L'image fidèle dans les sociétés commerciales de la République Démocratique du Congo : Vérifications empiriques au regard du système comptable OHADA - Halimana Hangi, Bernard (Université Protestante au Congo, 2018)
Le mobile de notre recherche est d’analyser les facteurs ou pesanteurs qui ont empêché les dirigeants sociaux et les professionnels du chiffre (directeurs administratifs et financiers, chefs comptables et comptables, auditeurs et contrôleurs de gestion, experts comptables et commissaires aux comptes)à produire, voire à certifier des états financiers de synthèse qui reflètent l’image fidèle des sociétés commerciales de la RD Congo. L’étude s’est effectuée au cours de deux premières années de mise en application du Système comptable de l’OHADA (SYSCOHADA), soit 2014 pour les comptes personnels et 2015 pour les comptes consolidés et les comptes combinés. Nous avons fait un tour rétrospectif sur l’exercice social 2013 ainsi qu’un regard projectif sur l’exercice 2016, dans le cadre de vérifications empiriques à ce sujet. En grosso modo, nos analyses se sont appuyées sur les données comptables et fiscales de 4 exercices sociaux (2013 à 2016). La toile de fond de notre étude était de savoir pourquoi les états financiers n’ont pas donné l’image fidèle du patrimoine, du résultat et de la situation financière. Cette notion d’image fidèle est consacrée par les articles 2 à 11 de l’Acte uniforme portant organisation et harmonisation des comptabilités des entreprises (AUOHCE), tel que révisé par l’Acte uniforme relatif au droit comptable et à l’information financière (AUDCIF) du 26 janvier 2017 ainsi que les articles 137 à 141 de l’Acte uniforme relatif aux Sociétés commerciales et au Groupement d’intérêt économique (AUSCGIÉ) ; à condition que les états financiers soient établis et présentés conformément aux dispositions des articles 25 à 34 de l’AUDCIF susvisé. Notre analyse est partie des vérifications empiriques sur les informations financières et fiscales de 173 sociétés commerciales et des réponses de 357 dirigeants sociaux des sociétés commerciales et des professionnels du chiffre qui ont répondu à notre questionnaire d’enquête. Les résultats de cette enquête, tout comme ceux des vérifications empiriques ont été recoupés et confirmés à partir de l’entretien semi-directif avec 38 informants qui ont vécu la transition du Plan Comptable Général Congolais (PCGC) vers le SYSCOHADA. De nos analyses, il a été démontré que les états financiers et d’autres documents comptables et de gestion courante des sociétés commerciales de la RD Congo n’ont pas reflété l’image fidèle des patrimoines, des résultats et des situations financières. Pour cause, il a été révélé que les dirigeants sociaux ainsi que les professionnels du chiffre ont établi et/ou certifié des informations financières influencées par des facteurs et pesanteurs politico-contractuels, conventionnels et socio-institutionnels. Ainsi, nous avons suggéré, qu’au-delà du formalisme mettant en relation les éléments de principaux états financiers (Bilan, Compte de résultat et Tableau des flux de trésorerie), il faille instaurer des mécanismes de durcissement de la réglementation comptable par un contrôle du niveau d’application du SYSCOHADA. Ce contrôle doit partir de l’examen des postes du Bilan à celui des soldes intermédiaires de gestion du Compte de résultat pour arriver à tirer les conséquences de la vérification de la comptabilité produite par les gestionnaires (dirigeants sociaux) et/ou certifiée par les professionnels du chiffre (consultants, auditeurs et commissaires aux comptes). Tous ces acteurs devront être invités au respect du Code d’éthique et de la Clause de conscience.
Keywords: AUDCIF; AUOHCE; AUSCGIE; Plan Comptable Général; SYSCOHADA

L'efficacité des sûretés réelles conventionnelles dans les financements d'acquisitions à effet de levier - Chenu, Stanislas (Université de Nantes, 2018)
L’efficacité des sûretés réelles dans les financements d’acquisitions à effet de levier est essentielle pour permettre au créancier d’atténuer son risque de crédit tout en permettant à l’emprunteur d’optimiser ses conditions de financement. Les sûretés réelles qui composent le security package doivent être faciles à mettre en place, peu coûteuses et respectueuses des intérêts du constituant tout en garantissant au créancier l’obtention effective de son dû en cas de réalisation. Nous tenterons dans un premier temps de dégager les techniques juridiques qui peuvent être mises en place par les praticiens pour s’assurer de l’efficacité des sûretés réelles données en garantie d’un financement d’acquisition à effet de levier. Et dans un deuxième temps, après avoir démontré que notre droit des sûretés réelles en France et en Europe n’est pas suffisamment adapté aux réalités pratiques et économiques, nous essayerons de faire des propositions de réforme en droit français mais également en droit européen. The efficiency of security rights granted in the context of leverage buy-out acquisition is essential to enable a creditor to mitigate its credit risk while allowing the borrower to optimize its financing conditions. The security interests which compose the security package must not only be easy to implement, inexpensive and not too restrictive for the pledgor but also efficient for the creditor in case of enforcement. We will attempt first to identify the legal techniques that can be implemented by legal advisors in order to ensure the effectiveness of the security rights granted in the context of a leverage buy-out acquisition. Then, after having demonstrated that our law on security interests in France and in Europe is not well adapted to practical and economic realities, we will try to propose legal reforms under both French law and European law.
Keywords: Crédit – Droit; Débiteur et créancier; Finances; Security package; Sûretés

L'intérêt de la personne morale - Bignebat, Paul (Université Paris-Dauphine, 2018)
En droit, de nombreuses notions se réfèrent à un intérêt. L'intérêt est « ce qui importe ». Ainsi entendu, l’intérêt renvoie à une valeur subjective, qui varie donc d’un individu ou d’un groupe d’individus à un autre. L’objet de la thèse est d’identifier les éléments qui permettent de caractériser l’intérêt de la personne morale.Chaque personne morale a un intérêt que l'on peut qualifier de « personnel », qu'elle relève du droit public ou du droit privé. Cet intérêt est individuel, propre à chaque personne morale, et sa substance est liée à la finalité de cette personne. Cette notion générale peut être précisée à partir de l’étude d’un intérêt personnel particulier : l’intérêt de la société. Par analogie, on peut considérer que la notion d’intérêt personnel permet la protection de la personne morale le temps nécessaire à la réalisation de sa finalité.En raison de l’importance du phénomène de l’organisation en groupe, l’analyse de l’intérêt personnel ne peut se limiter à la situation des personnes morales isolées. Il ressort de l’étude des principes généraux applicables aux groupes et de la jurisprudence que l’intérêt personnel résiste et s’adapte à l’organisation groupée des personnes morales. Néanmoins, l’existence d’un groupe a une incidence sur l’intérêt des personnes morales qui le compose. Cette incidence est parfois désignée par référence à l’intérêt du groupe. Or, cette référence ne correspond à aucune réalité en droit positif. L’incidence du groupe sur l’intérêt personnel doit plutôt être cherchée dans les relations entre intérêts au sein du groupe.
Keywords: Company's best interest; Conflict of interests; Conflit d'intérêts; Conflits d'intérêts; Corporate governance; Gouvernement d'entreprise; Group; Groupe; Intérêt social; Legal person; Personne morale; Personnes morales

La démocratie actionnariale : contribution à l'étude d'un mythe juridique - Crocquevieille, Mathieu (Université Paris 10, 2018)
Slogan ou oxymore pour les uns, prix convoité ou formule vertueuse pour les autres, l’expression de démocratie actionnariale est présente dans les discours relatifs aux entreprises depuis les années 2000. l’étude ici présente s’intéresse à cette expression dans le cadre des discours juridiques portant sur les sociétés par actions. pour ce faire, la démocratie actionnariale a été considérée comme un mythe juridique, c’est-à-dire une représentation à la fois littéraire, politique et historique dans un contexte juridique. le mythe de la démocratie actionnariale incarne et véhicule une dynamique : celle de la rencontre entre la dimension démocratique et la dimension actionnariale. l’histoire et les sciences de gestion ont été parfois sollicitées pour le dévoiler dans son ensemble. le mythe de la démocratie actionnariale apparaît à la fois fondateur et structurant. fondateur, il accompagne les sources, les origines de la législation sur les sociétés par actions. dans sa forme traditionnelle, il est apparu au dix-neuvième siècle. il procède alors d’un rapport analogique assimilant sociétés par actions à une miniature politique. la société est une version réduite de la démocratie. dans sa forme moderne, il est né au vingtième siècle et rend compte de l’encastrement progressif des valeurs démocratiques de la communauté civique dans les sociétés par actions par le biais des mouvements rse. structurant, il participe à la pratique de ce type de société. autour de l’actionnaire, il nourrit ses droits politiques mais peine à rendre compte des droits financiers. autour des dirigeants, il s’associe à d’autres représentations pour en encadrer les pouvoirs.
Keywords: Actionnaires; Capitalism; Capitalisme; Companies; Democracy; Directors; Dirigeants; Démocratie; Gouvernance; Governance; Langage juridique; Shareholders; Sociétés

L’évaluation comptable et financière de la capacité à entreprendre du dirigeant de PME : enjeux, modalités et proposition d'un modèle - Lopez, Jean-Claude (Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 2018)
Nous proposons, à l’aide d’une approche pluridisciplinaire, de mieux rendre compte des compétences entrepreneuriales d’un dirigeant de PME, de jeter les bases d’un modèle d’évaluation de la capacité à entreprendre à partir de l’analyse des cycles d’exploitation. Ce modèle sera construit sur les bases d’une enquête exploratoire, puis testé au sein d’une PME de négoce afin d’en vérifier la pertinence et d’en améliorer l’applicabilité.Une estimation pertinente de la capacité à entreprendre pourrait rendre possible une meilleure évaluation de la valeur ajoutée des dirigeants de PME et une esquisse plus précise de la stratégie de soutien aux actions entrepreneuriales. Evaluer la capacité à entreprendre est tout autant un défi pour la communauté financière et comptable que l’est l’évaluation du capital humain. La présente propose une nouvelle approche pour mieux aborder la "vraie" valeur d’une entreprise, avec l’espoir que notre modèle sera utile aux parties prenantes de l’entrepreneuriat. We suggest, by means of a multidisciplinary approach, reporting better entrepreneurial skills of a leader of SME, to lay the foundations for a model of evaluation of the capacity to be undertaken from the analysis of the cycles of exploitation. This model will be built on the bases of an exploratory investigation, then tested within a trade SME to verify the relevance and improve the applicability.A relevant estimation of the capacity to be undertaken could make possible a better evaluation of the added value of the leaders of SME and a more precise sketch of the strategy of support for the entrepreneurial actions To estimate the capacity to be undertaken is just as much a challenge for the financial and accounting community than is it the evaluation of the human resources. The present proposes a new approach to approach better the ''real'' value of a company, with the hope than our model will be useful for the stakeholders of the entrepreneurship.
Keywords: Accounting; Aptitude pour la direction; Capital humain; Capital humain specifique; Chefs d'entreprise (évaluation); Comptabilite; Entrepreunariat; Human resources; Specific human capital

La délégation de pouvoirs dans les sociétés commerciales de droit OHADA - Diène, Oumy (Université de Bordeaux ; Université Cheikh Anta Diop, 2018)
C’est avec une ambition modeste que la délégation de pouvoirs est admise dans les sociétés commerciales de droit OHADA. La société anonyme en est la structure d’accueil. Les u travailorganes sociaux en sont les acteurs. Elle est mise en œuvre pour faire face une urgence due à l’empêchement du président ou pour asseoir la rapidité d’une action relative à une opération financière. Or, étant aujourd’hui reconnue comme technique de bonne gouvernance, la délégation de pouvoirs pour remplir une telle fonction en droit OHADA, est à généraliser. Tout dirigeant social doit avoir la liberté d’y recourir et les salariés, plus proches des réalités du terrain, doivent y être associés. Une telle appréhension de la délégation de pouvoirs appelle la conception d’un régime juridique précis qui garantit son jeu loyal. It is with the modest ambition that the delegation of power is admitted in the trading companies of OHADA law. The limited company is the reception center and social organs are the actors. It is implemented to face an urgency due to the hindrance of the president or to establish the speed of a financial transaction. Yet, being now acknowledged as a good governance practice, the delegation of power should be generalized to satisfy such a function in OHADA law. Every social leader has to have the freedom to use it and employees, closer to realities of the ground, must be associated there. Such an apprehension of the delegation of power calls the conception of a precise legal regime which guarantees its loyal play.
Keywords: Bonne gouvernance; Delegation of power; Droit des sociétés commerciales; Délégation de pouvoirs; Délégation des pouvoirs; Employees; Good governance; Gouvernement d'entreprise; Organes sociaux; Salariés; Socials organs; Trading companies

Assessing the nexus between corporate governance, corporate social responsibility and corporate regulation: the way forward for the OHADA zone - Tambutoh, Dashaco John; Tarh, Bande Gulbert Mbah (International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications, 2018)
Encyclopaedic Corporate Governance (CG) is now a mainstream issue of concern in the business world. Yet, there has been no systematic investigation of CG practices in general, allowing for a distinction between the profit and non-profit organizations. In this regard, this article aims to investigate the nuances in the application of sound governance principles across different types of organizations in general, together with the understanding and applications of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Corporate Regulation (CR) in the context of the OHADA zone. With CSR envisages as a model of CG that extends the fiduciary duties from fulfilment of responsibilities towards the shareholders of the firm to fulfilment of analogous fiduciary duties towards all the firm?s stakeholders. Thus, after considering the place of CSR in the debate about alternative CG modes, a full-fledged social contract foundation of the multi-stakeholder and multi-fiduciary model is present. The article, therefore, shows that CSR is a social norm that would endogenously emerge from the stakeholders? social contract seen as the first move in an equilibrium selection process that reaches the equilibrium state of a CG institution; and as a global trend involving corporations, states, international organizations and civil society organizations. Besides, the article portrays the trend of CSR in three ways: as a regulatory framework that places new demands on corporations; as a mobilization of corporate actors to assist the development aid of states and; as a management trend. With each of these portraits suggesting certain actors, relations, driving forces and interests as being central. These multiple identities may partially describe the trend?s success, but could equally well describe its contestation, fragility and fluidity. Based on the argument that CSR is not just a fashion but rather the future from another angle, the article explicitly explores the nexus between CSR, CG and CR as appreciated in the OHADA zone. It also presents fresh insights into the applications of CG and CSR principles under the OHADA perspective that has not received systematic attention and consideration in the literature and, thus, provides policy recommendations to mainstream a viable CSR framework in the OHADA zone.
http://www.journalijar.com/
Keywords: Corporate Regulation; Corporate Social Responsibility; Corporate governance; OHADA

O poder da informação e o dano informacional nas companhias abertas - Vergueiro, Carlos Eduardo (Universidade de São Paulo, 2018)
Esta Tese aborda os temas do poder da informação, da fraude informacional e do dano informacional dela decorrente. O estudo parte da premissa de que houve opção, no Direito Comparado, pelo regime da divulgação de informações (disclosure) como mecanismo principal da estratégia regulatória do mercado de valores mobiliários. Essa opção, por exemplo, substitui um juízo de mérito que poderia existir sobre viabilidade de ofertas de valores mobiliários que fosse atribuído ao órgão regulador do mercado. Pela escolha feita, o Direito obriga a divulgação de informações para permitir que investidores do mercado de valores mobiliários tenham condições de precificar os valores mobiliários em negociação. Ou que investidores que não possuem as habilidades para tanto sejam beneficiados pela precificação feita por outros mais habilitados. A partir dessa premissa, chega-se, em primeiro lugar, ao que a Tese denominou de poder da informação, para se analisar um aspecto inerente à posição de controladores, pela maioria do capital ou pelo controle gerencial, que faz com algumas pessoas que estão na posse de informações divulgadas e não divulgadas ao mercado sobre a situação da companhia sejam obrigadas a divulga-las. A palavra poder foi escolhida porque significa tanto uma posição de prevalência sobre outros, quanto para indicar os deveres que uma posição de prevalência sobre outros traz aos detentores dessa posição. A simples obrigação de divulgar não poderia ser a única regra para permitir que a divulgação ocorra e seja baseada em caracteres verídicos. Informação omitida e informação divulgada com fraude causam danos ao detentor do valor mobiliário, que toma decisões de compra e venda com base nas informações, e ao próprio mercado de valores mobiliários, cuja integridade, como um todo, é fragilizada a partir de uma situação de dano. O dano não é, portanto, unicamente privado. Fraude informacional é uma expressão escolhida por esta Tese para se referir tanto à situação de omissão de divulgação de informação necessária de ser divulgada, quanto à divulgação de informação errada ou incompleta, todas elas contribuindo para que o mercado esteja municiado de informações que não permitem a correta identificação da situação do emissor. A fraude informacional traz o dano informacional, outra expressão escolhida pela Tese para significar o dano que decorre da situação de fraude informacional. Ao redor do mundo, a repressão à fraude informacional foi regida por leis com sanções fortes e com aspectos de Direito Civil (a reparação civil), penal (a imposição de pena para seus praticantes) e administrativa (pelo órgão regulador do mercado de valores mobiliários). A harmonia e tratamento único do tema são medidas necessárias para o incremento das regras de combate à fraude informacional, que funcionam (ou deveriam funcionar) tanto quanto regras de responsabilização como quanto elementos de dissuasão do potencial praticante de fraude informacional. O avanço da ciência pretendido pela Tese, especialmente focado na inovação da Ciência Jurídica para os temas objeto de estudo pela Tese, está representado por sugestões de melhoria no Direito brasileiro em tema de combate à fraude e dano informacionais, especialmente se valendo de elementos exemplificativos do Direito comparado. This Thesis analyses the topics of the power of information, informational fraud and informational damages arising from it. The research is based on the option for having the disclosure, as made by Comparative Law, as the main regulatory scheme as applicable to securities markets. This option, for example, substitutes a merit based approach over securities public offerings that could exist as function of a securities markets regulator. Based on the choice made, Law mandates the disclosure of information so that securities markets' investors have ways to price securities and non skilled investors benefit from prices set by skilled ones. Having such ideas as start, this Thesis first analyzes what it called as information power which in turns analyzes corporate controllers' position (whether from the holding of a majority of voting stock or as a result of a managerial control) and the holding of information that they have due to their position, with the mandatory disclosure system that mandates disclosure to be made. The word "power" has been chosen to indicate both the prevailing position of corporate controllers and the duties that arise as a consequence of being in such position. The simple mandatory disclosure rule could not be the sole rule to allow that disclosure dully happens and be based on true information. Omitted information and frauded information cause damages to both securities holders, who trade based on the information, and to the market as a whole, whose integrity is affected by such frauded information. Damages are not solely private and related to the person who suffered them directly. Therefore, punitive rules shall exist. Informational fraud is another expression that has been chosen by this Thesis to refer to both the situation when information that should be disclosed is omitted and to the situation where information disclosed is partially or totally wrong, all of them making market not informed with information that could allow it to dully price securities. Informational damages arise as a consequence of informational fraud. Around the world, informational fraud has been fought with strong sanctions and with Criminal Law, Torts (the damaged person reimbursement), and Administrative (through administrative sanctions imposed by securities regulators) rules. Harmony among all fields is required to the advancement of fight against informational fraud as it is required to have rules to promote deterrence against wrong makers in potential. The Law development that is seek as contribution for the innovation of Legal Sciences by this Thesis are the recommendations that it does for changes in the Brazilian Law based on the Comparative Law.
Keywords: Civil liability; Corporate control; Dano informacional; Disclosure; Divulgação de informações (disclosure); Efficient capital markets; Fraude informacional; Hipótese do mercado de capitais eficiente; Informational damages; Informational fraud; Informational power; Mercado de valores mobiliários; Poder da informação; Poder de controle; Public companies; Responsabilidade civil; Securities markets

A critical analysis of the removal of directors by the board of directors and the judiciary under the Companies Act 71 of 2008 - Cassim, Rehana (University of South Africa, 2018)
Section 71(3) of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 has introduced into South African company law a provision which for the first time permits the board of directors to remove another director from office in certain specific instances. A further significant innovation in the Companies Act 71 of 2008 is contained in section 162, which empowers a court to make an order declaring a director delinquent or placing him under probation in specific instances. The effect of section 162 is that a court is empowered to remove a director from the board of directors. The focus of this thesis is the removal of directors from office by the board of directors and by the judiciary. The thesis explores the underpinning philosophy of the statutory provisions relating to the removal of directors from office. It also examines the impact of the power given to the board of directors and to the courts to remove a director from office. The grounds and the procedures for the removal of directors by the board of directors and the judiciary are examined. The fiduciary duties applicable to directors in removing a director from the board of directors are also explored. In addition, this thesis examines the removal of directors holding multiple positions or capacities in relation to a company, such as an employee or a shareholder with loaded voting rights. The remedies which may be relied on by a director who has been removed from office by the board of directors are examined. Recommendations are made to strengthen and improve the provisions in the Companies Act 71 of 2008 relating to the removal of directors from office by the board of directors and the judiciary. Amendments to the Companies Act 71 of 2008 are suggested to remove ambiguities; to guard against the abuse of sections 71(3) and 162; to improve the grounds and procedures for the removal of directors by the board of directors and the judiciary, and to enhance the remedies that may be relied on by a director who has been removed from office by the board of directors.
Keywords: Corporate governance; Directors and shareholders power; Directors of corporations; Fiduciary duties; Investor relations; Removal of directors from office; Stockholders' voting; Voting rights

Modernisation et efficacité du droit OHADA des sociétés : à propos de la révision en 2014 de l’acte uniforme sur les sociétés commerciales - Sakho, Abdoulaye (Revue d’étude et de recherche sur le droit et l’administration dans les pays d’Afrique, 2018)
Mélanges en l'honneur du professeur Dominique SARR

İmtiyazlı pay sahipleri özel kurulu - Aktaş, Betül (Galatasaray Üniversitesi, 2018)
Doktora tez konumuz olan imtiyazlı pay sahipleri özel kurulunun temel işlevi imtiyazların korunmasıdır. Bu doğrultuda, imtiyazlı pay sahiplerinin haklarını ihlal edebilecek nitelikte olan genel kurulun anasözleşme değişikliklerinde, yönetim kuruluna sermaye artırımı yetkisi verilmesi kararında ve kayıtlı sermaye sisteminde yönetim kurulunun yaptığı sermaye artırımında özel kurul onayı alınması gerekmektedir. Aksi takdirde alınan genel kurul veya yönetim kurulu kararı uygulanamaz. Özel kurul toplantısının yapılabilmesi bakımından aranan temel şartlardan biri, imtiyazlı pay sahiplerinin haklarını ihlal edebilecek nitelikte bir anasözleşme değişikliği veya yönetim kurulunun sermaye artırımı kararının alınmasıdır. Özel kurul kararının alınmadığı aşamada genel kurul kararı hukuken geçerli, fakat hukuki sonuçlarını doğurması özel kurul onayının varlığına bağlıdır. The basic function of the special committee of preference shareholders is to protect the preferences. In this respect, Art. 454 of the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC) regulates the approval of special committee for the amendments to the articles of association of the general assembly, which are in the nature of violating the rights of the preferred shareholders, authorization for capital increase for the board of directors and the capital increase in the registered capital system. Otherwise, the decision of the general assembly or board of directors cannot be applied. One of the basic conditions sought in order to be able to hold the special board meeting is to adopt an amendment in the articles of association or the capital increase decision of the board of directors. At the stage where the decision of the special board is not taken, the decision of the general assembly is legally valid but its legal consequences are subject to the approval of the special committee.
Keywords: Anonim şirketler; Commercial law; Joint stock company; Pay sahipleri; Privileged share; Shareholders; Special meeting; Ticaret hukuku; Turkish Commercial Code; Türk Ticaret Kanunu; Özel kurul; İmtiyazlı pay

Revue de la jurisprudence 2017 en droit des entreprises - Bouchard, Charlaine (Revue du notariat, 2018)

Anonim ortaklıklar hukukunda özel denetim - Günay, Gözde Engin (Galatasaray Üniversitesi, 2018)
Anonim şirketlerde pay ve oy çoğunluğunu elinde bulunduranlar bir araya geldikleri zaman, hâkimiyeti elinde bulundurdukları için şirket yönetimini etkileyecek kararları alarak, kendi kararları doğrultusunda şirketi yönlendirebilirler. Çoğunluğu elinde tutanların gücü karşısında azlık ve münferit pay sahiplerinin korunması, onlara bazı bireysel haklar tanınması ile sağlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışmamızın konusu Anonim Ortaklıklar Hukuku'nda Özel Denetim'dir. TTK'nin "pay sahibinin kişisel haklarıˮ ana başlığı ve V. numaralı özel denetim isteme hakkı alt başlığı altında TTK m.438 ve 444' da düzenlenen özel denetim isteme hakkı, anonim ortaklıkta önemli bir bireysel ortaklık ve azlık haklarından birisini oluşturmaktadır. Aydınlatıcı haklar olarak adlandırılan bilgi alma ve inceleme hakkı ile özel denetim isteme hakları; şirketin faaliyetleri, işlemleri, ekonomik durumu hakkında yeterli bilgiye sahip olmayan pay sahiplerinin, bu haklarını kullanarak daha bilinçli olmalarını sağlarlar. Bu iki hak, hem önleyici hem de telafi edici niteliktedir. According to Article 438, CO Art.697a, any shareholder may introduce a motion at the general meeting of shareholders calling for certain facts to be subject to a special examination by a special and independent searcher. The special examination has to be necessary for the exercising of the shareholders' rights. If the shareholders' meeting approves the motion, the judge (called upon by the Company or by shareholder) appoints the special searcher. If the general meeting does not approve the motion calling for the appointment of the appointment of the special searcher, shareholders who represent at least ten percent of the share capital or who represent shares with par value of one million Turkish Lira may request the judge to appoint a special searcher. The shareholders are legally entitled to the appointment of a special searcher if they credibly establish that corporate bodies have violated the law or the articles of incorporation and have thereby damaged company or shareholders. Special examination has a pre-condition for requesting, as per article TTK m.438, in order for a shareholder to request a special examination, that shareholder or any shareholder of the company should have duly consumed its right to information and examination. This is pre- condition for requesting the special examination
635031
Keywords: Anonim ortaklıklar; Anonim şirketler; Control; Denetim; Incorporated companies; Joint stock company; Private auditor; Turkish Commercial Code; Turkish commercial law; Türk Ticaret Kanunu; Türk ticaret hukuku; Özel denetçi

L’attribution gratuite d’actions en droit OHADA - Niamadio, Mamadou (Université Assane Seck de Ziguinchor, 2018)
Le constat de l’obsolescence du droit africain a fait germer l’idée de créer une réglementation moderne et adaptée à l’économie des pays africains dans l’esprit des décideurs africains. L’entreprise s’était révélée nécessaire en raison de l’absence jusque-là de tout effort législatif destiné à épousseter la législation africaine postcoloniale alors qu’ailleurs, en France et dans la plupart des pays occidentaux, le droit des affaires était à mise à jour permanente ; constamment les textes y sont modifiés parce que le monde est soumis à de constants bouleversements. C’est dans ce contexte que l’OHADA a été instituée par le Traité constitutif signé à Port Louis (Ile Maurice) en Avril 1993, entré en vigueur le 18 septembre 1995, il a été révisé à Québec en 2008 . Le droit Ohada est un système juridique et judiciaire qui vise à garantir la sécurité juridique des affaires en adoptant un droit commun des affaires dont l’interprétation est confiée à une seule instance juridictionnelle, la Cour commune de justice et d’arbitrage. Il est composé aujourd’hui de dix-sept (17) Etats d’Afrique subsaharienne ayant en commun un même droit des affaires.

The directors’ fiduciary duty to act in the best interests of the company: the possible developments of common law by statute and how they affect human rights - Nomadwayi, Bakhulule (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2018)
This research traces the developments of the directors’ fiduciary duty to act in the best interests of the company and looks at how these developments affect human rights and interests of stakeholders. The main focus of the study is on the human rights impact of this duty. Initially, this duty was only regulated in terms of common law which proved to be problematic. The problem with common law lies within the definition of ‘best interests of the company’, which not only exclude the interests of other stakeholders but also has the potential to bring about violation of human rights, particularly the rights to equality, dignity and fair labour practice. At common law best interests of the company means interests of the company itself and its shareholders. The common law only protects the company and its shareholders, while excluding the rights and interests of stakeholders. The common law duty to in the best interests of the company is not in line with our contemporary law because it ignores human rights. The neglect of human rights by this duty renders it inconsistent with the values contained in the Constitution. Furthermore, the exclusion of stakeholders’ rights by this duty cannot be justified because stakeholders play an important part in safeguarding the stability and continued existence of the companies. The fiduciary duty to act in company’s best interests is now contained in the Companies Act of 2008. Inclusion of this duty in the Act enables our courts to interpret it in a manner that protects human rights and which takes into account interests of other stakeholders. Section 7 (a) of the Act provides that among other goals of the Act is the promotion of compliance with the Bill of Rights when applying the company law. The impact of section 7 is that it imposes an indirect duty on directors to consider the human rights impact of their decisions. Section 158 of the Act enables the courts to “develop common law as it is necessary to improve the realisation and enjoyment of rights established by the Companies Act of 2008.” Given this recognition of the Bill of Rights by the Companies Act, it’s of vital importance that our courts should interpret and apply the duty to act in the best interests of the company in manner that is consistent with the Constitution. Directors are now obliged to pay attention to the human rights impact of their decisions.
Keywords: Best interests of the company; CSR; Corporate Social Responsibility; Fiduciary duty

Corporate governance and resource management in Nigeria: a paradigm shift - Oyewunmi, Olabode Adeleke; Oyewunmi, Adebukola Esther (Business Perspectives, 2018)
The underlying significance of instituting measures for effective corporate governance and rewarding resource management outcomes cannot be relegated. The countries and organizations that deemphasize this practice have mortgaged their potential for long-term growth and corporate sustainability. This paper adopts a critical narrative method to deconstruct the essence of corporate governance and economic resource management ideals. The paper furthers the ongoing conversations on two interrelated business concepts, and provides an apt perspective towards unlocking the essence of corporate governance relative to the Nigeria’s corporate environment. It depicts a corporate paradigm shift that accommodates the dynamics of global best practices taking into account some peculiarities of Nigeria’s corporate climate. The paper also captures relevant theoretical dimensions and pragmatic policy propositions, especially for underperforming socio-economic contexts. In the light of the central theme, specific issues are discussed under the sub-headings of conceptual and theoretical clarifications, corporate governance and resource management in Nigeria, shifting the paradigms, conclusion and recommendations.
Number: 1 http://www.businessperspectives.org
Keywords: Corporate governance; Nigeria; Resource management

Responsabilidad de administradores por daños en el ámbito de la llevanza de la página web de las sociedades de capital no cotizadas - Vázquez Cueto, José Carlos (Derecho Mercantil y Tecnología, 2018)
Este trabajo trata del régimen especial de responsabilidad de los administradores por la llevanza de las páginas web corporativas de las sociedades de capital no cotizadas, establecido por el art.11-ter LSC. Este régimen, que solo se aplica al deber de mantenimiento de lo insertado y a la garantía de ausencia de interrupción al acceso, descarga e impresión gratuitos de la información publicada, parece diferir del régimen general de responsabilidad de administradores, establecido en los arts.236 a 241-bis, en algunos aspectos. El autor analiza esas diferencias, que pueden constituir la causa del pobre empleo en la actualidad de este instrumento en las sociedades de capital españolas.
Accepted: 2024-01-18T12:11:40Z Publisher: Aranzadi
Keywords: Capital companies’ website; Directors’ liability; Non-listed capital companies; Página web corporativa; Responsabilidad de administradores; Sociedades de capital no cotizadas