et de « faute ». Par conséquent, cet article signifie l'objectivation de la faute. De ce fait, la frontière entre les éléments d'illégalité et de faute est devenue encore plus incertaine. La délégation de gestion (art.367 du Code de Commerce turc) est une situation qui a un impact sur la responsabilité, avec une délégation valable il y aurait partage responsabilité primaire - responsabilité de surveillance (art. 553/2 du Code de Commerce turc). La nouvelle règle, régie par l'article 557/2 du Code de Commerce turc qui prévoit qu'une action en justice peut être intentée pour l'ensemble du dommage et qu'il peut être demandé au juge de déterminer l'indemnisation de chaque défendeur dans une même action en justice, est importante pour fixer qu'il n'est pas nécessaire que le demandeur tienne compte du principe de solidarité différenciée, et que ce principe est une règle qui ne s'adresse qu'au juge et à la décision qu'il établira. Dans la deuxième partie, les caractéristiques du droit d'intenter une action en responsabilité, les parties de l'action et les modalités d'exercice du droit d'action sont discutées. La caractéristique du droit d'action qui pourrait être exercé par d'autres personnes que la société est importante. Le résultat est étroitement liée aux questions critiques telles que les défenses qui pourraient être invoquées par les défendeurs, et avec quelles défenses pourraient être invoquées contre quel demandeur, la relation entre les demandeurs, la litispendance, le jugement définitif, l'exécution du jugement. Après une évaluation détaillée, notre opinion est que les actionnaires et les créanciers ont chacun individuellement un droit substantiel d'engager une action en responsabilité. En outre, la manière d'exercer le droit de la demande réglementé par la loi est également importante. Étant donné qu'il n'y a pas de disposition ou de déclaration restrictive dans la loi concernant la manière de demande du dommage de l'entreprise, il est également possible d'appliquer tous les recours disponibles en vertu du droit de la procédure civile, de l'exécution et de la faillite. Il est possible de demander des mesures provisoires. Bien qu'il existe une réglementation générale quant aux parties à l'action en responsabilité dans la loi, il est important d'examiner ce sujet. A cet égard, l'action intentée par l'actionnaire avant la faillite n'est soumise à aucune condition. Le montant (ratio) de l'action (la part) n'est pas important. En ce qui concerne le défendeur, les défendeurs sont comptés dans la loi. A ce propos, il est important de déterminer qui entrera dans le champ d'application du concept de « dirigeants», qui est réglementé pour être responsable aux côtés des membres du conseil d'administration. La position des personnes qui ont le droit d'action peut varier selon les avis sur la caractéristique du droit d'action. A notre avis, il n'y a pas d'obstacle légal au dépôt d'actions en responsabilité distinctes par des personnes ayant droit d'action, et cette situation ne constitue pas une litispendance. Dans la troisième partie de notre étude, les instruments de défense relatifs aux actions en responsabilité et à la question de la preuve sont abordés. Les moyens de défense sont importants en ce qui concerne l'instance pendante, la détermination de l'existence des éléments de responsabilité et le calcul du montant de l'indemnité. Parmi les conditions d'action, en tant que moyens de défense en matière de droit procédural, la décision de l'assemblée générale et l'intérêt à agir revêtent une importance particulière. À notre avis la décision de l'assemblée générale devait être recherchée comme condition d'action. En outre, bien que l'intérêt à agir soit une condition générale d'action, il prend plus d'importance pour le cette étude, car dans les actions en responsabilité l'événement qui constitue une violation de l'interdiction de l'abus de droit (art. 2 Code Civil turc). En outre, l'adoption du principe de solidarité différenciée a accru l'importance des motifs de défense individuels. Les motifs matériels de la défense peuvent être très divers, tels que le fait de ne pas être investi d'un organe de gestion, la libération, la prescription, la forclusion, l'exécution du devoir de diligence et la délégation de pouvoir. De plus, comme dans tous les procès, la question de la preuve est également très importante dans les actions en responsabilité. Cependant, un système de preuve spécial et une méthode de preuve n'ont pas été prévus en termes des actions en responsabilité. Par conséquent, des questions telles que la charge de la preuve, l'objet de la preuve, l'échelle de la preuve et les preuves propres doivent être déterminées en tenant compte des caractéristiques spécifiques de l'action en responsabilité, et cela a été examiné dans ce cadre dans notre étude. Dans le quatrième chapitre, le déroulement du procès, le jugement et l'exécution du jugement sont expliqués. En particulier, l'accent mis sur le lien de causalité et l'acceptation du principe de solidarité différenciée avec de nouvelles dispositions obligent le juge à procéder à un examen précis. Dans ce contexte, des questions telles que l'impossibilité du contrôle d'opportunité, la mise en œuvre du principe de solidarité différenciée et la prise en compte de la situation des responsables, qui ne sont pas parties au procès, sont les aspects originaux de la procédure. L'effet du jugement à la fin de l'action est également un sujet discuté dans la doctrine. À notre avis, le jugement ne constituera pas res iudicata (l'autorité de la chose jugée) pour les autres actions en responsabilité et les actions en révocation. Cependant, il convient de noter que l'effet de l'intervention en cas de dénonciation d'instance et d'intervention accessoire, pourrait être important en termes d'action en révocation, et de fait, il peut avoir un effet plus important que res iudicata. Une autre question importante est celle de savoir qui a le pouvoir d'exécuter le jugement et les possibilités dans cette question. Le point le plus prénant ici est que le droit de réclamation de l'actionnaire (le demandeur) comprend le pouvoir d'exécuter le jugement, mais le paiement perçu au stade de l'exécution doit être versée à la société. Dans le cinquième chapitre, quelques situations particulières liées aux actions en responsabilité sont examinées. Dans ce contexte, il a été analysé que l'effet du recouvrement partiel ou total du dommage sur les autres parties responsables dans le cadre de diverses possibilités, la transaction et le désistement d'action (la validité et caractère obligatoire), l'examen de la libération d'une ou plusieurs des personnes responsables au sens de l'article 166/3 du Code des obligations turc, la pertinence de la révocation dans le cadre de l'action en responsabilité et les opérations collusoires de l'entreprise dans le cadre de l'action en responsabilité. Notre avis a été indiqué en conjonction avec l'analyse des arguments de la doctrine et de la pratique sur ces questions.
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Keywords: Borçlar hukuku; Cases; Davalar; Faulty liability; Hukuki sorumluluk; Kusurlu sorumluluk; Law of obligations; Legal responsibility; Maddi hukuk; Members of the board directors; Procedural law; Responsibility; Sorumluluk; Substantive law; Turkish Commercial Code; Türk Ticaret Kanunu; Usul hukuku; Yönetim kurulu üyeleri

la place de la fonction conformité dans une entreprise d'assurance de la zone CIMA : Enjeux, structuration et déploiement - Fall, Amsatou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

Le conflit russo-ukrainien : conséquences dans l'industrie maritime et des transports - Faverot Quilichini, Clara (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

Dialogue entre le droit civil des contrats et un droit traditionnel africain : essai sur le Nsountee dans la communauté Ngombale de l’Ouest-Cameroun - Fokou, Eric; Bélanger, André (Revue générale de droit, 2022)
Cette présentation du Nsountee dans la communauté Ngombale de l’Ouest-Cameroun a pour but de souligner la richesse des possibilités interculturelles qui s’offrent au droit. Par la prise en compte d’un droit naturel, droit spontané propre aux normes du Nsountee, nous tentons de nuancer la rigueur des règles du droit civil, droit édicté, tout en contribuant, éventuellement, à établir une forme de dialogue entre les divers discours qui se manifestent en droit des contrats. Ce qui nous ramène à l’idée de contrat à titre d’artéfact social. La question pour les juristes, in fine, serait donc d’établir si le recours à un champ d’études exotiques (droit oral, droit autochtone, non civiliste) peut aider à enrichir notre compréhension du contrat en droit civil et à quelles fins? Nous envisageons ici une possibilité de son enrichissement par le droit autochtone en cours de réhabilitation dans un contexte postcolonial d’interculturalité et de pluralisme normatif. Nous prenons acte du fait que l’invisibilisation, la délégitimation ou l’illégalisation des droits autochtones, pendant longtemps décrétés comme non en vigueur (non-droit, anti-droit, infra-droit) par l’ordre juridique dominant, en l’occurrence le droit positif étatique hérité de la colonisation, cèdent peu à peu la place à une forme de coexistence plus ou moins conflictuelle. À cet égard, la présente étude sur le Nsountee est un essai au sens littéraire qui, en plus de raconter l’histoire d’un droit traditionnel africain des contrats, « essaie » de susciter la réflexion autour d’une remise en cause de la dogmatique contractuelle du droit dit moderne.
Keywords: Contract; Contrat; Coutume; Custom; Droit; Law; Nsountee

La culture de sécurité aérienne : un défi à l’échelle internationale - Frikh, Amira (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

La fidélisation de la clientèle dans le secteur des assurances : Cas d'atlantique assurances Côte d'Ivoire - Geago Zibo, Constantin Germain (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

Modalités et enjeux d'une ouverture de ligne aérienne de transport de passagers - Gerard, Charles-Emile (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

Optimisation de la couverture de réassurance pour une amélioration de la rentabilité : Cas de SANLAM assurance non vie Côte d'ivoire - Gnangoin, Nanan (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

The role of good faith in South African contract law - Govender, Tashri (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2022)
This research paper seeks to address the role that good faith plays in South African contract law by first discussing its origin and then chronologically tracing its position from pre-1994 to today. The judgements of both the Supreme Court of Appeal and the Constitutional Court will be unpacked, as a means to understand the development of good faith over the years. The position that good faith plays in foreign jurisdictions will also be discussed, for the sake of achieving a universal understanding of how good faith is perceived around the world. The research concludes by placing good faith in its current role and context in South Africa, and also proposing a way forward.
Keywords: Bona fides; Contract Law

Anonim ortaklıkta yönetim kurulu üyesinin rekabet yasağı - Günaydin Gülteki̇n, Burcu (Galatasaray Üniversitesi, 2022)
This subject matter of this work is the prohibition of competition with the company of members of board of directors in joint stock companies under art. 396 of the Turkish Commercial Code. The prohibition of competition is a limitation on the commercial activities and the freedom of competition of a restricted party who has access to information, means or resources due to the legal relationship between parties which grant the restricted party a leverage in competition with the other. The core idea underlying the prohibition of competition is the necessity to protect the party benefiting from this prohibition against competitive activities of the restricted party. The prohibition of competition bans the restricted party from establishing competition with the party benefiting from the prohibition through competitive actions, ultimately from becoming the competitor of the beneficiary. The said competition relationship will occur in the event the services or products serving the same or similar needs are provided to the entirety or part of the same customers or customer group. Board members in joint stock company, having the prevailing right of access to all information and resources of the company leads to the risk that it may use this power for its own or other parties' benefit instead of that of the company. Hence, the prohibition of competition on board members regulated under article 396 of the Turkish Commercial Code is one of the concrete examples of the duty of loyalty of a board member towards the company aiming to prevent such usages prioritizing the benefit of the member or of a third person over that of the company. The focal point of this work is the determination of the scope of application and conditions of this prohibition as a whole. The first chapter of this thesis aims to convey the conceptual basis of the prohibition of competition. In this scope, we first assessed the economic and legal basis of competition. Economic competition is the race/competition of two or more market actors in a specific market in order to engage in a transaction with its counterparty in the market through offering better prices, conditions, goods or services in order to be superior from its competitors. However, the intention to supersede its competitors and the efforts for this purpose may result in the misuse of the right to compete or in an act limiting or eliminating the competitive environment. The Republic of Turkey provides for a constitutional protection over a person's right to engage in commercial activities and, although not expressly regulated, right to compete. However, as is the case for all rights and liberties, the right and liberty to compete cannot be exercised without any limitation. Second, the scope of the prohibition of competition is assessed. In this regard, we tried to determine the elements of the prohibition of competition, its definition, and its legal categorization. Moreover, a comparison of the prohibition of competition with the provisions governing unjust competition aiming to establish honest and undisrupted competition as well as with the rules of Competition Law aiming to prevent disruption of competition through restrictive actions is provided in order to specify the prominent characteristics of the prohibition of competition. Third, the attributes of the provisions governing the prohibition of competition are assessed. Provisions governing prohibition of competition which do not relate to the public order but to the internal relations of parties, and which serve the personal benefit of the beneficiary, are not of a peremptory nature. The prohibition of competition, which materially limits the liberty of engaging in commercial activities protected under the constitutional law, is of an exceptional nature and hence the provisions governing the prohibition of competition need to be construed in a limited manner. Fourth, the prohibition of competition can be regulated in the letter of a contract through mutual agreement thereon by its parties, or the legislator occasionally provides for a legal provision governing the prohibition of competition by attributing a special importance to this prohibition with respect to a specific relationship between the parties. Last, in this first chapter, we identify the reflections of this prohibition of competition within the scope of the Law of Obligations, and the Law of Corporations. The second chapter of this work takes into consideration the reasons of regulating a prohibition of competition on board members, and its scope of application regarding the persons concerned. In this context we first broadly assessed the position of the board of directors, board members and affiliated commercial auxiliaries in a company. Then, the legislative provisions respectively of German Law, Swiss Law and Turkish Law governing the board members' prohibition of competition are specified. While in German Law, just as is the case in Turkish law, the prohibition of competition of board members is stipulated in § 88 of the German Stock Corporation Act, the Swiss Law does not regulate this prohibition of competition of board members with a statutory provision, nonetheless, this prohibition is accepted by the scholars. Thereafter, the reason for regulating the prohibition of competition of board members is assessed. In this scope, the duty of loyalty of a board member arises from the legal relationship between the member and the corporation being based on the principle of trust. The member must refrain from conflicting its interests with the interests of the corporation, in other words, from conflict of interests, due to its duty of loyalty. When the member engages in competition with the company, the interests of the company and the board member conflict with each other. The member is in a considerably advantageous position in this conflict compared to the company, due to the information and resources to which it has access thanks to its position within the company. For this reason, the duty of loyalty aiming to prevent the conflict of interest between the company and the member lies at the basis of the board member's prohibition of competition. Lastly, in this chapter, the persons subject to the prohibition of competition pursuant to article 396 of the Turkish Commercial Code are identified. In this respect, the members of the board of directors as well as persons to whom management authorities are delegated fall within the scope of the ratione personae of article 396 of the Turkish Commercial Code. The commercial representatives and commercial proxies of a company are prohibited from competition pursuant to the prohibition of competition regarding commercial auxiliaries pursuant to article 553 of the Turkish Code of Obligations. Whereas a shareholder is not subject to the prohibition of competition with the company; this prohibition may only be regulated by a contract subject to the Law of Obligations. Furthermore, when evaluating the prohibition of competition of shareholders, whether the shareholder has a duty of loyalty to the company has been assessed under German Law, Swiss Law and Turkish Law. The third chapter of this work sets forth the scope of application of the prohibition of competition of board members with respect to its subject matter, place, and time. In order for a board member to violate the prohibition of competition with the company, the member must engage in an activity competing with the company. Pursuant to the first paragraph of article 396 of the Turkish Commercial Code, two types of competitive actions of board members are banned. The first type is the member engaging in an action which is a commercial transaction that falls within the scope of the field of activity of the company, on behalf of itself or a third party. Accordingly, all kinds of acts and actions of the member realized on behalf of itself or third parties which fall within the scope of activity of the corporation would constitute the breach of the prohibition. The scope of this prohibition also encompasses joining the managing body of another corporation. Furthermore, depending on the specifics of a concrete case, the same member being an employee of a competitor corporation under a service contract, or providing consultancy services or extending facilities to a competitor, or benefiting from a job opportunity which belonged to the company may also be construed to be within the scope of the prohibition of competition. The second type is the member being engaged as a partner with unlimited liability in a corporation engaging in the same types of commercial activities. In this regard, if a member becomes a partner of an ordinary partnership or a collective corporation, or a partner with unlimited liability of a commandite corporation, which engages in activities that fall within the scope of activities of the joint stock company, the prohibition will be breached. The prohibition of competition of the board member with the company may be lifted by an authorization granted by the general assembly pursuant to article 396 of the Turkish Commercial Code. This permission to compete to be granted to a board member may be in the form of a prior approval or a later acknowledgement (ratification), in an expressed or implied manner. As a result of the member being permitted to compete, article 396 of the Turkish Commercial Code will no longer apply even if the member engages in activities in competition with the company. The prohibition to compete of the board member lasts for the duration of the board membership. Once the membership ends, the parties must conclude an agreement in order to continue the prohibition of competition. The said agreement regarding the prohibition of competition will be subject to form requirements to be valid. Pursuant to the liberty of contract inherent in the Law of Obligations, the parties may freely execute an agreement regarding the prohibition of competition, provided they comply with the provisions in paragraph 2 of article 23 of the Civil Code or article 26 and first paragraph of article 27 of the Turkish Commercial Code. The prohibition to compete of board members is valid as long as they execute the activities of the company, and within the geography where the clientele of the corporation is located. The fourth and last chapter of this work is devoted to the consequences of breach of the prohibition to compete by a board member. If a member of the board of directors violates this prohibition, the consequence of this breach is regulated in the first paragraph of art. 396 of the Turkish Commercial Code. Accordingly, the joint stock company is granted with certain elective rights. Such that, primarily the company may request compensation from the member in breach of the prohibition of competition. Second, it may be requested that the transaction is deemed concluded on behalf of the joint stock company, third, that the benefits arising from the agreement the member concludes on behalf of third parties belong to the joint stock company. In its request for compensation, the joint stock company must prove the action of the board member violating the prohibition of competition, that the corporation suffered losses from this activity, and the causal link between this activity and the loss of the company. In its request for the transaction to be deemed concluded on its behalf, the company requests for the economic consequences of the transactions the member concluded in violation of the prohibition of competition on its behalf. In its request for the benefits arising from the agreement, the company requests that benefits arising from the agreement the member concluded on behalf of third parties are left to itself. At this point, we materially benefited from the German doctrine and jurisprudence in explaining the claims requesting that a transaction is deemed concluded on behalf of the company and that the benefits from the transactions are left to the company. These rights granted in the first paragraph of article 396 of the Turkish Commercial Code are not cumulative but elective. Pursuant to the second paragraph of article 396 of the Turkish Commercial Code, the authority to chose one of the elective rights granted to the company belongs to the members of the board of directors, excluding the member having violated the prohibition of competition. The third paragraph of article 396 of the Turkish Commercial Code regulates a dual prescription period of three months and one year. These periods are with respect to the exercise by the company of its elective right to make a claim. The first is the period of three months whose commencement will be determined based on the knowledge by other members that an action subject to the prohibition of competition is realized or that a board member joined another corporation. The second period is the period of one year commencing from the realization of the action violating the prohibition to compete. This one-year period is independent from other members' knowledge that the prohibition to compete has been breached. The corporation may raise other claims against the member violating the prohibition of competition which are not stipulated under article 396 of the Turkish Commercial Code. Accordingly, the corporation may request that the member violating the prohibition of competition through joining a competing corporation as a partner with unlimited liability or joining the managing body of a competitive corporation resigns from this corporation or managing body. Further, the company may dismiss the member violating the prohibition of competition from board membership. Again, the company may initiate a lawsuit to cease the ongoing violation of the prohibition of competition by a board member, or a lawsuit of preclusion prior to probable breaches which have not yet occurred. In this chapter, lastly, the fourth paragraph of article 396 of the Turkish Commercial Code is assessed. This paragraph regulates that provisions governing liability of the members of the board of directors are reserved. This is a new provision which was not present in the abrogated Turkish Commercial Code no. 6762, newly introduced under the Turkish Commercial Code. In this context, we tried to determine the purpose and characteristics of this provision and concluded this work.
Keywords: Administrateurs; Anonim şirketler; Board of directors; Competition prohibition; Concurrence (interdiction); Joint stock company; Members of the board directors; Rekabet yasağı; Société par actions; Turkish Commercial Code; Turkish commercial law; Türk Ticaret Kanunu; Türk ticaret hukuku; Yönetim kurulu; Yönetim kurulu üyeleri

Tout ce qu’il faut savoir pour protéger une invention selon la législation algérienne - Hadj-Sadok, Lynda (Revue francophone de la propriété intellectuelle, 2022)
La propriété industrielle a pour objet principal la protection des créations de l’esprit liées à l’industrie et au commerce. Elle concerne des actifs créés principalement pour le progrès de la technologie, de l’industrie et du commerce, comme les brevets, les dessins et les modèles industriels, les marques de produits ou de services, les appellations d’origine et les circuits intégrés. Comme tous les objets de propriété, ces droits ont un propriétaire et sont susceptibles de produire un revenu. C’est pourquoi ils sont considérés comme un actif. De plus, comme tous les objets de propriété, ils résultent souvent d’un investissement et doivent donc être rentables, d’une façon ou d’une autre. The main purpose of industrial property is to protect intellectual creations related to industry and trade. It relates to assets created primarily for the advancement of technology, industry and commerce, such as patents, industrial designs and models, product or service trademarks, appellations of origin and integrated circuits. Like all property objects, these rights have an owner and are capable of generating income. Therefore, they are considered an asset. In addition, like all property objects, they often result from an investment and must therefore be profitable in some way.
Keywords: Intellectual property

Guide to the writing of law for the Social and Solidarity Economy - Hiez, David (SSE International Forum, 2022)
Keywords: Cooperatives; Social Enterprises; Social and Solidarity Economy

La responsabilité du manutentionnaire - Hubert, Solène (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

Arbitration Rules In force as from 1 January 2021 and Mediation Rules In force as from 1 January 2014 - International Chamber of Commerce (ICC DRS Publications, 2022)
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitration rules; MARD; Mediación; Mediation; Mediation rules; Mediação; Médiation

L'Essor du transport de marchandises par voie aérienne face aux enjeux environnementaux croissants - Jamal, Oumayma (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

NFT : un bouleversement des marchés culturels et du droit d'auteur - Jimenez Serrania, Vanessa (Revue francophone de la propriété intellectuelle, 2022)
Depuis quelque temps, nous recevons constamment des actualités et des commentaires sur les « Non-fungible Tokens » (jetons non fongibles), la croissance exponentielle du marché des « crypto-arts » , l’utilisation de ces NFT dans les secteurs de la musique, de l’audiovisuel, de l’édition et de la mode et, bien sûr, leur projection non seulement dans les réseaux sociaux, mais aussi dans le métavers. L’avalanche d’informations, que ces nouveaux « actifs » ont générée, a suscité des opinions mitigées, allant du scepticisme total à l’enthousiasme le plus radical. Cet article vise à aborder cette question d’un point de vue concret et clair, en analysant le contexte actuel, en mettant en évidence les défis juridiques et économiques posés par l’utilisation des NFT et en discutant des questions clés pour comprendre ce que sont ces nouveaux actifs virtuels, à quoi ils servent, comment nous pouvons les utiliser, leurs risques et les opportunités qu’ils offrent. Recently, we have been receiving constant news and comments about NFTs (non-fungible tokens), the exponential growth of the “crypto-arts” market, the use of these NFTs in the music, audiovisual, publishing and fashion sectors… and, of course, their projection not only in social networks but also in the metaverse. The avalanche of information that these new ‘assets’ have generated has provoked mixed opinions, ranging from total scepticism to the most radical enthusiasm. This article aims to approach this issue from a realistic and clear perspective, analysing the current context, highlighting the legal and economic challenges posed by the use of NFTs and discussing the key questions for understanding what NFTs are, what they are used for, how we can use them, their risks and the opportunities they offer.
Keywords: Biens culturels; Copyright; Cultural market; Droit d'auteur; Intellectual property; Marché culturel; NFT; Propriedade intelectual; Propriété intellectuelle

Sanitary and phytosanitary measures as barriers to trade : a South African perspective - Joubert, Biandri (North-West University, 2022)
Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures are measures aimed at the protection of human, animal and plant life and health, within World Trade Organization (WTO) Member territories, from the risks associated with the introduction and spread of pests and diseases into such territories through trade. The WTO, through its Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (WTO-SPS), guides the application of sanitary and phytosanitary measures and provides a set of guiding principles, rights and obligations applicable to Member States. Dispute resolution through the processes of the WTO is available to Members on a Member to Member level within a defined scope and on specific terms. Private parties who operate within the SPS chain at a national level, whether involved in import or export or neither, are dependent on solutions to barriers or disputes available to them through national legislation. In the absence of an enabling legal framework to facilitate aspects of trade such as certainty and continuity in standard setting, the basis of measures taken in science, transparency and legal recourse to resolving barriers or disputes arising, private parties are vulnerable to fluctuations in, for example, their country’s disease-free status. Private parties are also vulnerable to losing relevance as trading partners in periods of ongoing SPS events and to the loss of trust that trading partners have in the country’s ability to trade safely. These are matters that affect private parties who do not have legal recourse to the WTO dispute resolution procedures which are well within WTO concern as they are directly related to the purpose of SPS measures, the principles, rights and obligations on which they are based. Given the importance of agriculture and the increasing inseparability of international rights, obligations and principles in a field of WTO law such as SPS, the importance of a national legislative framework in as far as being the translator of such rights, obligations and principles into legally enforceable rights, obligations, principles, processes and procedures is significant. The rights, obligations, and principles of SPS measures apply to all products, processes and procedures that are within the scope of the agreement and may include at least 36 chapters of the harmonised tariff book. It is necessary to consider also that international trade, national trade and the associated rights, obligations, and principles of the WTO-SPS agreement interact with the social, political, and economic realities of the country within the countries to which the agreement applies. Therefore, researching some of the persistent challenges experienced by the red meat industry in South Africa prone to negative trade-related consequences during and after the outbreak of a notifiable disease, provides insight into the perception of the ability of the legislative framework to provide solutions to these consequences. This research applies a mixed methodology approach whereby qualitative research by means of semi-structured interviews was combined with doctrinal legal research and a quantitative content analysis using Rprogramming. The qualitative research focused on the role of legislation and the perspectives of selected actors in the red-meat industry, specifically in reference to the foot-and-mouth-disease (FMD) outbreaks and subsequent loss of disease-free status since 2019. The doctrinal legal analysis and content analysis focused on the SPS-related legislative framework. The combination of these methods provides a multi-perspective analysis of SPS measures as barriers to trade from a South African perspective and contributes to the mixed-methods turn in legal studies. The objective of this research is to identify and explore persistent challenges to the prevention and resolution of barriers or disputes connected to sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures in the South African context. Ultimately, this research recommends potential practical solutions to the identified challenges with specific focus on SPS-related barriers or disputes that are beyond the strict terms of dispute resolution available through the World Trade Organization (WTO).
Keywords: AfCFTA; Barriers to trade; CADA; CAQDSA; Content analysis; Dispute resolution; FMD; NTB; OIE; Qualitative research; Rstudio; SADC; SPS; Sanitary and phytosanitary measures; WTO

Privacy Between Regulation and Technology: GDPR and the Blockchain - Jusić, Asim (IUS LAW Journal, 2022)
Compliance with the GDPR while using blockchain technology for data processing results in compliance issues, due to the fact that the blockchain and the GDPR employ different methods to ensure privacy-by-design and privacy-by-default. The blockchain is built on disintermediation and relative decentralization, whereas the GDPR aims for re-intermediation and relative centralization of the data protection process. This paper provides an overview of and suggestions on how to secure compliance with the GDPR while processing data using the blockchain. A focus is placed on the data protection impact assessment on the blockchain network, issues in identifying and determining the role(s) of sole and joint data controllers and data processors, obstacles to exercising the right to rectification and right to be forgotten when the data is recorded on the blockchain, GDPR data transfer requirements as applied to the blockchain, and the protection of privacy in the process of creating blockchain-based smart contracts.
Keywords: Blockchain; Compliance; GDPR; Privacy

Paradigm Shift in Investment Treaty Arbitration: Toward Stricter Control over the Qualifications and Conduct of Arbitrators - Kamalinejad, Hassan (University of Victoria, 2022)
There is a growing concern over the qualifications and social interactions of investment treaty arbitrators. The characteristics of this class of international adjudicators have significantly evolved over the past few decades. The contemporary arbitration panelist interacts within a broad and complex network of arbitration participants. Their patterns of social behavior both within the community of panelists and within the broader network of actors in arbitration proceedings have fundamentally reshaped the composition, dynamics and culture of the arbitration community. These new forms of relationships and patterns of conduct are new in the context of public international law. These have created unprecedented challenges to the investment treaty arbitration system. New manifestations of attributes and social behavior of panelists demonstrate inadequacies of the existing standards, rules and procedures that govern panelists. This study surveys problematic patterns of social behavior of investment treaty adjudicators and shows how certain instances of social behavior inevitably or potentially jeopardize the very foundations of the system. This research empirically examines the voting behavior of two distinct groups of party-appointed panelists, and the results reveal a relationship between appointments and the decision-making attitude of adjudicators. It further methodically maps the pool of ICSID panelists and answers the question ‘who are ICSID panelists?’ It reviews the evolution of the attributes of ICSID adjudicators, assesses the composition of the ICSID pool, and evaluates the social interactions of this group of investment treaty adjudicators. To address the challenges that investment treaty arbitration faces, a radical and multidimensional shift is occurring in the system. This transformation is directed towards greater control over the qualifications and conduct of adjudicators. These developments reconstruct the composition of the pool of adjudicators and influence how they interact with other actors in investment treaty arbitration proceedings. The ongoing reform progress indicates that the attributes and behavior of future investment treaty adjudicators would likely be different from the characteristics and conduct of the contemporary generation of panelists.
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1828/14772
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitrators; Code of conduct; ICSID; Impartiality; Investment treaties; Investment treaty arbitration; Investments; Permanent court system; Qualifications; State practice

Quand le consommateur tend à devenir roi… À propos des métamorphoses récentes du droit de la consommation au Cameroun - Kamgaing, Pierre-Claver (Les Cahiers de droit, 2022)
Secoué par le vent de la démocratie et de la libéralisation économique qui a soufflé sur le continent africain au cours des années 90, l’État du Cameroun s’était davantage préoccupé d’encadrer les échanges commerciaux. La problématique de la protection du consommateur était secondaire. Il a fallu attendre les années 2010 pour que soient enfin adoptés une loi relative à la protection du consommateur et d’autres textes qui ont transformé le visage du droit camerounais de la consommation. La présente étude met en lumière, dans une approche comparée, les avancées réalisées dans la protection des droits aussi bien substantiels que processuels des consommateurs. Elle souligne également l’apport des institutions et des mouvements consuméristes à la défense, encore émergente, des intérêts non matériels des populations et leur influence sur cette dernière.
Keywords: Cameroun; Consommateur; Consommation

Modélisation des sorties anticipées de contrats via le mécanisme de rachats au sein d'une compagnie d'assurance vie : cas de la SONAVIE - Katile, Modibo (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

Les clauses spécifiques aux traités non proportionnels - Kayassing, Soro (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

Hâkim pay sahibinin azınlığı şirketten çıkarma hakkı (Squeeze-out) - Keski̇n, Harun (Ankara Üniversitesi, 2022)
Klasik anlamdaki şirketten çıkarma düzenlemeleri, "haklı sebep" temeline dayanmaktadır. Bu düzenlemelerin en tipik özelliği, düzenlemiş oldukları çıkarma hakkı ile şirketin feshi kurumu arasında bir bağlantıya yer vermiş olmalarıdır. Bu bağlantı, haklı sebebe dayalı çıkarma düzenlemelerinin hizmet ettiği birincil amacı da ortaya koymaktadır: Şirketin devamlılığını sağlamak suretiyle ortaklar arasındaki menfaatler dengesi korumak. Türk hukukuna 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu ve 6362 sayılı Sermaye Piyasası Kanunu ile kazandırılan "squeeze-out" müessesesi ise daha farklı bir kuramsal temele dayanmaktadır. Bu müessese ile, şirkette genellikle %90-95 arasında nitelikli bir pay ve/veya oy oranına ulaşmış olan hâkim pay sahibine, azınlığın paylarını herhangi bir sebep göstermeden iktisap edip, onu şirketten çıkarma hakkı tanınmıştır. Böylece çıkarmanın ekseni, "haklı sebep" olgusundan "hâkimiyet" olgusuna kaymıştır. Kanun koyucuların bu şekilde bir çıkarma hakkını öngörmelerindeki temel sebep ise kurumsal nitelikte bazı amaçları gerçekleştirmek isteyen hâkim konumdaki pay sahiplerine bir imkân sunmaktır. Tezimizde, klasik anlamdaki çıkarma müesseselerinin dayanmış olduğu kuramsal temelden ayrılan "squeeze-out" kurumunun kuramsal temeli, düzenlemenin hangi amaçlarla öngörüldüğü meseleleri ele alınmakta; bu bağlamda, kurumun karşılaştırmalı hukuktaki ne şekilde düzenlendiği, kurumun ortaya çıkardığı sorunlar ve bu sorunların çözümüne yönelik önerilere yer verilmektedir. The classic rules designed for exclusion of a partner has a simple theoretical basis: A/an justified/objective reason (or in other words "good cause"). The most typical feature of these rules is they build a bridge between the exclusion right and the dissolution of the company. This bridge also shows the the primary purpose served by these rules which is to maintain the balance of interests among the partners by ensuring the continuity of the company. In comparison with the classical rules, the "squeeze-out" rules which have been introduced into Turkish law with the Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102 and the Capital Markets Law No. 6362, have a different theoretical basis. The controlling shareholder who has reached a qualified percentage of capital and/or voting rights (usually %90-95), has been granted the right to acquire the minority's shares without asserting any justified reason and exclude him from the company. Thus the idea behind the exclusion has been changed from "good cause" to the "dominance/control". The main reason for designing such an exclusion right is to provide an opportunity to the controlling shareholders trying to achieve institutional objectives in the company. In our thesis, the theoretical basis of the "squeeze-out" rules and the reasons for designing such a new exclusion right will be examined within the framework of other squeeze-out rules in comparative law. Within this context, the most common problems in squeeze-outs and suggestions for solving these problems are analyzed.
737725
Keywords: Actionnaire majoritaire; Actionnaire minoritaire; Anonim şirketler; Azınlık hakları; Capital companies; Dismissal from the partnership; Dominant position; Exclusion; Hakim durum; Joint stock company; Kanunlar 6362 sayılı; Laws 6362 numbered; Limited company; Limited şirketler; Minority rights; Ortaklıktan çıkarılma; Satın alma hakkı; Sermaye şirketleri; Société commerciale; Squeeze-out right; Turkish commercial law; Türk ticaret hukuku

La transformation digitale : Les opportunités du numérique pour les compagnies d'assurances (cas UAB) - Kientega, Boris A.M.E (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

Kripto varlıkların dış ticaret kapsamında değerlendirilmesi ve kripto varlıklar üzerine nicel bir araştırma - Koç, Tayfur Süleyman (Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat Üniversitesi, 2022)
Tez çalışmasının amacı, kripto varlıkların ödeme aracı olarak kullanımını dış ticaretin bileşenleri kapsamında değerlendirmek ve kripto varlıkların yurtdışı ödemelerde ve bireysel yatırımlarda kullanılmaları bağlamında, bireylerin tutumlarını etkileyen faktörleri incelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda öncelikli olarak, kripto varlıkların para işlev ve özelliklerine ne ölçüde uyum sağladıkları hususunda tespitlerde bulunulmuştur. Ulusal paralara eşdeğer kılınan stabil fiyatlı kripto varlıkların geleneksel ve modern para işlevlerine uyumlu oldukları yönünde görüş bildirilmiştir. Para özellikleri açısından ele alındığında da "kabul edilebilirlik" ve "sıradanlık" dışındaki para özelliklerine, tüm kripto varlıkların uyum sağladıkları değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca kripto varlık birimleri parasal niteliklerine göre tasnif edilerek, değişken fiyatlı, stabil fiyatlı ve finansal ürünlere bağlanan kripto varlıklar olmak üzere, üç kategoriden oluşan bir sınıflandırma geliştirilmiştir. Para işlev ve özellikleri kapsamındaki tespitlerin ardından, önceden belirlenen dış ticaret bileşenlerinin özelinde kripto varlıkların mevcut ve muhtemel kullanım alanları incelenmiştir. Belirlenmiş olan dış ticaret bileşenleri, uluslararası para birimleri, uluslararası bankacılık, uluslararası lojistik, dış ticaret hukuku ve gümrük işlemleridir. Dış ticaret bileşenlerine yönelik değerlendirmelerde kripto varlıkların ödeme aracı olarak kullanımları esas alınmıştır ve değerlendirme sürecinde çalışma kapsamında oluşturulmuş olan kripto varlık sınıflandırmasının kategorileri için de görüşler oluşturulmuştur. Çalışma kapsamında kripto varlıklara yönelik bireysel tutumları irdelemek amacıyla ampirik bir araştırma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında UTAUT-2 modelini temel alan bir araştırma modeli oluşturulmuş ve yurtdışı ödemelerde kullanım niyeti ile yatırımda bulunma niyeti olmak üzere, iki farklı bağımlı yapıyı etkileyen unsurlar irdelenmiştir. Yol katsayısı değerine (β) göre yurtdışı ödemelerde kullanım niyetini anlamlı ölçüde etkileyen yapıların önem sırasına göre, "performans beklentisi", "sosyal etki" ve "algılanan risk" adlı boyutlar olduğu bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Yatırımda bulunma niyetini anlamlı düzeyde etkileyen bileşenler ise sırasıyla; "performans beklentisi", "sosyal etki", "farkındalık" ve "algılanan risktir". Araştırma kapsamında bağımlı ve bağımsız yapılar arasındaki etkileşimi incelemek amacıyla etki büyüklüğü (f²) ve tahmin gücü (q²) değerleri de hesaplanmıştır. Yol katsayısı değerlerine göre modelin bağımlı yapılarını anlamlı düzeyde ve negatif yönde etkileyen "algılanan risk" boyutunun, f² değeri açısından anlamlı bir katkısının olmadığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca yol katsayılarına göre "performans beklentisi" bağımlı yapılar üzerinde en çok etkiye sahipken, etki büyüklüğüne göre en önemli yapı "sosyal etkidir". Bağımsız yapıların tahmin gücü (q²) değerleri de etki büyüklüğü (f²) değerleri ile paralel sonuçlar ortaya koymuştur. Ortaya koyulan ampirik araştırmanın sonucunda, örneklemin yurtdışı ödemelerde ve yatırım kararlarında kripto varlıkları kullanma eğilimleri açısından en önemli etmenlerin "performans beklentisi" ve "sosyal etki" olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. The aim of the thesis study is to evaluate the use of crypto assets as a payment instrument within the scope of the components of foreign trade and to examine the factors affecting the attitudes of individuals in the context of the use of crypto assets in foreign payments and individual investments. For this purpose, first, it was evaluated that to what extent crypto assets are compatible with money functions and features. It was stated that stable priced crypto assets, which are equivalent to national currencies, are compatible with traditional and modern money functions. When considered in terms of money features, it was evaluated that all crypto assets are compatible with money features other than "acceptability" and "ordinariness". In addition, crypto assets were classified according to their monetary characteristics, and a classification was developed consisting of three categories: variable priced, stable priced and crypto assets linked to financial products. After the evaluations within the scope of money functions and features, the current and possible usage areas of crypto assets were examined specifically for the previously determined foreign trade components. The determined foreign trade components are international currencies, international banking, international logistics, foreign trade law and customs procedures. Evaluations for foreign trade components were based on the use of crypto assets as a payment instrument and arguments were formed for the categories of the crypto asset classification created within the scope of the study during the evaluation process. Within the scope of the study, an empirical research was carried out to examine individual attitudes towards crypto assets. A research model based on the UTAUT-2 model was formed and the factors affecting two different dependent structures, namely "intention to use in foreign payments" and "intention to invest", were examined. According to the value of the path coefficient (β), it was found that the structures that significantly affect the intention to use in foreign payments are the dimensions called "performance expectancy", "social impact" and "perceived risk", in order of importance. The components that significantly affect the intention to invest are "performance expectancy", "social impact", "awareness", and "perceived risk", respectively. Effect size (f²) and predictive relevance (q²) values were also calculated to examine the interaction between dependent and independent structures within the scope of the research. It was seen that the "perceived risk" dimension, which affects the dependent structures of the model significantly and negatively according to the path coefficient values, does not have a significant contribution in terms of f² value. In addition, according to the path coefficients, "performance expectancy" has the largest impact on the dependent structures, while the most important structure according to the effect size is "social impact". The predictive relevance (q²) values of the independent structures also showed similar results with the effect size (f²) values. As a result of the empirical research, it was concluded that the most significant factors in terms of the tendency of the participants to use crypto assets in foreign payments and investment decisions are "performance expectancy " and "social impact".
Tez N°771944

Rentabilité de la branche maladie dans une compagnie d'assurance : Cas de SUNU assurances IARD Mali - Kone, Drissa (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

Innovation en assurance, facteur clé de développement des compagnies d'assurances : Cas du marché Togolais - Korebessaga, Todéba (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

A critical analysis of the institution of business rescue proceedings during liquidation proceedings - Krishundutt, Sanam (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2022)
South Africa is currently undergoing harsh economic times, and as such, many companies are feeling the brunt of the situation. As a result, these companies begin to trade at a loss and are left without any other option but to liquidate their affairs in order to pay off creditors. However, with the development brought by the Companies Act 71 of 2008 (“the Act”), business rescue was introduced. Business rescue is an alternative to liquidation and it allows the company to undergo rehabilitation and continue trading if certain requirements are met. Chapter 6 of the Act aims to assist businesses in providing some sort of relief in the form of business rescue to provide them with the breathing space that they require to try and become a viable business again. Just like any new formulated concept, it is susceptible to abuse. Many companies that are already under liquidation are suspending their liquidation in favour of business rescue, despite, in some instances, the liquidation order having already been granted against the company. The Covid-19 pandemic has made the question of whether a business can suspend liquidation proceedings in favour of business rescue more prevalent as the pandemic has caused a detrimental financial impact on a number of businesses. Now more than ever businesses find themselves struggling to keep afloat, and as a result many of them have to consider the avenues of liquidation or business rescue. This dissertation aims to look at both liquidation and business rescue proceedings and decipher whether the courts were correct in their decision regarding when business rescue proceedings can be instituted during liquidation proceedings. The importance of taking into account the above is due to the fact that many companies in present day are experiencing financial difficulties, and liquidation or business rescue proceedings are the options that they are left with. However, one has to carefully consider both options, taking into account the company’s financial circumstances. This is of importance, as one needs to establish if there is a reasonable prospect of rescuing the company or not. If there were, then business rescue would indeed be the route to be taken, but if not, then liquidation proceedings would be. However, many companies that have no prospect of being rescued, and that have already opted for liquidation may want to institute business rescue proceedings to delay the inevitable and frustrate creditors, thus leading to the abuse of the newly formulated concept, which has to be curbed.
Keywords: Business failure; Companies Act 71 of 2008; South Africa

Climate change and development : the global administrative law of the UNFCCC financial mechanism - Larrea, Gonzalo (European University Institute, 2022)
This research deals with the legal responsibility of states to provide climate finance to developing countries in order to facilitate climate mitigation and adaptation. The research demonstrates that the area of climate finance has not escaped globalization, where global actors operating at a level beyond the state (the UNFCCC and several Climate Funds) have increasingly taken over some of the climate finance functions previously performed by states. Against this backdrop, the thesis also examines the role of international bodies in providing climate finance, assesses to what extent these bodies are accountable to affected local stakeholders, and puts forward recommendations to foster increased accountability. The research project employs Global Administrative Law (GAL) as a normative framework for assessing and fostering accountability. This thesis is relevant, first and foremost, as an examination of the extent to which global climate finance is adequate for addressing climate change impacts in developing countries. To this end, it engages in a detailed analysis of the international legal framework for climate change and of the relevant financial instruments. It also engages in a normative evaluation of these instruments using the standards proposed by GAL. In keeping with this, the research gives substance and a better definition to these standards. As such, the thesis has the potential to contribute not only to the literature on climate finance, but also to the literature on GAL. It also sheds light on the relationship between climate finance and GAL, a topic that has been largely neglected in the academic literature so far.
Accepted: 2022-03-02T09:10:59Z
Keywords: Climate Change; Climatic changes; Environmental Law

Le déploiement d’un programme de Compliance Anti-corruption au sein d’une multinationale - Leroy, Romane (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

Letters of credit and demand guarantees : a legal study on the impact of targeted financial sanctions from a South African perspective - Lupton, Cayle Selwyn (University of Johannesburg, 2022)
The purpose of this study is to provide a legal analysis of the impact of targeted financial sanctions on letters of credit and demand guarantees. The letter of credit is an important method of payment used in international trade. The demand guarantee plays a significant role as an instrument of security in commercial transactions. In their simplest form both instruments constitute an undertaking by a bank to pay a beneficiary against delivery of certain stipulated documents. Letters of credit and demand guarantees are known to be reliable and provide a considerable measure of certainty and predictability to the underlying transaction. Consequently, they have been described as the “lifeblood of international commerce”. Targeted financial sanctions entail assets freezing and prohibitions to prevent funds or other assets from being made available, directly or indirectly, for the benefit of designated individuals and entities. Endorsed by the United Nations and implemented by the vast majority of jurisdictions around the world, targeted financial sanctions are increasingly being used to combat financial crime, including money laundering, terrorism financing and weapon proliferation financing. Banks play a critical role in financial crime prevention and detection. Hence they have been identified as institutions that must comply with targeted financial sanctions. The relationship between targeted financial sanctions and letters of credit and demand guarantees has generally not been well documented. It is hoped, therefore, that this study will make a meaningful contribution to the jurisprudence on letters of credit and demand guarantees. In investigating the impact of targeted financial sanctions, the study can be categorised into three parts. Part one investigates a bank’s compliance with domestic targeted financial sanctions. The chief findings of the study in this regard are that banks are under a legal obligation to comply with sanctions and, as a result, a bank that refuses to perform its contractual obligations under a letter of credit or demand guarantee may have a defence in law. In South African law the bank can raise the so-called defence of legal impossibility of performance to resist a claim for, or potential litigation in respect of, payment. Part two investigates a bank’s compliance with foreign targeted financial sanctions. Because compliance in this regard has no (legal) basis, the bank may conceivably be sued by the beneficiary for payment on the basis of breach of contract. Part three investigates problematic documentary practices that banks have adopted or conceivably may adopt to manage their sanctions risk exposure. In this regard, attention is given to so-called sanctions clauses and other non-documentary conditions. The issue of unjustified amendments by the beneficiary for the purposes of sanctions evasion is also considered in part three. The general conclusion arrived at is that by interfering with payment, targeted financial sanctions render letters of credit and demand guarantees unreliable, thereby having the effect of reducing their value to international trade and commerce. The author proposes certain recommendations and initiatives aimed at mitigating the impact of targeted financial sanctions on credits and guarantees. Key terms: letters of credit; demand guarantees; financial crime; sanctions evasion; targeted financial sanctions; compliance; banks; due diligence; payment; reimbursement; credits; guarantees.
Keywords: Banks; Compliance; Credits; Demand guarantees; Due diligence; Financial crime; Guarantees; Letters of credit; Payment; Reimbursement; Sanctions evasion; Targeted financial sanctions

A critical analysis of the role, appointment, and powers of a business rescue practitioner - Luthuli, Bayanda Nompumelelo (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2022)
No abstract provided.
URI: https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/20930
Keywords: Corporate rescue regime; Financially distressed companies; Judicial management

La responsabilité civile du transporteur maritime des hydrocarbures pour faits de pollution - Madani, Ahmed (Université Abou Bekr Belkaid, 2022)
Keywords: Hydrocarbure; Pollution; Responsabilité civile; Transport maritime; Transporteur maritime

La sécurité juridique dans l’insertion du droit d’origine externe dans les Constitutions des États de la CÉMAC - Mairema, Jacqueline (Revue Africaine des Réflexions Juridiques et Politiques, 2022)
L’analyse de la sécurité juridique dans l’insertion du droit d’origine externe dans les constitutions des États de la CEMAC permet de démontrer l’affirmation de la garantie relative de la sécurité juridique dans les mécanismes d’insertion. Cette garantie est tantôt affirmée, tantôt atténuée. Cela est affirmée à travers la variété d’insertion octroyant des droits aux sujets du droit d’origine externe et quant à la place déterminante du parlement et du juge dans le processus d’insertion. Mais cela demeure atténuée car la non-accessibilité des citoyens au droit d’origine externe ainsi que l’incohérence des exigences d’application du droit d’origine externe constituent une source d’insécurité juridique. En tant que procédure permettant aux normes d’origine externe d’intégrer l’ordonnancement juridique interne tout en leur octroyant une validité, l’insertion du droit d’origine externe constitue une exigence favorable à la sécurité juridique.
Keywords: Droit d’origine externe; Insertion; Monisme; Sécurité juridique

Relationship between International and Domestic Law in the Constitutions of the States of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa - Mairema, Jacqueline (Journal of Law and Criminal Justice, 2022)
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the constitutional provisions relating to the relationship between international law and domestic law of the States of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa reveals an ambivalent conception of the system relationships. This is all the more true since the choice of monism with primacy of international law is affirmed both formally and materially. Even if this variant of monism seems to be tempered by certain constitutional provisions, the treaties have considerable effects in the domestic legal order. Once integrated into the legal order through the modalities of insertion, treaties have a supra-legislative and infra-constitutional rank. However, some constitutions of the States of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa, such as Gabon and Equatorial Guinea, have not enshrined constitutional provisions on the place of treaties in the legal order. The concern to safeguard the supremacy of the constitution and consequently of national sovereignty may justify such a constitutional practice.
Keywords: Droit d’origine externe; Dualism; Insertion; International law; Monism; Monisme; National law; System relationship; Sécurité juridique

les enjeux de la fusion absorption des entreprises d'assurance dans la zone CIMA : Cas de SANLAM Congo et NSIA Congo - Makaya Mavoungou, Reine (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

Management de la force de vente d'une compagnie d'assurance dommages : Cas de SUNU assurances IARD Niger - Maman, Harouna (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

L’impérative adaptation des politiques européennes et internationales en réponse à la concurrence du transport aérien - Martinez, Barbara (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

Les dispositions d’ordre public et les actes uniformes de l’Organisation pour l’harmonisation en Afrique du droit des affaires (OHADA) - Mbdia Balla, Philibert (Les Cahiers de droit, 2022)
En conférant le caractère d’ordre public à des normes juridiques contenues dans les actes uniformes de l’Organisation pour l’harmonisation en Afrique du droit des affaires (OHADA), le législateur OHADA semble s’être éloigné de l’objectif recherché par le Traité OHADA signé le 17 octobre 1993 à Port-Louis (Ile Maurice). Selon ce dernier, les normes communes doivent être simples, modernes et adaptées aux économies dans les États parties. Cependant, au regard de l’impérativité ou de la rigidité qui caractérise l’ordre public, on pourrait se rendre compte que les dispositions d’ordre public sont incompatibles avec l’approche juridique souple préconisée pour un acte uniforme donné. Il y a donc lieu de trouver les mécanismes de rapprochement des dispositions d’ordre public avec les actes uniformes. Ce changement passerait par un aménagement du cadre d’expression des dispositions d’ordre public dans les actes uniformes, tout d’abord en procédant à la déréglementation desdites dispositions d’ordre public et, par la suite, en optant pour une nouvelle approche juridique nommée « régulation ».

Qualité de service et satisfaction client en assurances : Cas d'AXA Cameroun - Mbogo Seli Doumaye, Eric (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

Airport Charges Regulation: A Private Law Approach - Mei, Di (McGill University, 2022)
This thesis explores the regulation of airport charges, which is an important but marginalised topic. It particularly examines how private law instruments can play a role in the regulatory process. Airports used to be subject to traditional regulation, which operates in a command-and-control mode. As the airport industry becomes increasingly complicated, traditional regulation seems problematic. First, the method that is associated with traditional regulation to draw a line between regulated and unregulated airports has downsides. Second, the international regulatory framework on airport charges lacks binding rules. This suggests that traditional regulation is not the best niche for airport charges regulation. Third, good regulation needs independent regulatory bodies, which are hard to achieve in practice.In this context, this thesis argues that a private law approach can serve as a more flexible and effective way to regulate airport charges. There are two instruments under this overarching approach. First, contracts can be adopted to incorporate airport charges regulations. Second, robust corporate governance generates the effect of good regulation. This is an interdisciplinary work that has engaged air law, contract law, corporate law, competition law, and aviation business and management. It also employs the method of case studies. Chapter 4 examines the regulation of airport charges in the UK, Canada, and India. The three case studies demonstrate that private law instruments have been implicitly implemented to different degrees in these countries. These demonstrate the feasibility of applying private ordering in the regulatory process. I also look into the regulation of countries and regions including Australia, Ireland, the EU, and Germany throughout this thesis. This study also examines a specific sector of airport charges, namely, charges for ground-handling services. This sector possesses a unique feature in that it is between aeronautical and non-aeronautical services. A private law approach can also be adopted in the regulation of charges relating to ground-handling services. Additionally, ICAO as an important international organisation governing international air transport can also contribute to a private law approach of airport charges through its soft-law making function. This thesis aims to shed light on a private law approach, as an innovative regulatory mechanism, to airport charges. That said, regulation by this approach and traditional regulation are not contradictory but can cooperate to an extent, depending on how much power one wants to give to private ordering
Identifier: https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/8910k0504
Keywords: Airport; Regulation

L'équilibre des intérêts en droit international des investissements : principe général de droit applicable aux rapports entre investissement et environnement - Mekpo, Cosme Gosshé (Université Laval, 2022)
Avec la résurgence des problèmes environnementaux, le droit international des investissements se retrouve aujourd'hui face à l'urgence de sa propre réadaptation. Et, comme réponse unique à un impératif catégorique, l'équilibre des intérêts émerge en tant qu'un principe général de droit (PGD), de nature souple et autonome, à qui ses diverses fonctions (logique, axiologique, unificatrice et correctrice) confèrent une utilité opérationnelle au sein de l'ordre juridique international, et dont la mise en œuvre en droit international des investissements est l'expression de la dimension évolutive. En tant que principe référentiel, il est consubstantiel au droit international des investissements et vise à faire prévaloir un idéal normatif (le droit de l'équilibre) sur un autre (le droit de la protection). Toutefois, l'aporie de l'équilibre des intérêts est d'être, à la fois, une affirmation du principe de la souveraineté réglementaire et une limitation de celui-ci. Dans un premier temps, sa mise en œuvre se traduit par la prise en compte de l'intérêt général dans le balancier état-investisseur et, dans un second temps, cette exigence ne se concrétise qu'au bout d'un double test de la proportionnalité et du raisonnable. Alors que sa source de régénération par rapport au reste du système est la protection internationale des valeurs fondamentales et socio-environnementales, sa structure de base demeure le couple droit-obligation et s'apparente à une transversalité normative qui combine à la fois la lex lata et la lex ferenda d'une part, la soft law et la hard law d'autre part. Malgré sa fécondité croissante, il est possible de le décrire comme étant la source d'un droit poly-normatif et « open-textured » qui possède à la fois un noyau d'applicabilité, une teneur variable et une juridicité foisonnante. Le profil abrégé de cette construction normative pourrait alors se matérialiser en droit international des investissements par: la prise en compte de l'intérêt général, la responsabilité sociale des entreprises multinationales, la réciprocité par équivalence des droits et obligations des parties, la flexibilité réglementaire et la compatibilité d'avec les autres normes de protection internationales.
Keywords: Dommages à l'environnement; Investissements; Investissements étrangers (environnement); Investments; Responsabilité Sociale de l'Entreprise

La faible demande d'assurance dans les pays membres de la CIMA : Enjeux et pistes de solutions - Mendoua Bilounga, Joseph Roine (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

Quand la jurisprudence définit le principe d’évocation et construit le régime de protection des AOP : principe et impacts - Metekalerd, Férielle; Villanova, Mélanie (Revue francophone de la propriété intellectuelle, 2022)
Ces dernières années la question du régime de protection des AOP a été particulièrement discutée, notamment par la CJUE. Au travers de décisions récentes, les contours de la notion d’évocation ont été largement précisés dans le sens d’une surprotection de celles-ci. Cette tendance est à contre-courant du durcissement du régime de protection des marques et peut s’avérer insécurisant pour les titulaires de marques. In recent years, the question of the protection regime for PDOs has been the subject of much discussion, particularly by the CJEU. Through recent decisions, the contours of the notion of evocation have been largely construed towards an overprotection of PDOs. This trend goes against the tightening of the trademark protection regime and may prove to be insecure for trademark owners.
Keywords: Intellectual property

Mise en place d'une structure d'audit interne au sein d'une compagnie d'assurance : cas de SUNU assurances IARD Centrafrique - Moromte, Thomas Placide (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

The abuse of dominant position in digital markets: Google Shopping case - Moroni, Filippo (LUISS Guido Carli, 2022)
Abuse of dominance in the digital markets. Digital markets. Art.102 TFEU: how can it be applied to digital markets? A global perspective: the evolution of the abuse of dominance in digital markets around the world. Europe: the proposal for a regulation on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector (digital market act). United States of America: a time for reforms. China: a new approach towards digital markets. The Google Shopping case: the first step for competition enforcement in digital markets. The European Commission decision (AT.39740). The general Court decision (T-612/17). The Google case in the US: completely different results. A glimpse into the future: the Google Shopping case under the DMA.
Keywords: Abus de position dominante; Competencia; Competition law; Concurrence; Dominant position; Monopole

Les aéroports métropolitains français face à la concurrence : l'enjeu de la compétitivité - Mossard, Maxime (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

Evaluation de l'environnement de contrôle interne d'une comapgnie d'assurance : Cas de NSIA assurances Congo - Moukamba, Cédric Willem (Institut de formation et de recherche démographiques, 2022)

Uluslararası muhasebe standartları ile OHADA muhasebe sisteminin karşılaştırılması - Moussa Hisseine, Amine (Sakarya Üniversitesi, 2022)
Ekonomilerin küreselleşmesi ve piyasaların globalleşmesi karşısında, ortak bir dile sahip olma arzusu giderek daha fazla hissedilmektedir. Bu ihtiyacı hafifletmek için dünya çapında, birçok ülke, kalite ve karşılaştırılabilir bilgiler için UFRS standartlarını benimsemenin uygun olduğunu düşünmüştür. Bu momentumda, SYSCOHADA muhasebe sistemi aracılığıyla OHADA alanı, 2017 yılında standartlarını UFRS ile uyumlu hale getirmeye karar vermiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Uluslararası Muhasebe Standartlarını (UMS/UFRS), on yedi ülkedeki tüm varlıklarının muhasebesini yöneten Afrika'da Ekonomi Hukuku'nun Uyumlaştırılması Örgütü'nün muhasebe sistemi (SYSCOHADA) ile karşılaştırmaktır. Bu karşılaştırmalı analizin amacı, yukarıdaki iki muhasebe sisteminin benzerliklerini ve farklılıklarını ortaya koymaktır. Bu analiz UMS 1 : Finansal Tabloların Sunuluşu, UMS 2: Stoklar, UMS 7: Nakit Akış Tablosu, UMS 8: Muhasebe Politikaları, Muhasebe Tahminlerinde Değişiklikler Ve Hatalar, UMS 10: Raporlama Döneminden Sonraki Olaylar, UMS 12 :Gelir Vergileri, UMS 16 :Maddi Duran Varlıklar, UMS 19 :Çalışanlara Sağlanan Faydalar, UMS 20 :Devlet Teşviklerinin Muhasebeleştirilmesi Ve Devlet Yardımlarının Açıklaması, UMS 21 :Kur Değişiminin Etkileri, UMS 23 Borçlanma Maliyetleri, UMS 37 Karşılıklar, Koşullu Borçlar ve Koşullu Varlıklar, UMS 38 Maddi Olmayan Duran Varlıklar açısından yapılan muamelelere odaklanacaktır. Çalışma, her iki muhasebe standardı hakkında da iyi bir anlayışa sahip olmayı sağlayacaktır. Bu nedenle, yatırımcılar ve diğer tüm kişiler, SYSCOHADA ve Uluslararası Muhasebe Standartları ile ilgilenenler, bu iki muhasebe standardının finansal tablolarının karşılaştırılabilirliğini kolaylaştırmak amacıyla muhasebe düzenlemeleri hakkında iyi bir anlayışa sahip olabileceklerdir. Çalışma sonucunda SYSCOHADA ile Uluslararası Muhasebe Standartları arasındaki karşılaştırma birçok benzerlik ve çok az farklılık ortaya koymaktadır. Kıta Avrupası muhasebe sistemi ve Anglo-Sakson sisteminden kaynaklanan SYSOHADA hükümleri, kaynaklarını Uluslararası Muhasebe Standartlarında bulmaktadır. Ancak, bu iki standarttaki en büyük fark, SYSCOHADA için tarihsel maliyet ölçüm yöntemi ile UFRS için gerçeğe uygun değer arasındadır. In the face of the globalization of economies and the globalization of markets, the desire to have a common language is increasingly felt. To alleviate this need, many countries around the world have considered it appropriate to adopt IFRS standards for quality and comparable information. At this momentum, the OHADA field, through the SYSCOHADA accounting system, has decided to harmonize its standards with IFRS in 2017. The purpose of this study is to compare the International Accounting Standards (IAS/IFRS) with the accounting system of the Organization for the Harmonization of Economic Law in Africa (SYSCOHADA), which manages the accounting of all its assets in seventeen countries. The purpose of this comparative analysis is to reveal the similarities and differences of the above two accounting systems. This analysis will focus on the treatment of IAS 1 : presentation of financial statements IAS 2: Inventories IAS 7-cash flows IAS 8 accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and errors IAS 10: events after the reporting period IAS 12 income taxes IAS 16 :property, plant and equipment assets IAS 19 :employee benefits IAS 20 :accounting for government grants and government assistance, description of TMS 21 :the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates IAS 23 borrowing costs, IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets, IAS 38 intangible assets . The study will allow to have a good understanding on both accounting standards. Therefore, investors and all others persons interested in the SYSCOHADA and International Accounting Standards will be able to have a good understanding on the accounting regulations in order to facilitate the comparability of the financial statements of these two accounting standards. As a result of the study, the comparison between the SYSCOHADA and international accounting standards reveals many similarities and few differences. Originating from the continental European accounting system and the Anglo-Saxon system, the provisions of the SYSOHADA find their sources in International Accounting Standards. However, the major difference in these two standards is between the historical cost measurement method for the SYSCOHADA and the fair value for IFRS.
Keywords: Accounting; Accounting standards; African countries; Afrika Ticaret Kanunu Uyum Örgütü; Afrika ülkeleri; Comparative analysis; Comparison; International Accounting Standards; International accounting; Karşılaştırma; Karşılaştırmalı analiz; Muhasebe; Muhasebe standartları; Organization for the Harmonization of African Business Law; Uluslararası Muhasebe Standartları; Uluslararası muhasebe

L'impact social et économique de l'assurance décès emprunteurs : Cas d'allianz Cameroun assurance vie - Moussa, Mohamed (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

Problématique du parcours client, de la satisfaction des assurés et des victimes des sinistres : Cas des sinistres matériels automobiles - Moussavou, Parfait Sandric Yembit (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

The use of blockchain technology in international commercial transactions, with specific reference to secured payments in international contracts of sale - Muza, Chido Teclar Mitchel (University of Johannesburg, 2022)
Please refer to full text to view abstract.
Keywords: Blockchains (Databases); Commercial law; Electronic funds transfers; Export sales contracts.; Foreign trade regulation

Conflict Management over Maritime Territories : Use of ADR in Maritime Disputes: Kenya vs Somalia - Mwala, Natasha Lulia (Universität Wien, 2022)
The recent discoveries of natural resources on both territorial and maritime borders have heightened the probability of conflicts between states specifically in the Horn of Africa and the Greater Lakes Region. As a highly volatile region, conflicts are not a foreign phenomenon which have been plaguing the region since transition to the post-colonial era. It is simple to argue that the cause of disputes is due to the arbitrary borders drawn by the European powers, however, the region is experiencing a contemporary ‘scramble and petition’ with countries racing to exploit and gain over the newfound resources. In addition to this, the rise of nationalist sentiments combined with the burgeoning population and struggle of governments to finance their domestic budgets while trying to reduce borrowing from foreign markets due to the inflation costs which makes it expensive, also plays a key role in the quest to benefit from mineral exploration and excavation. While traditional conflicts rose from land border disputes that escalated to violence especially between border communities, maritime conflicts tend to be handled in legal ways with parties seeking intervention from bodies such as the International Tribunal of the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) and the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Most cases are solved by outright delimitation of the maritime borders rather that joint management of marine land masses or natural resources based on mutual understanding or mutually assured benefits. The recent Kenya-Somalia Maritime dispute is an excellent case study. The aim of this research is to not only show alternative dispute resolution methods that can be used in maritime border disputes but also analyse the switch from pacific means of settlement of disputes to judicial intervention of the court. It begins by looking at the evolution of land border disputes between the two states, touches on the maritime dispute and their diplomatic, economic and security relationship. It further critically analyses the points of view of the two countries and the court’s ruling. Finally, it examines alternative dispute settlement mechanism that could have been used.
Keywords: ICJ; Joint maritime agreement; LOS; Maritime boundary dispute; Maritime délimitation; Memorandum of understanding

Impayés et recouvrement des arrières de primes : Quelles stratégies pour une compagnie de réassurance de la zone CIMA? (cas de la SCG-Ré) - Ndong Nang, Héritier (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

Contentieux des créations intellectuelles en Afrique – Aperçu jurisprudentiel (2016-2021) - Ngombé, Laurier Yvon (Les Cahiers de propriété intellectuelle, 2022)
La jurisprudence permet de rendre compte de l’effectivité des normes juridiques.En matière de propriété intellectuelle, un panorama de quelques décisions marquantes rendues pendant la période de janvier 2016 à décembre 2021 permet de se faire une idée des questions soumises aux tribunaux et cours.Un aperçu de dix décisions africaines offre l’occasion d’analyser l’interprétation des textes nationaux et supranationaux concernant notamment les conditions de protection des créations intellectuelles ainsi que la mise en oeuvre de ces droits par les juridictions des espaces OHADA, OAPI, ARIPO ainsi que de l’Égypte. MOTS CLÉS Afrique – Brevet – Dessins et modèles – Droit d’auteur – Propriété intellectuelle – Propriété industrielle ABSTRACT Caselaw provides an insight into the effectiveness of legal norms.In the field of intellectual property, a panorama of some of the most important judgments delivered during the period from January 2016 to December 2021 gives an idea of the questions submitted to the courts.An overview of ten african decisions offers the opportunity to analyse the interpretation of national and supranational texts relating to the conditions of protection of intellectual creations as well as the enforcement of these rights by the courts of the OHADA, OAPI, ARIPO spaces and Egypt.
Keywords: Africa; Copyright; Industrial Design; Industrial Property; Intellectual property; Patent

Articulating clearer fair and equitable treatment clauses within Tanzania’s international investment agreements: correcting the disparity between host state and international investor interests - Ntangeki, Joanitha (Canterbury Christ Church University, 2022)
International Investment Agreements seek to promote foreign investment whilst protecting foreign investors. Despite the goal of International Investment Agreements being to secure parity between the interests of the host State and the foreign investor, there has been consequential disparity in the protection of the interests of both parties. Notably, the host State is susceptible to disadvantage. This research examines the extent to which International Investment Agreements in Tanzania have facilitated this disparity. In particular, the research evaluates the inclusion of fair and equitable treatment provisions in Tanzania’s International Investment Agreements and the extent to which fair and equitable treatment provisions have in some way facilitated this disparity. The research examines systematically the fair and equitable treatment provisions contained in twenty IIAs signed by Tanzania between 1965 and 2013 (eleven of which are still in force). The research takes a comparative approach in evaluating and contrasting the Tanzanian provisions with other fair and equitable treatment clauses in IIAs signed by India, Morocco and the Netherland. The Tanzanian provisions are vague and non-uniform in comparison. The research is situated in the broader context of national sovereignty and the relationship between Tanzania and its foreign investors under international law. The substance of the analysis centres on foreign investors in the mining sector in Tanzania and the extent to which these investors have sought to take advantage of the fair and equitable treatment clauses in the IIAs in order to pursue their activities to the detriment of local populations. The research evidences the negative impact of their claims that changes in government policy (often aimed at benefiting citizens) amount to unfair treatment of the foreign investor. This has a significant impact on the ability of the government to develop its policies around sustainable development, environmental protection and the guarantee of human rights of the citizens of the host State. The research demonstrates that a clearer and fuller articulation of fair and equitable treatment clauses within Tanzania’s IIAs can act as a corrective to the disparity between the host State and the international investor. This requires that IIAs are drafted to include an exhaustive and full list of the State’s obligations towards the foreign investor so as to limit foreign investor claims against the host State. The impact of not doing so has grave implications for the rights of the citizens of Tanzania and unnecessarily tips the balance of power in favour of the foreign investor and away from the host State. This undermines the ability of the host State to assert its sovereignty within its own borders.
Permalink: https://repository.canterbury.ac.uk/item/9714v/articulating-clearer-fair-and-equitable-treatment-clauses-within-tanzania-s-international-investment-agreements-correcting-the-disparity-between-host-state-and-international-investor-interests
Keywords: Foreign investment; International investment; Investor interest; Tanzania

Etude de la réglémentation sur l'indemnisation des préjudices corporels - Obone Obiang, Delcine Christelle (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

Anonim şirketin sosyal sorumluluğu - Okuyucu, Deniz (İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2022)
Kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk her ne kadar son yıllarda Türk iş dünyasının radarına girmiş olsa da, şirketler hukukunun doğuşundan beri var olan hem bir tartışma konusu hem de bir temennidir. İşbu tez kapsamında, üzerinde uzlaşmaya varılmış bir tanımı bulunmayan kurumsal sosyal sorumluk kavramının, yıllardır bağlayıcı olmayan hukuk enstrümanları ile düzenlenmesinin bir adım ilerisine geçmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu adımın da, kavramın şirketler hukuku mevzuatı çerçevesinde bağlayıcı hukuk kuralı hâline getirilmesi ile mümkün olacağı savunulmaktadır. Araştırma metodolojisinde, yürürlükte olan mevzuat hükümleri analizine yoğunlaşılmış olmasının yanı sıra kavramın tarihsel gelişimi gereği bağlayıcı olmayan hukuk (soft law) düzenlemelerine de yer verilmiştir. Şirketlerin pay sahibi dışında; işçiler, alacaklılar, çevre ve toplum gibi diğer menfaat sahiplerinin de çıkarlarını göz önünde bulunduracak şekilde varlığını devam ettirmesinin hâlihazırdaki Türk hukuk mevzuatı ve özellikle de Türk Ticaret Kanunu hükümleri kapsamında mümkün olmadığı görülmektedir. Bu doğrultuda şirketin kâr elde etme amacının yumuşatılması, diğer menfaat sahiplerinin şirket içindeki konumlarının güçlendirilmesi, yönetim kurulu yapısının değiştirilmesi ve yönetim kurulu üyelerinin özen ve bağlılık yükümlülüklerinin kapsamının yeniden düzenlenmesi ile kurumsal sosyal sorumluluğun şirketler hukuku kapsamında temellendirilebileceği öne sürülmektedir. Although corporate social responsibility has entered the radar of Turkish business world in recent years, it is both a topic of discussion and a wish that has existed since the birth of corporate law. Within the scope of this thesis, it is aimed to go one step further than mentioning the concept of corporate social responsibility, which has no agreed definition, in only non-binding legal instruments for years. It is argued that this step will be possible by making the concept a binding legal rule within the framework of company law legislation. In the research methodology, besides focusing on the analysis of the legislation provisions in force, non-binding law (soft law) regulations due to the historical development of the concept are also included. Within the scope of the current Turkish legislation, especially the provisions of the Turkish Commercial Code, it is seen that it is not possible for companies to continue their existence in a way that takes into account the interests of other stakeholders such as workers, creditors, environment and society other than the shareholders. In this direction, it is claimed that corporate social responsibility can be grounded within the scope of company law by, inter alia, softening the company's aim of making profit, strengthening the positions of other stakeholders within the company, changing the structure of the Board of Directors and reorganizing the scope of Board of Directors' duty of care.
Keywords: Anonim şirketler; CSR; Company law; Corporate Social Responsibility; Corporate sustainability; Joint stock company; Kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk; Kurumsal sürdürülebilirlik; Multi-stakeholderism; Social responsibility; Sosyal sorumluluk; Turkish Commercial Code; Turkish commercial law; Türk Ticaret Kanunu; Türk ticaret hukuku; Çok paydaşlılık; Şirketler hukuku

Pratique comptable et succès entrepreneurial perçu des PME de Bukavu : rôle modérateur de l’orientation entrepreneuriale - Osea, Guillain Alyahobe; Kitenge, Jules; Lufuma, Jojo (Revue de l’Entrepreneuriat et de l’Innovation, 2022)
This study is to validate the measurement of accountancy practice, identifying the nature of its relationship to entrepreneurial success of SMEs and to identify the moderating role of the entrepreneurial orientation in the relation between the accountancy practice and entrepreneurial success. The data were collected using a maintenance guide and a survey questionnaire, managed at 250 SMEs of Bukavu of the service sector. Structural equations Modeling and the hierarchical regression were used to test the assumptions of research. The results show that the scale of countable measurement of practice is reliable and valid (KMO = 0.817 ; α = 0.847 ; χ2/df = 2.34 ; p = 0.000 ; RMSEA = 0.084 ; intervalle de RMSEA = 0.068 - 0.098 ; NFI = 0.93 ; CFI = 0.96 ; IFI = 0.97 ; GFI = 0.98 ; AGFI = 0.95) and that countable information and the accountancy practice of management are positively and significantly related to entrepreneurial success. Information accounting and the accountancy practice of management in respective interaction with the entrepreneurial orientation influence positively and significantly entrepreneurial success. This investigation could have profited from a longitudinal approach and a typological analysis or shaping. It’s showing at SMEs the accountancy practice importance and entrepreneurial orientation, providing indicators on what the leaders of SMEs should consider when they analyze their accountancy practice, orientation and entrepreneurial success. The study make progress in the existing knowledge by validating the accountancy practice measurement and joining the accountancy practice in interaction with the entrepreneurial orientation to success
Keywords: Accountancy practice; Bukavu; Entrepreneurial orientation; Entrepreneurial succès; Information; Orientation entrepreneuriale; PME; Pratique comptable; SMEs; Succès entrepreneurial

The Processes of Democratization and Economic Development in Africa: A Case Study of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Since 2006 - Otshudi Talo, Esperance (Near East University, 2022)

Optimisation du procéssus de gestion des sinistrés par la mise en oeuvre d'ue transformation digitale : Cas de SUNU assurances IARD Côte d'Ivoire - Ouattara, Issouf (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

A posição do setor empresarial público no mercado angolano : seus reflexos no direito da concorrência em Angola - Pedro, João Manuel (Universidade de Lisboa, 2022)
O Regime Jurídico do Direito da Concorrência em Angola é recente. Com este regime pretende-se que o mercado angolano tenha como fundamento as regras que estabelecem as bases comuns de relacionamento entre os diferentes agentes económicos do mercado. A actual Lei Constitucional Angolana estabelece o princípio da coexistência de diversos tipos de sectores de actividades, nomeadamente, (i) o sector público, (ii) sector privado e (iii) cooperativo, garantindo a todos igualdade de oportunidades e liberdade económica, mas sujeitando-os aos princípios universais e modernos da economia de mercado, na base dos princípios e valores da sã concorrência, da moralidade e da ética. De acordo com a orientação constitucional, Angola possui um sistema de economia de mercado, todavia, o que se verifica na prática é a presença de um sector empresarial público forte e robusto, como resultado do sistema económico que vinha vigorando desde a independência, por um lado, e da existência de uma legislação conservadora que limita a liberdade de iniciativa do sector privado, mantendo boa parte das actividades económicas como áreas de reservas do Estado, por outro lado. Ao mesmo tempo que se verifica a resistência do Estado em manter áreas reservadas apenas para o sector público, assistimos a ascensão do Direito da Concorrência e os princípios a ele inerentes. Hoje, a legislação pertinente sobre o sector económico orienta-nos para uma visão que privilegie a concretização da economia de mercado e, por isso mesmo, muitos actos têm sido praticados com este fim, nomeadamente, mas sem a isto se limitar, foram actualizadas a Lei do Sector Empresarial Público, a Lei de Base das Privatizações e outras conexas, todas no sentido de adequa-las ao novo figurino da Constituição Angolana e ao novo regime do Direito da Concorrência. A questão é saber se todos estes actos e o próprio conteúdo da Lei da Concorrência permitem-nos afirmar, sem reservas, que o peso que o sector empresarial público tem no mercado angolano é controlado e não viola as regras elementares do Regime Jurídico do Direito da Concorrência.
Keywords: Angola; Autoridades de regulação; Competencia; Competition law; Direito da concorrência; Economia de mercado; Estado regulador; Market economy; Regulatory authorities; Sector empresarial do Estado; State business sector; State regulator

Los medios jurisdiccionales de solución de las controversias internacionales : avances y nuevos retos - Petrova Georgieva, Virdzhiniya (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 2022)

La simplification de la réglementation locale des aérodromes français - Peturaud, Charly (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

L'attractivité du pavillon britannique après le BREXIT - Ramelet, Norine (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

La telematique en assurance automobile : Quelles opportunités pour le marche camerounais - Saa, Kévin loic Gouana (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

La saga ROSUVAS - ROSUVA : quelle protection des marques de médicaments au Maroc ? - Salmouni-Zerhoun, Daoud (Revue francophone de la propriété intellectuelle, 2022)
Le Maroc est souvent présenté comme un modèle en Afrique du Nord pour la protection de la propriété intellectuelle. Il affiche, par ailleurs, de vraies ambitions dans le développement d’une forte industrie pharmaceutique. Une importante affaire de marques de médicaments opposant deux grands laboratoires pharmaceutiques fait aujourd’hui grand bruit au Maroc. L’occasion de faire un point sur la protection des marques de médicaments au Maroc. Morocco is often seen as a model in North Africa for the protection of Intellectual Property and has serious ambitions in developing a strong pharmaceutical industry. A major pharmaceutical trademark case, involving two major pharmaceutical companies, currently causes a stir in Morocco. An opportunity to review the protection of pharmaceutical trademarks in Morocco.
Keywords: Intellectual property

Réflexion sur la mise en place de la micro-assurance au Tchad - Sana Degaulle, Jonas (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

Kara eşya taşıma sözleşmelerinde taşıyıcıya teslimin hukuki sonuçları - Sar, Mustafa Seyfullah (İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi, 2022)
Mesafe ve sınırların ortadan kalkmasıyla uluslararası ticarette pozitif yönde ivme kazanılmıştır. Bu yolda uluslararası ekonomik ilişkilerin geliştirilmesi amacıyla yapılan anlaşmalar, kurulan örgütler, sağlanan teşvikler ve kaldırılan ithalat vergileri sayesinde, farklı ülkelerdeki firmalar ve bireyler, birbirleriyle daha hızlı bir şekilde alışverişe girmeye başlamış ve bunun sonucunda ticari faaliyetler ülke sınırlarını aşarak küresel boyutlara ulaşmıştır. Bunun sağlanabilmesi için taşıma sektöründe kullanılan araçlar detaylandırılarak daha güçlü hale getirilmiştir. Böylelikle malların dağıtımı daha ekonomik, güvenli ve hızlı bir şekilde gerçekleştirilmektedir. Bunun sonucu olarak taşıma sözleşmelerinin uluslararası ticaretteki yeri de giderek önem kazanmıştır. Öyle ki hakların ve borçların teminatı için sözleşme kaçınılmaz yoldur. Yakın tarihte, uluslararası alanda ticaretin daha kolay ve hızlı hale getirilmesi için yeknesak bir sistem oluşturulması ihtiyacı ortaya çıkmış ve buna binaen ulusal düzenlememiz olan TTK'nın yanında, uluslararası karayolu taşımacılığında, koşulları standardize eden, taşıyıcının sorumluluklarını belirleyen CMR Konvansiyonu oluşturulmuştur. Düzenlenen kurallar doğrultusunda, taşıyıcı eşyayı teslim aldığı andan teslim edinceye kadar zarardan ve kayıptan sorumlu olacaktır. Taşıyıcı, ancak TTK ve CMR'de yer alan genel ve özel kurtuluş karinelerinin varlığının ispatı halinde sorumluluktan muaf olabilecektir. Aksi halde taşıyıcı, meydana gelen zarar veya zayiatın oranı doğrultusunda sorumlu olacak ve buna müteakiben tazminat miktarı belirlenecektir. TTK ve CMR pek çok noktada benzerlik gösterse de bazı yönleriyle keskin farklılıklar mevcuttur. Uluslararası ticaretin bekası için önem oluşturan bu nokta özellikle sorumluluk hususunda hukuki tartışmaları da beraberinde getirmiştir. With the obstacle of distances and borders disappearing, international trade has gained speed in a positive direction. Thanks to deals and agreements that were made, organisations that were built, incentives that were provided, and removal of import taxes in order to improve economic relations with this respect, companies and people in different countries have started to be able merchandise with each other more quickly; consequently, tradal actions have crossed borders of lands and reached global level. For this to happen, vehicles used in the sector of transportation have been developed, thus made stronger and more elaborate. As a result of this, the distribution of goods can be ensured in a more economic, safer, and faster way, and the role of vehicle contracts in international trade has gradually gained importance as contracts are inevitable to ensure and guarantee rights and debts. In recent history, a need to have a uniform system that would enable international trade to be easier and faster was born, and consequently, in addition to our regulations on TTK (Turkish Commercial Code), CMR Convention which standardized conditions and determined the responsibilities that transporters have in international land transportation. According to the regulations, the transporters are responsible for the safety of the goods in case of a damage and loss) from the moment they take them until they deliver them. The transporters can only be exempt from this responsibility in the case that general and specific presumptions of innocence that a place in the law (TTK) and the CMR can be proven. Otherwise, the transporter shall be responsible for compensating for the damage or the loss that occurred and the cost for the indemnity shall be determined. Although TTK and CMR Convention have similarities in many regards, in some ways they are distinctively different from one another. This point which has a critical role in the future of international trade has brought about many juridical discussions, especially ones related to responsibilities.
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Keywords: Contracts; Delivery; Eşya taşıma; Goods transportation; Highway Route with International Furniture Removal Agrement; Highway transportation; Kara yolu taşımacılığı; Karayolu ile Uluslararası Eşya Taşıma Sözleşmesi; Obligation to delivery; Sözleşmeler; Teslim borcu; Teslimat; Turkish Commercial Code; Turkish commercial law; Türk Ticaret Kanunu; Türk ticaret hukuku

La gestion et le développement de l'assurance transport facultés au Niger - Sekou Soumaila Bery, Abansour (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

L'impact de la gestion des sinistrés dans sa satisfaction des clients - Sembene, Mame Moussé (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

Rising from its ruins? The Southern African Development Community (SADC) Tribunal - Shumba, Tapiwa (Law, Democracy and Development, 2022)
The Tribunal of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) was established to ensure adherence to and the proper interpretation of the provisions of the SADC Treaty and its subsidiary instruments, and to adjudicate upon such disputes as might be referred to it. However, since its establishment, it has had a troubled history. After the rulings it made against the Government of Zimbabwe in the landmark Campbell land seizures case, the Tribunal's operations were unceremoniously suspended. This was followed by a process to revise its mandate, one that ultimately condemned it to paralysis and ruin. The new 2014 Protocol on the Tribunal, meant to revise the mandate of the Tribunal to confine it to hearing disputes involving states only, has been criticised as an attempt to undermine the rule of law and human rights in the region. Since the adoption of this 2014 Protocol by the SADC Summit, stakeholders have mobilised regionally to resist its ratification by member states. In particular, lawyers in SADC countries are embarking on legal petitions to reverse the Protocol and promote the revival of the Tribunal in terms of its old mandate. So far, there have been victories in these cases in two influential SADC member states, South Africa and Tanzania. However, it remains important to assess the significance of these developments. As such, the article raises the question: Is the Tribunal rising from its ruins?
Keywords: Regional integration; Rule of law; SADC Tribunal

Anonim şirketlerde ilişkili taraf işlemleri - Şi̇mşek, Bahar (İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2022)
İlişkili taraf işlemlerine ilişkin özel düzenlemelerle şirketin varlıklarının ilişkili taraflara aktarılması ve şirketin ve şirketin bütün menfaat sahiplerinin hâkim pay sahipleri ve yöneticiler tarafından sömürülmesinin engellenmesi amaçlanır. Bu amaçla ilişkili taraf işlemleriyle ilgili Sermaye Piyasası Kanunu'nda etraflıca bir düzenleme getirilmiş ve önemli bazı işlemler için prosedür öngörülmüştür. Çalışmamız, esaslı düzenleme Sermaye Piyasası Kanunu'nda yer aldığı için bu düzenleme temel alınarak şekillendirilmiştir. Ancak sadece halka açık şirket değil; halka kapalı şirketler yönünden de konu incelenmiş, ilişkili taraf işlemi sayılabilecek Türk Ticaret Kanunu'nda ve diğer kanunlarda yer alan diğer düzenlemelere de yer verilmiştir. Tez dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk bölümde ilişkili taraf işlemi kavramı genel olarak açıklanmış, ilişkili taraf işlemleriyle ilgili düzenlemelere neden ihtiyaç olduğu hususu ortaya koyulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu kapsamda benzer kavramlarla karşılaştırılmış ve Avrupa Birliği ve çeşitli ülkelerde düzenlemeler incelenmiştir. Nihai olarak Türk hukukunda ilişkili taraf işlemlerinin tarihsel sürecine yer verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde yasal düzenlemelerdeki ilişkili taraf ve ilişkili taraf işlemi kavramı ele alınmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde ise ilişkili taraf işlemleriyle ilgili Sermaye Piyasası Kanunu, Türk Ticaret Kanunu ve bazı özel kanunlarda yer alan düzenlemeler incelenmiş, ilişkili taraf işlemleri için öngörülen prosedürel korumalar açıklanmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde ise hukuka aykırı ilişkili taraf işlemlerinin sonuçları incelenmiş ve ilgililerin sorumluluğuna yer verilmeye çalışılmıştır. Special regulations regarding related party transactions aim to prevent the transfer of the assets of the joint stock company to the related parties and thus prevent the exploitation of all the stakeholders of the company by the controlling shareholders and managers. For this purpose, a comprehensive regulation has been introduced in the Capital Markets Law regarding related party transactions and a procedure has been envisaged for some significant transactions. Since the main regulation is contained in the Capital Markets Law, our thesis has been shaped based on this regulation. However, this thesis has not examined the subject only for public companies; it has also examined it in terms of non-public companies, and other regulations in the Turkish Commercial Code and other laws, which can be considered as related party transactions. The thesis consists of four parts. In the first part, the concept of related party transactions is explained in general and the reason for the need for regulations regarding related party transactions is tried to be revealed. In this context, related party transactions have been compared with similar concepts and the regulations in the European Union and various countries have been examined. Finally, the historical process of related party transactions in Turkish law is examined. In the second chapter, the concept of related party and related party transactions as defined in legal regulations is discussed. In the third section, the regulations contained in the Capital Markets Law, the Turkish Commercial Code and some special laws related to related party transactions are examined and the procedural protections provided for related party transactions are explained. In the fourth chapter, the results of unlawful related party transactions are examined and the liability of the related parties is tried to be included.
Keywords: Anonim şirketler; Camouflage of earning distribution; Joint stock company; Société par actions; Turkish capital market; Turkish commercial law; Türk sermaye piyasası; Türk ticaret hukuku; Örtülü kazanç dağıtımı

La résilience du Mali à l’épreuve de la crise du covid-19 : une analyses des conséquences économiques - Sissoko, Etienne Fakaba; Dembele, Khalid (Revue de Recherches en Economie et en Management Africain, 2022)
Le présent article se donne comme objectif, d’évaluer la résilience de l’économie malienne face l’impact de plus en plus croissant de la crise sanitaire qui secoue le monde depuis janvier 2020. Pour ce faire, les mesures gouvernementales adoptées pour circonscrire les conséquences de la maladie, notamment celles annoncées par le président de la République dans son discours à la nation du 10 Avril dernier serviront de base à l’analyse. Loin des débats politiques, cet article fait ressortir les insuffisances des mesures annoncées, leurs pertinences et les difficultés d’applications dans le contexte d’une économie à très faible revenu comme celle du Mali. Sur la pertinence, l’article s’intéresse aux débats suscités par les mesures présidentielles avec l’emploi des expressions par le président de la République comme « couches fragiles, couches vulnérables ». Il relève également les disfonctionnements liés à la crise sanitaire de l’économie malienne dont un des pans importants reste le secteur, informel. Par ailleurs, l’article traite également de l’impacts de la fermeture des frontières, qui ravive le vieux débat d’une souveraineté économique axé sur un modèle de développement capable de soutenir l’économie nationale sur le long terme, tout cela, dans le cadre d’une transformation structurelle profonde.
Keywords: BM; COVID-19; Capital Humain; Déficit Budgétaire; Dépenses Publiques; FMI; Mali; OCHA; ONU; PIB; Politique; Politique Expansionniste; Recettes Publiques; Secteur Informel; Solde Commercial; Sécurité Alimentaire; rationalisation budgétaire

Reassessing State Consent to Jurisdiction: The Indispensable Third Party Principle before the ICJ - Sparks, Tom (Nordic Journal of International Law, 2022)
Keywords: Adjudication; Advisory opinion; Certain Phosphate Lands; Chagos Archipelago; Consent; East Timor; Indispensable third party principle; International Court of Justice (icj); Jurisdiction; Monetary Gold

Anonim ortaklıkta pay sahibinin bilgi alma ve inceleme hakkı - Sümer, Burak (Hacettepe Üniversitesi, 2022)
Anonim ortaklıkta her pay sahibi genel kurulda, yönetim kurulundan şirketin işleri; denetçilerden ise denetimin yapılma şekli ve sonuçları hakkında bilgi alma talebinde bulunma hakkına sahiptir. Ayrıca her pay sahibinin şirketin ticari defterlerini ve yazışmalarını, sorusunu ilgilendiren kısımları ile sınırlı olarak inceleyebilme hakkı bulunmakla birlikte, bunun için genel kurulun açık izni veya yönetim kurulunun bu hususta kararı gereklidir. Pay sahibinin bilgi alma ve inceleme hakkının reddi, talep edilen bilginin şirket sırlarının açıklanmasına veya korunması gereken diğer şirket menfaatlerinin tehlikeye girmesine neden olabilecek ise söz konusu olabilir. Bilgi alma ve inceleme talebinin cevapsız bırakılması, haksız olarak reddedilmesi, ertelenmesi veya pay sahibinin kanunda düzenlendiği şekilde bilgi alamaması halinde, hakkın açılacak bir dava ile mahkeme aracılığıyla kullanılması da mümkündür. Çalışmamız dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk bölümde bilgi alma ve inceleme hakkının genel nitelikleri ile karşılaştırmalı hukuktaki düzenlenme şekli; ikinci bölümde hakkı etkileyen ilkeler ve hakkın düzenlenme amacı; üçüncü bölümde bilgi alma ve inceleme hakkının kullanılması ve hakkın sınırları; dördüncü ve son bölümde ise hakkın ihlalinin hukuki sonuçları ele alınmıştır. At the general meeting, any shareholder of a joint stock company is entitled to information from the board of directors on the affairs of the company and from the external auditors on the methods and results of their audit. Also the company ledgers and business correspondence, limited to the parts about the question may be inspected only with the express authorisation of the general meeting or by resolution of the board of directors. It may be refused where providing it would jeopardise the company's trade secrets or other interests warranting protection. If the request for information and examination is left unanswered, unfairly rejected, postponed or if the shareholder is unable to obtain information as regulated in the law, it is also possible to exercise the right through a lawsuit to be filed. Our study consists of four parts. In the first part, the general characteristics of the right to information and examination and the way it is regulated in comparative law; in the second part, the principles affecting the right and the purpose of regulation of the right; the exercise of the right to receive and review information and the limits of the right in the third part; In the fourth and last chapter, the legal consequences of the violation of the right are discussed.
Keywords: Anonim ortaklıklar; Bilgi alma ve inceleme hakkı; Company law; Incorporated companies; Pay sahipleri; Right to information and examination; Shareholders; Turkish commercial law; Türk ticaret hukuku; Şirketler hukuku

la distribution des produits d'assurance à l'ere du digital en zone CIMA : Réflexion sur la mise en place d'un écosystème de base - Tining, Marie Duhamelle Fobasso (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

A Closer Look at the Doctrine of Separability in Arbitration - Todorović, Ilijana (IUS LAW Journal, 2022)
In the ever-growing business world impacted by globalization, many commercial contracts nowadays contain an arbitration clause. This article focuses on the history behind arbitration as an alternative method of dispute resolution and its penetration to the forefront of mechanisms for resolving commercial disputes -with focus on England, France, and the United States. The article also delves into some of the key questions related to the relationship between an arbitration clause and the underlying contract in which it is contained. And those are the infamous separability and competence-competence doctrines. The author’s conclusion is that the efficiency of an arbitration clause is feasible only if its autonomy is entrenched and safeguarded from preventative and baseless court intervention. In that regard, the author addresses the consequences, current challenges, judicial and academic discourse, and the need for improvement when it comes to these two arbitral principles -all with the goal to provide contracting parties with forethought as to what to consider when drafting their contracts as to avoid unwelcome consequences.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Competence-Competence; Doctrine; International Arbitration; Issues of Jurisdiction

A legal comparison on the effectiveness of judicial management in Botswana against business rescue in South Africa - Topi, Sharon (University of Johannesburg, 2022)
Please refer to full text to view abstract.

Le système de contrôle comme outil de pilotage des sociétés d'assurances non vie en zone CIMA : Cas de NSIA assurances au Bénin - Tossou, Sédégnon (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

La gestion de la relation entre la compagnie d'assurance et les intermédiaires : Cas de l'Africaine des Assurances Congo - Tsiba, Guelor Phonsly (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

Nomenclature Tarif Extérieur Commun : Règles générales pour l’interprétation du Système harmonisé - Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA, 2022)

Halka açık anonim şirketler bakımından şirketler topluluğunda ortak nakit ve hizmet kullanımının hukuki sonuçları - Üzeler Demi̇rağ, Rabia Sanem (İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent Üniversitesi, 2022)
Bu çalışmanın temel amacı şirketler topluluğunda yer alan halka açık şirketlerin topluluk şirketleri ile ortak nakit ve hizmet kullanımına yönelik işlemlerinin sermaye piyasası mevzuatı açısından sınırlarının ve hukuki sonuçlarının tespit edilmesidir. Bu doğrultuda sermayenin oluşturulması ve malvarlığının korunması kuralları kapsamında ortak nakit kullanımı uygulamalarının sınırları, ilişkili taraf işlemlerine ilişkin düzenlemeler ve örtülü kazanç aktarımı yasağı çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir. İlaveten, şirketler topluluğunda maliyet tasarrufu sağlayan ve topluluğun ortak stratejiler çerçevesinde yönetilmesi bakımından gerekli olan ortak hizmetler nedeniyle yapılan ödemelerin tutarlarının belirlenmesine ilişkin esaslar örtülü kazanç aktarımı yasağı bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Son olarak, hukuka aykırılığa yol açan ortak nakit ve hizmet kullanımı uygulamalarına yönelik Sermaye Piyasası Kurulu'nun müdahale yetkileri ve şirketler topluluğunda hâkim şirketin bağlı şirketin kaybını denkleştirebilmesi olanağının halka açık şirketlerde uygulama alanı bulmasının hukuken hangi hâllerde gündeme gelebileceği irdelenmiş ve halka açık şirketlerin dâhil oldukları şirketler topluluklarında ortaya çıkan menfaat çatışmalarının dengelenmesine yönelik değerlendirme ve düzenleme önerilerinde bulunulmuştur. The main purpose of this study is to determine the legal limits and consequences of the shared use of cash and services within corporate groups for publicly held companies' in relation to capital markets legislation. In this respect, the legal limits of transactions which enables sharing cash among group companies with respect to rules on formation and protection of capital of publicly held companies is reviewed within the context of related party transactions and cases which may result in disguised profit distribution is evaluated. Additionally, the use of shared services in corporate groups which provides significant savings and is necessary for developing common strategies is examined in order to determine which principles must be adhered to while charging for these services with regard to the ban on disguised profit distribution. Furthermore, Capital Markets Boards' intervention powers regarding the shared use of cash and services which results in violation of the law is evaluated and the parent company's opportunity of balancing the disadvantages of the subsidiary is assessed for publicly held companies. Finally, legislative amendments have been proposed in order to balance the conflicts of interest which arises where a publicly held company is part of a corporate group.
Keywords: Anonim şirketler; Capital Market Board; Capital Market Law; Cash flow; Cash management; Cosourcing; Halka açık ortaklıklar; Joint stock company; Nakit akışı; Nakit yönetimi; Ortak kaynak kullanımı; Public held companies; Sermaye Piyasası Kanunu; Sermaye Piyasası Kurulu; Turkish commercial law; Türk ticaret hukuku

La sécurité dans l'exploitation des porte-conteneurs - Vandame, Marie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

Problématique du parcours client, de la satisfaction des assurances et des victimes sinistres : Cas de SUNU Congo - Vatkande, Fan-Twek Makosso (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

Les ventes en sauvetage dans le milieu maritime - Viriot, Lucie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

Os impactos da IFRS 16 e as suas determinantes – um estudo de caso, a TAP, Transportes Aéreos Portugueses - Xavier, Catarina Isabel (Universidade do Porto, 2022)

La motivation des conseillers commerciaux de raynal assurances IARD : Enjeux et perspectives d'optimisation - Yiougo, Ziwendtaoré Boris (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

Geçmişe etkili sigorta - Yolal, Oğuz (Selçuk Üniversitesi, 2022)
Sigorta ettiren genellikle geleceğe etkili olarak sigorta korumasından yararlanmak üzere sigorta sözleşmesi yapmaktadır. Ancak sigorta ettiren, sözleşmenin kurulmasına ilişkin öneri ile sözleşmenin kurulması arasında veya sözleşmeye ilişkin önerinin yapıldığı tarihinden önce sigorta korumasından yararlanmak isteyebilir. Sigorta ettirenin sözleşmenin kurulmasından önce sigorta korumasından yararlanabilmesi, geçmişe etkili sigorta ile mümkün olmaktadır. Geçmişe etkili sigorta TTK m. 1458 hükmünde düzenlenmiştir. Geçmişe etkili sigorta sözleşmesinin kurulabilmesi için ikisi olumlu bir tanesi olumsuz şart olarak üç şartın bulunması gereklidir. Olumlu şartlar, sigorta sözleşmesine ilişkin mutabakatın bulunması ve sigorta sözleşmesinin kurulması; olumsuz şart ise, sigortacı, sigorta ettiren ve sözleşmeden haberdar olmak şartıyla sigortalının rizikoya ilişkin bilgi sahibi olmamasıdır. Bu şartların sağlanması hâlinde, geçmişe etkili sigorta sözleşmesi geçerli olacak ve böylelikle sigorta koruması, sigorta sözleşmesinin kurulduğu tarihten önce başlayacaktır. Geçmişe etkili sigorta gerçek ve gerçek olmayan geçmişe etkili sigorta olarak ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Gerçek geçmişe etkili sigorta, sigorta korumasının sözleşmenin kurulmasına ilişkin önerinin yapıldığı tarihten önce başladığı sigortadır. Gerçek ol-mayan geçmişe etkili sigorta ise, sigorta ettirenin sözleşmeye ilişkin öneride bulun-duğu tarih ile sözleşmenin şekli olarak kurulduğu tarih arasında sigorta korumasının sağlandığı sigorta olarak isimlendirilmektedir. Nitekim TTK m. 1458 düzenlemesinin ilk cümlesinde de, sigorta korumasının "sözleşmenin yapılmasından önceki bir tarihten itibaren" sağlanabileceği belirtilerek, gerçek veya gerçek olmayan geçmişe etkili sigortanın yapılmasının mümkün olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. The insured generally makes an insurance contract in order to benefit from insurance protection effectively for the future. However, the policyholder may wish to benefit from insurance protection between the proposal for the conclusion of the contract and the conclusion of the contract or before the date of the proposal regarding the contract. It is possible for the insurant to benefit from insurance protection before the conclusion of the contract, with retroactive insurance. Retroactive insurance TCC m. It was regulated in the 1458 provision. In order for a retroactive insurance contract to be established, three conditions must be present, two of which are positive and one is negative. Positive terms, agreement on the insurance contract and establishment of the insurance contract; The negative condition is that the insurer, the policyholder and the insured are not informed about the risk, provided that they are aware of the contract. If these conditions are met, the retroactive insurance contract will be valid and thus insurance protection will start before the insurance contract is established. Retroactive insurance is divided into two as real and unreal retroactive insurance. Actual retroactive insurance is insurance in which insurance protection begins before the date of the proposal for the establishment of the contract. Unreal, retroactive insurance, on the other hand, is called insurance in which insurance protection is provided between the date the policyholder makes a proposal regarding the contract and the date the contract is formally established. As a matter of fact, TTK art. In the first sentence of regulation 1458, it is understood that it is possible to make real or non-real retroactive insurance, by stating that insurance protection can be provided "from a date before the conclusion of the contract".
Keywords: Geçmişe etkili sigorta; Insurance; Insurance contracts; Insurance law; Insurance sector; Recroactive insurance; Sigorta; Sigorta hukuku; Sigorta sektörü; Sigorta sözleşmeleri; Turkish commercial law; Türk ticaret hukuku

Management des processus organisationnels : Une approche d'accompagnement à la maturation et à la formalisation des processus chez Atlantique Assurances Cameroun-IARDT - Yougouda, Juskine Djale (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

Optimisation de la gestion des sinistres en assurance automobile : cas de Sanlam Burkina Faso - Zio, Yasmine Rakiatou Yaoubé (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

Gestion optimale de la réassurance pour la performance d'une compagnie d'assurance non vie - Zonou, Achille (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2022)

الحق المعنوي للفنان العازف أو المؤدي في قانون الملكية الأدبية والفنية - دراسة مقارنة - - بعديد, دلال (Université d'Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed, 2022)
يعتبر الفنان العازف أو المؤدي، الطائفة الوحيدة من أصحاب الحقوق المجاورة التي تتمتع بحقوق معنوية ومالية على أعماله. فالطابع الإبداعي الذي يكتسيه أداؤه يبرز شخصيته الأدبية والفنية، على خلاف أعمال أصحاب الحقوق المجاورة التي تتسم بالطابع الصناعي اولمادي. يتضمن الحق المعنوي جملة من الصلاحيات تمكن الفنان من الاستفادة من أعماله وحمايتها من مختلف أنواع الاعتداء. غير أنها وإن كانت تتشابه في البعض منها مع الحقوق المخولة للمؤلف لحماية مصنفات ه وشخصه، إلا أنها تختلف معها في البعض منها لاسيما الحق في تقرير النشر، والحق في السحب أو الندم، باعتبار أن التشريعات الوطنية الخاصة بالحقوق المجاورة والتي اعترف ت للفنان التمتّع بحق معنوي ، جاءت خالية من الإشارة إلى ذلك. لذا كان من الضروري تحديد مدى تمتع الفنان العازف بهذين الحقين، أمام الف ا رغ القانوني الذي أدى إلى مجادلات فقهية وتضا رب في الأحكام القضائية. L'artiste interprète ou exécutant est le seul des titulaires de droits voisins à bénéficier d’un droit moral et d’un droit patrimonial sur son interprétation. Le caractère original de sa prestation met en valeur sa personnalité littéraire et artistique, à l’inverse des oeuvres des titulaires de droits voisins qui se caractérisent par leur aspect industriel et matériel. Le droit moral dont dispose l'artiste-interprète, comprend un ensemble de prérogatives qui lui permettent de bénéficier de ses oeuvres et de les protéger contre les divers abus. Cependant, et bien qu’elles soient similaires, pour certaines d’entre elles, aux droits octroyés à l’auteur pour protéger son oeuvre et sa personne, elles se différencient de certains d’entre eux, en particulier le droit de divulgation et le droit de retrait ou de repentir, du fait que les législations nationales relatives aux droits voisins qui reconnaissent à l'artiste la jouissance d’un droit moral, sont dépourvues de toute référence à ce sujet. Dès lors, il était nécessaire de déterminer dans quelle mesure l'artiste-interprète jouit de ses deux droits, face au vide juridique qui a donné lieu à des controverses doctrinales et à des décisions de justice contradictoires. The artist, musician or performer, is the only one of the holders of related rights to benefit from a moral right and financial rights over his performance. The original character of his performance highlights his literary and artistic personality, unlike the works of holders of neighboring rights which are characterized by their industrial and material aspect. The moral rights available to the performer include a set of prerogatives that allow them to benefit from their works and protect them against various abuses. However, and although they are similar, for some of them, to the rights granted to the author to protect his work and his person, they are different from some of them, in particular the right of disclosure and the right of withdrawal or of repentance, due to the fact that national laws relating to neighboring rights which recognize the artist's enjoyment of a moral right, are devoid of any reference to this subject, Therefore, it was necessary to determine to what extent the performer enjoys both rights, in the face of the legal vacuum which has given rise to doctrinal controversies and contradictory court decisions.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitration; Artist interpréter; Artist performer; Artiste exécutant; Artiste interprète; Contrefaçon; Counterfeiting; Droit moral; Intellectual property; International protection; Moral right; National protection; Piracy; Piratage; Propriedade intelectual; Propriété intellectuelle; Protection internationale; Protection nationale; Responsabilité; Responsibility

ال رقابة القضائية على أحكام ال ت حكيم دراسة مقارنة في القوانين العربية - زريفي, محمد (Université d'Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed, 2022)
إن كان التحكيم طريقا بديلا للقضاء في حسم المنازعات، فإن عملية التحكيم تحتاج لكي تكتمل أسباب فاعليتها وانفاذ أحكامها لتدخل قضاء الدولة باعتباره سلطة عامة، تملك قوة إل ا زم الخصوم بتنفيذ أحكام المحكمين. ومن باب المفارقة، أن هذه الرقابة القضائية على أحكام التحكيم، تؤدي إلى إقحام القاضي الوطني في ن ا زع، أستبعد منه مسبقا بإ ا ردة المتنازعين، إلا أن المفارقة ظاهرية، حيث أن دور القاضي يبقى منحص ا ر في رقابة مدى مطابقة الحكم التحكيميي لمبادئ أساسية، أتت على سبيل الحصر، دون أن يكون له فحص وقائع وموضوع الن ا زع. غير أن تحديد سلطة القاضي لي س مطلقة، فبناء على المقاربة الجديدة المبنية على نوع المصالح المطلوب حمايتها، كمعيار لتحديد درجة وشدة الرقابة المسلطة على حكم لتحكيم، يستطيع هذا الأخير، تعديل رقابته بين مشددة ومخففة . وعلى هذا الأساس، فإن غالبية القضاءات العربية تبنت موقفا وسطيا بين مذهبي التوسع والتضييق من نطاق رقابة المحاكم على حكم التحكيم الدولي، تماشيا مع متطلبات التجارة الدولية ومقتضيات مصالحها الوطنية . If arbitration is an alternative means of resolving disputes, the arbitration process needs, for the reasons of its effectiveness and the application of its provisions, the intervention of the judicial power of the State, in order to oblige the parties to carry out the arbitral awards. Paradoxically, this judicial review of arbitral awards leads to involving the national judge in a dispute, which was previously excluded by the will of the parties in dispute. However, this paradox is apparent, because the role of the national judge remains limited to the strict control of the compliance of the arbitration award with the basic principles enacted in an exclusive manner, without having to examine the facts and the subject of the dispute. However, this limitation of judicial power is not absolute, because on the basis of the new approach, based on the type of interests to be protected, as the criterion for determining the extent of the control exercised over an arbitral award, the latter can modulate its control between strict and attenuating. On this basis, the majority of Arab jurisdictions have adopted a middle position between the two tendencies, so-called maximalist control, and minimalist tendency of the jurisdictions' control over the international arbitration award, in accordance with the needs of international trade and the requirements of their interests. Si l'arbitrage est un moyen alternatif pour de résoudre les différends, le processus d'arbitrage a besoin, pour les raisons de son efficacité et l'application de ses dispositions de l'intervention du pouvoir judiciaire de l'État, afin d'obliger les parties d'exécuter les sentences arbitrales. Paradoxalement, ce contrôle judiciaire sur les sentences arbitrales conduit à impliquer le juge national dans un litige, qui en était auparavant exclu par la volonté des parties en litige. Toutefois, ce paradoxe est apparent, car le rôle du juge national reste limité au strict contrôle de la conformité la sentence arbitrale aux principes de base édicté d’une manière exclusive, sans avoir à examiner les faits et l'objet du litige. Cependant, cette limitation de pouvoir juge n'est pas absolue, car sur la base de la nouvelle approche, fondée sur le type d'intérêts à protéger, comme critère de détermination de l'étendue du contrôle exercé sur une sentence arbitrale, ce dernier peut moduler son contrôle entre strict et atténuant. Sur cette base, la majorité des juridictions arabes ont adopté une position médiane entre les deux tendances, contrôle dite maximaliste, et tendance minimaliste du contrôle des juridictions sur la sentence d'arbitrage international, conformément aux besoins du commerce international et aux exigences de leurs intérêts.
Keywords: Arbitrage international; Arbitration; Commerce international; Contrôle des juridictions; International Trade; International arbitration award; Sentence arbitrale

Emergence in the WAEMU and EMCCA areas - Ntwali, Valéry IRAGI; Centwali, Guillain CIRHUZA (Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Studia Europaea, 2021)
The Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (EMCCA) and the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) have succeeded in stabilizing their monetary systems, but this monetary stability has not been accompanied by real emergence. The economies of most of the member states of these two organizations are based on commodities and cocoa, which means that they are completely volatile and therefore lack the stability necessary for real emergence. This study based mainly on documentary research through the exploitation of reports produced by various international and regional institutions such as the IMF, the World Bank, the African Development Bank, ECOWAS, etc., and the writings of various emergence theorists, shows the role that industrialization and diversification of the economies of the WAEMU and EMCCA zones should play in the development of the economies of the member states and the improvement of the living conditions of the populations.
Keywords: CEMAC; Emergence; Spaces; UEMOA; WAEMU

التضامن الداخلي كنظام إستثنائي ينفرد به قانون الصرف دون غيره من القوانين - بوخاتم, مولياط (مجلة البحوث في الحقوق والعلوم السياسية, 2021)
بالإضافة إلى التضامن الخارجي الذي يربط الموقعين على الورقة التجارية بالحامل، أقام المشرع ضربا من التضامن الداخلي بين الموقعين ببعضهم البعض، فأجاز القانون لكل موقع قام بوفاء قيمة هذه الورقة أن يرجع على مختلف الموقعين منفردين أو مجتمعين بكل ماأوفاه دون أن يتحمل نصيبا معينا متمتعا بجميع الحقوق الناشئة عن هاته الورقة التي كان الحامل السابق يتمتع بها، غير أن هذا الرجوع الذي يقوم به الموفي لايكون إلا على الضامنين السابقين عليه في التوقيع دون اللاحقين المضمونين من طرفه In addition to the external solidarity which binds the signatories of the commercial paper with the holder, the legislator has established a form of internal solidarity between the signatories between them, so that the law allows each site having paid the value of this paper to return to the different signatories individually or collectively with all that they have accomplished without incurring a certain share and enjoying all the rights. Coming out of this paper from which the previous holder benefited, however, this return made by the taxpayer only concerns the guarantors who preceded him in the signature without the following guarantees by him.
Keywords: Committed exchange; External solidarity; Internal solidarity; Morphological return; Morphological solidarity; التضامن الخارجي; التضامن الصرفي; الرجوع الصرفي; الملتزمين الصرفيين

L’opérationnalisation de la gouvernance territoriale dans la mise en œuvre des projets de développement issus des espaces périurbains d’Afrique subsaharienne : les cas de Yaoundé au Cameroun, de Lomé et de Notsé au Togo - Muma Tanzey, Raoul (Université Grenoble Alpes, 2021)
L’avènement de la décentralisation en Afrique subsaharienne depuis les années 1990 a fait prendre conscience à certains pays, comme le Cameroun et le Togo, de la nécessité de modifier la manière de penser le développement. L’affirmation de nouveaux acteurs tels que les privés et la société civile a permis de repenser les nouvelles modalités de gouvernance à l’échelle territoriale. Des territoires co-construits par ces acteurs facilitent l’éclosion de dynamiques locales de lutte contre la pauvreté.Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude des formes de coopération et de coordination des acteurs dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre des projets de développement à l’échelle des communes périurbaines de Yaoundé 6, au Cameroun, d’Aflao-Sagbado et Haho 1, au Togo. Les cas choisis ont révélé l’existence ou non des interactions entre trois catégories d’acteurs : les acteurs du privé et de la société civile, les acteurs institutionnels ainsi que les partenaires techniques et financiers. Ceux-ci (in)forment la gouvernance et influencent cette démarche pour construire le territoire et entraîner le changement souhaité par tous.La mobilisation des concepts liés à la gouvernance territoriale et au territoire ainsi que le recours à la recherche empirique permettent de mettre en œuvre le cadre conceptuel adéquat. Celui-ci s’appuie sur des outils permettant d’identifier trois modèles de gouvernance : la gouvernance partenariale communautaire, la gouvernance institutionnelle et la gouvernance privée solidaire.L’étude présente son projet en termes de problématique et de méthodologie à la suite d’une enquête réalisée dans trois communes périurbaines, respectivement situées dans les villes de Yaoundé au Cameroun, de Lomé et de Notsé au Togo.Les résultats de la recherche ont abouti à la conclusion selon laquelle aucun modèle de gouvernance territoriale ne peut se suffire à lui-même ni être dupliqué sans tenir compte des spécificités propres à chaque milieu. Les acteurs concernés doivent s’inscrire dans un processus participatif nécessitant des compromis et des arrangements dans une vision commune et partagée, indispensables à un développement territorial durable. The advent of decentralisation in sub-Saharan Africa since the 1990s has made some countries such as Cameroon and Togo aware of the need to change the way they think about development. The claims of new development partners like the private sector and civil society have made it possible to rethink the ways of governance at the regional level. Areas built up by these development partners facilitate the emergence of local dynamics in the fight against poverty.This research is devoted to the study of the forms of cooperation and coordination of development partners in the implementation of development projects in the suburban districts of Yaoundé 6 in Cameroon and Aflao-Sagbado and Haho 1 in Togo. The selected cases unveil the existence or not of interactions between three categories of development partners: private and civil society actors, institutional actors and technical and financial partners. These partners (in)form governing bodies and influence the process of building up the communities and bring about the change desired by all.The mobilization of notions related to territorial governance and territories as well as the use of empirical research enable the implementation of an adequate conceptual framework. This framework relies on tools that lead to the identification of three model of governance: community partnership governance, institutional governance and private solidarity-based governance.The study showcases its project through issues and methodology following a survey carried out in three suburban areas located in the cities of Yaoundé in Cameroon, Lomé and Notsé in Togo respectively.The results of the research led to the conclusion that no territorial governance model can either be self-sufficient or duplicated without taking into account the specificities of each environment. The parties concerned must be involved in a participatory process requiring compromises and adjustments within a common and shared vision which are essential for sustainable territorial development.
Keywords: Afrique subsaharienne; Aménagement du territoire; Community partnership governance; Coordination des acteurs; Coordination of developement parteners; Decentralization; Décentralisation; Gouvernance; Gouvernance institutionnelle; Gouvernance partenariale communauataire; Gouvernance privée solidaire; Gouvernance territorial; Institutional governance; Partenariat public-privé; Périurbanisation; Solidary private governance; Territorial governance

Le statut de la femme dans le droit de la famille marocain de 1912 à nos jours (mariage et divorce) - Darkaoui, Siham (Université de Lille, 2021)
Étudier l’histoire de la femme marocaine sur le temps long en prenant en compte la période du protectorat, puis l’indépendance jusqu’à la période actuelle permet d’affirmer qu’il y a eu une forme de continuité entre l’époque coloniale et postcoloniale. L’État, principal acteur du changement d’une société donnée (à travers son pouvoir législatif), ne s’est pas vraiment soucié de l’amélioration de la condition des femmes. Une certaine rupture s’est manifestée, toutefois, vers la fin des années Quatre-vingt-dix et sous la pression des organisations de défense des droits des femmes. En effet, le gouvernement a élaboré le plan national d’intégration des femmes au développement (incluant des réformes du statut juridique et familial), mais à cause de divergences multiples le texte ne fut jamais adopté. Un consensus s’est établi par la suite et le Roi mit au vote du Parlement une proposition d’un nouveau Code de la Famille. De fait, le texte est adopté en février 2004. Certes, le Code de la Famille de 2004 accorde plus de droits aux femmes, cependant, par manque de moyens, ce texte n’a pas atteint les objectifs escomptés.
Keywords: Droits des femmes; Famille (droit); Femme; Maroc

Le contrat de sponsoring des sportifs ou L'héritage du contrat d'auctoratio - Dellatorre, Jean-Marc (Université Côte d'Azur, 2021)
Le contrat de sponsoring des sportifs est un moyen pour des personnes morales de droit privé ou de droit public, des collectivités territoriales ou pour l’Etat, de leur apporter un soutien. C’est un contrat innommé, synallagmatique, aléatoire et conclu à titre onéreux. Sa conception sui generis peut être vue comme remontant à l’antiquité romaine et plus particulièrement au contrat d’auctoratio, qui peut se voir comme sa forme originelle. Depuis sa réapparition dans la société moderne, son évolution lui a permis d’accueillir une multitude d’objets dans son contenu. La qualification du contrat de sponsoring contemporain varie donc en fonction de chacun de ces objets. Polymorphe, il est le plus souvent un contrat d’entreprise lorsqu’il est conclu avec un sportif individuel. C’est en revanche un contrat de travail lorsqu’il est passé avec un sportif d’équipe. C’est cette qualification qui a suscité un contentieux abondant durant ces dernières décennies. Toutefois, le nombre de ces litiges tend aujourd’hui à se réduire depuis que le législateur a reconnu et défini le statut des sportifs professionnels et qu’il a posé les règles d’un contrat de travail spécifique. Un contrat qui leur est exclusivement réservé. Pour autant, si les éléments accessoires du contrat de sponsoring des sportifs étaient facilement identifiables, les principaux en étaient ignorés. En s’employant à rechercher l’essence et les fondements historiques de ce contrat, en mettant en perspectives ses formes archaïques originelles et contemporaines, et en disséquant au moyen d’une méthode d’analyse substantielle ces dernières, cette étude met en lumière avec fidélité ses vrais éléments essentiels et permanents. Elle démontre que pour les sportifs d’équipe les plus renommés, l’étendue continentalisée ou mondialisée de leur notoriété inverse ou supprime le lien de subordination de leur contrat de travail. Alors que ce dernier est présenté et qualifié de spécifique par le législateur, la nouveauté de ce qualificatif de « spécifique » ne relève plus dans leurs cas que d’une fiction. Un tel contrat leur est inadapté. Aux fins de rétablir la réalité des faits, c’est d’après le critère déterminant, la notoriété du sportif d’équipe, que doit s’établir le choix de la qualification de ce contrat spécifique de sponsoring. A cet égard, seront formulées des pistes de réflexions et des propositions. Elles inviteront le droit, et les spécialistes de la pratique, à dépasser certains tabous sociétaux et culturels afin de créer des règles à la hauteur de la spécificité de ce contrat et de l’importance des enjeux sociaux économiques et financiers y afférents.
Keywords: Auctoratio; Contrat de travail; Contrats; Notoriété; Parrainage sportif; Sponsoring; Sportifs; Statut juridique

La place de l'enfant au sein de sa famille en droit algérien - Aribi, Katia (Université de Bordeaux, 2021)
En droit de la famille algérien, la famille est la cellule de base de la société. Fidèle aux préceptes du droit musulman, le législateur algérien n’admet aucune relation en dehors du cadre du mariage, car celles-ci sont illicites par excellence. De ce fait, le droit de la famille algérien ne reconnait l’existence d’aucune famille constituée en dehors des liens du mariage. Cela explique en outre le peu d’intérêt que le législateur algérien a manifesté à l’égard de l’enfant né hors mariage.Le code de la famille algérien ne reconnait que la filiation légitime conçue dans les liens du mariage. Cette filiation légitime est caractérisée par la domination d’une conception patrilinéaire de la famille. Le père est présenté dans le code de la famille algérien comme le maitre du lien de filiation. Le législateur algérien n’organise que les règles relatives à la filiation paternelle légitime en négligeant la filiation maternelle de l’enfant né dans le mariage. La filiation de l’enfant né hors mariage est méconnue par la législation algérienne comme en droit musulman. L’enfant né en dehors du cadre d’un lien légal entre le père et la mère ne pourrait être légitiment rattaché à son géniteur. La prohibition du rattachement de l’enfant né hors mariage à son père engendre des conséquences néfastes. L’enfant légitime bénéficie d’un statut supérieur par rapport à l’enfant né hors mariage. Seul l’enfant légitime profite des droits d’ordre personnel et d’ordre patrimonial à l’égard de son père ; l’enfant issu de parents non mariés en est quasiment dépouillé. Ce dernier bénéficie de droits personnels restreints et très inférieurs à ceux de l’enfant légitime car il ne peut jouir de ses droits que vis-à-vis de sa mère si cette dernière le reconnait.
Keywords: Algerian family law; Algérie; Child; Droit algérien; Droit musulman; Enfant; Famille; Famille (droit); Family; Filiation; Islamic law; Kafala; Kafâla; Parents et enfants (droit islamique)