Approche critique du mécanisme de règlement des différends commerciaux devant la CCI - Kesse, Julia Sainte-Colombe (Université de Montréal, 2026)
Cette étude analyse de manière critique le mécanisme de résolution des litiges commerciaux de la Chambre de commerce internationale (CCI) en trois étapes : précontentieux, contentieux et post contentieux. Il examine d’abord l’évolution des méthodes amiables telles que la médiation, la conciliation ou les commissions de règlement des différends mises en œuvre par la CPI pour la prévention des conflits. Ensuite, la validité, les conditions de validité et les conditions applicables de la procédure d'arbitrage sont analysées. Enfin, elle se penche sur la question de la contestation de l'exécution du jugement, notamment par le biais de la Convention de New York. Cet ouvrage met en lumière les apports et les lacunes du système, en insistant sur les différences sectorielles, les résistances culturelles (en Afrique) et les défis de légitimation. L’on a conclu qu’il était nécessaire de renforcer la complémentarité entre le règlement amiable et l’arbitrage afin d’établir une justice commerciale plus efficace, universelle et durable. This thesis critically analyses the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) mechanism for resolving commercial disputes at three stages: pre-dispute, dispute and post-dispute. First, it examines the development of amicable procedures such as mediation, arbitration or dispute settlement bodies adopted by the ICC to prevent conflicts. It then analyses the effectiveness of arbitration proceedings, the conditions for their entry into force and the elements for their applicability. Finally, it questions the enforcement of arbitration awards, especially under the New York Convention. The study highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the system, underlining sectoral differences, cultural resistance (in Africa and Asia) and legitimacy challenges. It concludes that in order to build a more effective, universal and sustainable commercial justice system, it is necessary to strengthen the complementarity between amicable settlement and arbitration.
Keywords: Alternative; Arbitrage commercial international; Chambre de commerce internationale; Commercial litigation; Contentieux commercial; Convention de New York (1958); Enforcement of arbitral awards; Exécution des sentences arbitrales; International Chamber of Commerce (ICC); International commercial arbitration; International commercial mediation; Médiation commerciale internationale; New York Convention

L’efficacité du droit OHADA dans un contexte de convergence, concurrence et harmonisation des systèmes juridiques - Sangare, Salif (Université de Montréal, 2026)
Cette étude entend contribuer au développement économique des États d’Afrique subsaharienne francophone, notamment ceux membres de l’Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA). En effet, les États qui constituent l’espace communautaire avaient déjà chacun dans leur sein des dispositions chargées de régir les activités économiques. Cependant, avec le temps, la disparité des normes régissant ces activités est apparue comme un frein à l’émergence économique de ces États. C’est dans ce cadre qu’ils ont décidé, lors de la signature du 17 octobre 1993 instituant l’OHADA, de mettre en place un droit commun des affaires en mesure de faciliter leur intégration juridique en promouvant le développement économique. Ce droit se veut « harmonisé, moderne et simple ». Si l’organisation a, à ce jour, adopté onze Actes uniformes couvrant plusieurs pans du droit des affaires en vue de réaliser la croissance économique prévue dans le Traité, il est important de souligner que le droit issu de l’OHADA souffre d’une certaine lourdeur liée à son enracinement non africain. Aussi, l’harmonisation du départ considérée comme le fer de lance de l’Organisation s’est matérialisée sur le terrain par une uniformisation du droit des États membres dans une société traversée par le multiculturalisme. Cette situation peut être de nature à contraindre les mœurs par le droit. On peut également ajouter à cela, le fait que le droit issu de l’OHADA est marqué par le sceau du mimétisme juridique en ce qu’il ne prenne pas en compte le secteur informel qui occupe une place très importante dans les relations d’affaires. Enfin, puisque l’enchâssement de la loi dans l’identité culturelle est l’une des conditions déterminantes de son efficacité, les précurseurs du droit OHADA auraient tout à gagner en faisant ressortir le droit OHADA des valeurs des sociétés africaines, sinon, le développement économique tant recherché de l’Afrique n’aura pas lieu. This study aims to contribute to the economic development of French-speaking sub-Saharan African countries, particularly those that are members of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). Indeed, the states that make up the community already had provisions in place to govern economic activities. However, over time, the disparity in the standards governing these activities has emerged as an obstacle to the economic emergence of these states. It was in this context that, when signing the agreement establishing OHADA on October 17, 1993, they decided to put in place a common business law capable of facilitating their legal integration by promoting economic development. This law aims to be “harmonized, modern, and simple.” While the organization has, to date, adopted eleven Uniform Acts covering several areas of business law with a view to achieving the economic growth envisaged in the Treaty, it is important to note that OHADA law suffers from a certain cumbersomeness due to its non- African roots. Thus, the harmonization that was initially considered to be the Organization's spearhead has materialized in practice as a standardization of the laws of member states in a society marked by multiculturalism. This situation may be such as to constrain customs through the law. To this can be added the fact that OHADA law is marked by legal mimicry in that it does not take into account the informal sector, which plays a very important role in business relations. Finally, since the embedding of law in cultural identity is one of the determining conditions for its effectiveness, the precursors of OHADA law would have everything to gain by highlighting the values of African societies in OHADA law; otherwise, the much sought-after economic development of Africa will not take place.
Keywords: Acte uniforme; African societies; Cultural diversity; Diversité culturelle; Droit OHADA; Développement économique; Economic development; Efficacité; Efficiency; Harmonisation; Harmonization; Intégration juridique; Legal integration; OHADA law; Sociétés africaines; Standardization; Uniform Act; Uniformisation

L’émergence de IA génératives : impacts socio-économiques et cadre juridique - Traoré, Penda (Université de Montréal, 2026)
Le monde du numérique et des technologies ne cesse d’évoluer, porté par des innovations toujours plus avancées, à l’instar de l’intelligence artificielle générative, issue d’un long processus de développement des systèmes intelligents. Cette technologie s’est rapidement imposée comme un sujet central en raison des nombreuses opportunités et avantages qu’elle offre tant aux individus qu’aux entreprises et à l’économie dans son ensemble. Elle a profondément transformé les modes de travail et les pratiques professionnelles dans de nombreux secteurs. Cependant, cette technologie a vite montré ses limites car elle engendre de nombreux risques surtout sur le plan éthique et sur le plan de la protection des renseignements personnels. La problématique de la confiance numérique et du respect de la vie privée a soulevé d’énormes initiatives et débats afin de savoir comment limiter les risques de cette technologie et favoriser son développement. Tous ces faits ont motivé ce mémoire qui propose d’abord un état des lieux de l’intelligence artificielle générative, en mettant en lumière les risques qui lui sont associés, avant d’aborder les cadres juridiques encadrant ces technologies. En effet, tout dispositif de régulation suppose une compréhension préalable du fonctionnement et des vulnérabilités du système concerné. L’objectif principal est ainsi d’analyser les modèles d’intelligence artificielle à l’aune de leurs risques, en s’interrogeant sur leur capacité à adopter un comportement conforme aux exigences éthiques. Pour la réalisation de cette objectif une expérience on a mené une expérience sur différents modèles d’intelligence artificielle générative auxquels nous avons ingéré plusieurs prompts similaires et ensuite étudier les résultats de chaque modèle afin de déceler des réponses anormales et la présence ou non de biais dans les résultats. The world of digital technology is constantly evolving, driven by ever more advanced innovations, such as generative artificial intelligence, the result of a long process of developing intelligent systems. This technology quickly established itself as a central topic due to the numerous opportunities and benefits it offers to individuals, businesses, and the economy. It has profoundly transformed working methods and professional practices in many sectors. However, this technology quickly revealed its limitations, as it generates numerous risks, particularly from an ethical perspective and in terms of the protection of personal information. The issue of digital trust and privacy has sparked enormous initiatives and debates to determine how to limit the risks of this technology and promote its development. All these facts have motivated this thesis, which first provides an overview of generative artificial intelligence, highlighting the associated risks, before addressing the legal frameworks governing these technologies. Indeed, any regulatory mechanism presupposes a prior understanding of the functioning and vulnerabilities of the system in question. The main objective is thus to analyze artificial intelligence models considering their risks, by questioning their ability to adopt behavior consistent with ethical requirements. To achieve this objective, an experiment was conducted on different generative artificial intelligence models, to which we fed several similar prompts and then studied the results of each model to detect abnormal responses and the presence or absence of bias in the results.
Keywords: Cadre juridique; Cybersecurity; Cybersécurité; Ethics; Generative artificial intelligence; Intellectual property; Intelligence artificielle générative; Legal framework; Propriété intellectuelle; Protection des renseignements personnels; Protection of personal information; Respect de la vie privée; Respect for privacy; Éthique

L’impact des clauses d’arbitrage entre investisseurs étrangers et Etats sur la souveraineté : une analyse de l'équilibre entre protection des investisseurs étrangers et la souveraineté - Ahouyanganga Matondo, Dan Salomon (Université de Montréal, 2026)
Ce mémoire analyse l’impact des clauses d’arbitrage entre investisseurs étrangers et États sur la souveraineté étatique, en s’intéressant à l’équilibre entre protection des investisseurs et capacité réglementaire des États. Dans un contexte de mondialisation marqué par les crises sanitaires et les tensions géopolitiques, les États cherchent à attirer les investissements étrangers tout en préservant leur souveraineté économique. Le travail met en lumière le rôle du mécanisme RDIE, permettant aux investisseurs étrangers de contester les mesures étatiques devant des tribunaux arbitraux internationaux, contournant ainsi les juridictions nationales. Bien qu’il sécurise les flux d’investissements et renforce la confiance des investisseurs, le RDIE peut créer des déséquilibres, limitant la marge de manœuvre des États dans des domaines sensibles tels que la santé publique, l’environnement ou les droits sociaux. À travers l’analyse de cas emblématiques et des traités internationaux d’investissement, le mémoire propose des pistes pour concilier la protection juridique des investisseurs et le respect de la souveraineté étatique. Il conclut que le RDIE, tout en étant un outil essentiel de sécurisation des investissements, nécessite des réformes pour garantir un équilibre durable entre intérêts privés et intérêt général. This research study will analyze the impact of arbitration clauses between foreign investors and states on state sovereignty, focusing on the balance between investor protection and the regulatory capacity of states. In a globalized context marked by health crises and geopolitical tensions, states seek to attract foreign investment while preserving their economic sovereignty. The study highlights the role of the ISDS mechanism, which allows foreign investors to challenge state measures before international arbitration tribunals, thus bypassing national courts. Although it ensures investment flows and strengthens investor confidence, the ISDS system can create imbalances, limiting states' room for maneuver in sensitive areas such as public health, the environment, and social rights. Through analysis of historical cases and international investment treaties, the thesis proposes ways to reconcile legal protection for investors with respect for state sovereignty. It concludes that while ISDS remains an essential tool for securing investments, it requires reform to ensure a sustainable balance between private interests and the public good.
Keywords: Arbitration clauses; Clauses d’arbitrage; Foreign investors; ISDS; Investisseurs étrangers; Investment treaties; RDIE; Souveraineté; Sovereignty; States; Traités d’investissement; États

La mise en oeuvre d'une stratégie de la responsabilité sociale des entreprises au sein des organisations - Bah, Elhadj Oumar (Université du Québec à Montréal, 2026)
Ce mémoire explore la question de la mise en oeuvre de la responsabilité sociale des entreprises (RSE) en proposant une stratégie intégrée fondée sur une revue narrative de la littérature scientifique. L'analyse démontre que la RSE a évolué d'un concept moral à un cadre réglementaire et stratégique global, articulé autour de ses dimensions économiques, sociales et environnementales. La recherche révèle un manque d'approches méthodologiques complètes dans la littérature, ce qui justifie la pertinence de cette étude. En synthétisant les travaux de plusieurs auteurs, une stratégie de mise en oeuvre en huit étapes est proposée : désignation d'un responsable, identification des parties prenantes, diagnostic RSE, élaboration d'une politique, formation, mise en oeuvre d'actions concrètes, communication intégrée, et évaluation continue. Cette stratégie vise à offrir un cadre structuré et adaptatif pour les organisations souhaitant intégrer efficacement la RSE dans leur gouvernance et leurs opérations, en s'appuyant sur des référentiels normatifs, tels que l'ISO 26000 et le GRI. This thesis explores the implementation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) by proposing an integrated strategy based on a narrative review of the scientific literature. The analysis shows that CSR has evolved from a moral concept to a global regulatory and strategic framework, articulated around its economic, social, and environmental dimensions. The research reveals a lack of comprehensive methodological approaches in the literature, which justifies the relevance of this study. By synthesizing the work of several authors, an eight-step implementation strategy is proposed: appointing a CSR manager, identifying stakeholders, conducting a CSR diagnosis, developing a CSR policy, providing training, implementing concrete actions, integrated communication, and continuous evaluation. This strategy aims to provide a structured and adaptive framework for organizations wishing to effectively integrate CSR into their governance and operations, based on normative frameworks such as ISO 26000 and GRI.
Keywords: CSR; Corporate Social Responsibility; Développement durable; Gouvernance; Governance; Implementation; Mise en œuvre; Parties prenantes; RSE; Responsabilité sociale des entreprises; Stakeholders; Strategy; Stratégie; Sustainable development

La rhétorique des droits humains dans le débat sur la dérogation à certaines dispositions de l’accord sur les ADPIC proposée à l’OMC lors de la pandémie de COVID-19 - Bahary, Emmanuelle (Université du Québec à Montréal, 2026)
Ce mémoire est une analyse argumentative des discours présentés à l’OMC en faveur et en défaveur de la Dérogation proposée le 2 octobre 2020 par l’Inde et l’Afrique du Sud. Cette dernière avait comme objectif de suspendre pour la durée de la pandémie de COVID-19 certaines dispositions de l’Accord sur les ADPIC pour préserver la santé publique et remédier à l’iniquité vaccinale. Elle se base sur l’idée controversée selon laquelle l’Accord interfère avec un accès abordable et équitable aux produits de santé à l’échelle mondiale. Le cadre théorique utilisé servira à conceptualiser une rhétorique des droits humains, un modèle argumentatif reposant sur l’instrumentalisation à des fins de justification de politiques économiques. Ce modèle argumentatif a la particularité d’utiliser l’indétermination du droit, des droits humains et de la technique pour formuler de multiples réponses contradictoires simultanéement valides, ainsi que la prétention à l’objectivité de l’aspect formel du droit, fondamental des droits humains et scientifique de la technique pour aparaître apolitique et non-arbirtaire. En recadrant ces discours dans le modèle proposé, nous verrons que l’instrumentalisation des droits humains contient plusieurs problèmes, notamment la légitimation d’arguments opposés pouvant autant être destinés à la réalisation du droit qu’à la défense d’intérêts entrant en conflit avec son objet. This memoir is an argumentative analysis of the narratives presented at the WTO in favor or against the Derogation submitted by India and South Africa on October 2nd, 2020. The latter aimed to suspend some of the WTO TRIPS Agreement dispositions for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic to preserve public health as well as serving as a remedy to vaccinal inequity. It is based on the controversed idea that the Agreement interferes with an abordable and equitable access to health products at a global scale. The theoretical framework will contribute to conceptualize a human rights rhetoric, an argumentative model based on the instrumentalization of human rights to justify economic policies. This argumentative model uses law, human rights and technical indeterminacy to formulate multiple simultaneously valid contradictory answers, and the claim to objectivity of the formal aspect of the law, the fundamental aspect of human rights and the scientific aspect of expertise to seem non-political and non arbitrary. By reframing these narratives in the proposed model, we’ll see that human righs instrumentalization is problematic at multiple levels, notbly the legitimation of opposed arguments that can destined as much to the law’s realization as to the promotion of interests that are at odds with its object.
Keywords: Analyse discursive; Approches critiques; Argumentative analysis; Critical approaches; Droits humains; Human rights; Human rights rhetoric; Intellectual property; Propriété intellectuelle; Rhétorique des droits humains

La réglementation de l'intelligence artificielle dans le secteur de la conformité bancaire : approche européenne et canadienne - Gérard, Lorène (Université de Montréal, 2025)
Ce mémoire propose une analyse comparative de l'intégration de l'intelligence artificielle (IA) dans le secteur de la conformité bancaire, en s'intéressant aux approches européennes et canadiennes. Tandis que l'Union européenne a choisi de structurer cet encadrement à travers un règlement spécifique, le Canada avance de manière plus fragmentée, particulièrement depuis l'abandon du projet de loi C-27. Au fil de l'étude, plusieurs défis communs émergent : multiplication des normes, chevauchement des obligations, et insécurité juridique, autant de facteurs qui compliquent l'adoption d'outils d'IA dans le respect des exigences de conformité. L'analyse met en lumière les conséquences concrètes de cette fragmentation, notamment la hausse des coûts de conformité et un frein à l'innovation technologique. À partir de ces constats, ce travail propose des pistes pour clarifier et mieux articuler les règles existantes, en vue de bâtir un cadre plus lisible, cohérent et propice à l'innovation. En définitive, l’objectif poursuivi est d’esquisser les contours d’une régulation de l’IA adaptée aux défis du secteur bancaire, dans un contexte technologique en perpétuelle évolution. This thesis offers a comparative analysis of the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into the field of banking compliance, focusing on the European and Canadian approaches. While the European Union has chosen to frame this integration through a specific regulation, Canada is advancing in a more fragmented manner, particularly following the abandonment of Bill C-27. Throughout the study, several common challenges emerge: the multiplication of standards, overlapping obligations, and legal uncertainty, all of which complicate the adoption of AI tools while ensuring regulatory compliance. The analysis highlights the concrete consequences of this fragmentation, including rising compliance costs and a potential slowdown in technological innovation. Based on these findings, this work proposes avenues for clarifying and better coordinating existing regulations, aiming to build a more coherent, understandable, and innovation-friendly framework. Ultimately, the goal is to outline a regulatory model for AI that meets the evolving challenges faced by the banking sector in an ever-changing technological landscape
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Banking Compliance; Cadre réglementaire canadien de l’IA; Cadre réglementaire européen de l’IA; Canadian Regulatory Framework for AI; Conformité bancaire; European regulatory framework for AI; Intelligence artificielle

La réglementation de l’intelligence artificielle dans le secteur de la conformité bancaire : approche européenne et canadienne - Gérard, Lorène (Université de Montréal, 2025)
Ce mémoire propose une analyse comparative de l'intégration de l'intelligence artificielle (IA) dans le secteur de la conformité bancaire, en s'intéressant aux approches européennes et canadiennes. Tandis que l'Union européenne a choisi de structurer cet encadrement à travers un règlement spécifique, le Canada avance de manière plus fragmentée, particulièrement depuis l'abandon du projet de loi C-27. Au fil de l'étude, plusieurs défis communs émergent : multiplication des normes, chevauchement des obligations, et insécurité juridique, autant de facteurs qui compliquent l'adoption d'outils d'IA dans le respect des exigences de conformité. L'analyse met en lumière les conséquences concrètes de cette fragmentation, notamment la hausse des coûts de conformité et un frein à l'innovation technologique. À partir de ces constats, ce travail propose des pistes pour clarifier et mieux articuler les règles existantes, en vue de bâtir un cadre plus lisible, cohérent et propice à l'innovation. En définitive, l’objectif poursuivi est d’esquisser les contours d’une régulation de l’IA adaptée aux défis du secteur bancaire, dans un contexte technologique en perpétuelle évolution. This thesis offers a comparative analysis of the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into the field of banking compliance, focusing on the European and Canadian approaches. While the European Union has chosen to frame this integration through a specific regulation, Canada is advancing in a more fragmented manner, particularly following the abandonment of Bill C-27. Throughout the study, several common challenges emerge: the multiplication of standards, overlapping obligations, and legal uncertainty, all of which complicate the adoption of AI tools while ensuring regulatory compliance. The analysis highlights the concrete consequences of this fragmentation, including rising compliance costs and a potential slowdown in technological innovation. Based on these findings, this work proposes avenues for clarifying and better coordinating existing regulations, aiming to build a more coherent, understandable, and innovation-friendly framework. Ultimately, the goal is to outline a regulatory model for AI that meets the evolving challenges faced by the banking sector in an ever-changing technological landscape.
Keywords: AI; Artificial Intelligence; Banking Compliance; Cadre réglementaire canadien; Cadre réglementaire européen; Canadian Regulatory Framework; Conformité bancaire; European regulatory framework; IA; Intelligence artificielle

Le contrat intelligent, au secours du consommateur numérique - Mujangi, Mbombo (Université de Montréal, 2025)
Internet a révolutionné le commerce à distance en abolissant littéralement les barrières territoriales qui existaient entre le commerçant et le consommateur pour permettre des échanges dans un environnement dématérialisé. La pandémie de la Covid19 a été un tournant important pour le e-Commerce puisque le confinement qui s’en est suivi a presque obligé le monde à se tourner vers le virtuel qui a connu un boom spectaculaire. Presque tout se fait virtuellement au point que les épiceries aussi offrent la possibilité d’achat en ligne. Mais force est de constater que même dans le cyberespace, la relation entre le consommateur et le commerçant demeure déséquilibrée puisque ce-dernier reste celui qui édicte les règles du jeu. Dans ce travail, nous posons la question de savoir si les protections et garanties du consommateur, consacrées notamment par le Code Civil du Québec et la Loi sur la protection du consommateur, ont survécu avec le e-Commerce ou faut-il d’autres protections pour le consommateur dans le cyberespace? Nous postulons que le contrat intelligent peut être un moyen de sécuriser le consommateur dans le cadre du e-Commerce puisqu’il oblige le commerçant à clarifier les termes du contrat, offrant ainsi une prévisibilité de la relation contractuelle. Dans le cadre de notre travail, nous allons analyser les protections offertes actuellement au consommateur du commerce électronique en procédant à une analyse de droit comparé entre le Québec et la France dans le cadre de l’Union européenne. Puis nous verrons les avantages et inconvénients du contrat intelligent ce qui nous permettra de répondre à la question que nous posons à savoir s’il est un procédé salutaire qui remettrait l’équilibre dans la relation entre commerçant et le consommateur en assurant ainsi une protection adéquate à ce dernier. The Internet has revolutionized e-Commerce by literally abolishing the territorial barriers that existed between the merchant and the consumer to allow exchanges in a dematerialized environment. The Covid19 pandemic was an important turning point for e-Commerce since the subsequent lockdown almost forced the world to turn to the virtual, which experienced a spectacular boom. Almost everything is done virtually. Even grocery stores offer the possibility of online shopping. But even in cyberspace, the relationship between the consumer and the merchant remains unbalanced since the latter remains the one who dictates the rules of the game. In this work, we ask the question of whether consumer protections and guarantees, enshrined by the Quebec Civil Code and the Consumer Protection Act, have survived with e-Commerce or are there other consumer protections needed in cyberspace? We postulate that the smart contract can be a way to secure the consumer in the context of Ecommerce since it requires the merchant to clarify the terms of the contract. As part of our work, we will analyze the protections currently offered to consumers in electronic commerce by conducting a comparative law analysis between Quebec and France in the context of the European Union. Then we will see the advantages and disadvantages of the smart contract, which will allow us to answer the question whether it is a beneficial process that would restore balance in the relationship between merchant and consumer by ensuring adequate protection for the latter.
Keywords: Blockchain; Commerce électronique; Commerçant; Consommateur; Consumer; Consumer Protection Act; Consumer protection; Contrat en ligne; Contrat intelligent; Cyberespace; Cyberspace; Distance selling; Electronic commerce; Loi sur la protection du consommateur; Merchant; Online contract; Protection du consommateur; Smart contract; Vente à distance

Validité des clauses de non-concurrence et de non-sollicitation dans la vente d’entreprises au Québec : enjeux juridiques et particularités du secteur technologique et du commerce électronique - Costache, Leon Gabriel (Université de Montréal, 2025)
La validité des clauses de non-concurrence et de non-sollicitation dans les contrats d’achat d’actions ou d’actifs d’entreprise repose sur des critères précis établis par la jurisprudence, à savoir que les clauses restrictives doivent être limitées quant à leur durée, territoire et activités visées à ce qui est nécessaire pour protéger les intérêts légitimes de l’acheteur au moment de la transaction. Depuis l'arrêt Payette c. Guay, la jurisprudence a évolué pour offrir une plus grande flexibilité dans l’interprétation de ces clauses dans les contrats de vente d'entreprises, favorisant ainsi la liberté commerciale. Le rôle des tribunaux, dans l’évaluation de la validité de ces clauses et dans l’interprétation de leur portée, devient donc crucial, surtout en raison des lacunes législatives en la matière. Dans un contexte où les parties exercent leurs activités commerciales dans ou à l’aide du domaine technologique ou numérique, l’analyse des clauses doit tenir compte des réalités du marché, où l’évolution rapide des technologies et l’absence de limites géographiques remettent en question les présupposés traditionnels. Cependant, malgré cette évolution dans l’analyse des clauses de non-concurrence et de non-sollicitation, le cadre juridique actuel tend à privilégier presque exclusivement les intérêts privés des parties contractantes, au détriment de la considération de l’intérêt public. Cela soulève la question de savoir si cette approche, qui favorise la liberté contractuelle, ne devrait pas être rééquilibrée par une meilleure prise en compte des intérêts publics, tout en tenant compte des nouvelles réalités technologiques. The validity of non-compete and non-solicitation provisions in purchase of shares or assets agreements is based on specific criteria established by case law. Indeed, such restrictive covenants must be limited in terms of duration, territory, and activities covered to what is necessary to protect the legitimate interests of the buyer at the time of the transaction. Since the Payette v. Guay decision, case law has evolved to offer greater flexibility in the interpretation of these clauses in sale of business contracts, promoting commercial freedom. Thus, the role of the courts in assessing the validity of these restrictive provisions and interpreting their scope has become crucial, particularly due to the lack of legislative guidance. In contexts where the parties to such business transaction conduct their commercial activities in or with the help of technology, the analysis of the validity of non-compete and non-solicitation clauses must also take into account such new realities, where rapid technological advancements and the absence of geographical limits challenge traditional assumptions. However, despite recent evolutions in the analysis of non-compete and non-solicitation clauses, the current legal framework tends to almost exclusively prioritize the analysis of private interests of the contracting parties, at the expense of considering the public interest. This raises the question of whether this approach, which favors contractual freedom, should be rebalanced by a better consideration of public interests, while reflecting recent technological impacts.
Keywords: Business; Clause; Commercial; Competition law; Concurrence; Contract; Contrat; Digital; Entreprise; Non-compete; Non-concurrence; Non-solicitation; Non-sollicitation; Numérique; Technologie; Technology; Transaction

La contribution de la technologie vers une modernisation efficace des modes alternatifs de règlement de conflits - Sangare, Abou Bakary (Université de Montréal, 2025)
Les modes alternatifs de règlement de conflits ont révolutionné le monde du règlement de litiges grâce à leurs nombreux avantages. Les coûts moins onéreux en dehors de l’arbitrage, la célérité des procédures, la confidentialité, le dialogue ouvert, l’émergence de solutions créatives profitant plus ou moins à chacune des parties, constituent entre autres les nombreux éléments qui les rendent plus efficaces par rapport à une procédure contentieuse devant une instance judiciaire ordinaire. Cependant, ces modes alternatifs de règlement de conflits font quand même face à bien d’écueils qui les rendent au fil du temps moins efficaces. L’imprévisibilité des situations conflictuelles apportées à la table des instances de résolution, entraîne une inadéquation des solutions envisagées. De plus, le capital humain fait aussi défaut quand on sait que le nombre de ces règlements amiables de litiges de ces dernières années accroît considérablement, acculant ainsi le personnel de gestion de ces conflits qui se retrouve à faire face aux mêmes défis que le personnel des instances judiciaires contentieuses. De plus, l’humain ne pouvant se détacher indéfiniment de ses émotions peut très rapidement tomber dans la partialité quand il s’agit de prendre des décisions. Il est dès lors capital de penser à une modernisation de ces modes alternatifs de règlement de conflits afin de les rendre plus efficaces par le biais de nouveaux moyens technologiques. Certes, la Résolution de litiges en ligne existe depuis quelques années maintenant. Cependant, il est temps d’y apporter de nouveaux ingrédients afin de rendre meilleure la recette. Alternative dispute resolution has revolutionized the world of dispute resolution thanks to its many advantages. Lower costs, faster procedures, confidentiality, open dialogue and the emergence of creative solutions that benefit both parties to a greater or lesser extent - these are just some of the factors that make alternative dispute resolution more effective than litigation in the ordinary courts. However, these alternative dispute resolution methods do face a number of pitfalls that make them less effective over time. The unpredictability of conflict situations brought to the resolution table leads to inadequate solutions. What's more, human capital is also in short supply, as the number of out-of-court settlements in recent years has risen sharply, leaving conflict management staff facing the same challenges as staff in contentious legal proceedings. What's more, since human beings are unable to detach themselves from their emotions indefinitely, they can quickly fall into the trap of bias when it comes to making decisions. It is therefore vital to consider modernizing these alternative dispute resolution methods, in order to make them more effective through new technological means. Online dispute resolution has been around for some years now. However, it's time to add new ingredients to make the recipe even better.
Keywords: ADR; Alternative dispute resolution; Arbitrage; Arbitration; Blockchain; Chatbots; Conciliation; ICT; Internet; Justice; Justice prédictive; MARD; Mediation; Modes alternatifs de règlement de conflits; Médiation; Négociation; ODR; Online dispute resolution; Predictive justice; Règlement de litiges en ligne; TIC; Technologie; Technology; Transaction

A influência de terceiros sobre o controle societário interno: institutos, limites e regime de responsabilidade aplicável - uma análise necessária no âmbito da Lei n. 6.404/1976 - Silva, Ingrid Rodrigues da (Universidade de São Paulo, 2025)
Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar os limites jurídicos e o regime de responsabilidade aplicáveis à atuação de credores e demais terceiros alheios à estrutura societária que, direta ou indiretamente, influenciam o controle societário interno em deliberações societárias de sociedades por ações. Trata-se de uma temática ainda incipientemente explorada pela doutrina brasileira, o que impõe desafios teóricos relevantes e reforça a pertinência da investigação. A partir de uma abordagem fundamentada no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, a pesquisa busca compreender de que modo agentes externos podem interferir no exercício do direito de voto e na condução das decisões estratégicas da companhia. A pesquisa desenvolveu-se inicialmente com a delimitação conceitual e histórica do direito de voto, examinando a dissociação entre a titularidade das ações e o efetivo exercício desse direito, a identificação do acionista controlador e as formas juridicamente reconhecidas de exercício do poder de controle. Na sequência, são analisados figuras ou institutos jurídicos que permitem a influência externa sobre o controle societário - como o penhor de ações, a alienação fiduciária em garantia, o usufruto, cláusulas de veto em geral e a figura do chamado "controle externo" - com ênfase nos efeitos decorrentes de consentimentos prévios ou autorizações concedidas por esses agentes em deliberações societárias. Diante da ausência de regulamentação específica sobre a atuação de credores ou terceiros no âmbito societário, bem como da não recepção, pelo ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, do controle externo como forma legítima de poder de controle, propõe-se uma construção doutrinária orientada à definição de limites objetivos para essa atuação. A proposta leva em consideração os riscos de conflito de interesses entre agentes externos, acionistas e a companhia e a análise da obrigatoriedade (ou não) de observância do interesse social por parte desses terceiros, no curso do processo de influência sobre os acionistas formalmente detentores do controle. Ao final, busca-se responder se o direito societário brasileiro oferece, ainda que de maneira indireta, mecanismos eficazes para coibir eventuais abusos na atuação de terceiros sobre o controle societário, e, em caso de violação, quais as consequências jurídicas e o regime de responsabilidade aplicável. This dissertation aims to analyze the legal boundaries and liability regime applicable to the conduct of creditors and other third parties external to the corporate structure who, directly or indirectly, influence internal corporate control in the decision-making processes of joint-stock companies. This topic remains incipiently addressed in Brazilian legal scholarship, which presents significant theoretical challenges and underscores the relevance of this investigation. Grounded in the Brazilian legal framework, the research seeks to understand how external agents may interfere with the exercise of voting rights and the formulation of strategic decisions within companies. The study begins with a conceptual and historical analysis of voting rights, examining the disassociation between share ownership and the actual exercise of voting power, the identification of the controlling shareholder, and the legally recognized forms of exercising corporate control. Subsequently, the dissertation examines legal mechanisms and arrangements that allow third-party influence over corporate control - such as share pledges, fiduciary transfers of shares in guarantee, usufruct rights, general veto clauses, and the so-called external control - with particular emphasis on the effects arising from prior consents or authorizations granted by these agents in corporate deliberations. Given the absence of specific regulation regarding the role of creditors or third parties in corporate governance, and considering that Brazilian law does not recognize external control as a legitimate form of exercising corporate power, this study proposes a doctrinal framework aimed at defining objective limits to such conduct. The proposal takes into account the risks of conflicts of interest among external agents, shareholders, and the company itself, as well as the analysis of whether these third parties must observe the corporate interest during the process of influencing shareholders who formally hold control. Finally, the dissertation seeks to determine whether Brazilian corporate law provides, even if indirectly, effective mechanisms to prevent abuses in third-party influence over corporate control and, in case of violations, what legal consequences and liability regimes are applicable.
Keywords: Controle societário; Corporate control; Creditors; Credores; Direito de voto; Influence over control; Influenciação sobre o controle; Legal limitations; Limites; Voting rights

Le droit de la concurrence et la protection des données personnelles sur la question d’abus de position dominante : affaire C-252/21 (Meta c. Bundeskartellamt) - Tang Manga, Marcelle Viviane (Université de Montréal, 2025)
L’affaire C-252/21 (Meta c. Bundeskartellamt) traite de la conformité du RGPD avec les pratiques commerciales de Meta et explore la question du rôle de la protection des données dans l’équilibre du jeu de la concurrence, notamment en matière d’abus de position dominante. Elle met d’abord en avant l’hypothèse selon laquelle la collecte et le traitement illicite de données pourraient constituer un facteur de verrouillage du marché à l’endroit des potentiels concurrents tout en renforçant la position dominante de Meta. Ensuite, elle conforte l’idée selon laquelle créer de la concurrence loyale entre les exploitants des données personnelles pourrait constituer un levier capable de renforcer la protection des données personnelles. Bien plus encore, on pourrait déduire de cette affaire un dualisme patent entre l'ultralibéralisme des marchés voulu par le système capitaliste américain, qui prend fait et cause pour le comportement prédateur de Méta, et la volonté protectrice de l’UE à travers son dispositif RGPD et ses politiques anticoncurrentielles. Il s’agira alors pour nous d’analyser l’impact du modèle économique de Meta sur le droit de la concurrence tout en s’interrogeant sur la capacité des outils réglementaires à répondre à la problématique d’abus de position dominante.
Keywords: Abus de position dominante; Abuse of dominant position; Collecte de données; Competencia; Competition law; Concurrence (droit); Consent; Consentement; Data collection; Personal information; Privacy; Publicité ciblée; Renseignements personnels; Targeted advertising; Vie privée

Les partenariats entre fintechs et banques à l’ère de l’intelligence artificielle : enjeux stratégiques et défis juridiques en droit des affaires - Awanvoeke, Larios Borgia Dona (Université de Montréal, 2025)
Les partenariats entre fintechs et banques à l’ère de l’intelligence artificielle redéfinissent les modèles économiques et stratégiques du secteur financier. Face aux mutations technologiques, les banques traditionnelles s’associent aux fintechs pour innover, optimiser leurs services et répondre aux attentes des consommateurs. Toutefois, ces collaborations soulèvent des défis juridiques majeurs en matière de responsabilité, de protection des données et de conformité réglementaire. Ce mémoire analyse ces enjeux en adoptant une méthodologie combinant analyse doctrinale, droit comparé et étude des cadres réglementaires existants. L’approche doctrinale a permis d’explorer les concepts clés des fintechs, des banques et de l’IA, en mobilisant les théories économiques et juridiques pertinentes. L’étude comparative entre l’Union européenne, les États-Unis et le Canada a mis en lumière les différences réglementaires, notamment en matière de protection des données et de régulation de l’innovation. Enfin, l’examen des cadres législatifs actuels et des tendances émergentes, telles que les regulatory sandboxes et les innovation hubs, a permis d’anticiper les évolutions nécessaires pour encadrer ces transformations. Les résultats montrent que si l’IA favorise l’innovation et l’automatisation des services financiers, elle pose également des risques en matière de transparence des algorithmes, de cybersécurité et d’équilibre concurrentiel. L’étude met en évidence la nécessité d’une harmonisation réglementaire et de mécanismes de gouvernance adaptés pour garantir un développement équilibré du secteur. Ce mémoire propose plusieurs recommandations, notamment le renforcement des cadres juridiques sur la responsabilité algorithmique, la création de normes internationales harmonisées et la mise en place de collaborations entre banques, fintechs et régulateurs. Ces mesures visent à assurer un environnement financier sécurisé, innovant et conforme aux impératifs de transparence et de protection des utilisateurs. Ainsi, les partenariats fintechs-banques s’imposent comme un levier stratégique incontournable, nécessitant une régulation adaptée pour concilier innovation et stabilité du marché.
Keywords: Algorithm Transparency; Algorithmic Liability; Artificial Intelligence; Automation; Automatisation; Banks; Banques; Business law; Cadre réglementaire; Comparative Law; Competencia; Competition; Concurrence; Cybersecurity; Cybersécurité; Data Protection; Digital Transformation; Droit comparé; Droit des affaires; Financial Governance; Financial Innovation; Fintechs; Gestion des risques; Gouvernance financière; Innovation Hubs; Innovation financière; Innovation hubs; Inteligência artificial; Intelligence Artificielle; Intelligence artificielle; Partenariats stratégiques; Protection des données; Regulatory Framework; Regulatory Sandboxes; Responsabilité algorithmique; Risk Management; Régulation; Régulatory sandboxes; Strategic Partnerships; Transformation numérique; Transparence des algorithmes

Le travail des enfants en Afrique subsaharienne et la responsabilité internationale des entreprises multinationales - Kouassi, Danielle-Esther Niangoran (Université de Montréal, 2025)
Les droits de l’enfant occupent aujourd’hui une place centrale dans le domaine des droits de la personne. De nombreuses conventions ont été adoptées pour protéger les enfants et leur reconnaître des droits spécifiques à leur condition. C’est ainsi que l’idée de l’interdiction du travail des enfants a été introduite, ce travail nuit à leur développement physique et mental ainsi qu’à leur éducation. Plusieurs organismes internationaux, comme l’Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU) et l’Organisation Internationale du Travail (OIT), se sont engagés à lutter contre ce phénomène. Cependant, en Afrique subsaharienne, cette lutte rencontre de nombreux obstacles et le travail des enfants y est encore monnaie courante. Face à cette situation, la communauté internationale (États, organismes internationaux, organisations non gouvernementales, etc.) a entrepris de nombreuses actions. Malheureusement, celles-ci ont une efficacité limitée en raison de l’absence d’implication d’acteurs primordiaux : les entreprises multinationales. Elles occupent une place de plus en plus importante sur la scène internationale et une partie de ces entreprises profite de l’exploitation des enfants dans les pays d’Afrique subsaharienne sans pour autant reconnaître ce phénomène ou leur implication directe ou indirecte. Aussi, l’état actuel du droit, plus précisément du droit international, rend difficile, voire impossible d’engager leur responsabilité. Ce travail de recherche va donc s’intéresser de plus près aux insuffisances des normes internationales adoptées et à la nécessité d’engager la responsabilité de ces entreprises du point de vue du droit international.
Keywords: Child labor; Children's rights; Conventions de l’OIT; Corporate Social Responsibility; Droits des enfants; Economic exploitation; Entreprises multinationales; Exploitation économique; Human rights violations; ILO conventions; International responsibility; Litiges transnationaux; Multinational corporations; Multinationales; Organisation international du travail; Responsabilité internationale; Transnational litigation; Travail des enfants; Violations des droits humains; international labor organization

Le sopravvenienze nei contratti di durata: tra risoluzione e adeguamento - Votta, Maria Luigia (LUISS Guido Carli, 2025)
La sopravvenienze nei contratti di durata. I contratti di durata–evoluzione della categoria. Le sopravvenienze contrattuali. La risoluzione come prodotto rimediale nei confronti delle sopravvenienze "tipiche". La risposta dell’ordinamento all’impossibilità sopravvenuta della prestazione–presupposti e disciplina. L’eccessiva onerosità sopravvenuta–ratio e presupposti applicativi. La rinegoziazione come strumento di adeguamento contrattuale. Il principio generale di adeguamento nei contratti di durata – il fenomeno dei relational contracts. La rinegoziazione come obbligo giuridico. Le clausole di adeguamento del contratto. La rinegoziazione di fonte pattizia. Le hardship clauses nel diritto internazionale. L’usura come sopravvenienza patologica–prospettive rimediali in un contesto interpretativo articolato. Recenti implicazioni dell'obbligo di rinegoziare. Il Covid-19 come sopravvenienza contrattuale–la normativa emergenziale. L’impatto del Covid-19 sulle locazioni commerciali. La rinegoziazione nel diritto della crisi d’impresa–luci e ombre nel nuovo impianto normativo. Il principio di rinegoziazione nel nuovo codice dei contratti pubblici.
Éventualités des contrats à long terme : entre résiliation et ajustement

The role of ADR and judicial agreements: legal analysis and behavioral economics insights - Solano Mantilla, Valeria (LUISS Guido Carli, 2025)
From rationality to reality. The evolution of law and economics through the behavioral lens. Understanding how we choose: foundations of behavioral economics. Rethinking law through the lens of behavioral economics. Why law needs behavioral economics. The challenge of integrating behavioral economics into private law: freedom vs regulation. The double-edged sword of behavioral economics: protecting consumers from psychological manipulation. Balancing innovation and consumer rights: a global view on consumer protection in the EU, Italy and Colombia. Alternative dispute resolution and the judicial agreements. The justice system seen though behavioral economics. Judicial agreements: procedural autonomy and enhancing judicial cooperation. Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and mediation: legal frameworks, party autonomy and behavioral economic. A brief comparative analysis on mediation: EU, Italy and Colombia. Applying behavioral economics in the ADR (mediation).
Keywords: ADR; Alternative dispute resolution; Economic behaviour; Mediation; Médiation

L’exigence d’évaluation d’impact pour responsabiliser les entreprises face aux risques engendrés par l’intelligence artificielle - Pierre-Gilles, Cédrik (Université de Montréal, 2025)
La grande majorité des lois encadrant le développement ou le déploiement de systèmes d’intelligence artificielle (« IA ») à l’échelle mondiale impose aux acteurs privés de réaliser une forme d’évaluation d’impact. Ce type d’exigence vise à opérationnaliser un principe de responsabilité et plus précisément à instaurer une responsabilité ex ante destinée à prévenir les préjudices liés à l’IA, dans un contexte où la complexité et l’opacité de ces technologies entravent l’efficacité des mécanismes de responsabilité ex post. Lorsqu’on s’interroge sur la façon dont les exigences d’évaluation d’impact cherchent concrètement à responsabiliser les entreprises en amont, on constate qu’elles relèvent d’une approche de métarégulation : en incorporant ces exigences aux textes de loi, l’État mobilise les structures de régulation internes des entreprises afin que celles-ci gèrent par elles-mêmes les risques engendrés par l’IA. Les entreprises sont ainsi appelées à recueillir des données, à élaborer des normes, à modifier leurs pratiques – en somme, à réguler leurs propres activités – afin d’atténuer les effets indésirables que leurs projets relatifs à l’IA pourraient avoir sur la société, même lorsque ces effets demeurent incertains. Ainsi comprise, la démarche d’évaluation d’impact obligatoire contribue non seulement à une conduite dite responsable des entreprises, mais aussi à la conception d’une responsabilité juridique aux dimensions sociale et prospective.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Autorégulation; Corporations; Entreprises; Gestion du risque; Impact assessment; Inteligência artificial; Intelligence Artificielle; Intelligence artificielle; Meta-regulation; Métarégulation; Responsabilité; Responsibility; Risk management; Évaluation d’impact

Le potentiel de la propriété intellectuelle pour le développement en Afrique : le cas du droit des marques dans les pays membres de l'OAPI - Massala, Kélicia (Université de Montréal, 2025)
Ce mémoire explore le potentiel du droit des marques comme levier stratégique de développement socio-économique dans les États membres de l’OAPI. En s’appuyant sur une analyse rigoureuse du système juridique harmonisé issu de l’Accord de Bangui, il met en lumière les forces et les limites du cadre actuel, à l’aune des défis structurels, institutionnels et économiques qui caractérisent la région. À travers une approche multidisciplinaire, combinant analyse doctrinale, données empiriques et entretiens de terrain, ce travail examine les mécanismes concrets de valorisation des marques locales, les disparités entre titulaires nationaux et étrangers, ainsi que les stratégies d’accompagnement en matière de sensibilisation, de formation et d’accès au système. Il propose également des pistes de réforme et des recommandations pour renforcer l’écosystème de la propriété intellectuelle au service de l’innovation, de la compétitivité des PME et de la protection des savoirs locaux. En filigrane, ce mémoire interroge la capacité des droits de propriété intellectuelle à contribuer de manière durable à l’émergence économique du continent africain.
Keywords: Développement économique; Economic Development; Innovation; Intellectual property; Legal Reforms; Marques; OAPI; PME; Propriedade intelectual; Propriété intellectuelle; Réformes juridiques; SMEs; Trademarks; Valorisation des savoirs locaux; Valorization of Local Knowledge

L'amélioration de l'accès à la justice au Bénin dans le domaine commercial et foncier : comment les modes alternatifs de règlement des conflits et la technologie peuvent être mis à contribution ? - Agoïnon, Fifamè Danielle Esperancia (Université de Montréal, 2025)
En dépit de l'importance cruciale de la justice au sein de notre société, il est manifeste que le système judiciaire béninois présente d'importants défis en matière d'accessibilité, d'efficacité et de confiance publique. Les coûts de la justice, la perte de contrôle des problèmes, les délais d’attente avant procès, la structure labyrinthique des tribunaux, l'impossibilité de se représenter seul, ainsi que le caractère inhospitalier des tribunaux constituent des indicateurs d'un système judiciaire défaillant. En effet, des limitations dans l'accès à la justice alimentent la méfiance des citoyens à l'égard du système judiciaire étatique. Dans un souci de célérité et d'efficacité de la justice, un vent de généralisation des modes alternatifs de règlement des conflits et de recours des technologies souffle sur les procédures judiciaires en général et sur les procédures civiles et commerciales en particulier. S’inscrivant dans cette logique, la loi n° 2020-08 du 23 Avril 2020 portant modernisation de la justice en République du Bénin n’a pas manqué de faire faire une place aux modes alternatifs de règlement des conflits. Elle met également un accent sur la dématérialisation progressive des procédures judiciaires concernant la saisine des juridictions, le suivi des procédures et le paiement électronique des frais afférents. Cependant, malgré ces mesures à encourager, les juridictions, au risque de rompre, ploient toujours devant les litiges fonciers et commerciaux. La présente étude a pour objet d'analyser les forces et les faiblesses du système judicaire béninois et vérifier si la modernisation des modes alternatifs de règlement des différends et l’intégration de la technologie dans les processus de résolution des différends peuvent être un vecteur de l’accès à la justice au Bénin. Despite the crucial importance of justice in our society, it is clear that the Beninese justice system presents significant challenges in terms of accessibility, efficiency and public trust. The costs of justice, the loss of control of problems, pre-trial waiting times, the labyrinthine structure of the courts, the inability to represent the costs of justice, the loss of control of problems, pre-trial waiting times, the labyrinthine structure of the courts, the inability to represent oneself, as well as the inhospitable nature of the courts are indicators of a broken justice system. Indeed, limitations in access to justice fuel citizens' mistrust of the state justice system. In the interests of speed and efficiency of justice, a wind of generalization of alternative methods of dispute resolution and recourse of technologies is blowing through judicial procedures in general and civil and commercial procedures in particular. In line with this logic, Law No. 2020-08 of 23 April 2020 on the modernization of justice in the Republic of Benin did not fail to make room for alternative methods of conflict resolution. It also emphasizes the gradual dematerialization of judicial procedures concerning the referral of cases to the courts, the monitoring of procedures and the electronic payment of related costs. However, despite these measures to be encouraged, the courts, at the risk of breaking down, are still bending before land and commercial disputes. The purpose of this study is to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the Beninese judicial system and to verify whether the modernization of alternative dispute resolution methods and the integration of technology into dispute resolution processes can be a vector of access to justice in Benin.
Keywords: ACCESS TO JUSTICE; ADR; Accès à la justice; Business; Bénin; Commercial; Différend; Dispute; Foncier; Information; Land; MARD; Technologie; Technology

The regulation of crypto-assets in South Africa with particular regard to crypto-asset market manipulation - Mgijima, Lwandiso (University of Pretoria, 2025)
Market manipulation is one of the dishonest means used by unscrupulous investors to make unjustified profits. It is conduct which unlawfully interferes with the normal operations of the markets in order to create false appearances with respect to the trading activity or the price of a financial asset. Market abuse is one of the various challenges plaguing the crypto-assets market, and is one of the financial regulators’ priority concerns. This study examines and discusses the problem of market manipulation in crypto-assets, and the need for the enactment of an effective regulatory framework in order to combat this problem and to promote investor protection and safeguard the integrity of the markets. The study finds that South Africa and other countries need to introduce rules in crypto-assets market which aim at regulating the activities of crypto-asset service providers. Currently South Africa has not enacted a comprehensive regulatory framework to address the various illegal uses of crypto-assets. The general approach adopted by South Africa to regulate crypto-assets activities involves subjecting crypto-asset service providers and their activities under the various financial sector laws established to regulate the traditional financial markets. This approach has been criticised as being inefficient in light of the unique risks presented by crypto-assets. The study discusses some of these arguments in detail and concludes by highlighting the need for the adoption of innovative regulations, in the long term, which comprehensively and effectively addressed the various risks presented by crypto-assets which also include market manipulation.
Keywords: Crypto-asset; Crypto-assets; Framework; Manipulation; Markets; Misconduct; Regulation; Service provider

Cadre juridique du partenariat sino-camerounais : colonialité, investissement chinois et développement - Passi Soh, Babette Laurence (Université du Québec à Montréal, 2025)
Le travail de recherche aborde le cadre juridique du partenariat entre la Chine et le Cameroun, en se concentrant sur les impacts de la colonialité, des investissements chinois et du développement national. Le travail présente un sommaire structuré en plusieurs sections, chacune explorant divers aspects des relations sino-camerounaises.Dans la première section, le cadre juridique et politique de développement au Cameroun est examiné, mettant en lumière les influences historiques, notamment coloniales, sur le droit des affaires. Il est souligné que le Cameroun allie des systèmes juridiques de droit civil et de common law, hérités des périodes coloniales françaises et britanniques. Cette dualité rend difficile l’application uniforme des lois, ce qui se traduit par des inégalités dans les investissements étrangers, particulièrement ceux de la Chine, avec un cadre juridique isolé et sans harmonisation efficace présentant des défi s pour le développement économique. La politique de développement camerounaise, illustrée par la Stratégie Nationale de Développement (SND30) et la Vision 2035, vise à transformer l'économie. Les instruments juridiques entourant les partenariats publics-privés (PPP), comme les contrats de type Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT), sont analysés, mettant en avant les défi s d'une dépendance accrue vis-à-vis des financements chinois et des lacunes juridiques. La deuxième section traite du partenariat commercial avec la Chine, en se concentrant sur le Traité bilatéral d'investissement (TBI) et la présence croissante d'entreprises chinoises au Cameroun. Bien que ces investissements apportent des avantages, tels que la modernisation des infrastructures, ils soulèvent des préoccupations quant à la souveraineté économique et à un nouveau colonialisme économique. Le rapport souligne la nécessité d'un cadre normatif cohérent pour gérer les investissements afin d'entraîner une transformation économique durable. Les obstacles à l'atteinte des objectifs de la Vision 2035 sont également discutés, notamment l'incohérence du cadre normatif, la corruption et l'influence des élites. Le document préconise l'intégration de l'Afrikapitalisme, une idéologie économique axée sur le développement durable et inclusif, et suggère des réformes anti-corruption et l'adaptation des lois pour répondre aux besoins spécifiques du Cameroun. Enfin, la conclusion réaffirme l'importance de reconstruire un cadre juridique qui favorise une véritable coopération gagnant-gagnant avec les investisseurs étrangers, en tenant compte des réalités socio-économiques du pays. Le texte conclut en insistant sur la nécessité d'un équilibre entre les intérêts nationaux et l'attraction d'investissements, pour un développement durable et équitable.
Keywords: Afrique; Cameroun; Chine; Droit des affaires; Développement économique; Relations économiques extérieures

A cláusula de não concorrência : análise funcional e estrutural - Bedendi, Luís Felipe Ferrari (Universidade de São Paulo, 2025)
A dissertação propõe analisar a cláusula de não concorrência sob perspectivas funcional e estrutural, explorando suas origens históricas, fundamentos jurídicos e aplicações práticas, especialmente no contexto brasileiro. O estudo busca identificar os elementos essenciais dessa cláusula e avaliar sua compatibilidade com os princípios constitucionais da livre iniciativa e da concorrência, fundamentais à ordem econômica, além de posicioná-la perante o fenômeno da concorrência e o direito concorrencial. A pesquisa utiliza métodos históricos e dogmáticos, abrangendo análises legislativas, doutrinárias e jurisprudenciais. Também incorpora referências ao direito estrangeiro para examinar como a cláusula de não concorrência é tratada em diferentes sistemas jurídicos. A coleta de dados da jurisdição estatal e da atividade do Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica permite compreender as interpretações dos órgãos decisórios brasileiros sobre a matéria. O estudo conclui que a cláusula de não concorrência desempenha um papel vital na proteção de investimentos e elementos imateriais, como clientela e segredos empresariais. Contudo, sua regulamentação no Brasil ainda é fragmentada, com previsões específicas no Código Civil, na Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho e na Lei de Franquias, sem que qualquer deles trate verdadeiramente do aspecto contratual da cláusula. Não obstante, conclui-se ser possível o encontro de elementos funcionais e estruturais comuns à cláusula, independentemente da relação jurídica base, a partir de que se propõe a categorizá-la como um instituto jurídico. Além disso, oferece subsídios para futuras discussões legislativas e jurisprudenciais, destacando a importância de conciliar a proteção de interesses econômicos com a promoção da livre concorrência. This dissertation analyzes the non-compete clause from functional and structural perspectives, exploring its historical origins, legal foundations, and practical applications, particularly in the Brazilian context. The study aims to identify the essential elements of this clause and evaluate its compatibility with the constitutional principles of free enterprise and competition, which are fundamental to the economic order, while positioning it in relation to the phenomenon of competition and antitrust law. The research employs historical and dogmatic methods, encompassing legislative, doctrinal, and jurisprudential analyses. References to foreign law are incorporated to examine how the non-compete clause is addressed in different legal systems. Data collected from state jurisdiction and the activities of the Administrative Council for Economic Defense provide insights into how Brazilian decision-making bodies interpret the matter. The study concludes that the non-compete clause plays a vital role in protecting investments and intangible elements such as clientele and trade secrets. However, its regulation in Brazil remains fragmented, with specific provisions in the Civil Code, the Consolidation of Labor Laws, and the Franchise Law, none of which adequately address the contractual aspect of the clause. Nevertheless, it is concluded that functional and structural elements common to the clause can be identified, regardless of the underlying legal relationship, leading to its proposed categorization as a legal institute. Furthermore, the dissertation offers resources for future legislative and jurisprudential discussions, emphasizing the importance of balancing the protection of economic interests with the promotion of free competition.
Keywords: Antitrust law; Cláusula de não concorrência; Direito concorrencial; Elementos estruturais; Funcionalidade; Functionality; Non-compete clause; Structural elements

La responsabilité civile sur les marchés financiers : les limites de la réglementation des valeurs mobilières quant à la protection des investisseurs en cas de pratiques abusives - Shab Afrouz, Shahrzad (Université de Montréal, 2025)
Ce mémoire étudie les limites de la réglementation des marchés financiers quant à la protection des investisseurs en cas de pratiques abusives et la responsabilité civile des défendeurs quant aux pertes économiques. Il compare les recours disponibles à l’investisseur prévu par le régime de responsabilité civile de la Loi sur les valeurs mobilières du Québec et le droit commun. Il établit l’importance de revoir les mécanismes de protection des investisseurs sur une base régulière pour assurer la stabilité des marchés financiers, tout en reconnaissant que la mise en œuvre de la réglementation des valeurs mobilières joue un rôle important dans la confiance du public sur les marchés financiers. Ce mémoire discute du défi auquel l’investisseur fait face quant au recouvrement des pertes attribuées à une faute commise sur les marchés financiers, particulièrement le défi de l’obtention de l’autorisation préalable du tribunal et de la preuve de causalité. Il faut reconnaitre que, pour établir un équilibre entre la protection des investisseurs et l’efficience des marchés, la coexistence du recours privé et public est nécessaire. Ces mesures ont pour objectif de décourager les pratiques déloyales sur les marchés financiers. De plus, l’étendue des dommages de l’investisseur doit être revue périodiquement et considérée à la lumière du contexte économique en cours pour assurer la cohérence du régime de responsabilité civile. En effet, il est important d’adopter une limite de responsabilité civile qui tient compte de l’aversion au risque de chacune des parties et qui ne désavantage pas l’une d’elles de manière excessive. Ceci permet d’atteindre un meilleur équilibre entre l’intérêt des investisseurs et les acteurs des marchés financiers, et de limiter le risque de poursuites opportunistes.
Keywords: Aversion au risques; Civil liability; Investissements; Investisseur (protection); Investments; Investor protection; Limites de responsabilité; Limits of liability; Marché financier; Protection des investisseurs; Responsabilité civile; Risk aversion; Valeurs mobilières

Climate justice and litigation in the context of South Africa - Chihombe, Denmark (North-West University, 2025)
This study interrogates the intersection of climate justice and litigation in the South African context. It addresses the urgent need for legal methods to address the disproportionate impact of climate change on marginalised communities. As climate change has become one of the greatest global challenges, marginalised communities most keenly feel its impacts, particularly those historically disadvantaged by socioeconomic inequalities rooted in apartheid. What follows is a critical examination of the most important international climate frameworks, in particular the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereinafter UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement, which have shaped the global discourse on climate change. The increasing recognition of the rights of historically marginalised and vulnerable communities underscores the potential role of climate litigation in achieving climate justice for all by holding both government and corporations accountable for their actions and lack thereof in mitigating climate change. The study examines the South African legal framework and recognises its progressive constitution that guarantees environmental rights. On the other hand, the study highlights significant barriers to effective climate action, particularly for the country’s most vulnerable, poor and marginalised populations, who often lack access to legal resources and skills needed for climate action. Using decided climate cases such as Earthlife Africa v. Minister of Environment, the study highlights the problems that plaintiffs often face when it comes to proving causation and the need for expert evidence in such litigation. Finally, the study concludes that while climate litigation offer opportunities for climate justice, the challenges identified need to be addressed to ensure the effectiveness of climate processes in achieving climate justice. The study therefore makes recommendations for strengthening legal aid, promoting public climate litigation and improving community capacity. By implementing these recommendations, climate justice will be achieved so that South Africa can effectively utilise climate litigation to demand climate justice for both current and future generations.
Keywords: Climate change; Global challenges; Justice; Litigation; Marginalised communities

A legal analysis of the application of the FATF grey-listing standards on South Africa - Mthembu, Zanele (North-West University, 2025)
The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is a watchdog established to counter the abuse of the financial system by criminals for money laundering, the financing acts of terrorists and proliferation financing. For the FATF to achieve its mandate, it came up with a set of global standards in the form of Recommendations. The Recommendations seek to mitigate the risks of money laundering and terrorist financing and to assess whether FATF member countries are taking effective action to combat money laundering and terrorist financing. South Africa is a member of the FATF and therefore, is obliged to comply with the standards set to combat money laundering and terrorist financing and proliferation. The FATF uses assessments done through peer mutual evaluations. In other words, FATF members assess one another’s anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing (AML/CTF) regulatory frameworks for compliance with FATF’s standards. Following the FATF's assessment in the years 2003, 2009 and 2018, South Africa’s AML/CTF regulatory framework was found to be weak leading to greylisting in 2023. The greylisting of South Africa follows the findings of strategic deficiencies in the country’s implementation of the FATF AML/CFT standards. Greylisting by the FATF carries various economic and reputational implications for South Africa such as increased scrutiny from international partners resulting in increased compliance costs for financial institutions, an estimated reduction in South Africa’s gross domestic product (GDP) and a decrease in foreign direct investment (FDI). Since the greylisting, South Africa has embarked on a legislative and regulatory journey to address the shortcomings with a view to be taken off the greylist. This dissertation provides a detailed analysis of the FATF standards, evaluates South Africa's legislative and institutional responses in the form of the Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998, Financial Intelligence Centre Act 38 of 2001 and the Protection of Constitutional Democracy Against Terrorist and Related Activities Act 33 of 2004, and assess their effectiveness in addressing the identified deficiencies. Recommendations are suggested to assist in fortifying South Africa’s AML/CTF regulatory framework.
Keywords: Accountable institutions; GAFI; Greylist; Money laundering; Mutual evaluation; Recommendations; Terrorism financing

The interpretation of social relations in the environmental, social and governance framework - Nxumalo, Nyiko (North-West University, 2025)
Environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues have gained prominence in recent years. Companies have come to understand their role in the global economy and that their decisions cannot be based solely on profits. They are now required to have regard for the environment in which they operate, to be mindful of the social factors that affect their employees, customers and the community at large, and to ensure that their corporate governance complies with the standards set out in the Companies Act 71 of 2008 and the various King Reports. While ESG has become a buzz word in the corporate world, there is still much uncertainty among stakeholders about what they are required to do and what the reporting requirements, if any, are. Its implementation in South Africa is still in its infancy and there is much uncertainty about what ESG monitoring and compliance truly entail. A perfect illustration of this is the fact that the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) only published ESG disclosure guidelines for the first time in 2022. This means that until the guidelines were published, hundreds of companies in South Africa had been wondering aimlessly in the dark when it comes to ESG issues. To make matters worse, while environmental issues and corporate governance issues have received significant attention from scholars and legislators in South Africa alike, the "S" in ESG has received little attention. It is often treated as the undesirable stepchild that everyone conveniently forgets is part of the ESG family. The purpose of this study is to highlight the gaps in the existing ESG regulatory framework, which leads to gaps in the understanding and monitoring of the implementation of the social indicators of ESG. The study aims to firstly determine whether companies in South Africa have a proper understanding of the social framework of ESG and whether the current legal and/or regulatory framework in South Africa offers sufficient guidance to n organisations to ensure that they comply with and fully implement the social guidelines of the ESG framework.
Keywords: ESG; ESG Framework; Governance factors; King IV report; Section 29 of Companies Act; Social factors; Social indicators

Expedited procedures in the Multilateral Investment Court: efficiency and consistency - Shouzab, Ali (Uppsala universitet, 2025)
The ongoing ISDS reform, under UNCITRAL Working Group III with a substantial input from the EU, has recently proposed for the establishment of a Multilateral Investment Court (MIC) with an appellate mechanism. Simultaneously, expedited arbitration procedures have gathered significant academic interest in the recent decades. While extensive literature exists on both the MIC development and expedited procedures, their intersection remains relatively unexplored. This dissertation bridges this research gap by analyzing how the best practices from different expedited procedures and EU treaties could be used to establish expedited MIC procedures. Adopting a doctrinal methodology, the research identifies the prominent models and trends in different expedited procedures, accesses their compatibility with the objectives of MIC, and finally proposes a suitable model to attain (cost and time) efficiency and consistency both for the first-tier and appellate proceedings in MIC. By doing so, the study contributes some recommendations for the development of expedited MIC procedures.
Keywords: Appellate Proceedings; Consistency; Efficiency; Expedited MIC Procedures; Expedited Procedures; First-Tier Proceedings; ISDS Reform; Multilateral Investment Court (MIC); UNCITRAL Working Group III

Anonim şirketin haklı sebeple feshinde haklı sebep teşkil edebilecek durumlar - Sunay Ece, Defne (Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, 2025)
6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu m. 531'de anonim şirketin özel sona erme hallerinden biri olarak haklı sebeplerle fesih düzenlenmiştir. Bu düzenleme ile 6762 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu döneminde anonim şirketin haklı sebeple feshinin mümkün olup olmadığı yönündeki tartışmalar sona ermiş ve anonim şirketin haklı sebeple feshi kurumu hukukumuza kazandırılmıştır. Anonim şirketin haklı sebeple feshi, haklı sebeplerin varlığı durumunda, sermayenin en az onda birini ve halka açık şirketlerde yirmide birini temsil eden pay sahipleri tarafından istenebilir. Anonim şirketin haklı sebeple feshi davası şirket merkezinin bulunduğu yer asliye ticaret mahkemesinde açılır. Kanunda anonim şirketin haklı sebeple feshinde haklı sebep kavramı tanımlanmamış ve haklı sebep teşkil edebilecek durumlara örnek gösterilmemiştir. Kanun gerekçesinde bu kavramın niteliklerinin gösterilmesinin ve tanımlanmasının yargı kararları ve doktrine bırakıldığı belirtilmiştir. İleri sürülen sebeplerin haklı sebep olarak kabul edilip edilmemesi mahkemenin takdirindedir. Yargılama sonucunda mahkemenin şirketin feshine, davacı pay sahiplerinin paylarının değerinin ödenerek şirketten çıkarılmasına veya uygun düşen ve kabul edilebilir diğer bir çözüme karar verme yetkisi bulunmaktadır. Çalışmamız kapsamında anonim şirketin haklı sebeple feshinde haklı sebep teşkil edebilecek durumlar incelenmiştir. Bu inceleme yapılırken kanun metni ve gerekçesi, doktrinde ileri sürülen görüşler ve yargı kararları ile çalışmamız desteklenmiştir. Article 531 of the Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102 regulates the dissolution of a joint stock company for just cause as one of its special grounds for termination. With the introduction of this provision, the debates regarding whether the dissolution of a joint stock company for just cause was possible under the period of the Turkish Commercial Code No. 6762 have been resolved, and the institution of dissolution of a joint stock company for just cause has been incorporated into our legal system. The dissolution of a joint stock company for just cause may be requested by shareholders representing at least one-tenth of the capital, or one-twentieth in publicly traded companies, in the presence of just causes. The lawsuit for the dissolution of a joint stock company for just cause is filed in the commercial court where the company's head office is located. The law does not define the concept of "just cause" in the context of the dissolution of a joint stock company, nor does it provide examples of situations that might constitute just cause. According to the legislative intent, the determination and definition of the characteristics of this concept are left to judicial decisions and legal doctrine. Whether the reasons presented are accepted as just cause is at the discretion of the court. Following the trial, the court has the authority to decide on the dissolution of the company, the payment of the value of the shares to the plaintiff shareholders in exchange for their exit from the company, or another suitable and acceptable solution. This study examines situations that may constitute just cause for the dissolution of a joint stock company for just cause. In this analysis, the text and rationale of the law, views expressed in legal doctrine and judicial decisions have been taken into account.
914518
Keywords: Commercial Law; Corporate law; Dissolution; Joint Stock Company; Just Cause

Anonim şirketlerde imtiyazlı paylar ve imtiyazlı pay sahipleri özel kurulu - Tuğçe Altintaş, Fatma (Ufuk Üniversitesi, 2025)
Serbest piyasada önemli bir işleve sahip anonim şirketlerde, şirkete yeni sermaye sağlamak veya şirketteki mevcut pay sahiplerinin kontrolü elinde tutmak amacıyla imtiyazlı paylar oluşturulur. İmtiyazlı paylar (TTK m.478) ve imtiyazlı pay sahipleri özel kurulu (TTK m.454) ile şirketteki bazı paylara, diğer paylardan farklı ve üstün haklar, koruma mekanizmaları tanınmıştır. Bu çalışma kapsamında imtiyazlı paylar ve imtiyazlı pay sahipleri özel kurulu; 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu'ndaki (TTK) hükümler, mukayeseli hukuktaki düzenlemeler, öğreti görüşleri, Yargıtay kararları ve uygulamadaki sorunlar ele alınarak incelenmiştir. Konumuz ile ilgili tartışmalı hususlar, kanun ve yargı kararlarıyla netlik kazanması beklenen durumlar irdelenerek yeni bir bakış açısı kazandırmak amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda ''Anonim Şirketlerde İmtiyazlı Paylar ve İmtiyazlı Pay Sahipleri Özel Kurulu'' başlıklı tezimiz dört bölüm olarak hazırlanmıştır. ''İmtiyazlı Paylar'' başlıklı birinci bölümde, imtiyazlı pay kavramı, benzer kavramlar ve anonim şirketlere hakim olan ilkeler ile mukayese edilerek imtiyazlı pay ilkeleri çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. ''İmtiyazlı Pay Çeşitleri'' başlıklı ikinci bölümde, imtiyazlı pay çeşitleri incelenerek, bölümün ana omurgasını oluşturacak şekilde uygulamada en çok tartışılan hususlar olan, oy hakkında imtiyazlı paylar ve yönetim kurulunda temsil edilme hakkında imtiyazlı paylar irdelenmiştir. ''İmtiyazlı Pay Sahipleri Özel Kurulu'' başlıklı üçüncü bölümde imtiyazlı pay sahipleri özel kurulu kavramı, oluşturulma amacı, hukuki niteliği, mukayeseli hukukta imtiyazlı paylar ve imtiyazlı pay sahipleri özel kurulu, imtiyazlı pay sahipleri özel kurulunun toplanma şartları, toplanma süreci, toplanmasını gerektiren kararlar ve toplanmasına gerek olmayan durumlar ele alınarak incelenmiştir. ''İmtiyazlı Pay Sahipleri Özel Kurul Kararlarının Hukuki Etkisi, İptali ve Hükümsüzlüğü'' başlıklı dördüncü bölümde ise imtiyazlı pay sahipleri özel kurulu kararlarına karşı hukuki koruma mekanizmaları incelenmiştir. In joint-stock companies, which have an important function in the free market, privileged shares are created to provide new capital to the company or to maintain the control of the existing shareholders. In the Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102, privileged shares (TTK m. 478) and the special assembly of privileged shareholders (TTK m. 454) are regulated, granting certain shares in the company different and superior rights and protection mechanisms compared to other shares. With in the scope of this study, privileged shares and the special assembly of privileged shareholders have been examined by addressing the provisions of the Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102, comparative law regulations, doctrinal views, Supreme Court decisions, and practical issues. By examining the controversial issues related to our topic and the situations expected to gain clarity through laws and judicial decisions, it is aimed to provide a new perspective. In this context, our thesis titled "Special Shares and Special Shareholders in Joint-Stock Companies" has been prepared in four sections. In the first chapter titled "Preferred Shares," the concept of preferred shares was examined within the framework of preferred share principles by comparing it with similar concepts and the principles governing joint-stock companies. In the second section titled "Types of Preferred Shares," the various types of preferred shares are examined, focusing on the most debated issues in practice, namely, preferred shares with voting rights and preferred shares with representation on the board of directors, which form the main backbone of the section. In the third section titled "Special Assembly of Preferred Shareholders," the concept of the special assembly of preferred shareholders, its purpose of establishment, legal nature, preferred shares in comparative law, and the special assembly of preferred shareholders, the conditions for convening the special assembly of preferred shareholders, the process of convening, decisions requiring a meeting , and situations where a meeting is not necessary have been examined. In the fourth section titled "Legal Effect, Annulment, and Nullity of Preferred Shareholders Special Assembly Decisions," the legal protection mechanisms against the decisions of the preferred shareholders' special assembly are examined.

L'autonomie de la clause compromissoire en droit de l'arbitrage Marocain et Québécois: entre consécration et limites - Rafai, Khawla (Université de Montréal, 2024)
Le principe de l’autonomie de la clause compromissoire est au cœur du mécanisme de l’arbitrage, tout en demeurant complexe et polyvalent. Cette étude met en lumière les différentes dimensions de ce principe, tout en identifiant ses limites face aux exigences fondamentales de justice et d’ordre public. L’autonomie de la clause compromissoire signifie d’abord que cette clause, bien qu’intégrée dans un contrat principal, existe et survit de manière indépendante. Concrètement, cela veut dire qu’une contestation ou une invalidité du contrat principal n’affecte pas automatiquement la clause compromissoire. Cette indépendance permet aux parties de préserver leur engagement à soumettre les litiges à un tribunal arbitral, offrant ainsi une sécurité juridique et une continuité au processus de résolution des conflits. L’arbitrage repose ici sur un engagement volontaire et anticipé, qui ne saurait être remis en cause par des circonstances affectant le contrat lui-même. Au-delà de cette indépendance, l’évolution du principe d’autonomie a permis d’introduire une autre dimension : la liberté de choix dans les règles qui régissent la clause compromissoire. Cela signifie que les parties ne sont pas nécessairement liées aux règles du contrat principal. Cette forme d’autonomie favorise la flexibilité, permettant aux parties de concevoir une procédure arbitrale adaptée à leurs besoins spécifiques. Cependant, cette liberté rencontre certaines limites, notamment en matière d’ordre public, qui agit comme un rempart pour protéger les valeurs fondamentales de justice et d’équité. Un autre aspect fondamental de ce principe est son interaction avec le concept de compétence-compétence, selon lequel le tribunal arbitral est habilité à statuer sur sa propre compétence. Cette relation étroite entre les deux principes peut créer une certaine confusion, car si l’autonomie de la clause concerne sa validité et son indépendance, la compétence-compétence relève plutôt du pouvoir décisionnel des arbitres. Toutefois, ces deux notions, bien que distinctes, contribuent ensemble à garantir l’efficacité de l’arbitrage en permettant de résoudre rapidement les questions liées à la compétence et à la validité de la clause. L’étude aborde également la transmissibilité de la clause compromissoire, qui pose un défi théorique à l’idée d’autonomie. En cas de cession ou de transfert du contrat principal, la clause compromissoire accompagne généralement le contrat, ce qui semble paradoxal par rapport à son indépendance. Cette apparente contradiction s’explique toutefois par la nécessité pratique d’assurer la continuité des mécanismes d’arbitrage, en particulier dans des situations complexes comme les contrats multipartites ou les groupes d’entreprises. Enfin, le principe d’autonomie, malgré sa robustesse et son importance dans l’arbitrage, demeure encadré. La protection des intérêts fondamentaux des parties les plus vulnérables et des principes essentiels de justice impose des limites nécessaires. L’ordre public joue ici un rôle clé en veillant à ce que la liberté contractuelle ne se traduise pas par une atteinte aux droits fondamentaux ou aux valeurs essentielles de la société. En conclusion, l’autonomie de la clause compromissoire est un instrument essentiel qui garantit la stabilité et l’efficacité de l’arbitrage. Elle repose sur une double dynamique : une indépendance par rapport au contrat principal et une flexibilité permettant aux parties d’organiser librement la procédure arbitrale. Toutefois, cette autonomie doit coexister avec des limites claires pour concilier la liberté contractuelle avec les exigences de justice, assurant ainsi un équilibre nécessaire entre efficacité et protection des principes fondamentaux. The principle of the autonomy of the arbitration clause is central to the arbitration mechanism, while remaining both complex and multifaceted. This study sheds light on the various dimensions of this principle and identifies its limits in the face of fundamental justice and public policy requirements. The autonomy of the arbitration clause primarily signifies that the clause, although incorporated into a principal contract, exists and survives independently. In practical terms, this means that a dispute regarding or the invalidity of the principal contract does not automatically affect the arbitration clause. This independence enables the parties to uphold their agreement to submit disputes to arbitration, thereby ensuring legal certainty and continuity in conflict resolution processes. Arbitration thus rests on a voluntary and preemptive commitment that cannot be undermined by circumstances affecting the main contract. In addition to this independence, the development of the principle of autonomy has introduced another significant aspect: the freedom of the parties to determine the rules governing the arbitration clause. This autonomy allows the parties to deviate from the rules of the principal contract, fostering flexibility and enabling the design of arbitration procedures that meet their specific needs. However, this freedom is not without limits, particularly where public policy intervenes as a safeguard to preserve fundamental principles of justice and fairness. A crucial component of this principle is its interaction with the kompetenz-kompetenz doctrine, which empowers the arbitral tribunal to rule on its own jurisdiction. This close relationship between the two concepts may cause confusion: the autonomy of the arbitration clause concerns its validity and independence, whereas kompetenz-kompetenz pertains to the decision-making authority of arbitrators. Despite their distinctions, both principles collectively enhance the effectiveness of arbitration by facilitating the prompt resolution of jurisdictional and validity-related challenges. This study also explores the issue of the arbitration clause’s transmissibility, which presents a theoretical challenge to the notion of autonomy. In cases where the principal contract is assigned or transferred, the arbitration clause typically follows the contract, creating a seemingly paradoxical situation regarding its independence. This apparent contradiction can, however, be justified by the practical need to maintain the continuity of arbitration mechanisms, particularly in complex contexts such as multiparty contracts or corporate groups. Ultimately, despite its essential role and resilience, the autonomy of the arbitration clause is subject to necessary constraints. The protection of vulnerable parties and the preservation of fundamental principles of justice impose clear limitations. Public policy serves as a crucial safeguard to ensure that contractual freedom does not infringe upon fundamental rights or societal values. In conclusion, the autonomy of the arbitration clause is a cornerstone of arbitration’s stability and effectiveness. It is characterized by independence from the principal contract and the flexibility afforded to the parties in shaping their arbitration proceedings. However, this autonomy must be balanced against clear limits to harmonize contractual freedom with justice requirements, ensuring an essential equilibrium between efficiency and the protection of core principles.
Keywords: Arbitrability; Arbitrabilité; Arbitration; Arbitration clause; Autonomie; Autonomy; Clause compromissoire; Extension; Ordre public; Public policy; Transmissibility; Transmission

Perspectives of post-commencement financiers regarding their voting rights on a business rescue plan - Van Niekerk, Larisa (University of Pretoria, 2024)
Post-commencement financiers provide a lifeline to companies under business rescue and these financiers have their best interest in the survival of these companies. Should it be that the business rescue plan is unsuccessful, the chances are that the post commencement financiers will be the largest creditors. In Wescoal Mining (Pty) Ltd v Mkhombo NO, a dispute arose regarding the appropriate adoption of a business rescue plan during the meeting. One critical legal issue was whether the Companies Act bestows voting rights exclusively to the company's creditors who existed at the initiation of business rescue, or if creditors accruing after the commencement may also partake in voting on the plan. Following an assessment by Judge Wilson, it was established that only creditors with claims predating the commencement were eligible to participate in the voting process. Subsequently, Judge Wilson believed that section 135 of the Companies Act places post-commencement financiers as creditors in a different class and provides for their protection and interests in a different way. Against this background, the dissertation evaluates the position of post-commencement creditors when it comes to voting on a business rescue plan.
Keywords: Business rescue; Company law; Creditors; Insolvency; Insolvency law; Life-line; Post-commencement creditors; Post-commencement finance

Le projet d'un brevet africain à effet unitaire - El Ghassem, El Ghassem (Université de Montréal, 2024)
Le brevet est un titre de propriété industrielle, qui confère à son titulaire une exclusivité d’exploitation de l’invention. À l’heure actuelle, il n’existe pas de véritable brevet africain, il existe seulement une procédure d’enregistrement unique auprès de l’organisation africaine de propriété intellectuelle (OAPI). Le brevet africain unitaire est un projet de recherche, inspiré du brevet européen à effet unitaire. Ce brevet permettra l’obtention d’une protection dans tous les pays africains, membres de l’OHADA et l’OAPI, par le biais du dépôt d'une seule demande auprès du nouvel office du brevet africain unitaire (OBAU). L’idée d’instaurer un brevet africain unitaire (BAU) émerge comme une entreprise d’une magnitude cruciale au sein du contexte évolutif de l’essor économique du continent africain. Dans le monde, présentement, il existe plusieurs systèmes de brevets unitaires, notamment celui du CGG, Eurasie, et le brevet européen à effet unitaire qui servira d’ailleurs de modèle pour le brevet africain unitaire. Le BAU est un nouveau titre de propriété intellectuelle, qui consiste à produire un effet juridique attribué à un nouveau titre : le brevet africain unitaire. C’est un nouvel instrument de protection et un droit de propriété intellectuelle, dans la mesure où il nécessite une procédure spécifique de délivrance. De plus, l’effet unitaire ne possède pas une durée déterminée, il naît et disparaît par application des règles particulières. L’une de ses caractéristiques principales est la faculté de fournir une protection uniforme et de produire les mêmes effets dans tous les États membres participants. Il s’agit donc d’une protection unitaire et dont son obtention est soumise à des conditions qui doivent être scrupuleusement respectées pour pouvoir bénéficier des prérogatives octroyées par le BAU. Enfin, son annulation ou sa révocation résulte du droit de l’OHADA et OAPI sur le nouveau brevet africain unitaire. Le développement économique de l’Afrique se trouve indéniablement lié à sa capacité à encourager l’innovation, à protéger les droits de propriété intellectuelle et à exploiter les ressources créatives de ses citoyens. À une période où la préservation des inventions et des innovations se révèle impérative afin de catalyser la croissance économique, l’établissement d’un mécanisme de brevetage harmonisé propose des perspectives considérables. Ce mémoire vise à mettre en lumière l’importance capitale de l’implantation d’un brevet africain unitaire en fournissant une étude approfondie de la problématique. Dans un premier temps, nous étudierons l’état des lieux d’un brevet unifié sur le plan européen et africain puis nous envisagerons dans un second temps la création d’un brevet africain à effet unitaire.
Keywords: African Patent office; African judicial institutions; Brevet à effet unitaire; Droit de la propriété intellectuelle; European Patent Office; Industrial property and patents; Institutions judiciaires africaines; Intellectual property; Juridiction unifiée du brevet à effet unitaire; OAPI; OHADA; Office du brevet africain unitaire; Office du brevet européen; Propriété industrielle et brevet d’invention; Qualitative research; Unified Patent; Unified Patent Court with unitary effect; Étude qualitative

Climate change and international investment law : lessons from Africa's investment treaty practice - Mogashoa, Lebogang Paul (University of Pretoria, 2024)
This dissertation critically analyses new generation continental, regional and bilateral investment treaties in Africa with the aim to explore enhancements that could be made thereto in order to enable African citizens to hold investors accountable for investment-related climate change issues in Africa. The main research question answered in the dissertation is: to what extent does African investment treaty practice incorporate climate change-related provisions and investor accountability for climate change. The dissertation analysed traditional investment treaties, particularly noting their silence on climate change and investor accountability, and their partiality to investor protection. Using the AfCFTA Investment Protocol as an anchor alongside other new generation continental, regional and bilateral investment treaties in Africa, it discusses a fundamental contemporary shift in African investment treaty practice towards ensuring sustainable investments and greater investor accountability for sustainability in Africa. It also explores the various limitations in these new generation investment treaties that still make investor accountability. In the end it proposes reforms to the Investor-State Dispute Settlement provisions of these investment treaties to recognise citizen-led arbitral claims against investors, utilising the Hague Rules on Business and Human Rights as the procedural infrastructure for handling arbitration of such claims.
Keywords: AfCFTA; African Continental Free Trade Area; Climate change; ISDS; Investment treaties; Investments; Investor-State Dispute Settlement

The relationship between the business rescue practitioner and the directors of the company - Mokoka, Neo (University of Pretoria, 2024)
This dissertation on the relationship between the business rescue practitioner and the directors of the company under business rescue. In essence, this dissertation investigates whether a conflict arises between the duties, roles and powers of the business rescue practitioner and those of directors of the financially distressed company. The aim of this dissertation is to study what are the limitation on duties, roles and powers of directors of the company as a result of the appointment of the business rescue practitioner and the extent thereof. In achieving the above objective, this dissertation commences with setting out the background of business rescue proceedings in South Africa by analysing provisions of Chapter 6 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 which has introduced “a new corporate rescue procedure” in South Africa, being business rescue. The focus is on provisions dealing with duties, roles and powers of directors in the ordinary course as set out in section 66, 75 to 77 of the Act. The focus then shifts to the provisions dealing with the commencement of business rescue proceedings, the appointment of the business rescue practitioner and his duties, roles and powers. In order to establish whether a conflict truly exists between the duties, roles and powers, various sources dealing with this issue are considered. In order to assess whether there are solutions in dealing with the conflict and/or limitation that arises, this dissertation includes a comparative study on selected foreign jurisdictions dealing with the interaction between the board of directors and business rescue practitioner are considered. In particular, this dissertation considers corporate rescue mechanisms in the Commonwealth of Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. The purpose of the comparative study is to determine which lessons can be learned from the practices in the aforementioned jurisdictions. The overall objective of this study is to determine how the South African legal framework pertaining to the interaction between directors and business rescue practitioners can be enhanced.
Keywords: Business rescue; Business rescue practitioner; Companies Act 71 of 2008; Comparative study; Duties of directors; Limitations on powers; Powers of directors; Roles of directors; US bankruptcy code

Theories on the nature and purpose of the company and their implications for corporate governance - Ramalho, Anna Francina (University of Pretoria, 2024)
Despite the emergence of corporate governance as a formal discipline more than thirty years ago, the proliferation internationally of scholarly work on the topic and its formal regulation over this period, the scope, definition and direction of corporate governance remain contested. Company theories could potentially assist in this regard but have been inconsistent in their explanations of the both the means and ends of corporate governance. This has led to scepticism about the efficacy of theories to illuminate the phenomena associated with companies and company law. Notwithstanding, theory is critical as it makes explicit what is implicit in policymaking by regulators, as well as in the behaviour and decision-making by corporate actors, so that regulation and decisions are transparent for analysis and evaluation. The study, therefore, set out to provide a synthesis and doctrinal analysis of the main theories on the nature and general purpose of corporations in historical context. It was found that objections can be raised against all of these theories to a greater or lesser extent for inaccurate portrayal of the law, limited explanatory power and detachment from the real word. This study shows that corporate theories are a product of the settings in which they have developed and consequently none of these theories represents a universal or absolute truth, nor are they an inevitability due to widespread adoption and use. This leaves room for new formulations of the corporate form and its purpose fit for today’s context with its political, social and environmental challenges. This dissertation also includes further directions for theoretical exploration.
Keywords: Contractarianism; Corporate governance; Entity theories; Shareholder primacy; Stakeholder theories

Selected problem areas pertaining to the removal of directors from office - Shange, Thandokuhle Wandile (University of Pretoria, 2024)
This paper constitutes a composite analysis of the legal framework and procedures for removing directors and the key challenges presented by the framework. It achieves this by looking at four legal questions: Firstly, it looks into what is the legal framework for director removal in South Africa, secondly, it delves into the challenges and/or uncertainties presented by this process, and further explores if there are any possible learnings South Africa can learn from foreign jurisdiction.
Keywords: Companies Act 2008; Comparative company law; Director removal; Director’s right; Judicial review; Section 71

Proposed legal reforms to protect South Africa's informal social security - Zeelie, Robin Erin (University of Pretoria, 2024)
Informal social security is a non-governmental form of social security between kin and/or community members and is a prevalent practice in South Africa. The question this dissertation analyses is whether the South African government fails in its constitutional duty to protect and advance informal social security. The dissertation limits itself to analysing cash transfers through social grants, and social insurance in the Unemployment Insurance Act and the Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act. This dissertation delineates its definition of informal social security, historically contextualises its practice, and explains the contemporary formal social security framework. This dissertation finds five prominent shortcomings in the formal framework, and that these shortcomings have a profoundly negative, weakening effect on informal social security, as the more people who rely on informal mechanisms, the less it can respond to needs arising from life contingencies, shocks, and risks. The dissertation concludes by analysing three legal reform proposals the state can implement: extending existing social insurance frameworks to those in the informal sector, promoting cooperatives as a formal platform for the informal, and the basic income grant.
Keywords: Basic income grant; Cooperatives; Duty; History; Informal social security; Republic of South Africa; Social assistance; Social security

Extinção dos contratos de colaboração empresarial: uma abordagem pela teoria dos contratos relacionais - Barros, Simone Rodrigues Alves Rocha de (Universidade de São Paulo, 2024)
The work proposes to investigate the extension of collaboration contracts through traditional tools that rely on the classic contractual model based on exchange and whether these solutions are more suitable for this type of contract. The theory of contracts is to assist in the task of understanding the specifics and the environment of business collaboration contracts and the prospect of terminating the relationship due to the lack of collaboration, based either on default or on the impossibility of the performance itself in the interest of the creditor. In collaboration contracts, collaboration is, by the very definition of these contracts, the main obligation, integral to the core of the contractual object. It is collaboration that is one of the other obligations, allowing the configuration of the common project as a contract. In this type of relationship, the binomial provision and consideration is multifaceted, as are the positions of creditor and debtor. In this context, the study of these collaboration contracts requires a more comprehensive and complex view of the institutes that, originally, were formulated for a tight exchange relationship and for well-defined contractual positions. What we intend to confirm in this research is that the lack of collaboration, in this type of contract, can lead to positive violation or absolute default, which must be determined according to the interest of the creditor which, in corporate contracts, has to do with the economic function, with its own contractual program. Given the difficulty of characterizing a positive breach of the contract or, even more so, absolute default, the investigation also encompasses a broadening of the perspectives of the default itself, to conclude that the performance ultimately serves the interest of the creditor (understood in an amplified position) and can only be read from the economic function of the business. When collaboration between the parties is no longer possible, the specific execution of obligations appears useless and involving.

'Banking' on artificial intelligence to enhance bank risk management - Chiba, Mayuree (University of Pretoria, 2024)
This dissertation investigates the impact of digital transformation on risk management within the banking sector, emphasizing the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in enhancing operational risk management. It examines key research questions about how digitisation reshapes risk management practices, the extent to which South African banks align with international standards, and the role of AI in advancing these frameworks. The study finds that AI holds substantial potential to improve risk management, particularly in managing operational risks, while underscoring the indispensable role of human oversight. Ultimately, this shift toward a more AI-driven, adaptive approach marks a pivotal evolution in the financial sector, suggesting that the future of risk management can indeed rely on AI's transformative capabilities.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Bank; Inteligência artificial; Intelligence Artificielle; Operational risk; Risk management

Limites e desafios do plano de recuperação judicial alternativo de credores - Garcia, Carlos Alberto Junqueira de Andrade (Universidade de São Paulo, 2024)
Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar, de forma aprofundada, os principais limites e desafios do plano de recuperação judicial alternativo, cuja legitimidade de apresentação é dos credores e subsidiária à do devedor, instrumento que foi introduzido nas recuperações judiciais apenas recentemente, por meio das alterações promovidas pela Lei no 14.112/2020 na Lei no 11.101/2005 (legislação de insolvência empresarial brasileira). Inicialmente, será explorado o contexto e os motivos que levaram o legislador pátrio a substituir o Decreto-Lei no 7.661/1945, regramento de insolvência que vigeu no Brasil por quase 60 (sessenta anos), por um novo modelo de reestruturação empresarial com natureza e objetivos completamente distintos. Serão feitas, então, breves considerações sobre os processos que sucederam a concordata, a recuperação extrajudicial e a recuperação judicial, destacando o fato de que foi por meio desta última que se recuperou a primazia da negociação, e os credores passaram a ser os principais responsáveis por decidir o destino da empresa em crise. Será feita, então, a análise do plano de recuperação judicial, principal documento e objetivo primário do processo, sua natureza jurídica, conteúdo obrigatório, liberdade de meios de reestruturação, procedimento para a sua aprovação e os limites que devem ser observados. Traçados os seus contornos principais, adentrar-se-á no estudo da sua modalidade alternativa, que pode ser apresentada pelos credores apenas de forma subsidiária e em determinada situações, que serão enfrentadas. Feito isso, serão investigados os limites do plano alternativo de credores que, além dos próprios limites que já incidem sobre o plano do devedor (uma vez que se altera apenas a legitimidade para a sua apresentação), outros específicos que devem igualmente ser observados quando de sua apresentação. Além disso, será demonstrado que, além dos limites legais, existem, ainda, diversos outros desafios de ordem prática que limitam a aplicação dos planos alternativos, especialmente diante das lacunas legais existentes, fazendo com que a sua aplicação prática permaneça ainda restrita, e muito aquém do que foi idealizado pelo legislador. Por fim, considerando que os planos alternativos são um importante instrumento que pode viabilizar a apresentação de propostas melhores pelos devedores (sob pena de ser-lhes imposto um plano de cuja elaboração não participou e cujo conteúdo muito provavelmente não concordará) e tornar mais céleres os processos de recuperação judicial, melhorias na legislação são imprescindíveis, e são feitas sugestões que podem servir como esboço para tanto. This dissertation aims to analyze, in depth, the main limits and challenges to the alternative judicial plan of reorganization, whose presentation legitimacy belongs to the creditors and is subsidiary to the debtor\'s, an instrument that was introduced in judicial reorganizations only recently, through the amendments promoted by Law No. 14,112/2020 in Law No. 11,101/2005 (Brazilian corporate insolvency legislation). Initially, it will be explored the context and reasons that led the Brazilian legislator to replace Decree-Law No. 7,661/1945, an insolvency rule that was in force in Brazil for almost 60 (sixty years), with a new model of business restructuring with a completely different nature and objectives. Brief considerations will then be made on the processes that succeed concordata, extrajudicial reorganization and judicial reorganization, pointing out the fact that it was through the latter that the primacy of negotiation was regained, and creditors became the main responsible for deciding the fate of the company in crisis. An analysis will then be made of the judicial reorganization plan, the main document and primary objective of the reorganization process, its legal nature, mandatory content, freedom of restructuring means, procedure for its approval and the limits that must be observed. With its main contours pointed out, its alternative modality will then be studied, which can be presented by creditors only in a subsidiary way and in certain situations, which will be analyzed. Once this is done, other specific limits to the creditors alternative plan of reorganization will be investigated, in addition to the limits that already affect the debtor\'s plan (since only the legitimacy for its presentation changes). Furthermore, it will be demonstrated that, in addition to legal limits, there are also several other practical challenges to the alternative plans of reorganization that restrict their application, especially given the existing legal gaps, which is yet far lower than what was idealized by legislator. Finally, considering that alternative plans are an important instrument that can force debtors to present better proposals (under penalty of being imposed a plan that they did not elaborate and whose content they most likely will not agree with) and optimize the judicial reorganization processes, improvements in legislation are essential, and suggestions that can serve as an outline for this are made.
Keywords: Alternative plan; Challenges; Creditors plan; Desafios; Judicial reorganization; Judicial reorganization plan; Limites; Limits; Plano alternativo; Plano de credores; Plano de recuperação judicial; Recuperação judicial

Limites à atuação do acionista controlador no regime de recuperação judicial - Dias, Laís Dumitrescu (Universidade de São Paulo, 2024)
Esta Dissertação examina a figura do acionista controlador à luz do contexto da recuperação judicial, com ênfase na legislação brasileira, especialmente a Lei no 11.101/2005, que regula a recuperação de empresas no Brasil. A recuperação judicial é um instrumento jurídico que visa viabilizar a superação de uma crise econômico-financeira da empresa devedora, garantindo a sua continuidade e preservação da função social. Ao mesmo tempo em que o acionista controlador mantém a sua posição de direito após o ajuizamento da recuperação judicial, essa nova situação em que a companhia se encontra poderá alterar de maneira substancial a forma e contornos do exercício do seu poder de controle, seja por força de disposições legais ou pelo surgimento de agentes externos que passarão a ter maior influência nos negócios da companhia, como a coletividade de credores. A fim de analisar as raízes por trás dessas interferências, a Dissertação parte inicialmente de uma investigação da evolução histórica do tratamento legal do acionista controlador no Brasil, tanto do prisma do direito societário quanto do direito falimentar. Em um segundo momento, o trabalho se debruça sobre os impactos específicos da recuperação judicial na atividade do acionista controlador, sempre em comparação entre o que se espera e se observa do comportamento do acionista controlador em situações normal da atividade da companhia. Por fim, serão apresentadas as conclusões extraídas do estudo. This work examines the figure of the controlling shareholder in the context of judicial reorganization, with an emphasis on Brazilian legislation, especially the Brazilian Bankruptcy Act n. 11,101/2005, which regulates the reorganization of companies in Brazil. Judicial reorganization is a legal instrument that aims to make it possible to overcome an economic and financial crisis of the debtor company, guaranteeing its continuity and preserving its social function. While the controlling shareholder retains its position after the filing of the judicial reorganization, this new situation in which the company finds itself can substantially alter the form and contours of the exercise of its power of control, either by virtue of legal provisions or by the emergence of external agents who will have greater influence on the company's business, such as the collectivity of creditors. In order to analyze the roots behind these interferences, the work begins by investigating the historical evolution of the legal treatment of the controlling shareholder in Brazil, both from the perspective of Corporate Law and Bankruptcy Law. Secondly, the work focuses on the specific impacts of judicial reorganization on the activity of the controlling shareholder, always comparing with what is expected and observed of the controlling shareholder's behavior in the company's normal activity. Finally, the conclusions drawn from the study will be presented.
Keywords: Acionista controlador; Controle externo; Controlling shareholder; Creditors; Credores; External control; Joint-stock company; Judicial reorganization; Poder de controle; Power of control; Recuperação judicial; Sociedade anônima

Optimisation du management stratégique et opérationnel de ligne maritime congolaise SA, entreprise publique commerciale en république démocratique du Congo (2019-2023) - Mupier Muka, Naomie (Université de Liège, 2024)
Les entreprises publiques congolaises ont fait l'objet de réformes en juillet 2008, car elles n'atteignaient pas les objectifs qui leur avaient été assignés en termes de contribution à l'économie nationale et de réponse aux problèmes sociaux de la communauté. Certaines ont été transformées en établissements publics ou en sociétés commerciales, tandis que d'autres ont été dissoutes et liquidées. Cependant, la question de l'orientation stratégique des sociétés commerciales publiques congolaises au regard de ces objectifs reste posée. Ces entreprises mettent-elles en place les outils de management stratégique nécessaires pour les atteindre ? Cette étude visait donc à analyser l'effectivité et la performance du management stratégique dans ce secteur, ainsi que son mécanisme opérationnel, en prenant le cas de l'entreprise LMC SA. Plusieurs outils techniques ont été utilisés, notamment l'analyse documentaire et des entretiens semi-directifs. Les résultats montrent un certain déficit dans la planification stratégique de ces entreprises, notamment au niveau de la gestion des ressources humaines, matérielles et financières. Sur la base de ces constats, l'étude formule quelques recommandations managériales : • Restructuration des prérogatives de l'organe de gouvernance ; • Réévaluation du capital humain et réduction des postes en trop ; • Allocation objective des ressources financières grâce à une démarche de benchmark.
Keywords: Entreprise publique commerciale; Management stratégique; République Démocratique du Congo

Facilitating Trade through Rules of Origin: A Consideration of the African Continental Free Trade Area - Okoroma, Blessing Ijeoma (University of Calgary, 2024)
Rules of origin play a pivotal role in free trade agreements. Apart from serving as a tool to distinguish goods by determining the nationality of a product, rules of origin have the capacity to increase trade relations or deter it. Of course, it is the hope of any viable state to increase profitable trading relations, and if rules of origin can help with that, it becomes expedient to fully understand how these rules of origin operate. In Africa, we see rules of origin being implemented amongst the Regional Economic Communities (RECs), but this has come with many struggles. In fact, low intra-African trade can be narrowed down to complex rules of origin regimes deployed in regional agreements in Africa. As of date, the major RECs have each implemented different rules of origin, leading to the co-existence of conflicting rules of origin across Africa. This non-uniformity in the rules of origin regimes in Africa has resulted in low continental trade in Africa. As such, these RECs have not yielded the expected increase in intra-African trade. With the creation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), which currently doubles as the latest and largest FTA in Africa, it is expected that better rules of origin will be deployed to mitigate the existing intra-African trade deficits. This thesis thus deploys a doctrinal approach in determining whether AfCFTA’s rules of origin are positioned to achieve greater intra-African trade. Consequently, this thesis uncovers some lapses in AfCFTA’s rules of origin and calls for harmonization of all the rules of origin in Africa and recommends a possible amendment to Article 19 of the Agreement establishing AfCFTA to accommodate the intended harmonization.
Keywords: African Continental Free Trade Area; Free Trade Area; Rules of Origin

Mise en exergue de l’importance des enjeux de durabilité et de transparence dans l’arbitrage du CIRDI - Sanchez, Matthias Jean Cyril (Université de Montréal, 2024)
Il est un fait peu contestable que le développement durable, en tant que sujet d’actualité mondiale, prend une place de plus en plus centrale des discussions ayant cours dans un monde de plus en plus industrialisé et globalisé. Dans cette nouvelle ère où les défis environnementaux, économiques, sociaux, culturels ou encore climatiques se multiplient et se complexifient, il devient de plus en plus primordial d’axer les réflexions internationales vers un meilleur équilibre des croissances de chacun, le tout, en tenant compte des enjeux de durabilité. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrit le présent mémoire, axé sur la mise en lumière de l’importance des enjeux environnementaux et de transparence à travers les procédures et les jurisprudences de l’arbitrage du Centre international pour le règlement des différends relatifs aux investissements (CIRDI). Le présent argumentaire visera donc à apporter un éclairage nouveau sur les défis auxquels le CIRDI est confronté dans l’intégration des principes de développement durable et de transparence, notamment, dans ses décisions, à travers les implications des normes internationales sur le comportement des États et des investisseurs. Ce mémoire s'adresse ainsi principalement à ceux qui s'intéressent aux développements du droit international des investissements et de la durabilité des conséquences que ce dernier permet. Il vise aussi à contribuer au débat en proposant des recommandations concrètes permettant un alignement optimal des pratiques du CIRDI avec celles d’autres organes d’arbitrage nationaux et internationaux et avec les exigences de transparence et de durabilité.
Keywords: Arbitrage international; Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs); Business law; Centre international pour le règlement des différends relatifs aux investissements (CIRDI); Droit des affaires; Droit international; Droits humains; Durabilité; Développement durable; Human rights; International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID); International arbitration; International investment; International law; Investissement international; Sustainability; Sustainable development; Traité bilatéral d’investissement (TBI); Transparence; Transparency

Patentes de invenção, tecnologia e desenvolvimento : exploração local como requisito constitucional e legal das patentes - Vera, Maria Carolina Rezende (Universidade de São Paulo, 2024)
A transferência de tecnologia e a capacitação tecnológica no Brasil são temas relevantes para o debate jurídico nacional, considerando a condição brasileira como país em desenvolvimento. Nesse contexto, a exploração do objeto do direito de patente de invenção em território brasileiro, prevista no art. 68, § 1o, inc. I, da Lei no 9.279/1996, ganha importância. Ao configurar-se como um dos requisitos para o licenciamento compulsório, esse instituto contribui para o alcance das finalidades dos direitos de propriedade intelectual estabelecidas no art. 5o, inc. XXIX, da Constituição Federal de 1988, quais sejam: o interesse social e o desenvolvimento econômico e tecnológico. A partir da matriz constitucional dos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual, é possível identificar o trígono de finalidades traçadas pelo constituinte originário para esses direitos. Ademais, tais propósitos encontram-se ainda refletidos na Ordem Social brasileira, nos arts. 218 e 219 da Constituição Federal; pois são tarefas do Estado a promoção da inovação e da autonomia tecnológica. A Lei no 9.279/1996 guia-se pelos preceitos estatuídos na Carta Magna, concedendo proteção e privilégio temporário às invenções dotadas de novidade, atividade inventiva e aplicação industrial, nos termos do seu art. 8o. Destaca-se que a exclusividade só é justificada se estiver presente o contributo mínimo. Como é possível extrair dos textos legais, o Estado retira do mercado uma parcela de liberdade de atuação dos agentes econômicos, delegando a gestão privada dos bens a um só deles, com o objetivo de atingir a inovação. Por tais motivos, a legislação prevê uma ameaça aos titulares da patente que não explorem seus direitos dentro do país. A exploração no território brasileiro torna-se uma ferramenta à disposição dos países que não são desenvolvidos para o alcance da inovação. Assim, a presente dissertação propõe-se a relacionar o mecanismo da exploração local aos fins constitucionais e legais das patentes. Por meio de pesquisa qualitativa, aplicada, exploratória e bibliográfica e utilizando os métodos dedutivo e hipotético-dedutivo, este trabalho busca construir uma interpretação sobre a tensão entre acesso de agentes econômicos às tecnologias, exploração das patentes e garantia de exclusividade. O estudo observa que a exploração local é um recurso à disposição dos países em desenvolvimento para que se alcance a inovação e o desenvolvimento econômico e tecnológico. A atuação do Estado no domínio econômico, especialmente no campo dos direitos de propriedade intelectual, foi um recurso utilizado por países atualmente desenvolvidos para alcançar o atual estágio tecnológico em que se encontram. Por tal motivo, é possível que as nações em desenvolvimento utilizem o requisito da exploração obrigatória de patentes em território nacional para difundir avanços sociais, tecnológicos e econômicos. The transfer of technology and technological training within Brazil are relevant topics for the national legal debate, considering the Brazilian condition as a developing country. In this context, the local patent working requirement in Brazilian territory, provided for in art. 68, § 1, inc. I, of Law No. 9,279/1996, gains importance. By being one of the legal requirements for compulsory licensing, this institute contributes to the achievement of the purposes of intellectual property rights established in art. 5th, Inc. XXIX, of the Federal Constitution of 1988, namely: social interest and economic and technological development. From the constitutional matrix of Intellectual Property Rights, it is possible to identify the trigon of purposes traced by the original constituent for these rights. Furthermore, such purposes are still reflected in the Brazilian Social Order, in arts. 218 and 219 of the Federal Constitution; because it is the State\'s task to promote innovation and technological autonomy. Law no 9.279/1996 is guided by the precepts established in the Magna Carta, granting protection and temporary privilege to inventions endowed with novelty, inventive step and industrial application, under the terms of its art. 8th. It should be noted that exclusivity is only justified if the minimum contribution is present. As it is possible to extract from the legal texts, the State withdraws from the market a portion of the freedom of action of economic agents, delegating the private management of assets to one of them, with the objective of achieving innovation. For these reasons, the legislation poses a threat to patent holders who do not exploit their rights within the country. Exploration in Brazilian territory becomes a tool available to countries that are not developed to reach innovation. Thus, the present dissertation proposes to relate the mechanism of local working to the constitutional and legal purposes of patents. Through qualitative, applied, exploratory and bibliographic research and using deductive and hypothetico-deductive methods, this work seeks to build an interpretation of the tension between access of economic agents to technologies, patent local working and guarantee of exclusivity. The study notes that local exploration is a resource available to developing countries to achieve innovation and economic and technological development. The States action in the economic domain, especially in the field of intellectual property rights, was a tool used by currently developed countries to reach the current technological stage in which they find themselves. For this reason, it is possible for developing nations to use the requirement of mandatory exploitation of patents in national territory to disseminate social, technological and economic advances.
Keywords: Compulsory licensing; Desenvolvimento de tecnologia; Desenvolvimento econômico; Economic development; Exploração local; Innovation; Inovação; Licença compulsória; Local working; Patent; Patente de invenção; Technological development

المسؤولية الجزائية لمصفي الشركات التجارية - مرجي, نفيسة (Université Abd El Hamid Ibn Badis Mostaganem, 2024)
مــلخص مذكرة الماستر تحتل الشركات التجارية في العصر الراهن أهمية بالغة في بناء وتنمية اقتصاد الدول، بحيث أصبحت تشكل دعامة لاستقرارها الاقتصادي، ولقد حظيت باهتمام المشرع الجزائري فنظم حياة الشركة في مختلف مراحلها بداية من تأسيسها وتسييرها إلى غاية انقضائها . إن الشركة باعتبارها شخصا معنويا تتأسس وتباشر نشاطها لتحقيق الغرض الذي أنشئت من أجله، فإنها معرضة لانقضائها ولحلها لأي سبب من أسباب الانقضاء، فتنتهي الرابطة القانونية التي تجمع بين الشركاء وتدخل في مرحل التصفية

Recuperação extrajudicial : alienação de estabelecimento e inocorrência de sucessão - Filho, Oliveira; De, Paulo Furtado (Universidade de São Paulo, 2024)
Este trabalho tem por objetivo a análise da disciplina da alienação do estabelecimento empresarial na recuperação extrajudicial, especialmente quanto à ocorrência ou não da sucessão do adquirente nas obrigações do alienante. As normas que ensejam a sucessão do adquirente, durante o período de normalidade econômica, buscam proteger os credores, mas contêm desincentivos à celebração do negócio, que tendem a ser ainda maiores num cenário de crise do alienante, diante da perspectiva de que não lhe sobrarão bens bastantes para honrar suas obrigações. Diante disso, a disciplina da alienação do estabelecimento empresarial, na recuperação judicial e na falência, expressamente eliminou a sucessão do adquirente, atraindo maior número de interessados, com a maximização do valor dos ativos e a perspectiva de continuação da atividade, em benefício dos interesses sociais e econômicos que gravitam em torno da empresa, em especial dos empregados, fornecedores, consumidores e o Fisco. Mesmo após o advento da reforma operada pela Lei no 14.112/2020, contudo, não há, na disciplina da recuperação extrajudicial, uma norma clara afirmando a inocorrência de sucessão na alienação de estabelecimento empresarial. Isso explica a preferência pela recuperação judicial em detrimento da extrajudicial, uma solução mais simples, célere e barata para superação da crise do devedor, em benefício dele próprio, dos credores, stakeholders e do funcionamento da máquina judiciária. Daí porque o estudo da disciplina da sucessão na alienação do estabelecimento empresarial ganha especial importância. A depender de como ela for compreendida, o trespasse tanto poderá constituir instrumento de superação da crise e preservação da empresa (ainda que sob outra titularidade), ou ser completamente inviabilizado, em prejuízo dos interesses econômicos e sociais que poderiam ser por ele atendidos. This work focuses on the analysis of the Brazilian legal framework regarding the sale of business in out-of-court restructuring proceedings (known as extrajudicial restructuring), specifically concerning the occurrence or non-occurrence of debt succession from the debtor- seller to the purchaser (successor liability). The rules establishing successor liability for purchasers were drawn up to protect creditors during periods of economic normalcy. However, those rules contain disincentives to the business sale, which tend to be even greater during scenarios of crisis, given the debtors prospects of not having enough assets left to fulfil their obligations. In light of this, Brazilian regulation regarding business sale in judicial restructuring and bankruptcy proceedings explicitly exclude successor liability, attracting a greater number of interested parties, and maximizing asset value and the prospects of continuity for the business activity. All of this in benefit of the social and economic interests that gravitate around the company, especially employees, suppliers, consumers, and the Tax Authority. Nevertheless, even after the reform by Law No. 14,112/2020, there is no clear rule over extrajudicial restructuring stating the non-occurrence of successor liability in a business sale. This explains a preference for judicial over extrajudicial reorganisation, a simpler, faster, and less costly solution for overcoming the debtor\'s crisis, benefiting the debtor himself, the creditors, the stakeholders, and the Judiciarys functioning. Hence, the study of the regulation applied to successor liability in sales of business gains special importance. Depending on how this regulation is understood, the sale can either be a tool for overcoming crisis and preserving the company (even if under different ownership) or it can be made utterly unviable, damaging economic and social interests that could be protected by it.
Keywords: Alienação de estabelecimento; Alienação de unidade produtiva isolada (UPI); Business sale; Extrajudicial restructuring (Out-of-court reorganisation); Recuperação extrajudicial; Successor liability; Sucessão; UPI (Isolated Productive Unit) Sale

الحق في الحبس كضمان للبائع في عقد البيع - القادر, بركان عبد; ياسين, مهدي (جامعة مولود معمري تيزي وزو, 2024)
يتميز مجال العقود والالتزامات بأهم عنصر من وهو التقابل والتماثل في الحقوق والواجبات التي ترد على كل طرف، غير أنه من بين الحقوق التي يتمتع بها الطرف المتعاقد في حال تقاعس الطرف المتعاقد معه عن التنفيذ أو الامتناع عن ذلك، هو ممارسة الحق في الحبس سواءً كان الحابس بائعاً أو مشتري. يرد الحق في الحبس على كافة الأشياء التي تكون قابلة للحجز والتنفيذ، ولعل عدم قابليته للتجزئة يعد من أهم الخصائص التي تجعل منه ضمانة حقيقية للوفاء بالديون أو لأداء الالتزامات المتفق عليها بموجب العقد. يندرج الحق في الحبس ضمن الوسائل الدفاعية للدائن يلجأ إليها تجاه المدين، وفق ما نص عليها القانون من جهة، وما تم الاتفاق عليه في العقد من جهة أخرى، حيث يتطلب هذا الحق في وجوده توفر مجموعة من الشروط، ويترتب عن إعماله العديد من الآثار القانونية السارية على أطراف العلاقة التعاقدية، وينقضي بوسائل شتى تندرج من حيث الأهمية والأولوية في التطبيق بين الأصل والاستثناء.
Keywords: Bien immobilier; Bien meuble; Chose vendue; Créanciers; Droit accessoire; Droit de rétention; Exception d'inexécution; Exécution; Possession; Prix dû; Renonciation; Sûreté adéquate; التأمين الكافي; التنازل; الثمن المستحق; الحق التبعي; الحق في الحبس; الحيازة; الدائنين; الدفع بعدم التنفيذ; الشيء المبيع; العقارات; المنقولات; الوفاء

التضامن الصرفي في الأوراق التجارية - قلتة, محمد الأمين; بن شاعة, براهيم (Ibn Khaldun University of Tiaret, 2024)
يعد التضامن مبدأ من مبادئ القانون التجاري، وأحد أهم الضمانات التي يعتمدها قانون الصرف من أجل حصول حامل الورقة التجارية على قيمتها عند ميعاد استحقاقها، إذ يحق لهذا الأخير الرجوع على أي موقع أو على جميع الموقعين بكامل قيمة الورقة التجارية. تعد الأ وراق التجارية من وسائل الدفع التي تقوم مقام النقود في الوفاء، فهي تؤدي نفس الوظيفة التي تؤديها النقود، كما وأنها قابلة للتداول، ونظرا لأهمية هذه الأوراق في المعاملات التجارية ولكي تقوم فعلا مقام النقود في الوفاء فقد أحاطها المشرع الجزائري بمجموعة من الضمانات حماية للثقة والائتمان القائم بين التجار،ويعتبر التضامن الصرفي من أهم هذه الضمانات؛ إذ يحمي حامل الورقة التجارية ويشعره بالأمان والطمأنينة، والذي يجعل كل موقع عليها ضامنا للوفاء عند امتناع المسحوب عليه وبذلك يمكن للحامل الرجوع على الملتزمين الصرفيين منفردين أو مجتمعين والمطالبة بقيمة الورقة التجارية سواء كان ذلك في ميعاد استحقاقها أم قبل ذلك الميعاد، فكل موقع عليها يكون مسؤولا على وجه التضامن مع الملتزمين الآخرين Solidarity is one of the principles of commercial law, and one of the most important guarantees adopted by the exchange law in order for the holder of the commercial paper to obtain its value when it is due, as the latter has the right to recourse to any signatory or to all signatories for the full value of the commercial paper. Commercial papers are considered a means of payment that takes the place of money in fulfillment. They perform the same function that money performs, and they are also negotiable. Given the importance of these papers in commercial transactions, and in order for them to actually take the place of money in fulfillment, the Algerian legislator has surrounded them with a set of guarantees to protect trust and credit. existing between merchants, and exchange solidarity is considered one of the most important of these guarantees. It protects the holder of the commercial paper and makes him feel safe and reassured, which makes every signatory of it a guarantor of payment in the event of the drawee’s refusal. Thus, the holder can return to the exchange obligors individually or jointly and claim the value of the commercial paper, whether that is on its maturity date or before that date. Each signatory of it is responsible. In solidarity with other committed people.
Accepted: 2025-01-26T13:11:52Z

Taxpayer Confidentiality : implications of the tax secrecy provisions regarding illegal miners - Kgobe, Kgothatso (University of Pretoria, 2024)
Taxpayer confidentiality and its implications (if any), on illegal miners

Lessons for insolvency law from the emoluments attachment order experience - Grobler, Frederik (University of Pretoria, 2024)
Section 23(5) of the Insolvency Act poses an interesting challenge, namely vesting a portion of an insolvent’s post-sequestration income in the trustee of the insolvent estate without infringing on the insolvent’s constitutional rights. The income earned by the insolvent during sequestration is in general excluded from his estate and does not vest in the trustee, unless the Master determines that a portion of the insolvent’s income will not be required to maintain the insolvent and his dependents. In such a case, only the portion deemed to be surplus to requirements will be included in the insolvent estate and will vest in the trustee. The question of what role the insolvent’s income should play during the sequestration process, and therefore how section 23(5) should be interpreted and applied, has vexed the courts and numerous practical and constitutional issues arise. This study examines the application and shortcomings of section 23(5) during the administration phase of the sequestration process. It then explores the lessons learned during the recent constitutional scrutiny and subsequent amendment of the emoluments attachment process. Lastly, recommendations are made for possible law reform of section 23(5).

La responsabilité des administrateurs dans le régime de sanctions administratives pécuniaires en matière de protection de l’environnement - Wang, Si Bo (Université de Montréal, 2024)
With the adoption of the Act to amend the Environment Quality Act in order to reinforce compliance in 2011, the legislator came to establish a system of administrative monetary penalties for the protection of the environment. This new regime aims for a faster sanction that can be issued directly by the administrative power. This new sanction not only strengthens the applicability of the Environment Quality Act, but it also adds an additional burden to Quebec businesses. The objective of this thesis is to understand to what extent the system of administrative monetary penalties impacts the liability of administrators. To do this, we will first present the Environment Quality Act, which mainly governs the protection of the environment in Quebec, and above all describe the nature and objective of this system of administrative monetary penalties. Next, we will deal with certain aspects of this regime which have implications for administrator's liability. Finally, we will attempt to briefly introduce some of the observations we have made regarding the challenges and limitations of this administrative regime. Avec l’adoption de la Loi modifiant la Loi sur la qualité de l’environnement afin d’en renforcer le respect en 2011, le législateur est venu instaurer un régime de sanctions administratives pécuniaires en matière de protection de l’environnement. Ce nouveau régime vise une sanction plus rapide qui peut être émise directement par le pouvoir administratif. Cette nouvelle sanction renforce non seulement l’applicabilité de la Loi sur la qualité de l’environnement, mais elle ajoute en même temps un fardeau supplémentaire aux entreprises québécoises. L’objectif de ce mémoire est de comprendre dans quelle mesure le régime de sanctions administratives pécuniaires impacte la responsabilité des administrateurs. Pour ce faire, nous allons d’abord présenter la Loi sur la qualité de l’environnement qui encadre principalement la protection de l’environnement au Québec et surtout décrire la nature et l’objectif de ce régime de sanctions administratives pécuniaires. Ensuite, nous traiterons de certains aspects de ce régime qui entraînent des conséquences au niveau de la responsabilité des administrateurs. Finalement, nous tenterons d’introduire brièvement certaines remarques que nous avons tirées concernant les défis et limites de ce régime administratif.
Keywords: Administrateur; Administrative monetary penalty; Administrator; Monetary; Penalty; Responsabilité; Responsibility; Sanction administrative pécuniaire

Os fundamentos da não distribuição do dividendo obrigatório nas sociedades por ações - Valentim, Raphael Matos (Universidade de São Paulo, 2024)
A repartição do lucro entre os sócios é um dos eventos mais relevantes de uma sociedade empresária, tanto é assim que as sociedades por ações possuem uma regra de distribuição obrigatória de dividendos. Entretanto, existem limites juridicamente definidos para que esta distribuição não seja realizada em prejuízo de outros interesses tutelados pela lei. Dividida em duas partes e se valendo da metodologia analítica dedutiva, esta dissertação investiga as hipóteses de não distribuição do dividendo obrigatório aplicáveis para as companhias, identificando as situações que ensejam este não pagamento, bem como analisando criticamente os seus fundamentos e os limites quanto à sua utilização pelas companhias. A primeira parte se divide em dois capítulos, que tratam de conceitos gerais aplicáveis às sociedades, tais como a finalidade lucrativa, o lucro e o direito do acionista ao dividendo, tal qual a sistemática dos dividendos à luz das finanças corporativas. Os quatro capítulos que integram a segunda parte desta dissertação realizam uma avaliação crítica das hipóteses que autorizam o não pagamento do dividendo obrigatório. Durante a análise são realizadas propostas de interpretação do texto legal para solucionar eventuais lacunas existentes na lei com relação a cada uma das hipóteses analisadas, naquilo que possível dentro das limitações da pesquisa. Entre outros resultados, a pesquisa traz contribuições para diferenciar a incompatibilidade da situação financeira da companhia e a crise financeira, confrontando interpretação anterior, que relacionava a incompatibilidade com a iliquidez. A pesquisa também contribui para uma interpretação científica das novas disposições relacionadas à não distribuição do dividendo obrigatório, trazidas pela Lei n. 14.112/20 e pela Lei Complementar n. 182/21, que restringem o pagamento de dividendos. The allocation of profit among shareholders stands as one of the most significant events within a business entity. This is evident in the existence of a mandatory dividend distribution rule in joint-stock companies. Nonetheless, legally defined boundaries exist to prevent such distribution from occurring to the detriment of other interests protected by the law. Split into two parts and employing deductive analytical methodology, this dissertation investigates the scenarios where the mandatory dividend is not distributed in companies, identifying situations that warrant this non-payment and critically analyzing its foundations and limitations concerning its utilization by these companies. The first part comprises two chapters addressing general concepts applicable to corporations, such as profit purpose, earnings, shareholder right to dividends, and the dividend system in light of corporate finance. The second part, composed of four chapters, conducts a critical assessment of the scenarios permitting the non-payment of mandatory dividends. Throughout the analysis, proposals for interpreting the legal text are made to address potential gaps in the law regarding each of the examined scenarios, as far as possible within the research limitations. Among other findings, the research provides insights to distinguish between a companys financial incompatibility and financial crisis, challenging previous interpretations that linked incompatibility solely to illiquidity. Additionally, the study contributes to a scientific interpretation of the new provisions related to the non-distribution of mandatory dividends introduced by Law 14,112/20 and Complementary Law 182/21, which restrict dividend payments.
Keywords: Corporate law; Direito societário; Dividendos; Dividends; Joint-stock company law; Lei das sociedades por ações; Lucros; Non-distribution; Profits; não distribuição

The development of explicit deposit insurance schemes in selected countries in Southern Africa - Moloi, Mbakiso Ndumiso (University of Pretoria, 2024)
This dissertation explores the evolution of explicit deposit insurance schemes (EDIS) in Southern African countries. It emphasises the important role of banks in the economy and their vulnerability to failures despite prudential requirements and supervision. Financial safety nets are essential for failing banks, and deposit insurance is the primary mechanism to protect depositors and maintain financial system stability in the event of a bank's failure. Originating in 1933 with the establishment of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in the United States of America during the Great Depression, EDIS has become a global standard. Southern Africa, with its developing financial sector, faces many challenges including bank failures, causing depositors to lose funds. The region's high interconnectedness increases the threat of contagion if parent banks fail. The absence of deposit insurance raises the likelihood of fiscal authorities succumbing to political pressure to bailout failing banks during crises as seen during the 2007-09 Global Financial Crisis (GFC). The GFC prompted the International Association of Deposit Insurers and the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision to establish the Core Principles for Effective Deposit Insurance Systems. Issued in June 2009, these principles are used by jurisdictions as a benchmark for assessing the quality of their deposit insurance systems and identifying gaps in their deposit insurance practices. This research aims to evaluate international best practice standards for EDIS and extract lessons from the establishment of EDIS in the USA to address gaps in the implementation of deposit insurance schemes in Southern African countries. Examining ten Southern African countries, this research investigates varied progress in EDIS adoption. Case studies, particularly Zimbabwe as a pioneer of EDIS in the region and Namibia as a recent entrant, help to identify gaps and opportunities for enhancing deposit insurance frameworks in the region.

Rethinking Environmental Obligations in Corporate Insolvencies: What New Role for Lenders? - Ebegbodi, Daniel Onyeje (University of Calgary, 2024)
Environmental reclamation obligations are statutory mechanisms designed to regulate environmental protection by corporate entities. Bankruptcy laws on the other hand are meant to offer insolvent corporations an opportunity to reorganize their affairs, satisfy creditors claims and make a fresh start. In practice, the application of bankruptcy laws can undermine key environmental reclamation objectives, leading many to ask whether a corporation undergoing restructuring with significant outstanding environmental reclamation obligations should be able to commence bankruptcy proceedings to satisfy creditors’ claims? By employing the doctrinal and comparative research methodologies, this research interrogates that inquiry. It argues that, despite the importance of bankruptcy protection for corporations undergoing financial distress, environmental protection should be paramount. Although sustainable finance (SF) instruments have been deployed by banks to enable creditors to mitigate environmental concerns in their investments, the persistent recurrence of environmental reclamation issues in the oil and gas sector particularly during insolvencies, underscores the need for financial investors to strengthen their investment policies to reflect best practices providing the desired protection for the environment. The research finds that, although SF and environmental, social and governance (ESG) approaches, are commendable, they are insufficient in instilling adequate regulatory impact on the environment compared to judicial control offered by the courts. The thesis concludes that whilst judicial control mechanism is not without concerns, with government’s deliberate financial policy and judicial control to complement SF and ESG efforts, ESG and SF mechanisms can be strengthened to compel greater significant influence on best practices in lending.

Assimetria de poder juridicamente significativa : critérios e impactos na disciplina dos contratos empresariais. - Oliveira, Natália Marques de (Universidade de São Paulo, 2024)
O artigo 421-A do Código Civil justifica o afastamento da presunção de paridade e de simetria dos contratos empresariais mediante a presença de elementos concretos cujo teor, natureza e efeitos não são explicitados. A disposição é, via de regra, relacionada à possibilidade de intervir em contratos marcados pela assimetria de poder de barganha entre os contratantes. Dado que é natural que haja disparidade de poder entre as partes, eventual intervenção para conter ou sancionar os efeitos da liberdade contratual exercida no âmbito de uma relação obrigacional assimétrica apenas é justificada se comprometerem valores jurídicos, razão pela se compreende que nem todo desequilíbrio de poder é e deve ser juridicamente significativo. Portanto, propõe- se o conceito de assimetria de poder juridicamente significativa a partir da interpretação sistemática dos artigos 187, 421, caput e 421-A, caput do Código Civil. O objetivo do trabalho é investigar os critérios para qualificação das práticas contratuais derivadas da assimetria de poder juridicamente significativa, bem como seus impactos no cumprimento dos objetivos da disciplina jurídica aplicável aos contratos empresariais de promover segurança jurídica e confiança aos agentes econômicos. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, a análise foi realizada a partir de dois recortes, um geral e um específico. Como Recorte de Análise Geral, considerou-se os contratos da cadeia agroalimentar (agronegócio) firmados entre o elo produtor e o segmento a jusante. O Recorte de Análise Específico correspondeu aos contratos firmados entre os citricultores e as indústrias processadoras de suco de laranja. Como resultados, defende-se que é juridicamente significativa a assimetria de poder nos contratos empresariais quando dela resultam práticas contratuais pelas quais o agente com poder superior de barganha transfere, total ou parcialmente, custos e riscos incidentes sobre a operação econômica formalizada pelo contrato à parte com desvantagem negocial, sem que seja justificada, do ponto de vista da estrutura jurídica e/ou econômica do negócio, a ausência de contrapartida para assunção de referidos custos e riscos, comprometendo, ao menos potencialmente, o cumprimento da função socioeconômica imediata e mediata dos contratos empresariais. Ademais, a assimetria de poder juridicamente significativa compromete o cumprimento dos objetivos da disciplina jurídica de conferir segurança jurídica e confiança aos agentes econômicos atuantes em dado mercado, razão pela qual não é efetiva para lidar a contento com a problemática. A partir dos resultados, concluiu-se que são necessárias adaptações a nível de direito material e instrumental para endereçamento dos impactos da assimetria de poder juridicamente significativa, que devem ser objeto de pesquisas futuras. Article 421-A of the Civil Code justifies challenging the presumption of parity and symmetry in business contracts through the presence of concrete elements whose content, nature, and effects are not specified. This provision is generally related to the possibility of intervening in contracts characterized by an asymmetry of bargaining power between the parties. Given that there is naturally a disparity of power between the parties, any intervention to contain or sanction the effects of contractual freedom exercised within an asymmetric obligational relationship is only justified if it compromises legal values. Therefore, it is understood that not every power imbalance is, or should be, legally significant. Hence, the concept of legally significant power asymmetry is proposed based on the systematic interpretation of Articles 187, 421, caput in light of Article 421-A, caput of the Civil Code. The objective of this study is to investigate the criteria for qualifying contractual practices resulting from legally significant power asymmetry and to assess their impacts on the fulfillment of the objectives of the legal framework applicable to business contracts in providing legal certainty and trust to economic agents. To achieve the proposed objective, the analysis was conducted through two scopes, a general one and a specific one. As part of the general analysis, contracts within the agri-food chain (agribusiness) between the producer and the downstream segment were considered. The specific analysis focused on contracts concluded between citrus growers and orange juice processing industries. As a result, it is argued that power asymmetry in business contracts is legally significant when it leads to contractual practices by which the party with superior bargaining power transfers, either entirely or partially, the costs and risks associated with the economic operation formalized by the contract to the disadvantaged party, without the absence of consideration being justified from the perspective of the legal and/or economic structure of the business, thereby compromising the fulfillment of the immediate and mediate socioeconomic function of business contracts. Furthermore, legally significant power asymmetry undermines the achievement of the legal framework\'s objectives to provide legal certainty and trust to economic agents operating in a given market, which is why it is ineffective in adequately addressing the issue. The results led to the conclusion that adjustments are required within both substantive and procedural legal frameworks to tackle the problem effectively, which should be further researched.
Keywords: Assimetria de poder de barganha; Bargaining power asymmertry; Business contracts; Contractual freedom; Contratos empresariais; Função social do contrato; Liberdade contratual; Social function of contracts

Atribuição de contrapartida em dinheiro nas operações de incorporação e incorporação de ações no direito brasileiro : admissibilidade e limites à luz dos interesses dos acionistas. - Hebling, Julia Corrente (Universidade de São Paulo, 2024)
Esta dissertação parte da seguinte indagação: a contrapartida em dinheiro no âmbito das operações de incorporação e incorporação de ações é admitida no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro? Para responder a essa pergunta, o trabalho examina, em primeiro lugar, de que forma a continuidade das participações societárias insere-se na disciplina dessas operações, constatando que a transposição dos sócios da companhia incorporada (ou cujas ações são incorporadas) para a sociedade incorporadora é tradicionalmente encarada com um traço essencial dessa modalidade de reorganização societária. Nada obstante a essa concepção, o trabalho se dedica a analisar em que medida essas operações são compatíveis com o ordenamento jurídico societário brasileiro, com o propósito de identificar se há fundamentos jurídicos a respaldar a dispensa do princípio da continuidade das participações societárias. Nesse contexto, busca identificar os riscos decorrentes da admissibilidade de operações de incorporação com pagamento em dinheiro sob a perspectiva dos acionistas das companhias envolvidas, avaliando se, diante de tais riscos, as salvaguardas oferecidas pelo ordenamento jurídico societário vigente são suficientes para endereçá-los, assinalando os pontos em que a disciplina jurídica poderia ser aprimorada e a necessidade da imposição de determinados limites à realização dessas operações. This dissertation seeks to answer the following question: is cash consideration in a merger permitted under Brazilian law? In order to answer that question, this study first examines how the participation in the equity of the surviving corporation is traditionally viewed within the legal framework of these transactions, concluding that the passage of the shareholders from the merged company (or whose shares are merged) to the surviving company is seen as an essential feature of mergers. Notwithstanding this conception, this study is dedicated to analyze to what extent such kind of merger is compatible with the Brazilian corporate legal system, with the purpose of identifying whether there are legal grounds to support its admissibility. In this context, the dissertation seeks to identify the risks arising from the admissibility of cash as consideration in mergers from the perspective of the shareholders of the companies involved in such transactions, assessing whether, in light of such risks, the safeguards provided by the current corporate legal system are sufficient to address them, pointing out where the legal framework could be improved and the need to impose certain limits on carrying out these transactions.
Keywords: Admissibilidade de pagamento em dinheiro; Cash as consideration; Cash-out mergers; Exchange ratio; Incorporação; Incorporação de ações; Merger; Merger of shares; Relação de substituição

A relação entre as normas de direito societário e a lei de recuperação judicial e falência : plano dos credores, aumento de capital e direito de retirada - Lamas, Victor Nader Bujan (Universidade de São Paulo, 2024)
A Lei de Recuperação Judicial e Falência, após a reforma de 2020, permitiu que a maioria dos credores, organizados em assembleia, possam impor medidas à empresa em recuperação judicial e aos seus sócios, nos termos do art. 56, § 4o e seguintes. Embora diversas medidas possam ser adotadas pelo plano dos credores, como é o caso das determinações de aspecto exclusivamente patrimonial e a alteração da administração da empresa em recuperação judicial, algumas providências não podem ser impostas sem que haja a anuência dos sócios, nos termos da legislação societária, como é o caso da fusão, incorporação e transformação. A capitalização dos créditos em recuperação judicial, inclusive com a alteração de controle, é expressamente admitida pela Lei de Recuperação Judicial e Falências, o que enseja, em determinados casos, o exercício do direito de retirada pelos sócios do devedor. O cálculo do recesso para fins de exercício do direito de retirada deve ocorrer mediante um critério exclusivamente patrimonial, sem que seja permitido que os sócios retirantes possam se valer da expectativa de lucratividade futura da sociedade no cálculo do valor da empresa para fins de recesso. O crédito decorrente do direito de retirada possui natureza extraconcursal e não se sujeita aos efeitos da recuperação judicial. Seu pagamento, entretanto, deve ocorrer de maneira compatível com a preservação da empresa, mediante a utilização de um percentual dos resultados futuros, sem que seja possível a venda de ativos da empresa em recuperação para pagamento dos sócios retirantes.
Keywords: Aumento de capital; Capital increase; Classification of credits; Classificação dos créditos; Direito de retirada; Judicial recovery plan; Judicial rehabilitation; Recuperação judicial; Right of withdraw; plano dos credores

Dano informacional no mercado de valores mobiliários - Ronco, Felipe dos Santos (Universidade de São Paulo, 2024)
Ao acessar o mercado de valores mobiliários, atribui-se às companhias emissoras um dever de sempre informar, a tempo e modo, seus respectivos investidores, sejam eles atuais ou futuros, de modo a assegurar que todas as informações por elas divulgadas ao mercado, de forma voluntária ou obrigatória, sejam fidedignas. A despeito do efeito que possa produzir na decisão individual do investidor, a informação sempre terá um impacto na própria cotação dos valores mobiliários, uma vez que considerado seu ambiente de negociação (i.e., o sistema de pregão) e as forças de oferta e demanda do mercado. O efeito da informação na expectativa individual do investidor será irrelevante para a formação dos preços dos valores mobiliários, devendo o efeito do ilícito informacional ser apurado a partir de todo o conjunto de operações realizadas em bolsa. O dano informacional deve, assim, ser compreendido a partir da violação do interesse juridicamente tutelado do investidor nas informações prestadas pela companhia emissora, tendo em vista os efeitos que essas informações são capazes de produzir diretamente na cotação dos valores mobiliários. When accessing the securities market, issuers have the duty to inform, in a timely manner, their investors, whether current or future, in order to ensure that all information disclosed to the market, whether voluntarily or obligatory, is reliable. Regardless of the effect it may have on the investor\'s decision, the information will always have an impact on the price of the securities itself, once considered their trading environment (i.e., the trading system) and the forces of supply and demand of the market. The effect of the information on the investor\'s individual expectations will be irrelevant to the formation of securities prices, since the effect of unlawful wrongdoing must be determined based on the entire set of operations carried out on the stock exchange. Informational damage must, therefore, be understood as the violation of the investor\'s legally protected interest in information provided by the issuer, considering the effects that the information produces directly on the price of securities.
Keywords: Dano informacional; Dever de informação; Duty to inform; Informational damages; Investidor; Investor; Mercado secundário; Secondary market

O propósito específico nas sociedades empresariais - Andrade, Alexandre Soares (Universidade de São Paulo, 2024)
As sociedades de propósito específico (SPEs) não configuram um tipo societário próprio, mas sim mera categoria eficacial autônoma. A investigação histórica do instituto evidencia raízes desde os tempos romanos, tendo reverberado, ainda, nos arranjos típicos do período medieval e nas codificações oitocentistas, revelando sua essência como uma necessidade comercial da vida prática de separar patrimônios em função de um propósito específico, com projeções internas e externas que foram moldadas ao longo do tempo para viabilizar a consecução de empreendimentos de alto risco e promover o desenvolvimento econômico. No Brasil, está presente desde o Código Comercial de 1850, tendo sido adotada por diversas legislações esparsas ao longo dos últimos séculos para as mais diversas funções, servindo como mola propulsora ao desenvolvimento econômico. Como categoria eficacial autônoma que é, goza de flexibilidade para ser aplicada a qualquer tipo societário, modulando os efeitos típicos que lhes são assegurados aos seus ordenamentos societário, patrimonial e da atividade em função do propósito específico almejado. Não por outro motivo, seguindo o que nos parece ser a melhor técnica, o legislador tratou sua previsão normativa expressa no dispositivo de que trata do objeto social, restringindo-o em função de um propósito específico. Aos aplicadores do direito, diante do desenvolvimento histórico do instituto de seus efeitos, cabe saber distingui-los e aplicá-los, de modo a assegurar a efetividade da categoria em nosso ordenamento jurídico e o desempenho de sua função socioeconômica moldada ao longo de tantos anos.
Keywords: Activity structure; Asset structure; Autonomous efficacy category; Categoria eficacial autônoma; Corporate structure; Modulation of effects; Modulação de efeitos; Ordenamento da atividade; Ordenamento patrimonial; Ordenamento societário; Propósito específico; Sociedade de Propósito Específico (SPE); Special Purpose Entity (SPE); Specific purpose

A mobilização de acionistas nas companhias abertas : interessados, finalidades e instrumentos - Fritz, Maximilian Kiderlen (Universidade de São Paulo, 2024)
Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a mobilização de acionistas para as assembleias gerais de acionistas das companhias abertas. Em caráter preliminar, são traçadas algumas premissas sobre o direito de voto, o princípio majoritário, o absenteísmo dos acionistas nas assembleias gerais e algumas considerações sobre dispersão acionária e certos aspectos das minorias societárias. Em seguida, dedicam-se algumas seções aos interessados na mobilização dos acionistas, que podem ser múltiplos e incluem o próprio controlador ou o bloco de referência da companhia, a administração da companhia, os acionistas minoritários na manifestação mais comum da mobilização , e outros interessados que podem consistir em empregados, credores ou membros da sociedade em geral. Feitas essas considerações, a dissertação trata das finalidades jurídicas mais comuns buscadas com a mobilização dos acionistas como, exemplificativamente, a própria convocação das assembleias gerais, tomada das contas, deliberação sobre as demonstrações financeiras, destinação de resultados, eleição de membros do conselho de administração, instalação e eleição dos membros do conselho fiscal, a responsabilização do controlador ou dos administradores e certos eventos que diluem a participação acionária dos acionistas. Por fim, a dissertação trata de alguns instrumentos disponíveis no ordenamento jurídico que podem ser utilizados para a mobilização dos acionistas, como as assembleias digitais ou híbridas, o boletim de voto a distância, a representação de acionistas, o pedido público de procuração, o pedido de lista de acionistas, as mídias sociais, os voting advisors, o empréstimo de ações e o usufruto de ações. This work aims to analyze the mobilization of shareholders for general shareholders\' meetings of publicly traded companies. Preliminarily, some assumptions and premises are outlined regarding the right to vote, the majority principle, shareholder absenteeism at general meetings, and considerations on share dispersion and certain aspects of minority interests. Subsequently, several sections are dedicated to the stakeholders involved in mobilizing shareholders, which may include the controlling shareholder or the company\'s reference block, the company\'s management, minority shareholders in the most common form of mobilization and other interested parties that may consist of employees, creditors, or members of society in general. With these considerations in mind, the dissertation addresses the most common legal purposes sought with the mobilization of shareholders, such as, for example, convening general meetings, approval of financial statements, determination of results allocation, election of members of the board of directors, installation and election of members of the fiscal council, holding the controller or administrators accountable, and certain events that dilute shareholders\' equity participation. Finally, the dissertation discusses some legal instruments available that can be used for shareholder mobilization, such as digital or hybrid assemblies, distance voting bulletins, shareholder representation, public proxy solicitation, shareholder list request, social media, voting advisors, stock lending, and share usufruct.
Keywords: Acionistas minoritários; Assembleias gerais; Companhias abertas; Corporate governance; Corporate law; Direito societário; General meetings; Governança corporativa; Minority shareholders; Mobilização de acionistas; Publicly traded companies; Shareholder mobilization

Anotações sobre a agregação de credores em classes na recuperação judicial de empresas. - Martins, Aline de Toledo (Universidade de São Paulo, 2024)
Este trabalho tem por objetivo a análise da agregação dos credores em classes no âmbito da recuperação judicial, de acordo com a Lei n. 11.101/2005, e os impactos procedimentais e principiológicos neles englobados, tais como: a aprovação do plano de recuperação judicial, a agregação dos credores em classes, o sistema de votação e os princípios da par condicio creditorum e da preservação da empresa, extraindo desta análise lacunas e mecanismos criados que possam ter como consequência o desvirtuamento do fim almejado, sendo ao final apresentadas premissas e hipóteses de limitação e aplicação prática da agregação para evitar práticas abusivas. Dessa forma, são apresentadas breves noções introdutórias e fundamentais sobre a recuperação judicial acompanhada pela apresentação dos conceitos básicos referentes ao plano de recuperação judicial e a divisão dos credores em classes, demonstrando as origens, objetivos e expectativas do estabelecimento das classes na forma apresentada na Lei n. 11.101/2005. Ainda, são objetos específicos de estudo, a análise de como a divisão de classes de credores interfere na votação do plano de recuperação judicial e como tem sido tratada a possibilidade da criação de subclasses como é o caso do credor estratégico - e os efeitos diretos e indiretos ao procedimento e credores envolvidos. Em seguida, tem-se como objetivo verificar, no âmbito legal, as disposições sobre o tema a exemplo do artigo 41 da Lei n. 11.101/2005 -, as consequências e os impasses verificados ao longo dos anos de vigência de referida lei que demandam atenção e alterações para que o tratamento aos credores no âmbito da recuperação ocorra de forma mais justa e adequada aos interesses de todos os envolvidos. Assim, serão expostas soluções alternativas para a melhor condução do procedimento da recuperação judicial em relação às classes de credores e subdivisões em busca de garantir e preservar o objetivo da recuperação judicial, sempre considerando os fatores econômicos, políticos e sociais que influenciam para a análise da viabilidade econômica da empresa e que estão sempre em constante modificação. This work aims to analyze the aggregation of creditors into classes within the scope of judicial reorganization in accordance with Law No. 11.101/2005, as well as the procedural and principled impacts involved, such as the approval of the judicial reorganization plan, the aggregation of creditors into classes, the voting system, and the principles of par condicio creditorum and preservation of the company. It aims to identify gaps and mechanisms that may lead to the distortion of the intended purpose and presents premises and hypotheses for limiting and practically implementing the topic to avoid abusive practices. Thus, this work presents brief introductory and fundamental notions about judicial reorganization by the presentation of basic concepts related to the judicial reorganization plan and the division of creditors into classes, demonstrating the origins, objectives, and expectations of the establishment of classes as presented in Law No. 11.101/2005. Furthermore, specific study objectives include analyzing how the division of classes of creditors affects the voting on the judicial reorganization plan and how the possibility of creating subclasses - such as strategic creditors - has been addressed and its direct and indirect effects on the procedure and involved creditors. Next, this work verifies the legal provisions on the topic - such as Article 41 of Law No. 11.101/2005 as well as the consequences and impasses observed throughout the years of the law\'s existence that demands attention and changes to ensure that treatment of creditors in the context of reorganization occurs in a more just and appropriate manner for all parties involved. Thereby, alternative solutions will be presented for better management of the judicial reorganization procedure regarding creditor classes and subdivisions to ensure and preserve the objective of judicial reorganization, always considering the economic, political, and social factors that influence the analysis of the company\'s economic viability, which are constantly changing.
Keywords: Classification of claims; Classificação de Créditos; Judicial Reorganization; Par condicio creditorum; Recuperação Judicial

Aspects of substantial compliance and strict compliance as applied to demand guarantees - Sikobi, Nkanyiso (University of South Africa, 2024)
Demand guarantees are essential for purposes of commerce and are used to secure the performance of the contractor. South African courts have held that demand guarantees are akin to letters of credit. Despite the independent nature of demand guarantees to the underlying contract, in circumstances where the beneficiary has made a fraudulent claim, the guarantor may dishonour the demand or claim. South African courts have indicated that if the underlying contract is illegal, courts may intervene by granting an interdict to stop payment under the guarantee. The South African law recognises traditional guarantees (often called suretyship) where the beneficiary, when making a demand or claim, must demonstrate liability on the part of the contractor. There are instances where courts have held that guarantees were of a nature akin to suretyship. In South Africa, parties entering into a demand guarantee contract are subject to the common law of contract. The Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees, adopted by the International Chamber of Commerce, are only applied by explicit reference in the demand guarantee failing which such rules do not apply. Non-implementation of these rules has resulted in rigorous litigation in the recent years on this subject-matter. A demand must be supported by documents and require strict conformity. However, strict compliance with the prerequisites of the demand guarantee has not been applied consistently in South Africa. South African courts have recently been applying substantial compliance, in certain circumstances finding that a term in a guarantee is just directory and not obligatory. Furthermore, on many occasions, courts have deviated from strict compliance holding that a term in a guarantee does not make commercial sense thus such term is not mandatory. In this way, courts apply the most business-sensible interpretation when interpreting demand guarantees.
Keywords: Autonomous; Beneficiary; Contractor; Demand guarantees; Demand or conditional guarantee; Documentary letters of credit; Employer; First written demand; Fraud and illegality exception; Guarantor; Independence; Performance guarantees; Security for performance; Strict compliance; Substantial compliance; Suretyship; Underlying contract; Uniform rules for demand guarantees

The legal framework regulating the duties of insurance intermediaries - Sithole, Eugine (University of Pretoria, 2024)
In South Africa, before the Financial Advisory and Intermediaries Services Act (FAIS Act) and other insurance laws came into existence, intermediary services regarding the rendering of insurance products have always been regulated by the law of agency and mandate. This means that the Roman-Dutch principles provided for the standards to which the conduct of intermediaries was to comply with when rendering insurance services. The mandate of intermediaries in terms of the Roman-Dutch Principles also included the fact that they had to act with care, skill and in good faith. When the FAIS Act came into operation, it introduced several detailed rules and minimum standards for insurance intermediaries to comply with, and these minimum standards are not limited to qualifications, experiences and characteristics of honesty and integrity that an intermediary must comply with, but they also stipulated in detail what an intermediary must do when discharging insurance intermediary duties. The FAIS Act is the leading legislation when it comes to the regulation of intermediary services. The FAIS Act, under section 16, provides for a General Code of Conduct for Authorised Financial Services Providers and their Representative (GCC), which contains a set of rules that are applicable to all intermediaries. These rules under the GCC are aimed at ensuring that insurance customers are provided with material facts that will enable them to make a prior informed decision and that their reasonable financial needs concerning insurance products will be carefully considered so that they can be provided with a product that will be suitable to satisfy their needs. Furthermore, in terms of South African laws and practices, intermediaries play an essential role in the creation of legally binding insurance contracts. Insurance businesses are concluded through intermediaries. Considering that many insurance companies are juristic persons, and they can only conduct business by means of human agents, insurance laws make it compulsory for intermediaries to have skills, knowledge, and experience regarding insurance products that they are rendering to insurance customers. It is commonly believed that intermediaries with skills, knowledge and experience, they always act in the best interest of the client, and they ask relevant questions to assist the clients to disclose all material facts, and they always make sure that material facts are clearly communicated/disclosed to the insurer and insured to avoid future conflicts. The legal framework placed a duty on the intermediary to assist the insured to disclose all material facts and to explain all clauses contained in the insurance contract which may lead to the insurer repudiate its liability. Furthermore, an intermediary is at all material times expected to first consider the financial situation of the potential insured before determines a cover that will be best suitable for the insured’s needs. However, despite the best guidelines outlined by applicable insurance laws and regulations, mistakes are still being made by intermediaries, which lead to insurance customers to suffer the consequences of impractical intermediary services, and that has resulted in numerous complaints, legal disputes, debarments, and other regulatory actions. As a result of intermediaries’ continuous misconduct, insurers have been repudiating claims, and it has created a presumption that insurers conduct businesses to enrich themselves instead of protecting the interests of their customers as required by regulating legal framework. Therefore, so many people have lost confidence in the insurance industry due to unlimited court cases and complaints arising from misconduct or omissions of intermediaries, such as their failure to disclose material facts to the parties. Once it is found that material facts were not fully disclosed between the insurer and insured, both parties would have been deprived of their right to make an informed decision before consenting or signing a legally binding contract. Therefore, a need is created for intermediaries to be educated of their legal duties when rendering insurance services and that will help strengthen or restore the confidence of the public towards insurance industry.

The duty of bank confidentiality and the safeguarding of financial privacy - Ahmed, Kousar Bibi (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2024)
Abstract available in PDF.
Keywords: Banks and privacy; Customer confidentiality; Duty of confidentiality; Protection of personal information

Corporate mergers: a comparative analysis of the Italian and American legal systems - Carboni, Ludovica (LUISS Guido Carli, 2024)
Mergers in the Italian and European legal system. The Italian legal landscape for mergers. Applicable regulations. Stages of the merger process. The first phase: the merger plan. The second phase: the merger resolution. The third phase: the merger deed. The protection of creditors. The invalidity of the merger. The FIAT-Chrysler merger. Evolution of the legal nature of mergers in the Italian legal system: legislative and jurisprudential perspectives. The extinguishing-successory orientation. The evolutionary–modifying orientation. Court of cassation ruling no. 2637 of 2006. Return to the extinguishing-successory orientation: judgement no. 21970/2021. Debate surrounding judgement 21970/2021: criticism and support. Mergers in the American legal system. The American legal landscape for mergers. The evolution of the US corporate law of mergers. Sources of corporate law. The merger process. Economic motives for mergers. Steps of the merger procedure. The merger plan. Merger between parent and subsidiary or between subsidiaries. Articles of merger. Effects of merger. Abandonment of a merger or share exchange. The ExxonMobil merger. Comparative analysis of the Italian and American legal systems. Historical and constitutional influences on Italian and American legal systems. Differences and similarities in the merger process. Comparison of FIAT Chrysler and ExxonMobil mergers.

The protection of executory contracts in restructuring proceedings - Dejoux-Pasdeloup, Lea Francoise Paulette (Mikolas Romeris University, 2024)
This thesis focuses on the relationship between contract law and corporate insolvency law as it investigates the idea and protection of executory contracts within restructuring proceedings. However, preserving these agreements frequently necessitates taking legal action against established contract law tenets like the freedom of contract and the duty to perform. The study looks at how difficult it can be to keep debtor and creditor interests in balance, especially when there are disruptions brought on by insolvency. The study suggests ways to improve the efficacy of restructuring proceedings by analysing the EU Directive on restructuring and insolvency, contrasting practices in various jurisdictions, and evaluating the impact on stakeholders. The goal of this study is to protect the rights of all parties involved in corporate restructuring while advancing the creation of legal frameworks that facilitate effective restructuring.
Keywords: Creditor; Cross-border Insolvency; Darbuotojai; Debtor; Employees; Insolvency; Kreditorius; Nemokumas; Restructuring proceedings; Restruktūrizavimo bylos; Skolininkas

The Influence of Corporate Sustainability Laws on Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives to Eliminate Forced and Child Labour in Supply Chains - Fanou, Temisan (McMaster University, 2024)
An array of governance initiatives has emerged to address forced labour and labour exploitation in global value chains (GVCs). Drawing on the transnational business governance interactions theoretical framework, as well as Timothy Bartley’s place-conscious transnational governance model, this thesis examines the interaction between two of these hybrid forms of governance: multi-stakeholder initiatives and corporate sustainability laws. I conduct a case study of the cocoa sector, and specifically of the multinational company, Nestlé, using multiple qualitative research methods including legal analysis, key informant interviews, and documentary analysis. My research suggests that the layering of corporate sustainability laws, and particularly the French Duty of Vigilance Law, on top of CSR and MSIs in the cocoa sector, is not addressing the governance gap that permits corporations to evade accountability for human rights abuses in their supply chain. I find that the introduction of corporate sustainability laws may have contributed to a decrease in Nestlé's efforts to address labor violations in certain areas, while in others, it appears to have supported the continuation of existing practices. This raises implications for the continuous efforts in various jurisdictions to introduce these laws as a solution to the shortcomings of private, voluntary rule-making systems. Further research is required to explore how these governance mechanisms are interacting in other sectors, in companies of different sizes, and within various types of MSIs. This will help identify the factors that influence interactions and shed further light on the path forward for policymakers.

La relación cooperativa entre las grandes empresas y la Administración Tributaria - Guerrero Pappalardo, Alba Mª (Universidad de Sevilla, 2024)

Squaring up with workplace bullying - Naidoo, Natashia (University of Pretoria, 2024)
Workplace bullying is not considered a form of harassment that is commonly acknowledged nor does it attract specific legislative protection. The aim of this mini-dissertation is to ascertain the degree to which victims of workplace bullying are protected by South African labour legislation and whether other measures are necessary to ensure that employees are adequately protected. A comparative analysis between South Africa and the United Kongdom's legislative frameworks that governs workplace violence and harassment and, by implication, bullying is a critical aspect of this mini-dissertation.

Taxing the digital economy: Options available for African countries - Oluwatuyi, Oluwasikemi (University of Victoria, 2024)
Tax authorities have always assessed and enforced taxes based on the physical address of businesses over the years. Nevertheless, the idea of tax jurisdiction has taken on a new meaning with the development of information and communication technology, and its profound impact on every facet of human existence – including but not restricted to trade and business. This development has undoubtedly increased capital mobility, especially in corporate form, and exposed more the weaknesses in national tax laws by enabling the artificial relocation of important economic components and potential exemption from taxes. Since it is getting harder to separate the digital economy from the rest of the economy for taxation reasons, the process of digitalization has emerged as one of the primary growth drivers. This expansion, together with aggressive tax planning strategies used by multinational enterprises (MNEs) to move revenues to low-tax jurisdictions and the development of business models requiring less physical presence, has increased the workload for tax administrators; furthermore, it has reduced governments’ capacity to raise funds in the traditional manner. In this regard, I assess how “adequate” the selected African countries’ frameworks are vis-à-vis the ongoing OECD and UN negotiations. Beyond the consultations, I call for a more inclusive and Africanised approach and the need for African countries to improve their tax administration mechanisms.
https://hdl.handle.net/1828/20312
Keywords: Digital economy; International taxation; OECD; Tax

Desenvolvimento Profissional e Afiliação à Ordem dos Contabilistas na Guiné-Bissau: Motivações e Desafios - Sambú, Luís (Instituto Politécnico de Santarém, 2024)
Objetivo: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender as motivações que levam os contabilistas acreditados da Guiné-Bissau a se afiliarem à Ordem dos Contabilistas, bem como identificar e compreender as barreiras enfrentadas pelos contabilistas que não são afiliados, com o intuito de propor estratégias que incentivem a afiliação e promovam o desenvolvimento profissional do contabilista no país. Método: Foi utilizada uma abordagem qualitativa. Entrevistas semiestruturadas foram conduzidas com contabilistas acreditados e não acreditados para explorar suas percepções e experiências. A análise de conteúdo foi empregada para interpretar os dados, destacando as motivações para a afiliação e as barreiras enfrentadas pelos não afiliados. Resultado: Os resultados demonstram que os contabilistas acreditados entrevistados não consideram a existência de barreiras. Já os contabilistas não inscritos na ordem mostram-se motivados para se inscreverem na ordem, uma vez que isso lhes permite ter acesso à formação contínua e alcançar estatuto como profissionais de qualidade. Contribuição: A contribuição desta pesquisa consiste em enriquecer o estudo da profissionalização da contabilidade. Igualmente, irá contribuir para uma melhor compreensão do estado da profissão contabilística na Guiné-Bissau. Além disso, dada a inexistência de literatura sobre o tema, este estudo irá ajudar a aumentar o conhecimento das difíceis situações com que os contabilistas acreditados e não acreditados se deparam no exercício das suas funções na Guiné-Bissau.
Keywords: Afiliação; Desafios; Desenvolvimento profissional; Guiné-Bissau; Motivaçoes; Ordem dos contabilistas

Recesso contratual e o exercício inadmissível de posição jurídica - Cañada, Eduardo Gomes (Universidade de São Paulo, 2023)
O direito civil admite a extinção voluntária e unilateral de certas relações contratuais. A esse fenômeno genericamente considerado pode ser dado o nome de recesso contratual, ou em vernáculo, denúncia e resilição. Subjacente a esse nome há três espécies de negócios unilaterais, com tipicidade quanto aos pressupostos, efeitos e meios de controle do direito potestativo que os fundamenta. A hipótese é a de que o abuso do direito (ou exercício inadmissível de posição jurídica, na figura parcelar do venire contra factum prorium, por intermédio da boa-fé) é o meio de correção de injustiças que escapam aos esquemas tipicizantes do exercício de poderes de acordo com a ideia intermediária de espécies de recesso. A noção de inadmissibilidade é semanticamente aberta e decorre da impossibilidade da lei ou dos negócios jurídicos regularem todos os comportamentos possíveis dos sujeitos de direito, demandando um juízo corretivo preter legem. Porém, essa delimitação é consequência, primeiramente, dos fundamentos, pressupostos e do exercício regular do negócio de recesso (em seus respectivos tipos). Em seguida, é possível analisar a abusividade do recesso em três frentes possíveis e apresentar as depurações dogmáticas que a proibição do venire contra factum proprium pode oferecer para a solução dos casos concretos. The Civil Law allows the voluntary and unilateral termination of certain contractual relationships. This phenomenon can generically be called recesso, or denunciation and resiliation. Underlying this name, there are three types of unilateral acts, typical in terms of the premises, effects and means of controlling the potestative right on which they are based. The hypothesis is that the abuse of the right (or the inadmissible exercise of a legal position, in the partial figure of venire contra factum prorium, through good faith) is the means of correcting injustices that escape the typical schemes of the exercise of powers according to the intermediate idea of species of recesso. The notion of inadmissibility is semantically open and stems from the impossibility of the law or legal transactions regulating all the possible behavior of the subjects of law, requiring a preter legem corrective judgment. However, this delimitation is a consequence, firstly, of the foundations and premises and the regular exercise of the terminations act (in their respective types). It is then possible to analyze the abusiveness of withdrawal on three possible fronts and present the dogmatic perfectioning that the prohibition of venire contra factum proprium can offer for the solution of specific cases.
Keywords: Abuse of rights; Abuso do direito; Boa-fé; Contract; Contrato; Good faith; Recesso; Termination

Critical analysis of the institutional framework governing the agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area - Lehlongwa, Thulane Charlo (Stellenbosch University, 2023)
The African Continental Free Trade Area as a flagship project of Agenda 2063 represents renewed attempts by the African Union to drive the continent closer to its economic integration ambitions, which can be formally traced back to the adoption of the African Declaration on Cooperation, Development, and Economic Independence, and later the Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community. Building on these frameworks, the AfCFTA seeks to, amongst others, advance intra-African trade by creating a single market for goods and services facilitated by the movement of persons, promoting sustainable and inclusive socio-economic growth, creating a liberalised market for goods and services, and promoting industrial development. Central to the attainment of the objectives of the AfCFTA is a well-functioning and effective institutional framework at a continental, regional, and national level all well-integrated to facilitate and oversee its implementation. The strengthening of regional and continental institutions to effectively lead and drive Africa’s transformation agenda has also been recognised by Agenda 2063 as a key enabler to this end. The demise of previous African integration efforts has mainly been attributed to the weakness of regional and continental organs to be able to effectively oversee and administer the implementation of continental programmes by the countries. This thesis appraises the institutional framework established to oversee the implementation, administration, facilitation, and monitoring of the AfCFTA, and this is considered against the broader African Union institutional framework and the regional economic communities. Although vastly different, the thesis further considers the experience and best practices from the European Union regional integration model to draw lessons and with a view to reforming and integrating African continental and regional bodies to be able to effectively oversee key initiatives including the AfCFTA. Finally, the thesis considers some of the work already initiated by the AU to review and reconfigure the extant continental bodies and then recommends some key interventions to reinforce and better integrate the institutional framework of the AfCFTA with the existing continental and regional frameworks.
Keywords: AfCFTA; African Continental Free Trade Area; Dispute resolution; Economic integration; Free Trade; International economic relations

Essai sur les justifications et les flexibilités du droit des brevets - Tanguay, Danoé (Université de Montréal, 2023)
Ce mémoire porte sur l’usage particulier des flexibilités du droit des brevets en matière de technologies vertes. Bien que les études empiriques concernant les effets du droit des brevets sur l’innovation en matière de technologies vertes soient peu nombreuses et que les effets du droit des brevets sur l’innovation en général soient incertains, la justification du brevet comme incitatif à l’innovation semble encadrer les réflexions sur l’usage des flexibilités du droit des brevets. Ce constat nous sert de porte d’entrée pour explorer la relation évolutive des justifications et des flexibilités du droit des brevets. Dans un premier temps, nous étudions l’évolution du droit des brevets, en mettant l’accent sur comment il a été justifié et comment les premiers régimes étaient modulés en fonction du contexte social dans lequel ils s’inscrivaient. Dans un second temps, nous observons l’influence de la justification dominante du droit des brevets, soit la fonction d’incitatif à l’innovation, sur l’interprétation des flexibilités prévues dans l’Accord sur les ADPIC et le discours les concernant. Cette étude met en lumière que les mêmes justifications ont fondé des régimes différents, notamment dans l’espace accordé aux flexibilités, et montre que cette place a été restreinte au fil du temps. Nous concluons en avançant que l’étude de l’usage des flexibilités des brevets en matière de technologies vertes reste à ses débuts. Plus d’études empiriques sur le sujet sont nécessaires et celles-ci doivent entrer en dialogue avec les fonctions autres du droit des brevets que celle de l’incitatif à l’innovation.
Keywords: Accord sur les ADPIC; Brevets; Droit de la propriété intellectuelle; Flexibilités du droit des brevets; Histoire du droit de la propriété intellectuelle; Intellectual property; Intellectual property law; Justifications du droit des brevets; Justifications of patent law; Patent law flexibilities; Patents; TRIPs

Patente, mercado e abuso: considerações a partir das patentes de medicamentos - Inácio, Gabriel Felipe Nami (Universidade de São Paulo, 2023)
Este trabalho buscou investigar as dimensões das patentes no mercado, sobretudo no âmbito de medicamentos essenciais, à luz de suas funções socioeconômica e concorrencial. O problema que se buscou investigar é o seguinte: quais são os possíveis impactos das patentes de medicamentos no mercado? A hipótese explorada foi a de que as patentes de medicamentos podem servir de instrumentos de consolidação de poder econômico na medida em que podem se prestar a moldar a estrutura de mercado e, com isso, contribuir para um cenário de desequilíbrio de poder econômico e um mercado tendente à concentração. Para que essa hipótese pudesse ser explorada, foi preciso, primeiro, investigar as premissas estruturais das patentes, com o intuito de verificar a natureza jurídica do instituto, os requisitos de patenteamento e de que forma a proteção das patentes aos medicamentos foram fruto de uma opção política internacional. Na sequência, investigou-se as principais funções que as patentes exercem, notadamente a função social, econômica e concorrencial. Indispensável, nesse ponto, foi traçar a correlação entre as funções das patentes, especialmente a função concorrencial, e o interesse público. A partir disso, foi possível perceber que as patentes de medicamentos essenciais podem moldar a estrutura de mercado e, embora tenham claras limitações e devam servir ao interesse público, podem gerar custos informacionais, de acesso e de inovação, sendo passíveis de criarem distorções de mercado que podem inviabilizar o acesso à saúde. As patentes e esses custos apresentam direta relação com o desenvolvimento econômico. Em razão disso, é preciso que o exercício do direito de patente (que não é e tampouco deve ser considerado abusivo per se) seja analisado à luz do cumprimento das funções socioeconômica e concorrencial que exercem. É preciso, ainda, avaliar em que medida os custos que esse exercício produz suplantariam os benefícios sociais decorrentes da tecnologia patenteada. A partir dessas investigações, observou-se que a legislação atual conta com alguns mecanismos que visam dar cumprimento a essas funções, como é o caso do abuso de direito e da licença compulsória. O abuso de direito mediante o exercício das patentes pode ser classificado de acordo com o grau dos interesses envolvidos, o que influencia diretamente na consequência e no remédio a ser utilizado. Observou-se, também, que o abuso de patente se desenvolveu de tal modo que se tornou, inclusive, estratégia de defesa, como é o caso da chamada patent misuse. Por sua vez, o licenciamento compulsório se apresenta como uma solução temporariamente eficaz, muito embora historicamente o uso do licenciamento compulsória tenha ocorrido timidamente. Estes instrumentos, contudo, não são suficientes, de forma que a criação de alternativas que, a um só tempo, viabilizem o acesso à saúde e criam outros incentivos ao investimento em P&D por parte dos agentes econômicos se afigura essencial. This paper sought to investigate the dimensions of patents in the market, especially in the field of essential medicines, in the light of their socio-economic and competitive functions. The problem we sought to investigate is the following: what are the possible impacts of drug patents on the market? The hypothesis explored was that drug patents can serve as instruments for consolidating economic power insofar as they can be used to shape the structure of the market and thus contribute to a scenario of unbalanced economic power and a market tending towards concentration. In order to explore this hypothesis, it was first necessary to investigate the structural premises of patents, to verify the legal nature of the institute, the patenting requirements and how the protection of patents on medicines was the result of an international political choice. Next, the main functions that patents perform were investigated, particularly their social, economic, and competitive functions. At this point, it was essential to analyze the correlation between the functions of patents, especially the competitive function, and the public interest. From this, it was possible to see that patents on essential medicines can shape the market structure and, although they have clear limitations and should serve the public interest, they can generate informational, access and innovation costs, which can create market distortions that can make access to health unfeasible. Patents and these costs are directly related to economic development. For this reason, the exercise of patent rights (which are not and should not be considered abusive per se) must be analyzed in the light of the fulfillment of their socio-economic and competitive functions. It is also necessary to assess the extent to which the costs produced by this exercise outweigh the social benefits derived from the patented technology. Based on these investigations, it was observed that current legislation has some mechanisms aimed at fulfilling these functions, such as the abuse of rights and compulsory licensing. The abuse of rights through the exercise of patents can be classified according to the degree of the interests involved, which directly influences the consequence and the remedy to be used. It was also observed that patent abuse has developed to such an extent that it has even become a defense strategy, such as patent misuse. For its part, compulsory licensing appears to be a temporarily effective solution, although historically the use of compulsory licensing has been timid. These instruments, however, are not enough, so the creation of alternatives that, at the same time, enable access to health and create other incentives for investment in R&D by economic agents is essential.
Keywords: ABUSO DE PODER ECONÔMICO; Abuse of economic power; Abuse of power; Abuso de poder; Industrial property; Market; Medicamentos; Medicine; Mercado; Patentes; Patents; Propriedade industrial

The impact of exchange platforms on the security of European markets - D'Alessandro, Francesco (LUISS Guido Carli, 2023)
Exchange platforms listed on European markets: financial contamination? The Luna collapse: present-day exposé. Aògorithmic stablecoins. The Luna project and the Terra ecosystem. Legal framework of a billion-dollar scam. Class action lawsuits. National and European implications of such actions. Misleading advertising (binance's liability) and culpa in eligendo. Exchange platforms listed on European markets: financial contamination? Parallels between shares and cryptocurrency investments: lack of transparency giving rise to bubbles. InvestVoyager case study. FTX case study. Positive law and new horizons. DeFi self-regulation: AML compliance and exchange platforms. The proposal of MiCA regulation (markets in crypto-assets). Payment systems directive 2 (PSD2). Directive 2009/110/EC on e-money. Potential solutions (proposals). External audit of smart contracts: a comprehensive examination-technical and legal perspectives. Digital euro. Establishment of a national or European commission: risks for consumers and comparative research. Regulation of exchanges and enforcement of transparency obligations.

Le statut juridique du marchand en droit camerounais et en droit québécois - Akoumou Ndjomo, Jeanne Laure (Université de Montréal, 2023)
Ce mémoire analyse la place juridique du marchand dans les sociétés camerounaise et québécoise. Le droit a toujours cherché à catalyser les activités des marchands en régulant l’accès à leur profession, en contrôlant leurs activités et en leur imposant de nombreuses obligations. La préoccupation des législateurs québécois et camerounais vis-à-vis de l’entité qu’est le marchand est palpable, les nombreuses lois mises sur pied pour encadrer ce personnage en témoignent. Le droit camerounais et le droit québécois abordent le sujet du marchand de façon différente. Nous verrons que dans l’appellation et dans le régime applicable à cette entité, le législateur québécois et son homologue camerounais se retrouvent la majorité du temps aux antipodes l’un de l’autre, mais il arrive parfois que leurs règles présentent des similitudes. Les nombreuses règles mises en place par les législateurs pour réguler les actions du marchand vont nous amener à examiner l’importance que ce dernier a au sein de la société. Conscients du pouvoir que le marchand peut avoir, les législateurs n’ont-ils pas fixé un grand nombre de règles par peur que ce dernier abuse de ce pouvoir ? Cette interrogation nous mènera au dernier volet de ce mémoire qui consistera à analyser les rapports de forces entre le marchand et les consommateurs premièrement, et entre le marchand et l’État en seconde place. L’intérêt de cette recherche est en premier lieu juridique évidemment. En effet, au cours de notre étude, nous verrons des notions telles que la commercialité et ses éléments constitutifs et nous ouvrirons le débat sur son utilité et sa désuétude. Nous aborderons également le rôle joué par le commerçant dans le processus de globalisation du droit et la création d’un droit post-moderne. En plus d’avoir un intérêt juridique, ce sujet révèle également un intérêt socio-économique car il nous amènera à aborder la notion de « commerçant de fait », une entité apparue à cause de la précarité économique et sociale à laquelle la majorité des pays africains fait face. This study analyzes the legal place of the merchant in Cameroonian and Quebec societies. The law has always sought to catalyze the activities of merchants by regulating access to their profession, controlling their activities and imposing numerous obligations on them. The concern of Quebecer and Cameroonian legislators concerning the merchant is palpable, the large number of laws put in place to regulate this character testify to it. Cameroonian law and Quebec law approach the subject of the merchant in different ways. We will see that in the calling and in the regime applicable to this entity, the Quebecer legislator and its Cameroonian counterpart find themselves most of the time at opposite ends, but sometimes it happens that their rules present similarities. The rules put in place by legislators to regulate the actions of the merchant will lead us to examine the importance that the latter has within society. Aware of the power that the merchant can have, haven't the legislators set a large number of rules for fear that the latter will abuse this power? This question will lead us to the last part of this study which will consist in analyzing the balance of power between the merchant and the consumers first, and between the merchant and the State in second place. The interest of this research is obviously primarily legal. Indeed, during our study, we will see notions such as commerciality and its constituent elements and we will open the debate on its usefulness and its obsolescence. We will also discuss the role played by the merchant in the process of globalization of law and the creation of post-modern law. In addition to having a legal interest, this subject also reveals a socio-economic interest because it will lead us to approach the notion of "commerçant de fait", an entity that appeared because of the economic and social precariousness to which the majority of Africans countries faces.
Keywords: Cameroonian law; Commerçant; Consommateur; Consumer; Corporate Social Responsibility; Droit camerounais; Droit post-moderne; Droit québécois; Globalisation du droit; Globalization of law; Marchand; Merchant; Notion d'entreprise; Notion of enterprise; Post-modern law; Quebec law; Responsabilité sociale des entreprises; Theory of commerciality; Théorie de la commercialité; Trader

توحيد قواعد قانون التجارة الدولية في إطار المنظمات الدولية الحكومية - حواس, عشوي; محند, زايد (جامعة مولود معمري تيزي وزو, 2023)
يتطلب توحيد قواعد قانون التجارة الدولية جهودا ووسائل معتبرة، الأمر الذي جعل المنظمات الدولية الحكومية هي التي تتكفّل بهذه المهمّة. وتنقسم هذه المنظمات الدولية الحكومية إلى منظمات دولية عالمية، ومنظمات دولية إقليمية. اتبعت هذه الأخيرة أساليب متعددة للتوحيد، من اتفاقيات دولية وقوانين نموذجية وقوانين موحّدة. وأمام تعدّد أساليب التوحيد هذه، يجب اختيار الأسلوب الأكثر ملاءمة لضمان فعّالية عملية التوحيد. لكن، رغم الجهود المبذولة من قبل هذه المنظمات، فإنها لم تصل إلى التوحيد الكلّي لهذه القواعد، وذلك بسبب اختلاف الأنظمة السياسية والاجتماعية للدول، فلم يشمل التوحيد إلاّ بعض مجالات القانون. كما بقيت القواعد الموحدة صعبة التطبيق لاختلاف تفسيرها من جهة، ولقلّة خبرة القضاة والمحكّمين في هذا المجال من جهة أخرى. L'unification des règles du droit du commerce international nécessite des efforts et des moyens considérables, ce pourquoi cette tâche a été confiée aux organisations gouvernementales internationales. Ces organisations intergouvernementales sont divisées en organisations internationales mondiales et organisations internationales régionales.Ces dernières ont suivi de multiples méthodes d’unification, notamment des accords internationaux, des lois types et des lois unifiées.Face à ces multiples méthodes d’unification, il faut choisir la méthode laplus appropriée pour garantir l’efficacité du processus d’unification. Cependant, malgré les efforts déployés par ces organisations, elles ne sont pas parvenues à une unification complète de ces règles, en raison des différences entre les systèmes politiques et sociaux des pays. L'unification n'a porté que sur certains domaines du droit. Les règles unifiées restent également difficiles à appliquer en raison de leurs interprétations différentes d'une part, et du manque d'expérience des juges et des arbitres dans ce domaine, d'autre part.

O impacto da Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre Contratos para Venda Internacional de Mercadorias (CISG) nas empresas portuguesas: aplicação e cláusula de opt-out. - Domingues, Ana Rita Pereira (Universidade do Porto, 2023)
A cada um dos vários Estados que compõem a comunidade internacional; corresponde um sistema jurídico, económico, político e social único e próprio. É possível identificar semelhanças, mas também diferenças entre cada um deles. O fenómeno da globalização estabelece cada vez mais pontos de ligação entre o panorama jurídico económico dos países que promovem as transações internacionais e que contactam diretamente com as consequências da globalização. Assim, destaca-se a importância do conceito de “multilateralidade” quando nos referimos a contratos e/ou convenções internacionais e do qual a Convenção de Viena (nome pelo qual a CISG é também conhecida), é exemplo e objeto do presente estudo. A presente dissertação junta as áreas do Direito e Economia Internacionais na análise da Convenção da Nações Unidas sobre Contratos para Venda Internacional de Mercadorias (CISG) e do seu impacto nos processos de internacionalização das empresas portuguesas. Tendo a CISG entrado em vigor em Portugal no dia 1 de outubro de 2021, em plena situação pandémica, pretende-se perceber se as empresas portuguesas têm conhecimento deste novo regime jurídico, se o mesmo está a ser aplicado, ou se as empresas optaram por afastar a sua aplicação, ao abrigo da cláusula de opt-out, que a Convenção prevê no seu artigo 6º.
Keywords: Aplicação; CISG; Comércio; Contratos; Empresas; Internacionalização; Mercadorias; Multilateralidade; Opt-out; Transação internacional

Les baux commerciaux à l'épreuve des circonstances exceptionnelles : cas du covid-19 - Ayinon, Alida (Université Grenoble Alpes, 2023)
Notre étude consistera à explorer les différents mécanismes à envisager par les locataires pour faire face à leur obligation de paiement des loyers commerciaux pendant la crise, partant bien sûr du droit covid-1911au droit traditionnel ou existant avant ladite crise. Il est à noter ici que les mesures prises par le gouvernement français dans la gestion de la crise n’ont pas eu pour vocation dans la majorité des cas de se substituer au droit existant, tel est le cas du droit des contrats. Les deux régimes étant complémentaires, en absence de réponse de l’un, l’on peut se tourner vers l’autre. Il convient de rappeler également qu’une analyse théorique ou générale du régime du bail commercial ne sera pas nécessaire car l’objectif poursuivi par ce sujet est d’examiner la règlementation législative, jurisprudentielle voire doctrinale en matière de bail commercial pendant la crise sanitaire afin de cerner leurs enjeux sur le paiement des loyers commerciaux.
Keywords: Baux commerciaux; COVID-19; Droit des affaires

Attaining effective and speedy resolutions of unfair dismissal disputes in Lesotho: An explorarion of possible lessons from South Africa - Ntaitsane, Mamolefi Anacletta (National University of Lesotho, 2023)
National Manpower Development Secretariat
Keywords: Labour dispute; Lesotho; Resolution mechanisms; Unfair dismissal disputes

التجارة الالكترونية بين الواقع والتحديات في الجزائر في ظل تطور استخدام تكنولوجيا المعلومات والاتصال - بغداد, عبد القادر; بن زيدان, الحاج (Ibn Khaldun University of Tiaret, 2023)
تهدف دراستنا الى التعرف على ظاهرة التجارة الالكترونية التي اصبحت حقيقة واقعية انتشرت بصورة كبيرة في وقت قصير، مع إيضاح مكانة التجارة الالكترونية في الجزائر مع تحديد و معرفة أهم التحديات والعوائق التي تواجه الجزائر في استخدام هذه التجارة. رغم ما ذكر آنفا ، نجد ان الجزائر قطعت شوطا كبيرا في تبنيها لهذه التجارة الحديثة ، فقد اتخذت مؤخرا إجراءات عدة في جميع الميادين بغية تدعيم استخدام التقنيات الحديثة ومسايرة التحولات التكنولوجية من اجل تبني التجارة الالكترونية وتذليل العقبات ووضع استراتيجيات وسياسات وطنية للتقدم العلمي والتأهيل المؤسساتي والقانوني من اجل النهوض بالاقتصاد الوطني . توصلت الدراسة الى ان ضعف تمويل التجارة الالكترونية يفرض على الجزائر تشجيع مساهمة القطاع الخاص والمشترك في تمويل هذه التجارة ، تكييف القواعد القانونية الحالية وهذا ما يمثل الهدف الأساسي للقانون 18-05 المتعلق بالتجارة الالكترونية ، الذي سمح بضمان أمن التجارة الالكترونية ، مما يسمح بتنشيط وتحفيز المؤسسات لاقتحام هذا النشاط والارتقاء بمستوى التعاملات التجارية الالكترونية Our study aims to identify the phenomenon of E-commerce , which has become a realistic reality and has spread widely in a short time, with an explanation of the status of E-commerce in Algeria, while identifying and knowing the most important challenges and obstacles facing Algeria in the use of this trade. Despite what was mentioned above, we find that Algeria has come a long way in adopting this modern trade. It has recently taken several measures in all fields in order to support the use of modern technologies and keep pace with technological transformations in order to adopt E-commerce and overcome obstacles and develop national strategies and policies for scientific progress and institutional and legal rehabilitation from for the advancement of the national economy. The study concluded that the weakness of financing E-commerce requires Algeria to encourage the contribution of the private sector and the participant in financing this trade, adapting the current legal rules, and this represents the main objective of Law 18-05 related to E-commerce , which allowed ensuring the security of E-commerce, which allows stimulating and stimulating institutions To break into this activity and raise the level of electronic commercial transactions.
Keywords: Commerce électronique; Enjeux du commerce électronique en Algérie; Paiement électronique; Technologies de l'information et de la communication; التجارة الإلكترونية; الدفع الالكتروني; تحديات التجارة الالكترونية في الجزائر; تكنولوجيا المعلومات والاتصالات

أساس المسؤولية الجزائية لجرائم الشركات التجارية - دحو, خديجة; دهلي, حبيبة (Ibn Khaldun University of Tiaret, 2023)
مسؤولية الشركات التجارية في الجانب الجنائي هي مفهوم قانوني يحدد امكانية مساءلة الشركات او المؤسسات التجارية جنائيا عن الجرائم التي ترتكب في اطار أنشطتها. تاريخيا كان يتم ملاحقة ومساءلة الأفراد جنائيا فقط عن افعالهم الاجرامية ومع طفرة قانون الأعمال وتزايد الوعي بضرورة مساءلة الشركات اصبحت مسؤولية الشركات التجارية جزائيا واقعا في العديد من البلدان. Corporate criminal liability is a legal concept that determines the possibility of holding corporations or commercial entities criminally accountable for crimes committed within the scope of their activities. Historically, only individuals were pursued and held criminally responsible for their criminal actions. However, with the evolution of business law and increased awareness of the need to hold corporations accountable, corporate criminal liability has become a reality in many countries Corporate criminal liability is based on the principle that a corporation can be considered an independent entity separate from its directors, employees, and shareholders. Therefore, if a criminal offense is committed within the company's operations, it can be prosecuted and tried independently of the individuals associated with it. The specific criminal offenses for which corporations can be held accountable vary according to national legislation, but they typically include acts such as fraud, bribery, money laundering, tax evasion, environmental violations, human rights abuses, forgery, unfair competition, and others. When a corporation is criminally prosecuted, it can face severe penalties, including hefty fines, asset seizure, dissolution of the
Keywords: Droit des sociétés commerciales; Personnes morales; Responsabilité pénale; الشخصية الاعتبارية; الشركات التجارية; المسؤولية الجنائية

تبني البنوك التجارية التقليدية للمعاملات المصرفية الإسلامية - زرفاط, خليدة; سوالمي, رحاب نور الهدى (جامعة ابن خلدون-تيارت, 2023)
تمثل البنوك التجارية الجزائرية المعبر الرئيسي للوساطة المالية والمصرفية في الاقتصاد الوطني، إذ تساهم بشكل كبير في أغلب المعاملات الاقتصادية داخل وخارج الوطن، وبالتالي فهي تساهم بعدة أدوار مهمة في التنمية الاقتصادية واستدامتها عبر الأجيال، قام ت الحكومة بإنشاء فروع ونواف ذ إسلامية للمعاملات المالية الإسلامية على مستوى هذه البنوك وطرح منتجات مصرفية إسلامية قرر ساعد على جذب المتعاملين بالسوق الموازية لضخ أموالهم بالبنوك الوطنية واستخدامها بصيغ تطبق احكام الشريعة الإسلامية، تعمل الصيرفة الإسلامية على نبذ الربا وتعزيز التكافل الاجتماعي والعدالة. إن استخدام مثل هذه الخدمات يهدف إلى تحقيق المشاركة في الأرباح والخسائر بين البنوك والزبائن. وفي دراستنا تبين لنا مدى تبني البنوك التقليدية الجزائرية للمعاملات المالية الإسلامية من خلال فتح نوافذ إسلامية تعمل وفق الشريعة الإسلامية لتحقيق رضا وإستقطاب الزبائن Algerian commercial banks represent the main catalyst for financial and banking intermediation in the national economy. They to contribute significantly the majority of economic transactions within and outside the country. Consequently, they play several crucial roles in economic development and its sustainability across generations. The government has established branches and windows for Islamic financial transactions in these banks and introduced Islamic banking products. This decision has helped attract participants in the parallel market to channel their funds into national banks and utilize them in accordance with Islamic law principles. Islamic banking aims to eliminate usury (riba) and promote social solidarity and justice. The use of such services aims to achieve profit and loss sharing between banks and customers. Our study has revealed the extent to which Algerian traditional banks have embraced Islamic financial transactions by opening Islamic windows that operate in accordance with Islamic law, aiming to achieve customer satisfaction and attract clients
Keywords: Commercial banks; Customer satisfaction; Financial transactions; Islamic Banking; Islamic windows

تحديات فرض الضرائب على معاملات التجارة الإلكترونية في الجزائر - مبخوت, رفيق; غول, حسين (Ibn Khaldun University of Tiaret, 2023)
لقد تطرّقنا في موضوع دراستنا على تحدّيات فرض الضّرائب على معاملات التّجارة الإلكترونية باعتبار موضوع التّجارة الإلكترونية من المواضيع الهامّة التي تلقى اهتماما كبيرا من قبل الكثير من الباحثين لما لها من انعكاسات على اقتصاديات دول العالم المتقدّمة والنّامية، حيث تعدّ إحدى النّظم الحديثة في إتمام وتنفيذ المعاملات التّجارية عبر شبكات الأنترنت. ولقد أسفرت دراستنا الميدانية في المركز الجواري للضّرائب دائرة السّوقر التي واجهت عدّة صعوبات لإخضاع المعاملات الإلكترونية بسب غياب قوانين والتّشريعات المتعلّقة بتنظيم الضّريبة الإلكترونية وغياب رقمنة القطاع وصعوبات تقنية تطبيق هذا النّوع من الضّرائب. هذا ما أوجب على الجزائر بذل مجهوداتها من أجل دعم وإرساء البنية التحتية للاتّصالات ومسايرة التّقدّم التّكنولوجي في العالم وتسليط الضّوء على القوانين والتّشريعات الجبائية الخاصّة بهذه التّجارة وسَنّها والعمل بها على أرض الواقع. In the subject of our study, we have addressed the challenges of imposing taxes on electronic commerce transactions, considering the issue of electronic commerce as one of the important topics that receive great attention by many researchers because of its implications for the economies of the developed and developing countries of the world, as it is one of the modern systems in the completion and implementation of commercial transactions. Via internet networks. Our field study resulted in the neighborhood tax center, in Sougueur Department, which faced several difficulties in subjecting electronic transactions due to the absence of laws and legislation related to the organization of electronic taxation, the absence of digitization of the sector, and the technical difficulties of applying this type of taxation. This is what required Algeria to exert its efforts to support and establish the telecommunications infrastructure, keep pace with the technological progress in the world, shed light on the laws and fiscal legislation related to this trade, enact them and implement them on the ground.
Keywords: Algeria; Algérie; Commerce électronique; Fiscalité; Internet; Taxe électronique; الأنترنت; التجارة الإلكترونية; الضريبة الإلكترونية; النظام الضريبي

حماية الغير في الشركات التجارية - محوز, العالية; سليمان, عائشة (Ibn Khaldun University of Tiaret, 2023)
تحتل حماية الغير المتعامل مع الشركات التجارية مكانة مهمة في القانون التجاري حيث كرس لها المشرع العديد من الأحكام والمبادئ القانونية التي تساهم في إستقرار المعاملات التجارية للشركات التجارية من جهة، والتي تدعم الثقة في معاملات الشركة مع محيطها الخارجي من جهة أخرى، وذلك نظرا للدور الذي يؤديه الغير في تطوير و إزدهار الشركة وتشجيع المتعاملين للإستثمار في هذا القطاع الاقتصادي المهم. قام المشرع بخطوات مهمة جعل من خلالها الغير يتدخل في حياة الشركة ونشاطها وذلك تخفيفا لآثار إعتبار هذا الغير عضوا خارجيا لا علم له بما يجري داخل الشركة التجارية، لكن تبني المشرع لأنظمة قانونية من أجل الغير لا يعني بلوغ النصوص القانونية هدفها الذي قررت من أجله . The protection of third parties dealing with commercial companies occupies an important place in the commercial law, as the legislator devoted many legal provisions and principles to it that contribute to the stability of commercial transactions of commercial companies on the one hand, and that support confidence in the company’s transactions with its external environment on the other hand, due to the role it plays Others contribute to the development and prosperity of the company and encourage customers to invest in this important economic sector. The legislator took important steps through which he made third parties interfere in the life and activity of the company in order to mitigate the effects of considering this third party as an external member who has no knowledge of what is going on inside the commercial company, but the legislator’s adoption of legal systems for the sake of third parties does not mean that the legal texts have reached their goal for which they were decided

The efficacy of commercial arbitration, law and practice Lesotho - Thethe-Chitja, Makabelo (National University of Lesotho, 2023)
The success of commercial arbitration law and practice is achieved as a result of several factors. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether efficacy of commercial arbitration, law and practice in Lesotho is hindered by the legal framework which does not conform to the United Nations Commission Trade Law on International Commercial Arbitration, UNCITRAL Model Law. Examining such other factors as support of the courts and government, the study specifically investigated the impact of lack of education about commercial arbitration for the business community and unregulated arbitrators on the efficacy of the commercial arbitration, law and practice in Lesotho. With the use of the desk reviews and interviews as data collection methods for this study, the evidence obtained has revealed that efficacy of the commercial arbitration, law and practice in Lesotho is hampered by the law which is outdated and inconsistent with the UNCITRAL Model law. As such, support for the mechanism by the courts has been found to be at stake or adversely affected. Lack of support from the government and that of awareness campaigns about the mechanism for the business community have also been noted for constraining the efficacy of the commercial arbitration, law and practice in the country. Further noticeable from the findings include limited commitment from the legal profession and unregulated arbitrators, both of which could have significantly obstructed the mechanism. The study thus concludes that there is an urgent need for law reforms and concerted commitment from the relevant stakeholders to help towards achieving efficacy of the commercial arbitration, law and practice in Lesotho.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Commercial Arbitration; Lesotho

O sistema de regulamentação contabilística e o relato financeiro na Guiné-Bissau - Candé, Mamadú (Instituto Politécnico de Santarém, 2023)
Esta dissertação analisa a evolução do sistema contabilístico da Guiné-Bissau, nomeadamente o processo de convergência do Sistema de Contabilidade da Organização para Harmonização do Direito dos Negócios em África (SYSCOHADA) com as normas internacionais de relato financeiro (NIRF). Pretende-se perceber em que medida os laços políticos e culturais influenciaram este processo de convergência no país, e ainda as ligações entre as dimensões culturais, sociais, económicas e financeiras, assim como as respetivas influências na fiscalidade, no ensino e na formação profissional, na organização da profissão contabilística, com base na classificação dos sistemas contabilísticos de Nobes (1998). A Guiné-Bissau é um país membro da Organização para Harmonização dos Negócios em África (OHADA), entidade responsável por edificar e oficializar as normas contabilísticas, que são aprovados através de ato uniforme que envolve dezassete países africanos, o que explica que seja influenciado ou influencie outros países membros daquela organização. Esta investigação contribui para a literatura no domínio da contabilidade e relato financeiro no continente africano, em geral, área ainda pouco explorada e pouco conhecida da comunidade académica, e da Guiné-Bissau, em particular, país independente desde 1973, depois de um período de vários séculos de existência como antiga colónia portuguesa.
Keywords: Contabilidade; Guiné-Bissau; ORNATOC; Relato financeiro; SYSCOA; SYSCOHADA; Sistema contabilístico; Técnicos Oficiais de Contas

UNCITRAL model law on electronic transferable records e prospettive di applicazione - Ambrosino, Alessia (LUISS Guido Carli, 2023)
UNCITRAL model law on electronic transferable records. Dalle esperienze precedenti all’approvazione della MLETR. Lo scopo e la struttura. Le disposizioni sul principio di equivalenza funzionale. Lo standard generale di affidabilità. Altre disposizioni sull’uso degli electronic transferable records. L’applicazione della model law. La necessità di una riforma: l’esperienza del Regno Unito. Trade documents. Possession problem e i “gateway criteria”. Impact assessment dell’electronic trade documents bill. La necessità di adeguare la legislazione italiana.

The protection of EU technological sovereignty in the area of foreign direct investments: legal challenges after the EU regulation 452/2019 - Vecchio, Giuseppe (LUISS Guido Carli, 2023)
EU’s competence over FDI: European technological sovereignty. Definition, origins, and scope of EU foreign investment law. EU competence over foreign direct investments. European technological sovereignty. Regulation 452/2019–screening mechanisms in national legislation with a focus of the Italian regime. Structure of regulation 452/2019. Implementation in national legislation. The screening regulation as a tool to enforce technological sovereignty. EU technological sovereignty in practice. First and second annual report on the screening of foreign direct investments into the Union. A first appraisal of the problematic interplay between FDIs and technological sovereignty.

Holding multinational corporations liable for their transnational environmental harms : a search for global liability - Roxburgh, Craig (Stellenbosch University, 2023)
For several decades, environmentalists have raised the alarm regarding the impending environmental catastrophe that results from the Anthropocene. Much attention has been given to the role that States play in contributing to ecological damage being wrought upon the Earth. However, we have only looked at the environmental destruction perpetrated by multinational companies (“MNCs”) in the past decade. Natural disasters like the Deepwater Horizon explosion have placed MNCs' dangerous impact on the environment in sharp relief. At the same time, revelations in the Carbon Majors Report and global litigation quantify the damage MNCs cause to the environment. Multinational companies (“MNCs), as a result of globalisation and trade liberalisation, are powerful entities within the global economy. Despite their size, MNCs remain primarily unregulated in international human rights law. Debates regarding who bears the duty for human rights intersect with a battle of political will between the Global North and Global South for developing binding human rights duties for MNCs. As a result, they can commit environmental harm, especially in the Global South, with relative impunity due to a lack of effective liability mechanisms. The doctrine of separate legal personality creates specific issues for holding MNCs liable for environmental harms in the Global South. Domestic courts in home States struggle to exercise jurisdiction over the environmental harms MNCs commit. In contrast, systemic barriers in host States create situations where victims are unable to seek redress within their State. To address these concerns, this thesis proposes a global liability regime founded on the principle of integrated regulation. This regime will utilise regulation at the institutional, national and international levels to enforce the environmental obligations of MNCs, rooted in the right to a healthy environment. This gives rise to multiple intersection human rights obligations which will regulate the behaviour of MNCs. This thesis recognises that such a framework requires a drastic reform in how the law and companies are conceptualised. However, such a reform would have wide-reaching implications for vindicating human rights violations.
Keywords: Corporations; Developing countries; Environmental law; Environmental protection; International business enterprises; International cooperation; Liability for environmental damages; Offenses against the environment

L'arbitrage à l'épreuve des procédures belges d'insolvabilité d'entreprises - Dantinne, Rouslan (Université de Liège, 2023)
Alors que deux entreprises sont liées par une convention d’arbitrage, une procédure d’insolvabilité est ouverte en Belgique à l’égard de l’une d’elles. De nombreuses questions émergent : L’instance arbitrale en cours doit-elle être suspendue ? Dans la positive, pourra-t-elle reprendre ? Les pouvoirs de l’arbitre sont-ils impactés ? L’instance n’a pas débuté, la validité de la convention d’arbitrage est-elle compromise ? La convention n’existe pas, les parties peuvent-elles la conclure ? L’entreprise en difficulté perd-elle sa capacité compromissoire ? Cette capacité est-elle transférée au praticien de l’insolvabilité ? La sentence a été rendue, peut-elle être exécutée ? Dans le présent exposé, nous mettons l’arbitrage à l’épreuve des procédures belges d’insolvabilité d’entreprises.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitrage commercial international; Arbitragem; Arbitraje; Arbitration; Faillite; Insolvabilité; Insolvency; Procédures d'insolvabilité; Réorganisation judiciaire

Integración de los solvencia por medios externos. Análisis de la doctrina y jurisprudencia - Acosta Plaza, José Marcos (Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2023)
Trabajo Fin de Máster en Auditoria Operativa, Supervisión Continua, Contabilidad y Control de Subvenciones y Contratos. Tutor: Dr. D. Francisco Javier Maraver Risco. El concepto de operador económico recogido en el artículo 2 , apartado 1, punto 10, de la Directiva 2014/24 debe debe de ser interpretado dentro de una concepción amplia (con distintas variantes) que supera el concepto formal de contratista y las opciones de sumar mediante Uniones Temporales de Empresa o acudiendo a la subcontratación.Tal interpretación es conforme con el objetivo de abrir los contratos públicos a la competencia más amplia posible que persiguen las Directivas en esta materia, en beneficio no sólo de los operadores económicos, sino también de los poderes adjudicadores. Vinculado a esta idea, en virtud del artículo 75 de la LCSP, todo operador económico que se presente a una licitación podrá acreditar la solvencia con medios externos independientemente de los vínculos existentes entre las empresas, ya se tratan empresas de un mismo grupo empresarial o empresas que no tengan vínculos societarios, para acreditar esta solvencia es preciso la aportación de un compromiso ( libertad de forma) en el que se haga referencia al contrato concreto al que se presta la solvencia y en el que se manifieste la puesta a disposición a favor del licitador de los medios de solvencia durante toda la ejecución del contrato, pudiendo ser integrada con medios externos cualquier tipo de solvencia ya sea económica-financiera o técnico- profesional no siendo preciso disponer de un mínimo de solvencia propia pudiéndose integrar toda ella por medios externos.

Les conséquences du changement climatique sur la solvabilité des compagnies d’assurance - Amimar, Clément (Université Lille 2, 2023)

Essor de l'aviation d'affaires : gestion et traitement sur les petites escales aéroportuaires françaises - Barbe, Emma (Aix-Marseille Université, 2023)

L'évolution du régime juridique des fonds marins: les enjeux environnementaux face à la perspective d’une exploitation minière - Bremaud, Coline (Aix-Marseille Université, 2023)
Depuis quelques années, la protection des Océans est au cœur des préoccupations de la communauté internationale. Le nouvel accord BBNJ adopté au mois de juin 2023 en est la dernière manifestation. L’autorité internationale des fonds marins, malgré un retard, est aussi en train de compléter son code minier avec une réglementation sur l’exploitation des minéraux marins. A travers de nombreuses études scientifiques, il a été reconnu que les grands fonds marins abritent une grande diversité d’habitats et d’espèces encore très peu connus. Néanmoins, de nombreuses lacunes, insuffisances et incertitudes persistent quant aux deux régimes en construction. De nombreux acteurs de la communauté internationale manifestent leurs inquiétudes et des voix de tous horizons plaident pour l’établissement d’un moratoire ou « d’une pause de précaution » sur les activités minières dans les grands fonds marins. D’autres voix à l’inverse, soutiennent une solution alternative, celle d’un temps plus long afin de ne pas adopter le projet de manière précipitée. Les questions de la clause des deux ans et du sort des demandes de plans de travail déposées avant l’adoption du projet sont actuellement discutées au sein de l’organisation. Pour résumer, l’Autorité internationale des fonds marins se trouve donc dans une position délicate, celle d’élaborer un droit d’anticipation pour des activités à venir, sans avoir toutes les données scientifiques pour élaborer le régime. Cette étude a donc pour volonté de mesurer les lacunes du droit en construction, ainsi que les solutions pertinentes pour y remédier afin de protéger l’environnement des fonds marins de la perspective de l’exploitation minière.
Keywords: Autorité internationale des fonds marins; BBNJ; Clause des deux ans; Droit maritime; Exploitation minière; Fonds sous-marins; Moratoire; Protection de l’environnement

La fin de non-recevoir de l'article L. 133-3 du Code de commerce - Bresson, Nicolas (Aix-Marseille Université, 2023)

La digitalisation du marché du Lloyd's - Dantec, Rémi (Aix-Marseille Université, 2023)

Faire commun dans une société coopérative et participative autogérée : la nécessité d’accords autour de la volonté collective - Defrance, Hugues (Université de Grenoble, 2023)
Ce mémoire de recherche porte sur l’observation de la mise en place d’un principes supérieur commun qui permet à une société coopérative d’avoir une existence propre en dépassant la somme des intérêts individuels. Cette existence propre permet l’expression d’une organisation autogérée. Pour réaliser cette observation, le cadre des « économies de la grandeur » développé par Luc Boltanski et Laurent Thévenot permet à travers les grilles d’analyse proposée dans leur ouvrage sur « De la justification » de définir dans quels principes supérieur communs se construisent les accords permettant l’expérimentation de cette organisation autogérée. Cette observation à été faite au sein d’une SCOP qui se réclame de cette forme d’organisation et la méthodologie employée est une analyse de discours. Cette observation permet de confirmer que le principe de la volonté collective attaché au modèle de la cité civique est le principe supérieur commun qui anime ce projet collectif autogéré.

L’assurance des risques de guerre dans le transport de marchandises par voie maritime - Forges, Grégoire (Université de Lille, 2023)

L'apport de la convention du Cap et de son protocole aéronautique dans le développement des financements internationaux portant sur des matériels d'équipements aéronautiques - Gachon, Nicolas (Aix-Marseille Université, 2023)

Intégration Euro-Méditerranéenne : enjeux juridiques et contractuels de la construction et de l'exploitation de la connexion fixe ferroviaire au Détroit de Gibraltar - Laaroussi, Mohamed (Aix-Marseille Université, 2023)

Représentant en douane enregistré - Leroy, Julia (Aix-Marseille Université, 2023)

Les navires d'Etat et navires de guerre - Marzolf, Ilona (Aix-Marseille Université, 2023)

Critical Review of the Adoption of the Uncitral Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration in Africa - Mboya, Rachael A. (University of Nairobi, 2023)
Accepted: 2024-09-28T07:32:41Z

Valorisation de l'expérience dans la formation des pilotes de ligne en France - Morel, Sébastien (Aix-Marseille Université, 2023)

L’encadrement juridique de la médiation dans l’espace OHADA : analyse critique de l’acte uniforme relatif à la médiation - Mukuamu, Prince (Université de Sherbrooke, 2023)
Aujourd'hui plus qu'hier, la médiation suscite l’intérêt tant des chercheurs, des praticiens, que des politiques. Cet intérêt se matérialise notamment par les différents cadres juridiques dont elle bénéficie dans plusieurs législations. Afin de promouvoir la médiation au sein de ses États membres, L’Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA) a adopté le 23 novembre 2017 un Acte Uniforme relatif à la Médiation (AUM). Après avoir adopté depuis plus de deux décennies un Acte uniforme sur l’arbitrage, l’organisation régionale confirme sa volonté de promouvoir les modes alternatifs de règlement de conflits dans le domaine du droit des affaires. Cependant, l’AUM est un instrument juridique particulier attendu qu'il est le premier de son genre à s’appliquer également aux domaines non encore régis par le droit OHADA. Toutefois, si la médiation tend à se développer de plus en plus, il convient de prendre garde à ce que cette évolution, notamment en ce qui concerne son encadrement légal, ne conduise pas à sa dénaturation. Voilà l’un des défis auquel est également soumis le législateur OHADA.
Keywords: AUM; Acte uniforme; MARD; Mediación; Mediation; Mediação; Médiateur; Médiation; OHADA

The concept of separate legal personality in South African company law: A critical examination of its origins, developments and current application - Myeni, Siphosethu (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2023)
Section 19(1) of the current Companies Act 71 of 2008 states that once a company is incorporated in accordance with this Act, it is considered as a juristic person and exists indefinitely until its name is removed from the companies register. It exists independently from its shareholders and controllers. This effect grants the company with characteristics of a natural person. This analogy implies complete independence of the company. However, this concept finds refuge from the English legal system and was later adopted by South African company law. This notion provides some legal protection to businesses and shields their owners from personal liability for the company's debts and commitments. Companies can use this to enter new markets, reduce their taxes, and take advantage of advantageous business environments. Furthermore, this doctrine promotes joint ventures and partnerships among enterprises from many countries, allowing them to share resources and risks. As a result, this allows international enterprises to benefit by conducting international transactions, expanding abroad, and entering contracts in foreign countries. However, like any other concept, it is susceptible to abuse. Individuals take advantage of it to benefit themselves. This is detrimental to the significance of this doctrine. This dissertation aims to look deeply into this concept, by examining its origins and influence throughout the years and during its current application in the South African legal framework and highlight instances where this doctrine will be set aside. This will be conducted by fully analysing Salomon’s case and the influence it has over current company law. More importantly, the author will further examine the significance of this doctrine in modern company law. This will be done by testing the application of this doctrine to modern corporations and challenges they face.

La mobilité aérienne urbaine : utopie ou réalité - Parisot, Romain (Aix-Marseille Université, 2023)

Les navires autonomes - Perreau, Emilie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2023)

Alliances maritimes : évolution et avenir - Pucciarelli, Clélia (Aix-Marseille Université, 2023)

Anti-Money laundering developments : A comparative appraisal - Schlebusch, Maria Elizabeth (Marlize) (University of Pretoria, 2023)
The objective of this study is to understand and explore the rapid pace at which ML has evolved and the global and local impact thereof.

The law applicable to an international commercial contract : a comparative study of private international law of contract in South Africa and South Korea - Setlhabi, Godiraona (University of Johannesburg, 2023)
Please refer to full text to view abstract.

La grande plaisance face aux sanctions internationales - Stratigéas, Loris (Aix-Marseille Université, 2023)
L’invasion de l’Ukraine par la Fédération de Russie le 24 février 2022 marque l’application de régimes de sanctions internationales économiques et financières aux navires de grande plaisance. Ce mémoire prétend décrire ces différents régimes de sanctions et expliquer avec une approche critique que l’application de certains régimes de sanctions aux navires de grande plaisance peut être remise en cause. Les mesures de gel et leur pendant (l’interdiction de mise à disposition de fonds ou de ressources économiques au profit de la personne ou entité sanctionnée) ont vocation à inciter un changement de comportement auprès de leur cible. Ainsi, cette étude vise également à montrer l’efficacité relative des mesures de gel de navires de grande plaisance dans la poursuite de cet objectif. The invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation on 24 February 2022 marks the application of international economic and financial sanctions to yachts. The subject aims to describe these different sanctions regimes and to explain critically that the application of some of them to yachts may be called into question. The freezing measures and their counterpart (the prohibition on making funds or economic resources available to the sanctioned person or entity) are intended to encourage a change in the behaviour of their target. This study therefore also aims to show the relative effectiveness of measures to freeze yachts in achieving this objective.
Keywords: Economic sanctions; Financial sanctions; International sanctions; Mesures restrictives de gel; Navires de grande plaisance; Restrictive freezing measures; Sanctions financières; Sanctions internationales; Sanctions économiques; Yachts

Choke point maritime : entre grands enjeux et risques majeurs - Urquizar, Andréa (Aix-Marseille Université, 2023)
Les choke-points maritimes sont des passages vitaux du commerce mondial empruntés chaque jour par un nombre impressionnant de navires. Bien que ces passages soient les piliers de nos routes maritimes, ils sont pourtant largement méconnus du grand public, mais aussi des acteurs du monde maritime. Ancré dans la mondialisation, beaucoup ne les résume qu’à de simples lieux de passages, or ils sont des artères économiques aux multiples facettes. Générateur de grands enjeux financier et diplomatique, ils présentent également des risques importants pour la navigation, tels que la piraterie ou le trafic d'armes. Enfin il est nécessaire le développement de routes alternatives pour soulager ces passages saturés par le trafic mondial, sans oublier la protection des océans et des espèces vivantes. Maritime chokepoints are vital passages in world trade, used every day by an impressive number of ships. Although these passages are the pillars of our maritime routes, they are largely unknown to the general public, as well as to those involved in the maritime world. Anchored in globalization, many people think of them as mere transit points, yet they are multi-faceted economic arteries. Generating major financial and diplomatic stakes, they also present major risks for shipping, such as piracy and arms trafficking. Last but not least, alternative routes need to be developed to relieve these passages, which are saturated by global traffic, not to mention the protection of oceans and living species.
Keywords: Choke-points; Commerce maritime; Maritime trade

تأسيس شركات المساهمة في التشريع الجزائري - يعقوبي, محمد (Ibn Khaldun University of Tiaret, 2023)
شركة المساهمة هي شركة أموال، لا يقل عدد شركائها عن سبعة شركاء يسمون بالمساهمين تتمثل حصصهم في الشركة بأسهم متساوية القيمة سهلة التداول لا يسأل هؤلاء عن ديون الشركة الا في حدود قيمة الأسهم التي اكتتبوا فيها، وكأي شركة وجب توفر الأركان الموضوعية العامة والخاصة والشكلية وإذا اختلف أحد هذه الأركان يعرضها للبطلان إما نسبي أو مطلق. وضع المشرع الجزائري طريقتين لتأسيس شركة المساهمة إما باللجوء العلني للادخار أو بدون اللجوء العلني للادخار أو بما يعرف بالتأسيس الفوري وتتميز المرحلتين بإجراءات معقدة، يقوم المؤسسون في كلتي المرحلتين بإعداد القانون الأساسي عن طريق جمعية عامة تأسيسية والمصادقة على الشروط المتفق عليها ووضع الشركة للجمهور قصد الاكتتاب فيها إذا ما لجأ المؤسسون لطريقة اللجوء العلني للادخار . أخيرا تسجيل الشركة في السجل التجاري كخطوة أخيرة من مراحل تأسيس الشركة. وأي مخالفة من شأنها تعطيل السير الحسن لتأسيس الشركة يعرضها للبطلان وتعدا المشرع البطلان إلا قيام مسؤولية مدنية وجزائية بتسليط عقوبات رادعة في حق المتخاذلين والمتعمدين في إفشال مشروع الشركة. A joint stock company is a company of funds, the number of its partners is not less than seven partners called shareholders whose shares in the company are represented by shares of equal value easy to trade, these are not responsible for the company's debts except within the limits of the value of the shares in which they subscribed, and like any company, we must provide the general, private and formal pillars, and if one of these pillars differs, it exposes it to invalidity, either relative or absolute. The Algerian legislator has developed two ways to establish a joint stock company, either by public resort to savings or without public resort to saving, or what is known as immediate incorporation, and the two stages are characterized by complex procedures, the founders in both stages prepare the basic law through a constituent general assembly, ratify the agreed terms and place the company for the public in order to subscribe to it if the founders resort to the method of public resort to savings, so that the company is finally registered in the commercial register as a final step of the company's establishment Any violation that may disrupt the proper functioning of the establishment of the com-pany exposes the company to invalidity and the legislator transgresses the nullity, except for civil and criminal liability to impose deterrent penalties against the negligent and deliberate in thwarting the company's project
Keywords: Création d'entreprise; Socitété par action; الإدخار; الإكتتاب

المسؤولية التضامنية في الشركة - ساعو, فريال; بايو, رانية (جامعة مولود معمري, 2022)
تعتبر المسؤولية التضامنية من الضمانات القانونية التي كرسها المشرع الجزائري لحماية الغير المتعامل مع الشركة، حيث تقوم على فكرة تقاسم الأعباء والديون بين الشركاء واتحاد ذمتهم المالية في سبيل تحقيق ذلك. تعتمد المسؤولية التضامنية على وجود الاعتبار الشخصي في الشركة، إذ أن الشركات القائمة على الاعتبار المالي يصعب تطبيق هذا النوع من المسؤولية عليها، بالنظر إلى اقتصار تحمل المسؤولية لدى الشريك بقدر الحصة المقدمة، على خلاف الشريك في شركات الأشخاص الذي يتحمل مسؤولية مطلقة، غير أن هذا القول لا يمنع تطبيق هذه المسؤولية على شركات الأموال بشكل نسبي في حالات محددة تتعلق بتواجدها ضمن وضعيات قانونية تستوجب إعمال المسؤولية التضامنية كما هو الشأن بالنسبة لبطلان الشركة وتصفيتها، أو بسبب حالات ترتبط بالمركز القانوني للشريك، الذي قد يتعرض عند مباشرته للنشاط في إطار الشركة إما للوفاة أو الانسحاب أو الإفلاس الأمر الذي يستدعي.
Keywords: Contrepartie personnelle; RSE; Responsabilité conjointe; Responsabilité sociale; Société en coentreprise; Société par actions; Société à responsabilité conjointe; Sociétés de capitaux; Sociétés personnelles; الاعتبار الشخصي; الشركة; المسؤولية الاجتماعية; المسؤولية التضامنية; شركات الأشخاص; شركات الأموال; شركة التضامن; شركة المحاصة; شركة المساهمة

La lutte contre la contrefaçon des vins français dans le commerce international - Dubois, Marie-Clémence (Université de Lille, 2022)
Keywords: Commerce international; Vin – Faux – Lutte contre

Les contrats de partenariats Public-Privé, un succès rapide dissimulant beaucoup de risques : le cas de l'aéroport international Blaise Diagne de Dakar - Badji, Henry Michel Kader (Université de Liège, 2022)
Le continent Africain, un territoire avec un grand potentiel ! Près de la moitié des 20 pays à la croissance la plus rapide au monde au cours des cinq dernières années sont localisés en Afrique. Les investisseurs sont attirés par, le coût faible de la main d’œuvre, la stabilité socio-politique mais aussi et surtout par le potentiel que représente l'urbanisation et l'importance croissante de la classe moyenne. Cependant, cette croissance économique pourrait être freinée par le manque d'infrastructures du continent (routes, voies ferroviaire, ports, hôpitaux de dernière génération etc.…). Les besoins en infrastructures en Afrique subsaharienne sont estimés à plus de 93 milliards de dollars par an au cours de la prochaine décennie, et seule la moitié est disponible aujourd’hui. Les partenariats public-privé (PPP) sont donc apparus comme une alternative pour ce déficit de financement constaté. Au Sénégal, le peu de projets financés jusqu’ici avec le modèle PPP ont suscité d’énorme débats publics. La population se pose beaucoup de questions sur les avantages et inconvénients de ce type de marché. Mais à ces différentes questions, le gouvernement apporte rarement de réponses persuasives. Notre étude de recherche se veut donc, d’identifier à travers la littérature sur les PPP, mais aussi en nous appuyant sur l’analyse d’un grand projet de construction d’un aéroport, exécuté au Sénégal sous le modèle PPP, l’ensemble des risques rattachés à ce type de contrat. Le but étant de proposer à la fin de l’étude, un outil de gestion et d’anticipation sur ces risques.
Keywords: Afrique; Gestion des risques; PPP; Partenariats Public-Privé; Sénégal

L’internationalisation de la marque : entre possibilités et stratégies - Taillez, Morgane (Université de Lille, 2022)
Keywords: Mondialisation; Stratégie de marque

Fraude ao Mercado de Capitais e a responsabilidade civil objetiva da companhia perante os seus Investidores - Abreu, Alex de Souza (Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2022)
The Brazilian legal system, especially Law n. 6,385, December 7, 1976 (Capital Market Law), the Corporate Law (LSA) and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (CVM), although they have a complex system of accountability for illegal acts, do not provide for accountability company in relation to investors. The objective of this study is to verify the limits of damages in relation to the company versus a shareholder or a third part; analyze the spectrum of direct and indirect damages; and understand if there are and what elements are necessary to verify these damages and can also be directly affected. The methodology to be used in this study is deductive, through a bibliographic and documentary approach, by reading works, scientific articles, dissertations and theses on the subject, as well as the revision of the legislation that applies to the subject. The study brings as results and conclusions that without excluding the system of responsibility of the administrators and other bodies of the company, it is the duty of this to indemnify the damages caused to the investors of the capital market, since the former are mere instruments of manifestation of their will
Accepted: 2022-11-03T18:39:31Z
Keywords: Accountability of publicly held companies; Capital market; Damage to investors; Danos aos investidores; Mercado de capitais; Responsabilização de companhias abertas

La réforme du droit OHADA des investissements : une éradication des pratiques contractuelles déloyales par l’introduction d’un Acte uniforme relatif aux investissements - Dzama, Pollyana Marguerita Milaine Awé (Université de Montréal, 2022)
Cette ébauche est une contribution au développement économique des Etats d’Afrique subsaharienne, en particulier ceux membres de l’OHADA. Elle répond à une problématique qui nuit au développement économique de ces États par la voie de l’investissement : celle de la mise en place d’un système juridique africain permettant d’asseoir des règles juridiques pertinentes, fondamentales à l’encadrement du champ des investissements en Afrique. Quoiqu’il existe déjà au niveau national et communautaire africain, des législations applicables en la matière, cette étude démontre l’insuffisance de ces règles, trop promotrices des investissements, et peu protectrices de leurs enjeux, à régir comme il se doit le domaine des investissements. Cette étude est de ce fait révélatrice d’une nécessité, d’une opportunité : celle de la réforme du système juridique africain des investissements par l’instauration d’un Acte uniforme OHADA relatif aux investissements (AUI). Le dispositif normatif de cet Acte uniforme se voudra à la fois préventif et curatif des irrégularités pouvant être commises par les acteurs publics africains et leurs partenaires occidentaux dans les phases de négociation des conventions d’investissement, d’admission de l’investissement, d’exécution et d’extinction de l’activité d’investissement mais aussi protecteur des enjeux sociaux et environnementaux liés à l’exécution des projets d’investissement en Afrique. Cette réforme est également le lieu de veiller aux intérêts économiques des États africains lors des partenariats économiques conclus avec les États occidentaux et entreprises occidentales, au respect par leurs partenaires du droit interne et communautaire africain objet de la réforme mais également de protéger les investisseurs étrangers face aux actes préjudiciables émanant des acteurs publics africains. L’effectivité de telles mesures n’est possible que par l’institution d’un organe communautaire africain (la CARICI : Cour Africaine de Répression des Infractions Commises en matière d’Investissement) qui aura pour mission le suivi de l’exécution des projets d’investissements conformément aux programmes ou plans d’investissements agréés et aux dispositions juridiques qui seront établies par ledit Acte uniforme relatif aux investissements. Telles sont les suggestions émises lors de la rédaction de ce travail de recherche, qui nous l’espérons concourras à une grande avancée du droit des investissements africains et par voie de conséquence à une croissance économique fulgurante de ce continent. This study is a contribution to the economic development of sub-Saharan African states, in particular those that are members of OHADA. It responds to a problem that is detrimental to the economic development of these States through investment: that of the establishment of an African legal system making it possible to establish relevant legal rules, fundamental to the supervision of the field of investment in Africa. Although legislation already exists at the national and community level in Africa, this study shows the inadequacy of these rules, which are too promotive of investments and offer little protection to those at stake, to govern the field of investments as they should. This study is therefore indicative of a need and an opportunity: that of reforming the African legal system for investments through the introduction of an OHADA Uniform Act on Investments (UAI). The normative mechanism of this Uniform Act is intended to be both preventive and curative of irregularities that may be committed by African public actors and their Western partners in the phases of negotiation of investment agreements, admission of the investment, execution and termination of the investment activity; but also protective of the social and environmental issues related to the execution of investment projects in Africa. This reform is also the place to watch over the economic interests of African States during economic partnerships concluded with Western States and Western companies, the respect by their partners of African domestic and community law which is the subject of the reform, but also to protect foreign investors against prejudicial acts emanating from African public actors. The effectiveness of such measures is only possible through the institution of an African community body (the ACRIO: African Court of Repression of Investment Offences) which will have as its mission the monitoring of the execution of investment projects in accordance with the approved investment programmes or plans and the legal provisions which will be established by the said Uniform Act on Investments. These are the suggestions made during the drafting of this research work, which we hope will contribute to a great advance in African investment law and consequently to a dazzling economic growth of this continent.
Keywords: Acte uniforme relatif aux investissements; Droit OHADA des investissements; Investissements; Investments; Law enforcement; OHADA investment law; Pratiques contractuelles déloyales; Unfair contractual practices; Uniform Act on Investment

Free movement of goods and new agreements in the aftermath of Brexit - Police, Cecilia (LUISS Guido Carli, 2022)
The main principles of EU internal market vs the new UK internal market: a background. The internal market of the European Union. UK membership: accession to the European economic community in 1973. The nature of the EU internal market and the free movement of goods. The UK internal market after the internal market act 2020. The EU common commercial policy and the post-Brexit scenario. Brexit: new agreements and legal framework. EU-UK post-Brexit relationship: a new framework for a new partnership. Brexit history and the question of sovereignty. Brexit history: the timeline. Brexit and the withdrawal agreement. Brexit and Northern Ireland protocol. Brexit and trade: perspectives on a new partnership. Brexit and trade: trade and cooperation agreement. Trade and cooperation agreement: EU-UK trade relations, institutional and governance structures. Preliminary remarks. Analysis of the TCA: trade in goods provisions. 0,0 agreement: zero tariffs, zero quotas and rules of origin. The TCA: technical barriers to trade (TBT). The TCA: sanitary and phytosanitary standards (SPS). The TCA: the principle of mutual recognition. Level playing field (LPF). The Northern Ireland protocol and the trade in goods regime. TCA’s main concerns and application issues. TCA dispute settlement mechanisms. Some conclusive remarks on TCA provisions.

آليات تقييم الصيرفة الاسلامية في البنوك التجارية وتحدياتها -دراسة حالة البنك الوطني الجزائري - ساعد, بن; الحميد, عبد (Ibn Khaldun University of Tiaret, 2022)
يعتبر النظام المصرفي من بين الأسس التي يعتمد عليها النشاط الاقتصادي لأي مجتمع و ذلك بالنظر لأهمية الدور الذي يلعبه في المساهمة في إمداد النشاط الاقتصادي بالأموال، اللازمة من اجل تنميته و تطوي ره ، وقد اجمع الباحثون الاقتصاديون على أن من بين أسباب الأزمات المالية ترجع إلى الأسلوب الربوي المتبع من طرف البنوك التقليدية، خصوصا بعد أن ضربت الأزمة المالية العالمية عصب الاقتصاد الرأسمالي سنة 2008 وهزت اقتصاديات الدول وأضعفت البنوك التجارية خلافا عن البنوك الإسلامية والبنوك التجارية ذات الشبابيك الإسلامية ، ومن هذا المنطلق ازدادت الحاجة إلى وجود بنوك تعمل وفقا للشريعة الإسلامية والتي تقوم على أساس إلغاء الفائدة وعدم التعامل بالربا في تعاملاتها، ومنه فقد أصبحت هذه البنوك لاعبا مؤثرا وبارزا في اقتصاديات الدول الإسلامية و العالمية و التي من بينها الجزائر التي اتجهت هي الأخرى للدخول إلى عالم الصیرفة الإسلامية باعتمادها لافتتاح نوافذ إسلامية على مستوى البنوك العمومية. ومن خلال دراستنا توصلنا الى أن البنوك العمومية الجزائرية تحاول خوض تجربة فتح شبابيك إسلامية وقد خلصنا بأن اعتماد هذه البنوك على آلية التعامل بشبابيك تعمل وفق قواعد الشريعة الإسلامية في معاملاتها المالية من شأنه أن يحقق استقطاب ورضا الزبائن. The banking system is considered one of the foundations on which the economic activity of any society is based, given the importance of the role, it plays in helping to supply economic activity with the funds necessary for its operation. Economic researchers have agreed that among the causes of financial crises are due to the usurious method adopted by banks, especially after the global financial crisis hit the backbone of the capitalist economy in 2008, shook the economies of the countries, and weakened commercial banks unlike Islamic banks and commercial banks with Islamic windows From this point of view, the need has grown for the existence of bank operating in accordance with Islamic law, which is based on the abolition of interests in their financial transactions, these banks have become an influential and leading actor in the economies of Islamic countries including Algeria, which has also tended to enter the Islamic banking world by adopting it to open Islamic windows at the level of public banks. Through our study, we concluded that Algerian public banks are trying to live with the opening of Islamic counters, and we concluded that the dependence of these banks on the processing mechanism of counters that operate according to the rules of Islamic Sharia law in their financial transactions, would attract and satisfy customers.
Keywords: Banques commerciales; Banques islamiques; Fenêtres islamiques; Satisfaction client; البنوك الإسلامية; البنوك التجارية; النوافذ الإسلامية; رضا الزبائن

دراسة تحليلية للبيئة اللوجيستية و البيئة القانونية للتجارة الالكترونية في الجزائر - بوسيف, عبد القادر أسامة; زاوي, أسماء (Ibn Khaldun University of Tiaret, 2022)
هدفت الدراسة الى تحليل كل من البيئة القانونية و البيئة اللوجستية و مدى تأثيرها على التجارة الالكترونية في الجزائر، وتوصلت الى أن البيئة القانونية هي جد مناسبة و تواكب العصرنة و ان التعديل الأخير في قانون التجارة الالكترونية أثمر عن مواد جد مناسبةومحفزة للتجارة الالكترونية في الجزائر، بالرغم من ذلك، لم تجد التجارة الإلكترونية بعد مكانتها في الجزائر ولم تحقق بعد الآن الانطلاقة المرجوة، يعود السبب في ذلك لكون البيئة اللوجستية لا تزال متأخرة و لا تواكب التطور الهائل الحاصل في هذا المجال، وأنه على الجزائر العمل على تطوير بيئتها اللوجستية بمسايرة التقدم التكنولوجي في العالم من أجل إعطاء دفعة للنهوض بهذا النوع من التجارة و إعتمادها كأسلوب حديث للتبادل التجاري في الجزائر. The study aimed to analyze both the legal environment and the logistics environment and their impact on e-commerce in Algeria. The study concluded that the legal environment is very suitable and keeps pace with modernity, and that the recent modification of the law on electronic commerce has resulted in very appropriate and stimulating articles for electronic commerce in Algeria. However, e-commerce has not yet found its place in Algeria and has not yet achieved the desired breakthrough, the reason is that the logistics environment is still lagging behind and not keeping pace with the enormous development of international e-commerce, and that Algeria should work to develop its logistics environment to keep pace with technological advances in the world in order to give impetus to the advancement of this type of commerce and its adoption as modern mode of commercial exchange in Algeria.
Keywords: Commerce électronique; Environnement juridique; Environnement logistique; Paiement électronique; البيئة القانونية; البيئة اللوجيستية; التجارة الإلكترونية; الدفع الإلكتروني

النظام القانون للمؤسسات الناشئة في الجزائر - وناس, علي (Ibn Khaldun University of Tiaret, 2022)
الغاية من هذه الدراسة هو تسليط الضوء على المقاولاتية في مجال المال و الأعمال في عصرنة للنشاط التجاري بكل ركائزه منها ريادة الأعمال فظهرت المؤسسات الناشئة كخيار إستراتيجية انتهجته الجزائر و الذي فرضته العولمة و اقتصاد المعرفة المبني على تكنولوجيا المعلومات و الاتصال من أجل النهوض بالاقتصاد الوطني لتحقيق التنمية المستدامة بعيدا عن الريع. إن اهتمام الدولة بالمؤسسات الناشئة ككيان قانوني يختلف كليا عن الشركات التجارية التقليدية لأنها ترتكز على الإبداع و التكنولوجيا و سرعة النمو بأقل تكلفة، لذا خصها المشرع الجزائري بترسنة من النصوص القانونية لتحديد طبيعتها القانونية و توفير مناخ أعمال مناسب لنشاطاتها تجسدت في المرسوم التنفيذي رقم 20 - 254 المتعلق بإنشاء المؤسسات الناشئة و الحصول على علامة "مؤسسة ناشئة" و "مشروع مبتكر" و "حاضنة أعمال" و في القانون رقم 22 - 09 الذي حدد الشكل القانوني للمؤسسات الناشئة تحت عنوان "شركة المساهمة البسيطة". كما دعمها بآليات مختلفة تمثلت في صندوق خاص بتمويلها و حاضنات أعمال تسهر على تدريب فريق عملها و مرافقتها و متابعتها طيلة مراحل حياتها،إضافة إلى مزايا إعفاء جبائية. توصلت الدراسة إلى الاهتمام الكبير و الخاص بالمؤسسات الناشئة كونها الحل الاستراتيجي لتحريك عجلة التنمية الاقتصادية و تحقيق القيمة المضافة في الجزائر وضمان نجاحها. The purpose of this study is to shed light on entrepreneurship in the field of money and business in the modernization of commercial activity with all its pillars, including entrepreneurship. The emerging enterprises appeared as a strategic option adopted by Algeria, which was imposed by globalization and the knowledge economy based on information and communication technology in order to advance the national economy to achieve development sustainable without rent. The state’s interest in emerging enterprises as a legal entity is completely different from traditional commercial companies because they are based on creativity, technology and rapid growth at the lowest cost, so the Algerian legislator singled out them with an arsenal of legal texts to determine their legal nature and provide a suitable business environment for their activities embodied in Executive Decree No. 20-254 Related to the establishment of start-ups and obtaining the marks of “startup institution”, “innovative project” and “business incubator” and in Law No. 22-09 that defines the legal form of start-ups under the title “Simple Joint Stock Company”. He also supported her with various mechanisms represented in a special fund to finance her and business incubators that ensure the training of her work team, accompany her and follow up on her throughout her life, in addition to the advantages of a tax exemption. The study found a great interest in emerging institutions as a strategic solution to move the wheel of economic development and achieve added value in Algeria and ensure its success.
Keywords: Développement durable; Société par actions à responsabilité limitée; Startups; Économie de la connaissance; اقتصاد المعرفة; التنمية المستدامة; المؤسسات الناشئة; شركة المساهمة البسيطة

La responsabilité du transporteur suborbital de personnes : un régime à construire - Venancie, Sarah (Université de Montréal, 2022)
Les transports suborbitaux privés peuvent être définis comme tout vol réalisé au moyen d’un véhicule aérospatial, capable d’atteindre une très haute altitude et d’évoluer dans les couches supérieures de l’atmosphère terrestre, sans pour autant être mis en orbite. Plusieurs entreprises ont pour projet de faire des vols suborbitaux, le mode de transport de personnes à grande vitesse de demain. Dans l’hypothèse d’un tel développement, la réflexion autour de la règlementation de ces activités devient primordiale. Les activités suborbitales ont la particularité de prendre place à la fois dans l’espace aérien et dans l’espace extra-atmosphérique et pour ce faire, empruntent autant les caractéristiques techniques de l’aéronef que de l’engin spatial. Il est donc particulièrement difficile de les qualifier du fait qu’il existe plusieurs corpus législatifs susceptibles de régir ces vols : le droit aérien, le droit spatial ou un nouveau régime qu’il conviendrait alors d’imaginer. Sans prétendre à l’exhaustivité, ce mémoire envisagera les différentes options normatives pouvant permettre de règlementer la responsabilité du transporteur suborbital de personnes lorsqu’il cause un dommage au participant durant le vol. Le cas échéant, nous proposerons les meilleures alternatives pouvant permettre d’assurer le développement pérenne de ce secteur d’activité, tout en garantissant un haut niveau de sécurité juridique pour l’ensemble des parties prenantes, participants comme opérateurs spatiaux. Private suborbital transportation can be defined as any spaceflight by an aerospace vehicle capable of reaching a very high altitude into the edge of space without reaching orbital velocity. For now, the aim of those activities is to offer customers direct experience with space travel. However, the ultimate goal is to provide high speed flights between various point of the Earth. When this objective will be achieved, the need to promulgate an integrated and uniform legal regime will be of great importance in order to facilitate and secured commercial aerospace activities expansion. Private suborbital activities have the dual specificities of using a vehicle that use either astronautic et aeronautics technology in order to achieve lift and thereby flying in air space, and also traveling through outer space during a small portion of the flight. This hybrid nature raises legal uncertainties about the applicable legal regime that could be one of air law, space law or a new regime that would need to be invented. This essay will focus on the specific issues surrounding liability. In other terms, it will focus on the different options that are available to manage liability issues that will arise between spaceflight participant and spaceflight operators and the way it will impact disputes when an accident occurs. Then, we will make a proposal for solutions that would best preserve the economic needs of this emerging industry, while insuring legal certainties for both spaceflight operators and participants.
https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1866/27018/Venancie_Sarah_2021_Memoire.pdf
Keywords: Aerospace transportation; Aircraft; Aéronef; Dommages corporels; Espace; Liability; Objet spatial; Physical injury; Responsabilité; Space; Space object; Space tourism; Suborbital transportation; Tourisme spatial; Transport aérospatial; Transport suborbital

A tutela da proteção de dados pessoais na era digital: uma análise da cooperação internacional entre o BRICS - Silva, Rafaela Nicolazzi Corrêa da (Universidade de São Paulo, 2022)
Este trabalho busca analisar os atuais modelos e mecanismos para a cooperação internacional sobre a tutela da proteção de dados pessoais com o propósito de verificar quais os instrumentos que os países Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul devem considerar para estreitar seus laços de colaboração no grupo BRICS em prol de suas economias e negócios sem olvidar a proteção ao direito à privacidade e proteção de dados pessoais. Partese da hipótese de que, apesar de suas diferenças como nações heterogêneas e diversas, o BRICS possui o ânimo de cooperar em matéria de tecnologia, informação e comunicações e o tema de proteção de dados pessoais torna-se área essencial para a data driven economy e reconhecida por estes Estados. A tutela da proteção de dados pessoais está presente na construção legislativa de jurisdições distintas e que também exercem influência nos países do BRICS, como os modelos europeu e norte-americano. Conclui-se apontando que os modelos existentes de cooperação internacional sobre proteção de dados pessoais devem ser considerados pelo BRICS para o balanceamento de colaboração e desenvolvimento de garantias que assegurem a proteção de dados pessoais e a promoção de oportunidades de negócios para suas economias e desenvolvimento de seus interesses comerciais.
Keywords: BRICS; China; Cooperação internacional; Direito comparado; Estados Unidos; Europa; Integração econômica internacional; International cooperation; Privacidade; Protection of personal data; Proteção de dados pessoais; Right to privacy and data protection; Rússia; África do Sul; Índia

L'attractivité de l'arbitrage au regard des nouvelles réformes de l'OHADA - Kounouho, Marcson Smile Geoffroy Tagnon (Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 2022)

A tributação das sociedades não residentes sem estabelecimento estável no sistema fiscal guineense - Nhaga, Justino (Universidade de Lisboa, 2022)
Nesta dissertação estudamos, como ponto principal, a estrutura do sistema fiscal guineense e da tributação aplicável às sociedades não residentes sem estabelecimento estável na Guiné-Bissau. Tivemos de estudar alguns aspetos da tributação das sociedades residentes e não residentes com estabelecimentos estáveis: os critérios de determinação da residência fiscal tanto no Direito Fiscal Internacional (DFI), assim como no Direito Fiscal Guineense (DFG); os elementos de conexão, aferição do estabelecimento estável (EE), tipos e conceitos de EE e do lucro imputável ao EE. Achamos pertinente e com isso procuramos abordar sinteticamente os fundamentos que legitimam o Estado guineense a tributar os rendimentos obtidos no território por sociedades não residentes sem estabelecimento estável. É sabido que não existe uma única definição para Estabelecimentos Estáveis, mas sim diferentes conceitos que variam de sistema para sistema e que podemos agrupar estes em dois polos, conforme estejamos a falar dos sistemas de países desenvolvidos ou de países em vias de desenvolvimento. Mas, pelo objetivo traçado, somos obrigados a analisar o conceito de estabelecimento estável adotado pelo legislador guineense1. Pese embora para efeitos de atualização e análise critica, não podemos abdicar de chamar à colação as novas formas de desenvolver atividades económicas trazidas pelas novas tecnologias e pela globalização que colocam em causa os tradicionais conceitos de estabelecimento estável adotados pelos Estados. Seguidamente, entramos na parte nuclear da nossa dissertação, expondo o regime jurídico aplicável aos sujeitos em causa e a aplicação de diferentes soluções. Concomitantemente, consoante sejam sociedades não residentes sem estabelecimento estável (o centro de atenção) ou não residentes com estabelecimento estável (assunto subsidiário), com destaque para o primeiro grupo. Neste círculo, levantamos questões bastante específicas, muitas delas de difícil compreensão e até de índole politica, que nos levaram a apreciações, as quais foram obviamente limitadas por este ser um trabalho pura e simplesmente académico e não socioeconómico e politico. Finalmente, este exercício académico nunca ficaria minimamente completo sem que se discutisse a questão da necessidade de receita fiscal, concorrência fiscal e os esforços que o Estado tem vindo a enveredar no sentido de incentivar e atrair mais investimentos. Com uma política mais atrativa, torna-se mais eficaz e eficiente a diversificação da economia, sendo que isto só é possível com a presença de grandes empresas a operar nos diferentes setores da economia no território. Deverá pois, não ser só acompanhada da eliminação da pesada burocracia, da excessiva intervenção do poder politico no sistema e da dupla tributação (económica ou jurídica2), visto que são verdadeiros constrangimentos para os operadores económicos. Mas também a criação de critérios consistentes e claros da concessão de benefícios fiscais3 e da eliminação da dupla não tributação também prejudiciais para o erário público dos Estados. Os resultados destas análises revelaram os problemas dos aspetos socioeconómicos e financeiros inerentes ao índice do desenvolvimento humano (IDH). A Guiné-Bissau dispõe de recursos naturais, sendo que a grande maioria continua por explorar. Porém, mesmo tendo os recursos naturais disponíveis, a dependência de ajudas externas para resolver as suas necessidades pontuais é persistente e contínua.
Keywords: Direito fiscal; Globalização; Guiné-Bissau; Poder tributário; Sociedades sem estabelecimento estável; Tributação

La règlementation de la décarbonation du transport maritime - Alavoine, Zoé (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)
Keywords: Droit maritime; Décarbonisation; Transport maritime

La clause merchant - Arista, Pauline (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

La libéralisation des règles de propriété et de contrôle des transporteurs aériens communautaires dans le système bilatéral international - Barron, Lisa (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

L'avarie commune - Besse, Ilana (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

Définir et mettre en oeuvre une offre de services de communication performante à destination des compagnies aériennes afin de faciliter et de rationaliser le processus de gestion des taxes aéronautiques dans la perspective de la certification qualité du Secrétariat Général de la DGAC - Booms, Mélodie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

L'impact de la guerre russo-ukrainienne sur le transport aérien mondial - Chevalier, Hermance (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

The conclusion of contracts by electronic agents in the age of the Fourth Industrial Revolution : a South African perspective - Doughan, Albert Nana (University of Johannesburg, 2022)
Please refer to full text to view abstract.
Keywords: Commercial law; Contracts; Electronic data interchange; Industry 4.0

Les enjeux de la sûreté ferroviaire à la SNCF - Escaut, Sébastien (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

Le conflit russo-ukrainien : conséquences dans l'industrie maritime et des transports - Faverot Quilichini, Clara (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

La culture de sécurité aérienne : un défi à l’échelle internationale - Frikh, Amira (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

Modalités et enjeux d'une ouverture de ligne aérienne de transport de passagers - Gerard, Charles-Emile (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

The role of good faith in South African contract law - Govender, Tashri (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2022)
This research paper seeks to address the role that good faith plays in South African contract law by first discussing its origin and then chronologically tracing its position from pre-1994 to today. The judgements of both the Supreme Court of Appeal and the Constitutional Court will be unpacked, as a means to understand the development of good faith over the years. The position that good faith plays in foreign jurisdictions will also be discussed, for the sake of achieving a universal understanding of how good faith is perceived around the world. The research concludes by placing good faith in its current role and context in South Africa, and also proposing a way forward.
Keywords: Bona fides; Contract Law

La responsabilité du manutentionnaire - Hubert, Solène (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

L'Essor du transport de marchandises par voie aérienne face aux enjeux environnementaux croissants - Jamal, Oumayma (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

A critical analysis of the institution of business rescue proceedings during liquidation proceedings - Krishundutt, Sanam (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2022)
South Africa is currently undergoing harsh economic times, and as such, many companies are feeling the brunt of the situation. As a result, these companies begin to trade at a loss and are left without any other option but to liquidate their affairs in order to pay off creditors. However, with the development brought by the Companies Act 71 of 2008 (“the Act”), business rescue was introduced. Business rescue is an alternative to liquidation and it allows the company to undergo rehabilitation and continue trading if certain requirements are met. Chapter 6 of the Act aims to assist businesses in providing some sort of relief in the form of business rescue to provide them with the breathing space that they require to try and become a viable business again. Just like any new formulated concept, it is susceptible to abuse. Many companies that are already under liquidation are suspending their liquidation in favour of business rescue, despite, in some instances, the liquidation order having already been granted against the company. The Covid-19 pandemic has made the question of whether a business can suspend liquidation proceedings in favour of business rescue more prevalent as the pandemic has caused a detrimental financial impact on a number of businesses. Now more than ever businesses find themselves struggling to keep afloat, and as a result many of them have to consider the avenues of liquidation or business rescue. This dissertation aims to look at both liquidation and business rescue proceedings and decipher whether the courts were correct in their decision regarding when business rescue proceedings can be instituted during liquidation proceedings. The importance of taking into account the above is due to the fact that many companies in present day are experiencing financial difficulties, and liquidation or business rescue proceedings are the options that they are left with. However, one has to carefully consider both options, taking into account the company’s financial circumstances. This is of importance, as one needs to establish if there is a reasonable prospect of rescuing the company or not. If there were, then business rescue would indeed be the route to be taken, but if not, then liquidation proceedings would be. However, many companies that have no prospect of being rescued, and that have already opted for liquidation may want to institute business rescue proceedings to delay the inevitable and frustrate creditors, thus leading to the abuse of the newly formulated concept, which has to be curbed.
Keywords: Business failure; Companies Act 71 of 2008; South Africa

Le déploiement d’un programme de Compliance Anti-corruption au sein d’une multinationale - Leroy, Romane (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

A critical analysis of the role, appointment, and powers of a business rescue practitioner - Luthuli, Bayanda Nompumelelo (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2022)
No abstract provided.
URI: https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/20930
Keywords: Corporate rescue regime; Financially distressed companies; Judicial management

L’impérative adaptation des politiques européennes et internationales en réponse à la concurrence du transport aérien - Martinez, Barbara (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

The abuse of dominant position in digital markets: Google Shopping case - Moroni, Filippo (LUISS Guido Carli, 2022)
Abuse of dominance in the digital markets. Digital markets. Art.102 TFEU: how can it be applied to digital markets? A global perspective: the evolution of the abuse of dominance in digital markets around the world. Europe: the proposal for a regulation on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector (digital market act). United States of America: a time for reforms. China: a new approach towards digital markets. The Google Shopping case: the first step for competition enforcement in digital markets. The European Commission decision (AT.39740). The general Court decision (T-612/17). The Google case in the US: completely different results. A glimpse into the future: the Google Shopping case under the DMA.
Keywords: Abus de position dominante; Competencia; Competition law; Concurrence; Dominant position; Monopole

Les aéroports métropolitains français face à la concurrence : l'enjeu de la compétitivité - Mossard, Maxime (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

Uluslararası muhasebe standartları ile OHADA muhasebe sisteminin karşılaştırılması - Moussa Hisseine, Amine (Sakarya Üniversitesi, 2022)
Ekonomilerin küreselleşmesi ve piyasaların globalleşmesi karşısında, ortak bir dile sahip olma arzusu giderek daha fazla hissedilmektedir. Bu ihtiyacı hafifletmek için dünya çapında, birçok ülke, kalite ve karşılaştırılabilir bilgiler için UFRS standartlarını benimsemenin uygun olduğunu düşünmüştür. Bu momentumda, SYSCOHADA muhasebe sistemi aracılığıyla OHADA alanı, 2017 yılında standartlarını UFRS ile uyumlu hale getirmeye karar vermiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Uluslararası Muhasebe Standartlarını (UMS/UFRS), on yedi ülkedeki tüm varlıklarının muhasebesini yöneten Afrika'da Ekonomi Hukuku'nun Uyumlaştırılması Örgütü'nün muhasebe sistemi (SYSCOHADA) ile karşılaştırmaktır. Bu karşılaştırmalı analizin amacı, yukarıdaki iki muhasebe sisteminin benzerliklerini ve farklılıklarını ortaya koymaktır. Bu analiz UMS 1 : Finansal Tabloların Sunuluşu, UMS 2: Stoklar, UMS 7: Nakit Akış Tablosu, UMS 8: Muhasebe Politikaları, Muhasebe Tahminlerinde Değişiklikler Ve Hatalar, UMS 10: Raporlama Döneminden Sonraki Olaylar, UMS 12 :Gelir Vergileri, UMS 16 :Maddi Duran Varlıklar, UMS 19 :Çalışanlara Sağlanan Faydalar, UMS 20 :Devlet Teşviklerinin Muhasebeleştirilmesi Ve Devlet Yardımlarının Açıklaması, UMS 21 :Kur Değişiminin Etkileri, UMS 23 Borçlanma Maliyetleri, UMS 37 Karşılıklar, Koşullu Borçlar ve Koşullu Varlıklar, UMS 38 Maddi Olmayan Duran Varlıklar açısından yapılan muamelelere odaklanacaktır. Çalışma, her iki muhasebe standardı hakkında da iyi bir anlayışa sahip olmayı sağlayacaktır. Bu nedenle, yatırımcılar ve diğer tüm kişiler, SYSCOHADA ve Uluslararası Muhasebe Standartları ile ilgilenenler, bu iki muhasebe standardının finansal tablolarının karşılaştırılabilirliğini kolaylaştırmak amacıyla muhasebe düzenlemeleri hakkında iyi bir anlayışa sahip olabileceklerdir. Çalışma sonucunda SYSCOHADA ile Uluslararası Muhasebe Standartları arasındaki karşılaştırma birçok benzerlik ve çok az farklılık ortaya koymaktadır. Kıta Avrupası muhasebe sistemi ve Anglo-Sakson sisteminden kaynaklanan SYSOHADA hükümleri, kaynaklarını Uluslararası Muhasebe Standartlarında bulmaktadır. Ancak, bu iki standarttaki en büyük fark, SYSCOHADA için tarihsel maliyet ölçüm yöntemi ile UFRS için gerçeğe uygun değer arasındadır. In the face of the globalization of economies and the globalization of markets, the desire to have a common language is increasingly felt. To alleviate this need, many countries around the world have considered it appropriate to adopt IFRS standards for quality and comparable information. At this momentum, the OHADA field, through the SYSCOHADA accounting system, has decided to harmonize its standards with IFRS in 2017. The purpose of this study is to compare the International Accounting Standards (IAS/IFRS) with the accounting system of the Organization for the Harmonization of Economic Law in Africa (SYSCOHADA), which manages the accounting of all its assets in seventeen countries. The purpose of this comparative analysis is to reveal the similarities and differences of the above two accounting systems. This analysis will focus on the treatment of IAS 1 : presentation of financial statements IAS 2: Inventories IAS 7-cash flows IAS 8 accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and errors IAS 10: events after the reporting period IAS 12 income taxes IAS 16 :property, plant and equipment assets IAS 19 :employee benefits IAS 20 :accounting for government grants and government assistance, description of TMS 21 :the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates IAS 23 borrowing costs, IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets, IAS 38 intangible assets . The study will allow to have a good understanding on both accounting standards. Therefore, investors and all others persons interested in the SYSCOHADA and International Accounting Standards will be able to have a good understanding on the accounting regulations in order to facilitate the comparability of the financial statements of these two accounting standards. As a result of the study, the comparison between the SYSCOHADA and international accounting standards reveals many similarities and few differences. Originating from the continental European accounting system and the Anglo-Saxon system, the provisions of the SYSOHADA find their sources in International Accounting Standards. However, the major difference in these two standards is between the historical cost measurement method for the SYSCOHADA and the fair value for IFRS.
Keywords: Accounting; Accounting standards; African countries; Afrika Ticaret Kanunu Uyum Örgütü; Afrika ülkeleri; Comparative analysis; Comparison; International Accounting Standards; International accounting; Karşılaştırma; Karşılaştırmalı analiz; Muhasebe; Muhasebe standartları; Organization for the Harmonization of African Business Law; Uluslararası Muhasebe Standartları; Uluslararası muhasebe

The use of blockchain technology in international commercial transactions, with specific reference to secured payments in international contracts of sale - Muza, Chido Teclar Mitchel (University of Johannesburg, 2022)
Please refer to full text to view abstract.
Keywords: Blockchains (Databases); Commercial law; Electronic funds transfers; Export sales contracts.; Foreign trade regulation

Conflict Management over Maritime Territories : Use of ADR in Maritime Disputes: Kenya vs Somalia - Mwala, Natasha Lulia (Universität Wien, 2022)
The recent discoveries of natural resources on both territorial and maritime borders have heightened the probability of conflicts between states specifically in the Horn of Africa and the Greater Lakes Region. As a highly volatile region, conflicts are not a foreign phenomenon which have been plaguing the region since transition to the post-colonial era. It is simple to argue that the cause of disputes is due to the arbitrary borders drawn by the European powers, however, the region is experiencing a contemporary ‘scramble and petition’ with countries racing to exploit and gain over the newfound resources. In addition to this, the rise of nationalist sentiments combined with the burgeoning population and struggle of governments to finance their domestic budgets while trying to reduce borrowing from foreign markets due to the inflation costs which makes it expensive, also plays a key role in the quest to benefit from mineral exploration and excavation. While traditional conflicts rose from land border disputes that escalated to violence especially between border communities, maritime conflicts tend to be handled in legal ways with parties seeking intervention from bodies such as the International Tribunal of the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) and the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Most cases are solved by outright delimitation of the maritime borders rather that joint management of marine land masses or natural resources based on mutual understanding or mutually assured benefits. The recent Kenya-Somalia Maritime dispute is an excellent case study. The aim of this research is to not only show alternative dispute resolution methods that can be used in maritime border disputes but also analyse the switch from pacific means of settlement of disputes to judicial intervention of the court. It begins by looking at the evolution of land border disputes between the two states, touches on the maritime dispute and their diplomatic, economic and security relationship. It further critically analyses the points of view of the two countries and the court’s ruling. Finally, it examines alternative dispute settlement mechanism that could have been used.
Keywords: ICJ; Joint maritime agreement; LOS; Maritime boundary dispute; Maritime délimitation; Memorandum of understanding

The Processes of Democratization and Economic Development in Africa: A Case Study of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Since 2006 - Otshudi Talo, Esperance (Near East University, 2022)

A posição do setor empresarial público no mercado angolano : seus reflexos no direito da concorrência em Angola - Pedro, João Manuel (Universidade de Lisboa, 2022)
O Regime Jurídico do Direito da Concorrência em Angola é recente. Com este regime pretende-se que o mercado angolano tenha como fundamento as regras que estabelecem as bases comuns de relacionamento entre os diferentes agentes económicos do mercado. A actual Lei Constitucional Angolana estabelece o princípio da coexistência de diversos tipos de sectores de actividades, nomeadamente, (i) o sector público, (ii) sector privado e (iii) cooperativo, garantindo a todos igualdade de oportunidades e liberdade económica, mas sujeitando-os aos princípios universais e modernos da economia de mercado, na base dos princípios e valores da sã concorrência, da moralidade e da ética. De acordo com a orientação constitucional, Angola possui um sistema de economia de mercado, todavia, o que se verifica na prática é a presença de um sector empresarial público forte e robusto, como resultado do sistema económico que vinha vigorando desde a independência, por um lado, e da existência de uma legislação conservadora que limita a liberdade de iniciativa do sector privado, mantendo boa parte das actividades económicas como áreas de reservas do Estado, por outro lado. Ao mesmo tempo que se verifica a resistência do Estado em manter áreas reservadas apenas para o sector público, assistimos a ascensão do Direito da Concorrência e os princípios a ele inerentes. Hoje, a legislação pertinente sobre o sector económico orienta-nos para uma visão que privilegie a concretização da economia de mercado e, por isso mesmo, muitos actos têm sido praticados com este fim, nomeadamente, mas sem a isto se limitar, foram actualizadas a Lei do Sector Empresarial Público, a Lei de Base das Privatizações e outras conexas, todas no sentido de adequa-las ao novo figurino da Constituição Angolana e ao novo regime do Direito da Concorrência. A questão é saber se todos estes actos e o próprio conteúdo da Lei da Concorrência permitem-nos afirmar, sem reservas, que o peso que o sector empresarial público tem no mercado angolano é controlado e não viola as regras elementares do Regime Jurídico do Direito da Concorrência.
Keywords: Angola; Autoridades de regulação; Competencia; Competition law; Direito da concorrência; Economia de mercado; Estado regulador; Market economy; Regulatory authorities; Sector empresarial do Estado; State business sector; State regulator

La simplification de la réglementation locale des aérodromes français - Peturaud, Charly (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

L'attractivité du pavillon britannique après le BREXIT - Ramelet, Norine (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

A legal comparison on the effectiveness of judicial management in Botswana against business rescue in South Africa - Topi, Sharon (University of Johannesburg, 2022)
Please refer to full text to view abstract.

La sécurité dans l'exploitation des porte-conteneurs - Vandame, Marie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

Les ventes en sauvetage dans le milieu maritime - Viriot, Lucie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2022)

Os impactos da IFRS 16 e as suas determinantes – um estudo de caso, a TAP, Transportes Aéreos Portugueses - Xavier, Catarina Isabel (Universidade do Porto, 2022)

Analyse de la règlementation des services de paiements mobiles dans l’espace OHADA - Lida, Galloh Marie-Eve (Université de Montréal, 2021)
La téléphonie mobile occupe une place importante dans notre société. Nous sommes passés de téléphones n’ayant que pour principale fonction la communication, à de véritables instruments de développement économiques. Désormais utilisées dans le monde entier et adopté par des populations issues de toutes les classes sociales, les transactions effectuées par la téléphonie mobile doivent aujourd’hui indéniablement être astreintes à un encadrement juridique efficace, orienté sur la protection des consommateurs de ces services. Dans le cadre de notre étude, nous avons décidé de nous consacrer à l’analyse des prestations de services de paiements mobiles. Ces dernières, qui sont particulièrement appréciées des populations africaines, nous ont menés à analyser le contrat qui lie les consommateurs de ces services. Malgré l’existence de certaines règles importantes, il est apparu que de nombreuses insuffisances mettant en danger le consommateur pouvaient être relevées. Cette réalité n’est que le fruit de plusieurs obstacles qui se dressent face à l’élaboration d’un cadre juridique adapté aux consommateurs. Ils proviennent essentiellement du fait que le continent africain n’est autre que celui qui accueille cette nouvelle technologie, qui n’a pas encore été appréhendée par d’autres continents dont certains États membres ont longtemps constitué un exemple pour ceux-ci. Même au sein du continent africain, les efforts déployés par certains États d’Afrique de l’Est n’ont pu être textuellement retranscrits, au vu de la particularité de chaque État, et de chaque système juridique. Dans le cadre de notre étude, nous verrons comment le législateur pourrait être en mesure de réduire les inégalités qui existent entre le consommateur d’une part, et les professionnels d’autre part. Mobile telephony has an important place in our society. We have gone from mobile phones having only the main function of communication, to real instruments of economic development. Now used around the world and adopted by populations from all social classes, transactions carried out by mobile telephony must now undoubtedly be subject to an effective legal framework geared towards the protection of consumers of these services. As part of our study, we decided to devote ourselves to the analysis of the provision of mobile payment services. These transactions, which are particularly appreciated by the African populations, have led us to analyze the contract that binds the consumers of these services. Despite the existence of certain important rules, it appeared that many shortcomings which endangered the consumer must be noted. This reality is only the fruit of several obstacles that stand in the way of the development of a legal framework adapted to consumers. They are mainly due to the fact that the African continent is no other than the one which develops this new technology, which has not yet been approved by other continents of which some member states have been an example for them. Even within the African continent, the efforts made by some West African states could not be textually transcribed, because of the particularity of each state, and each legal system. As part of our study, we will see how the legislator could be able to reduce the inequalities that exist between consumers on the one hand, and professionals on the other.
Keywords: Consommateur; Consumer; Mobile payments; Ohada; Paiements mobiles

Les enjeux juridiques de la circulation en ligne des médicaments dans un contexte global en mutation - Gnimpieba-Jiogo, Augustine (Université de Montréal, 2021)
La circulation en ligne des médicaments est une réalité de notre monde numérique. Elle s’exprime entre autres à travers la circulation des informations, des services, des idées, des produits. Au regard du rôle du médicament dans le cadre de la thérapie de soins, ce nouveau mode de distribution ne peut être régi uniquement par le cadre juridique d’ordre général applicable au commerce électronique. Le médicament, avant d’être un produit du commerce, est un produit de santé publique ; et l’accès à ce dernier un « droit humain ». En raison de cet ensemble d’éléments, l’entrée du médicament dans le « marché numérique » soulève plusieurs enjeux juridiques ; et justifie la réticence du législateur (au sens classique) qu’il soit national ou international. Cette réticence qui remet en cause le principe de libre circulation des biens et des services, est due à un certain nombre de défis que pose la création d’un circuit de distribution fiable dans le cyberespace. Ces défis sont liés à la définition des normes devant régir la création d’une architecture au sein de laquelle il est facile d’effectuer les contrôles qui garantissent la qualité des produits pharmaceutiques. En outre, la création du « marché électronique » du médicament suppose la définition des acteurs aptes à assurer le bon fonctionnement de cette architecture. Bien plus, il s’agit de la capacité de nos systèmes juridiques à définir un corpus normatif capable de réguler les incidences de la numérisation du circuit de distribution sur les pratiques et les relations entre les différents acteurs. L’objectif visé est de favoriser la disponibilité du « bon médicament pour le bon patient et au bon moment ». Or dans une analyse pragmatique et à l’heure actuelle du développement de la connaissance du cyberespace, la définition d’un tel corpus normatif n’est pas aisée en raison du caractère sans cesse changeant du « marché électronique » qui ne permet pas d’avoir des cadres de références stables. L’idée que nous avons partagée dans le cadre de cette analyse est celle selon laquelle ces défis ne devraient pas nous empêcher de travailler à la création d’un système légal de distribution en ligne qui définit le statut juridique des différents acteurs intervenant dans le circuit de distribution. En bref, un système qui fixe les cadres de références qui régissent l’architecture au sein duquel se font les opérations en ligne; et qui protège les cyberpatients tout en les transformant en « actients ». Pour ainsi dire, des « cyberconsommateurs » outillés sur les procédures de contrôle et de recours possibles en cas de préjudice subi, car dans le déni de construire un système de distribution légal, on laisse la place à la prolifération d’un réseau illégal de distribution en ligne. The online circulation of medicines is a reality of our digital environment. It is a fact in our digital world through the flow of information, services, ideas, and products. It cannot be governed only to the general legal scope applicable to the e-commerce because of the function of drug within the framework of care therapy. Since, before being a commercial product, the drug is a public health product and access to it is part of the right to health. That is the reason why its insertion into the digital market raises several legal issues; and justifies the reluctance of the legislator (in the classical sense), whether national or international, to promote its entry into the “electronic market”. This reluctance, even if it calls into questions the principles of free movement of goods and services, is due to a number of challenges raised by the establishment of a trustable distribution channel in cyberspace. The challenges are linked to defining the standards that should govern the creation of an architecture within which it is easy to perform the necessary control useful to ensure the quality of pharmaceutical products. The creation of the “electronic market” of drug equally suppose, the definition of actors capable to sustain the good functioning of that architecture and having well legal defined status. Besides, it takes to the capacity of our legal systems to define a nominative corpus able to regulate the issues of the digitization of the distribution process over the practices and relations between actors. However, in a pragmatic analysis and at the current time of the development of the cyberspace, the definition of such a normative corpus is not that easy due to the fast changing character of the cyberspace that does not allow to have stables framework of references necessary to define the normative corpus. The idea shared in this analysis is that these challenges should not prevent us from working to create a legal online distribution system. A system that defines the different actors who intervene in the distribution and sets the frames of reference that govern the architecture within which online operations take place. But above all, which protects cyber patients, while transforming them into real “active patient” capable of making informed choices online. Cyber consumers equipped with the control procedures and possible recourse in the event of damage suffered. Because, in the denial of building a legal distribution system, there is space for the proliferation of an illegal network.
Keywords: Circulation; Cybersanté; Droit à la santé; Mutations; Médicaments; Right to health; e-Health; medicines

Grupos de Sociedades Comerciais à Luz do Direito Angolano - Matias, Marlene Patrícia Fernandes (Universidade de Lisboa, 2021)
O presente trabalho tem como objeto o regime especial dos grupos de sociedades comerciais à luz do direito angolano. O principal objetivo é dar o nosso contributo para a estrutura académica do país, para um melhor conhecimento do regime, da sua grande dimensão e aplicabilidade. Dada a possibilidade de ser benéfico para diversas áreas que envolvem o regime dos grupos de sociedades. Numa época em que o país está passar por uma crise económica e sofre uma grande restruturação, o conhecimento desse regime especial é importante, não apenas para a parte académica como para muitos empresários conhecerem outros regimes societários alternativos e dinâmicos com uma outra perspetiva. Tendo uma abordagem expansiva e o conhecimento não apenas do regime angolano como dos outros países que fazem parte da comunidade lusófona. Por fim, terminamos o trabalho com a apresentação de algumas soluções e propostas compostas por um leque diversificado devido à falta de atenção por parte das instituições públicas e conhecimento dentro do sector académico.
Keywords: Angola; Direito comercial; Grupos de sociedades; Regime especial; Sociedades comerciais

The inclusion and assessment of climate related and environmental related risks in the banking industry: the UniCredit case. - Gioia, Giovanni Luigi (LUISS Guido Carli, 2021)
The nexus between climate-related risks and financial risk. From nuclear to climate apocalypse. The turning point: Paris agreement and UN 2030 agenda for sustainable development. The VUCA world. The European Union as pioneer of ESG revolution. Climate-related risks in the banking sector. The EBA framework of ESG risk for financial institutions. The principles for responsible banking. Environmental-related risk assessment. The mispricing of the environmental-related risks. The environmental-related disclosure as a risk mitigation tool. How do UniCredit assess, monitor and mitigate climaterelated risks. UniCredit’s financial risk management framework. Comparison with KPMG benchmark.

A necessidade de um regime de cooperação jurídica internacional para a prevenção e o combate ao narcotráfico no estado de Guiné-Bissau - Nancassa, N’gnura Luís Alves (Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2021)
One of the biggest problems in Guinea-Bissau in the last decade is illegal drug tafficking, which is being used to transport concaine and other drugs from Latin America to Europe, thus being considered a Narco-State. Due to the great problems caused to the State, ways of reducing and combating this organized crime are being sought. This time, the aforementioned work aims to identify the need for an international legal cooperation regime to prevent and combat drug trafficking in the state of Guinea-Bissau. The methodology used was bibliographic, descriptive and explanatory research, searching databases such as academic google, scielo and lilacs, using descriptors such as "international legal cooperation", "drug trafficking", "prevention and combating drug trafficking" “Guinea-Bissau” and “Narcostate”. After a thorough search, it can be concluded that in Guinea-Bissau, despite UNODC interventions, drug trafficking is widespread, being a source of concern among government officials seeking a regime of international legal cooperation to prevent and combat drug trafficking in the state.
Accepted: 2022-01-03T14:14:35Z Publisher: Faculdade de Direito
Keywords: Cooperação jurídica internacional; Drug trafficking; Drug trafficking - Guiné-Bissau; Guinea Bissau; Guiné-Bissau; International legal cooperation; Narcoestado; Narcostate; Tráfico de drogas; Tráfico de drogas - Guiné-Bissau

Analisi del concetto dell’arbitrabilità nel diritto internazionale - Rando, Alberto (LUISS Guido Carli, 2021)
Il concetto di arbitrabilità: analisi dei regimi nazionali e New York convention 1958. L'arbitrato come strumento di soluzione delle controversie. Nozione e motivi di arbitrabilità nel diritto dell’arbitrato internazionale. La legge applicabile all'arbitrabilità e il rapporto con l’ordine pubblico. Ordine Pubblico e arbitrabilità: un rapporto così stretto? La posizione del professor Brekoulakis: l’inarbitrabilità come limite inerente all’arbitrato. La legge applicabile all’arbitrabilità. L’approccio del diritto interno alla questione dell’arbitrabilità negli arbitrati internazionale. La giurisprudenza italiana. Giurisprudenza di altri Paesi europei: cenni. Stati Uniti.

La réglementation du commerce électronique entre professionnel et consommateur en Côte d'Ivoire - Kotoklo, Kendra (Université du Québec à Montréal, 2021)
Le commerce électronique est une activité qui évolue constamment. Cette activité apparait comme une innovation, car elle permet la conclusion de contrat à distance grâce aux technologies de l’information et de la communication notamment Internet ; mais aussi parce qu’elle représente une opportunité pour les entreprises de s’affirmer à l’échelle internationale. Cette étude porte sur l’encadrement du commerce électronique en Côte d’Ivoire. Elle s’intéresse plus précisément au commerce électronique entre professionnel et consommateur. La Côte d’Ivoire s’est dotée d’un cadre juridique et règlementaire spécial relatif au commerce électronique. Ce cadre instaure différents mécanismes dans le but de protéger le consommateur qui est considéré comme la partie faible du contrat en raison de son manque d’expérience et d’information face au professionnel qui exerce dans le cadre son activité. D’une part, l’étude a pour objectif de mettre en évidence les lacunes de la réglementation ivoirienne relative au commerce électronique entre professionnel et consommateur. D’autre part, l’étude vise à proposer de manière modeste des pistes de solutions en vue de l’amélioration de cette réglementation, notamment en se référant aux réglementations internationales, étrangères ou régionales. _____________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : commerce électronique, droit, consommateur, Côte d’Ivoire, nouvelles technologies, professionnel.
Place: Montréal (Québec, Canada)
Keywords: Commerce électronique; Consommateur; Côte d'Ivoire; Nouvelles technologies

جرائم الغش التجاري الواقعة على المستهلك - لوالي, خالد; معاشي, أسماء (Ibn Khaldun University of Tiaret, 2021)
يعتبر الغش التجاري من أبرز الظواهر السلبية وأكثرها انتشارا في المجتمع، ولا يكاد يخلوأي تشريع من تجريم هذه الظاهرة، التي أصابت المستهلك في مأكله ومشربه وملبسه وأغلب متطلبات حياته الضرورية منها والكمالية، ومع تقدم أساليب الإنتاج والتصنيع تطورت أساليب ووسائل الغش والتحايل على المستهلكين من قبل المتدخلين في العملية الاستهلاكية. والمشرع الجزائري على غرار التشريعات المقارنة رصد جملة من القوانين وعلى رأسها قانون العقوبات وقانون حماية المستهلك وقمع الغش لحماية المستهلك حماية موضوعية من خلال تجريمه للخداع والغش و كذا حيازة مواد مغشوشة دون مبرر شرعي، وحماية إجرائية تتمثل في استحداث هيئات رقابية منها ما هي مركزية ومنها ما هي محلية لقمع الغش التجاري، كما خول المشرع الجزائري للقضاء صلاحية متابعة جرائم الغش التجاري وفق إجراءات خاصة بدءا بتحريك الدعوى العمومية مرورا بمحاضر الشرطة القضائية ومحاضر الجهات المكلفة بحماية المستهلك، انتهاء بمرحلتي التحقيق والحكم. Commercial fraud is one of the most important and prevalent negative phenomena in society, and hardly any legislation is exempt from criminalizing this phenomenon, which has plagued consumers in their food, drink, clothing and clothing. most of the necessary and luxury needs of his life. in the process of consumption. The Algerian legislator, like the comparative legislation, controls a certain number of laws, foremost among which the Penal Code, the Law on the protection of the consumer, and the repression of the fraud to protect the consumer objectively by criminalizing the deception and fraud, as well as possession of fraudulent products. materials without legal justification, and procedural protection represented in the creation of control bodies, some of which are central and others It is local to suppress commercial fraud The Algerian legislator has also empowered the judiciary to prosecute fraud offenses commercial according to special procedures, starting with the opening of the public case, passing through the records of the judicial police and the archives of the bodies responsible for consumer protection, ending with the phases of investigation and judgment
Keywords: Droit de la consommation

L'arbitrage à l’épreuve des procédures collectives et de l’intervention du juge en droit de I’OHADA. - Kante, Souleymane (Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, 2021)
Si l’on définit l’arbitrage simplement comme un mode de règlement des différends administré par les particuliers non investis de leur mission par l’Etat. Il n’en demeure pas moins que ce mode de règlement des différends ne saurait évoluer seul. C’est ainsi que l’ordre public des procédures collectives et l’intervention du juge étatique impact tant l’arbitrage. Il a paru important de jauger leur impact sur l’arbitrage. L’analyse effectuée à travers une méthode exégétique des textes communautaires et internationaux a permis de constater que les procédures collectives et l’intervention du juge étatique sont facteurs de désordre dans l’arbitrage. Toutefois, il convient de relever une certaine survie de l’arbitrage face aux procédures collectives et à l’intervention du juge étatique.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitraje; Arbitration; Juge étatique; OHADA; Procédures collectives; Survie

L'expert facultés dans le contrôle de la sinistralité en Afrique - Alivanoglou, Asimina (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)

Comment un FBO peut-il se préparer pour la mise en place de la certification IS-BAH - Amblard, Axelle (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)

La libre concurrence à l'épreuve des règlementations des aides d'Etat aux compagnies aériennes - Atlan, Chloé (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)

Chargement et déchargement de l'ensemble routier - Basso, Océane (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)

A critical analysis of the effect of the moratorium on property owners - Beekarun, Yasthil (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2021)
No abstract provided.
Keywords: Business rescue

E-commerce et la protection des données à caractère personnel dans l'espace OHADA - Belo Badekula, Glodi (Université Catholique de Louvain, 2021)
Face à la montée des technologies de l’information, les préoccupations en ce qui concerne la vie privée et la protection des données à caractère personnel ont émergé au sein de l’opinion publique. Plusieurs Etats avisés ont adopté des règles juridiques pour encadrer l’usage des données personnelles. Aux vues de l’importance que revêt la question de la gestion et de la protection des données à caractère personnel, et face au flux d’échanges économiques qui ont lieu dans les plateformes digitales et qui mettent en jeu les usagers et les opérateurs privés africains de la communauté OHADA, nous avons exprimé la nécessité d’examiner la problématique du « E-commerce et la protection des données à caractère personnel dans l’espace OHADA ». Il s’est agi dans le cadre de ce travail de comprendre, Comment les actes uniformes de l’OHADA protègent et préviennent la gestion abusive des données à caractère personnel, des ressortissants de l’espace OHADA à des fins économiques d’une part ; et de savoir en l’absence d’un Acte uniforme général sur la protection des données (AUGPD), quelle juridiction africaine serait matériellement compétente pour gérer des infractions liées à l’exploitation abusive des données à caractère personnel des ressortissants de l’espace OHADA, d’autre part. A l’issue de cette recherche, fort est le regret de constater que l’OHADA ne dispose jusqu’à ces jours d’aucun instrument sur la protection des données à caractère personnel et la libre circulation des données.
Keywords: Données personnelles; E-commerce; GDPR; OHADA; RGDP

L’efficience du droit à la protection des données à caractère personnel dans le cadre de la mise en place de l'ETIAS - Bendjema, Isra (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)

Les réserves relatives à la marchandise - Berrabah, Tiffany (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)

Le relèvement d'épave - Bonello, Sofia (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)

L'exonération de la responsabilité du transporteur tenant à la défaillance de l'emballage - Bonnaud, Martin (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)

La responsabilidad penal en el concurso de acreedores: los delitos de insolvencia punibles - Campos Rodríguez, Manuel (Universidad de Sevilla, 2021)

Les porte-conteneurs à l'épreuve du feu - Coïc, Jeanne (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)

La problématique de la responsabilité sociale des entreprises au Mali : état des lieux et perspectives - Coulibaly, Almadane; Keita, Moussa D. (Université Mouloud Mammeri, 2021)
L’industrialisation a provoque la confrontation des techniques concurrentielles des entreprises qui s’opèrent dans le même secteur a fait apparaître un nouveau concept (RSE) la responsabilité sociétale des entreprises utilise par celle-ci pour se démarquer les unes aux autres. La responsabilité sociétale selon la norme ISO 26000 se définit comme responsabilité d‘une organisation vis a vis des impacts de ces décisions et activités sur la société et sur l’environnement, se traduisant par un comportement ethnique et transparent qui contribue au développement durable y compris a la sante et au bien être de la société ; prend en compte les attentes des partir prenantes ; respect des lois en vigueur tout en étant en cohérence avec les normes internationales des comportements et intégré dans l’ensemble de l‘organisation et mis en œuvre dans ses relations, tout en rendant compte a ses actionnaires et de maximisé son profit. Mais aussi rendre compte a la société humaine des impacts environnementale et sociales des ses activités. Elle vise les organisations des tout types quelque soit leurs activistes, leurs taille ou leurs localisation. Les entreprises malienne sont mises aux défis le nouveau concept (RSE) la responsabilité sociale des entreprises pour prendre en compte les défis de leurs activité sur l’environnent, sur l’économie et sur la société pour apporte des solutions et des réponses.
Keywords: CSR; Corporate Social Responsibility; ISO 26000; Mali; RSE; Responsabilidad Social; Responsabilité sociale de l'entreprise

Alliances Maritimes et responsabilité des Partenaires - De Marchi Nassar, Tara (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)

A comparative analysis between the Turkish Financial Reporting Standard for large and medium-sized entities and the OHADA accounting system - Diallo, Amadou Thierno (Sakarya Üniversitesi, 2021)
The rapidly growing bilateral and multilateral economic relationship between Turkey and African countries leads to the necessity of understanding each other's business and financial environment. Therefore, the accounting system as a fundamental tool for organizing and disseminating financial information should be accessible and understood by business actors and other stakeholders in these areas. Furthermore, the lack of study related to this subject has led us to carry out this comparative analysis between the two accounting systems by comparing financial statements prepared under each one and analyzing their main similarities and differences. The main purpose of this study is to highlight major differences and similarities between the SYSCOHADA and the FRS for LMSE. Also, the study is aimed to get a good understanding of both accounting sets and help practitioners and businessmen, and women operating in these places to have a good knowledge of the accounting regulations related to each country. On a topic basis and based on financial statements prepared following the SYSCOHADA rules and restated to be adapted to the FRS for LMSE, all main differences and similarities were thoroughly analyzed. Following the case study and the thematical analysis of different accounting topics, it can be understood that the two accounting sets differ to some extent due to philosophical approach on some topics such as the prudence principle where the SYSCOHADA, contrary to the FRS for LMSE, does not allow the recognition of potential profit resulting from currency translation gains related to receivable and payables until such profit becomes certain. However, these two sets also share some major similarities due to their proximity in some way to the IAS/IFRS. The effect of the main differences between the two sets can be noticed in the restated financial statements. The annual net income following the FRS for LMSE increased compared to the initial annual net income in the SYSCOHADA. Also, total assets and liabilities restated following the FRS for LMSE have decreased compared to the SYSCOHADA financial statements. Türkiye ile Afrika ülkeleri arasında hızla büyüyen ikili ve çok taraflı ekonomik ilişkiler, birbirlerinin iş ve finans ortamını anlama zorunluluğunu doğurmaktadır. Bu nedenle, finansal bilgilerin düzenlenmesi ve yayılması için temel bir araç olarak muhasebe sistemi, bu alanlardaki iş aktörleri ve diğer paydaşlar tarafından erişilebilir ve anlaşılabilir olmalıdır. Ayrıca bu konuyla ilgili çalışma eksikliği, iki muhasebe sistemi arasında bu karşılaştırmalı analizi, her biri altında hazırlanan finansal tabloları karşılaştırarak ve temel benzerlik ve farklılıklarını analiz ederek yapmaya yöneltmiştir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, SYSCOHADA ve BOBİ FRS arasındaki önemli farklılıkları ve benzerlikleri vurgulamaktır. Ayrıca, çalışma hem muhasebe standartları iyi anlamak hem de uygulayıcılara ve bu yerlerde faaliyet gösteren iş adamlarına her bir ülkeyle ilgili muhasebe düzenlemeleri hakkında iyi bilgi sahibi olmalarına yardımcı olmayı amaçlamaktadır. Konu bazında ve SYSCOHADA kurallarına göre hazırlanmış ve BOBİ FRS' ye uyarlanmak üzere yeniden düzenlenen mali tablolara dayalı olarak, tüm temel farklılıklar ve benzerlikler kapsamlı bir şekilde analiz edilmiştir. Vaka çalışması ve farklı muhasebe konularının tematik analizi sonucunda, iki muhasebe setinin bir ölçüde felsefi yaklaşım nedeniyle ihtiyat ilkesi gibi bazı konularda farklılık gösterdiğini anlaşılmaktadır. SYSCOHADA, BOBİ FRS'nin aksine alacak ve borçlara ilişkin kur farkı kazançları kaynaklanan potansiyel kârın kesinleşene kadar muhasebeleştirilmesine izin vermemektedir. Bununla birlikte, bu iki muhasebe seti, UFRS/UMS'ye bir şekilde yakın olmaları nedeniyle bazı önemli benzerlikleri de paylaşmaktadırlar. İki sistemin temel farkların etkisi, yeniden düzenlenen mali tablolarda fark edilebilir. BOBİ FRS'yi takiben yıllık net gelir, SYSCOHADA'daki yıllık net gelire kıyasla artmıştır. Ayrıca, BOBİ FRS'yi takiben yeniden düzenlenen toplam varlıklar ve yükümlülükler, SYSCOHADA finansal tablolarına kıyasla azalmıştır.
Keywords: Accounting standards; Accounting systems; Büyük ve orta boy işletmeler için finansal raporlama standardı; Comparative analysis; Financial reporting standard for large and medium size enterprises; Financial reporting standards; Finansal raporlama standartları; Karşılaştırmalı analiz; Muhasebe sistemleri; Muhasebe standartları; Turkish Financial Reporting Standards; Türkiye Finansal Raporlama Standardı

Cryptocurrencies in an insolvent estate - Du Plessis, Shandi (University of Johannesburg, 2021)
Please refer to full text to view abstract. LL.M. (Commercial Law)

Smart contracts : the Fourth Industrial Revolution and private international law - Dwamena, Elizabeth (University of Johannesburg, 2021)
Please refer to full text to view abstract. LL.M. (International Commercial Law)

L'aviation générale face aux enjeux socio-economiques et de mobilité - Fabre, Marie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)

Etude comparative sur l'organisation des moyens et des infrastructures de transport terrestres de voyageurs entre la Région SUD et la Basse-Saxe - Fellahy, Amin (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)

Le financement du navire de plaisance - Ferrero, Gauthier (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)

Le chargement, calage et arrimage des marchandises transportées - Finistre, Marie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)

La responsabilité des aéroclubs - Fleury, Jean-Charles (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)

Le Transport routier de conteneurs : Entre activité économique et enjeu de société - Gasparowicz, Agata (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)

Le développement du transport fluvial face aux enjeux environnementaux du XXIème siècle - Giovannini, Sophie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)

Les clauses de mise en pontée - Grimault, Louis (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)

The impact of Covid-19 on labour law protection for Uber drivers - Gxabu, Mampho Aphelele (University of Johannesburg, 2021)
On 15 March 2020 the President of the Republic of South Africa announced a nationwide lockdown. The unpredicted pandemic dictated that extraordinary measures be put in place, which resulted in the country coming to a total standstill. Consequently, there was an alarming decline in economic activities and therefore government had to introduce measures to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on employers and workers.

Le plan d'action de l'industrie aéronautique en réponse aux enjeux climatiques - Habach, Dina (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)

The tax implications of intellectual property: an overview of the development of the law pertaining to deductions - Khan, Ilhaam (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2021)
No abstract available.

L’évaluation et la couverture assurantielle des zones de transport de marchandises dites à risques - Ladka, Maxime (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)

Le transport maritime de cacao - Laemmel, Thomas (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)

The tripartite free trade area: towards a comprehensive African economic community with a particular focus on SADC - Mabinza, Siqhamo (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2021)
No abstract available.
Keywords: Africa; GATT; Multilateral trading systems; Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs); SADC; Southern African Development Community; WTO

The principle of party autonomy in the HAGUE principles on choice of law in International Commercial Contracts : lessons for Chinese, Russian and South African Private International Law - Manganye, Makhanani Annastesia (University of Johannesburg, 2021)
It is no secret that there has been an increase in international trade in recent decades. Natural and juristic persons have taken it upon themselves to trade both domestically and internationally. As international trade increases so too do the conclusion of international commercial contracts. When individuals enter into an international contract, one particularly important issue, and one that should be foremost in the minds of the contracting parties, is which legal system will govern their agreement? Therefore, a significant factor to any international commercial contract is whether the parties have the freedom to choose the law applicable to their agreement and to choose the court that will adjudicate upon their contractual disputes, and if so, to what extent may the parties exercise their freedom of choice?... LL.M. (International Commercial Law)
Keywords: Commercial policy; Commercial treaties; International trade

Les nuisances sonores du transport aérien : mesures d'accompagnement et (nouveaux) défis - Moeson, Yannick (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)

The impact of the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) on the right to health and the right to development: a study of the implementation of TRIPS in Zimbabwe - Munemo, Ropafadzo Blessing (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2021)
The right to health and the right to development are intertwined socio-economic rights that affect the well being and growth of a country’s populace. Most developing and least developed countries face challenges in ensuring access to essential medicines vis a vis the realisation of the right to health and full potential of development. Patents, provided for under the TRIPS Agreement are partly to blame for the lack of access to essential medicines as they account for the excessive pricing of medicines. Zimbabwe being a developing country currently facing dire economic and political challenges but being obliged under the International and Regional Human Rights Conventions it subscribed to, has to ensure the progressive realisation of the right to health and development. However, as a member of the TRIPS Agreement, there are limitations to the country’s ability to ensure access to medicines and healthcare for developmental purposes. This thesis has outlined the problematic provisions of the TRIPS Agreement and Zimbabwe’s attempt to use the flexibilities provided to its advantage. Zimbabwe has only put into use the flexibility of compulsory licensing and parallel importation to a limited extent; hence the recommendation that even though the country has domesticated the Agreement to its advantage, the country needs to explore other flexibilities comprehensively and promote the realisation of the rights to health and development.
Keywords: Access to medicine; Health care costs; Intellectual property; Public health; TRIPs; Trade tariffs; Zimbabwe

Ley rider : dependencia y ajenidad en las nuevas relaciones laborales del entorno digital - Muriel Díaz, Pablo (Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2021)
La presente monografía analiza el régimen jurídico instaurado tras la entrada en vigor de la Ley 12/2021, de 28 de septiembre, por la que se modifica el texto refundido de la Ley del Estatuto de los Trabajadores, aprobado por el Real Decreto Legislativo 2/2015, de 23 de octubre, para garantizar los derechos laborales de las personas dedicadas al reparto en el ámbito de las plataformas digitales, que añade una Disposición Adicional 23ª al texto del Estatuto de los Trabajadores, consagrando a nivel legal la presunción de laboralidad de las relaciones entre trabajador y empresa en el ámbito de las plataformas digitales de reparto. Además, la norma jurídica viene a modificar el artículo 64.4 del Estatuto de los Trabajadores, introduciendo un nuevo apartado bajo la letra d), ampliando así el derecho de información de los comités de empresa, en su condición de máximo órgano de representación del conjunto de los trabajadores. Por otra parte, el trabajo centrará sus esfuerzos en desgranar la adaptación o reformulación de los clásicos conceptos jurídicos de Derecho del Trabajo de dependencia y ajenidad, como características esenciales del trabajo asalariado o por cuenta ajena, frente al trabajo por cuenta propia, clave fundamental para determinar, en definitiva, la existencia o no de una relación de naturaleza laboral. Utilizando como principal referencia la Sentencia número 805/2020, de fecha 25 de septiembre de 2020, del Tribunal Supremo, Pleno de la Sala de lo Social (recurso número 4746/2020), en cuyos principios se ha inspirado la posterior norma jurídica, trataremos de analizar la evolución que han sufrido estos conceptos a raíz del imparable auge del modelo de relaciones laborales surgido a la sombra de la economía tecnológica y del entorno digital, especialmente, en el ámbito de las plataformas de reparto de mercancías y toda clase de productos de consumo.
Trabajo Fin de Máster en Dirección y Gestión de Personas (2020-21). Directora: Dra. Dª María Luisa Pérez Guerrero.

An analysis of the consequences of a business rescue moratorium on legal proceedings on property owners - Ngubane, Samukelo Siyanda (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2021)
It has been over a decade since the Companies Act 71 of 2008 introduced business rescue proceedings which provided for the rescue of financially distressed companies. This procedure replaced the then statutory procedure of judicial management under Companies Act 61 of 1973. The business rescue proceedings begin with the general moratorium or stay on legal proceedings against the company or its property. This has a consequence that any claims against the company may only be enforced with the consent of the business rescue practitioner or the leave of the court. However, the courts continue to grapple with the interpretation, effect, and application of the key elements of business rescue provisions while always striving to accord respect to the legislative intention of business rescue as set out in section 7(k) of the Companies Act 71 of 2008. After a decade since its introduction, it is an opportune time to ascertain whether the business rescue proceedings is an effective corporate rescue procedure suitable to the modern-day demands of the South African economy. The research analyses the effect and the consequences of the moratorium on the rights of property owners. The moratorium has the effect that companies are given temporary immunity to actions brought by creditors which would have been due and enforceable. In this regard, the property leased by the property owner remains occupied by the company during business rescue proceedings as the property owner is barred by the moratorium to institute legal proceedings against the company. Further, when the repossession of the property is not possible and the rental due or installment is not payable by the company, the business rescue proceedings encroaches on the right of the property owners. The purpose of the research is to highlight the effect of the moratorium on the lease agreement between the company and property owners and the possible protection of the property owners’ rights. The study includes a critical analysis of judicial decisions on the moratorium, together with a discussion of the legal position in comparable foreign jurisdictions. In my conclusion, based on the findings, the business rescue is not free from imperfection. Therefore, I recommended that the legislature amend some parts of Chapter 6 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008.
Keywords: Companies Act 71 of 2008; Corporate rescue procedure; Financially distressed companies; South Africa; Stay on legal proceedings

L'Intégration de l'aviation légère dans le tissu social et la politique environnementale - Nourbakhsh, Sinaz (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)

A Third World approach to the role of South Africa, Nigeria and Kenya in the multilateral trading system - Nzimande, Nosiphiwo (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2021)
No abstract provided.
Keywords: GATT; General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs; International Trade; Kenya; Nigeria; Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs); South Africa; WTO; World Trade Organization; World trade

Les garanties d'usage des postes d'amarrage - Prud'Homme, Valentine (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)

Takeover and shareholders' agreements - Sabatini, Federico (LUISS Guido Carli, 2021)
The OPA. Notions of takeover bids. Recognising and distinguishing the various forms of control within a company. Type of takeover bid. Subsequent defence techniques. The US control market and details of M&A and tender offers. Bids and acquisitions in China. Comparative European case studies. Shaldeholders' agreements. Regulatory sources and definition of covenants. Concerted action. Takeover obligations arising from concerted action. Cases. The Fondiaria-Sai case. Unipol-BNL. Other case of exemption.

L'arrêt de la production des avions de ligne civils quadriréacteurs équivaut-elle à une fin de leur exploitation ? - Simoud, Inès (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)

L'arbitrage en droit aérien et spatial - Soliveres, Théo (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitration; Droit aérien; Droit spatial

L'implémentation internationale des unités d'information passagers - Thimon, Niels (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)

Les lanceurs spatiaux réutilisables : La norme de demain ? - Voisin, Gabriel (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)

L'UEMOA : la cohabitation des juridictions intervenant dans la résolution des conflits issus des investissements internationaux - Berte, Tandjaman Abiba Grace (Université de Montréal, 2020)
Les traditions culturelles et l’histoire commune des états membres de l’UEMOA ont été des facteurs clé de leur rapprochement dans divers domaines. En effet, la monnaie commune de ces différents pays a permis d’instaurer les fondements d’un droit commun des investissements, et une zone de coopération fondée sur une profonde solidarité . Ceci devait se faire, à travers la reconnaissance de la liberté de circulation des capitaux dans le traité du 12 mai 1962 instituant l’UMOA qu’ils s’étaient engagés à transformer en Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest-Africaine . Au fil du temps, le développement du droit communautaire en Afrique de l’Ouest a évolué et couvert un large champ qui s’étend désormais aux investissements . Les enjeux du Droit International des Investissements, en raison des exigences de la mondialisation des économies, ont contraint les États de l’espace UEMOA, importateurs de capitaux, à faire converger leur réglementation des investissements afin de favoriser leur attractivité et d’en tirer le meilleur parti . La difficulté d’un tel objectif réside d’une part, dans la nécessité d’arriver à̀ concilier leurs intérêts avec ceux des investisseurs ; qui ne sont pas toujours convergents et d’autre part, soulèvent certaines questions concernant le choix des juridictions compétentes et du droit applicable aux conventions d’investissements. L’Union n’a pas dérogé aux standards internationaux de protection des investissements qui existent pour les garanties procédurales . Elle a reconnu la pertinence de l’arbitrage comme principal mode de règlement des différends tout en réaffirmant le principe de la compétence des juridictions nationales et communautaires. Dès lors, pour débattre « de la cohabitation des juridictions encadrant la résolution des conflits issus des investissements internationaux dans l’UEMOA » thème de l’étude que nous avons menée, nous avons suivi la démarche ci-après : Au Chapitre I, nous avons présenté l’UEMOA dans toute sa composante. Dans le Chapitre II, nous avons présenté les différents investissements au sein de l’UEMOA. Quant au Chapitre III, il a porté des éclairages sur l’arbitrage au sein de l’UEMOA, l’un des principaux modes de résolution des conflits issus des investissements internationaux et traite de certaines sentences arbitrales sur des cas de conflits entre États membres de l’Union et des investisseurs. Par ailleurs, le chapitre IV propose quelques analyses critiques sur la gestion des conflits. Enfin, le Chapitre V, fait état de nos analyses critiques et recommandations à l’effet d’apporter notre contribution pour l’amélioration de cette pratique importante et délicate pour l’Union. The cultural traditions and the common history of the UEMOA member states have been key factors in bringing them together in various fields. Indeed, the common currency of these different countries has made it possible to establish the foundations of a common investment law, and an area of cooperation based on deep solidarity. This was to be done, through the recognition of the freedom of movement of capital in the treaty of May 12, 1962 establishing the UEMOA which they had undertaken to transform into the West African Economic and Monetary Union. Over time, the development of community law in West Africa has evolved and covered a large field which now extends to and covered to investment. The challenges of International Investment Law, due to the requirements of the globalization of economies, have forced the WAEMU States, importers of capital, to converge their investment regulations in order to promote their attractiveness and draw better. The difficulty of such an objective lies, on the one hand, in the need to manage to reconcile their interests with those of investors ; which are not always convergent and on the other hand, raise certain questions concerning the choice of competent courts and the law applicable to investment agreements. The Union has not departed from the international investment protection standards that exist for procedural guarantees. It recognized the relevance of arbitration as a means of settling disputes while reaffirming the principle of the jurisdiction of national and Community courts. Therefore, to debate "the cohabitation of the jurisdictions framing the arbitration of conflicts arising from international investments in the UEMOA" theme of the study that we conducted, we followed the following approach : vi In Chapter I, we presented UEMOA in its entire component. In Chapter II, we presented the various investments within the UEMOA. As for Chapter III, it shed light on arbitration within the UEMOA and deals with certain arbitral awards on cases of conflicts between Member States of the Union and investors. In addition, Chapter IV offers some critical analyzes on conflict management. Finally, Chapter V presents our critical analyzes and recommendations to make our contribution to the improvement of this important and delicate practice for the Union.
Keywords: Coexistence of jurisdictions; Cohabitation des juridictions; Conflict resolution; International investments; Investissements; Investissements internationaux; Résolution des conflits; UEMOA

L'évolution des rapports entre le juge et l'arbitre au regard des récentes réformes en droit de l'arbitrage québécois : les compétences exclusives et non exclusives du juge étatique - Koffi, Ange Marina N'gbo (Université de Montréal, 2020)
L'arbitre représente le juge dans la procédure d’arbitrage: il tranche, juge et détient la balance de la justice dans cette procédure. Bien que ses décisions soient des sentences arbitrales, elles n’ont pas la force exécutoire d’un jugement judiciaire qui impliquerait une sanction en cas de non-exécution de celle-ci par la partie contre laquelle elle a été rendue. Ainsi, les thèses selon lesquelles les rapports du juge et de l’arbitre sont conflictuels, selon lesquelles les pouvoirs attribués à l’arbitre pour mener sa mission à terme et le principe d’incompétence du juge étatique dans le déroulement d’un arbitrage interne ou international, deviennent réfutables. Soumises pour contrôle et à l’appui du juge étatique, l’instance arbitrale et la sentence arbitrale s'intègrent dans l'ordre juridictionnel. Elles doivent cohabiter ensemble dans une même atmosphère juridique. Le juge dans cette optique a l’obligation de protéger et de respecter la volonté des parties, tout en veillant au bon déroulement de la procédure arbitrale. Ainsi, au regard, des nouvelles réformes en arbitrage en vigueur au Québec, en France et dans plusieurs autres États, les rapports entre les tribunaux judiciaires et l’arbitrage ont évolué vers l’entente, la collaboration et la complémentarité. De plus, les textes légaux et les règles qui gouvernent la procédure arbitrale sont d’une grande importance dans notre exposé, car elles contribuent à la démonstration de ces nouveaux rapports. Ce sont, en effet le respect des règles et la possibilité pour les parties de les manipuler qui rendent l’arbitrage attrayant. Le présent mémoire vise à démontrer l’évolution des rapports entre le juge et l’arbitre au regard de récentes réformes dans le droit de l’arbitrage québécois parallèlement au droit de l’arbitrage français. Notre stratégie consistera à identifier les pouvoirs attribués au juge étatique et à analyser la place de choix réservée au juge étatique dans cette procédure. Puisqu’il s’avère être un appui précieux à l'arbitrage, il conviendrait de redéfinir sa place dans cette procédure, afin de dissiper toutes les incompréhensions qui ont pu exister. The arbitrator represents the judge in the arbitration proceedings: he decides, judges and holds the balance of justice in the arbitration proceedings. Although its decisions are arbitral awards, they do not have the enforceable force of a judicial judgment that would involve a penalty in the event of non-performance by the party against whom it was issued. Thus, the arguments according to which the reports of the judge and the arbitrator are conflicting, according to which the powers assigned to the arbitrator to complete his mission and the principle of incompetence of the state judge in the conduct of an internal or international arbitration, become refutable. Submitted for review and in support of the State judge, the arbitral body and the arbitral award shall be incorporated into the judicial order. They must live together in the same legal atmosphere. The judge in this regard has the obligation to protect and respect the will of the parties, while ensuring the smooth conduct of the arbitral proceedings. In light of the new arbitration reforms in force in Quebec, France and several other states, the relationship between the courts and arbitration has evolved towards understanding, collaboration and complementarity. In addition, the legal texts and rules governing arbitral proceedings are of great importance in our presentation, as they contribute to the demonstration of these new reports. It is, in fact, the respect of the rules and the possibility for the parties to manipulate them that make the arbitration attractive. The purpose of this brief is to demonstrate the evolution of the relationship between the judge and the arbitrator in light of recent reforms in the law of Quebec arbitration in parallel with the law of French arbitration. Our strategy will be to identify the powers assigned to the state judge and to analyse the place reserved for the state judge in this procedure. Since it proves to be a valuable support for arbitration, it would be appropriate to redefine its place in this procedure, in order to dispel any misunderstandings that may have existed.
Accepted: 2021-01-25T19:24:38Z
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitration Award; Arbitrator; Arbitre; Compétences exclusives; Compétences non exclusives; Courts; Division of jurisdiction; Exclusive jurisdiction; Juge étatique; Non-exclusive jurisdiction; Partage de compétences; Sentence arbitrale; State judge; Tribunaux judiciaires

O recurso à arbitragem no âmbito das sociedades comerciais : os conflitos societários internos - Vaz, Juliana Touro Cerejo Rabaça (Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 2020)
A presente dissertação tem como objetivo analisar, à luz do ordenamento jurídico português, a possibilidade e adequação do recurso ao instituto da arbitragem como meio de resolução dos litígios intrassocietários, isto é, os litígios emergentes das relações entre os sócios de uma sociedade, os resultantes das relações entre os sócios e a própria sociedade, ou ainda no âmbito das relações entre os sócios ou a sociedade per si e os titulares dos órgãos de administração ou de fiscalização da mesma. Para tal, foi inicialmente adotada uma perspetiva comparatística com outros ordenamentos jurídicos. Posteriormente, foi adotada uma abordagem expositiva, do instituto da arbitragem em Portugal, analisando inicialmente de um modo geral, especificando depois o propósito principal da presente dissertação – a arbitrabilidade dos litígios intrasocietários, nomeadamente o regime da convenção de arbitragem, do tribunal arbitral e da própria sentença arbitral. Avaliadas as vantagens e os inconvenientes do recurso à arbitragem enquanto meio de resolução alternativa de litígios, e a sua aplicabilidade aos litígios intrassocietários, tomando como referência a escassa regulamentação deste instituto neste domínio no nosso ordenamento jurídico, conclui-se a presente dissertação com uma proposta de regulamentação legal e outra estatutária da arbitragem dos referidos litígios intrasocietários.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitraje; Arbitration; Entreprises commerciales; Litige interne

The dispute board in international construction contracts - Nunziata, Martina (LUISS Guido Carli, 2020)
The dispute board as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism in international construction contracts. The functioning of the dispute board. Issues related to the legal nature and the enforcement of the final determination. Evaluation and familiarity with the mechanism of the dispute board. The Italian case and the distrust towards the development of "private justice systems".

Les politiques publiques face aux investissements directs étrangers en Afrique : étude comparée de la Namibie et de la République du Congo - Gavelle, Ophélia (Université de Montréal, 2020)
Ces vingt dernières années ont été marquées par des flux d’investissements directs étrangers (IDE) entre les économies mondialisées. L’Afrique reste cependant plus en marge que les autres régions. Cela peut s’expliquer par divers facteurs comme les ressources ou les politiques publiques. En effet, certains pays possèdent des politiques publiques envers les IDE plus ou moins réticentes. Ce présent travail se concentre sur les raisons qui amènent les pays à adopter ce type de politiques publiques. En m’appuyant sur l’approche britannique de Susan Strange et la méthode de la différence de Mills, je compare la République du Congo qui met en place des politiques incitatives envers les IDE et la Namibie dont les politiques publiques sont plus restreintes. D’une part, cette différence de politiques publiques envers les IDE s’explique par la colonisation et par les relations qu’ils ont avec leurs anciens pays coloniaux. D’autre part, les institutions internationales influencent aussi les comportements de ces deux pays dans leurs relations avec les investisseurs étrangers. Pour cette étude, je me suis concentrée sur l’ONU et le FMI. Celles-ci ont donc intensifié les comportements de ces pays vis-à-vis des IDE. These last twenty years were marked by flows of foreign direct investments (FDI) between globalized economies. The continent of Africa is more marginalized than other regions. It could be explained by various factors like resources or public policies. Indeed, several countries have public policies towards FDI more or less reluctant. This present paper is focused on why countries adopt this type of public policy. Based on Susan Strange’s British approach and Mills’ difference method, I compare the Republic of Congo, which has incentive policies for FDI and Namibia with public policies which are more limited. On the one hand, this difference in public policies towards FDI is explained by colonization and the relations they have with their former colonial countries. On the other hand, the international institutions also influence the behaviour of these two countries in their relations with foreign investors. For this study, I focused on the UN and the IMF. These have thus intensified the behaviour of these countries towards FDI.
Keywords: Africa; Afrique; Colonisation; Foreign direct investment; Institutions internationales; International institutions; Investissements; Investissements directs étrangers; Investments; Namibia; Namibie; Politiques publiques; Public policies; Republic of Congo; République du Congo; Settlement

La responsabilité sociale de l'entreprise - Cardoso, Carla (Institut National Universitaire Champollion, 2020)
La prise de conscience mondiale de la nécessité de promouvoir les nouveaux enjeux sociétaux et environnementaux a permis le renouveau du concept ancien connu sous l’expression de Responsabilité Sociale des Entreprises. Sujet se développant au gré des changements sociaux et de l’évolution des mœurs, l’étude de la RSE dans le cadre de ce mémoire a été appréhendée sur un double plan : notionnel par la délimitation du concept flou qu’elle représente puis juridictionnel par l’étude du régime et des règles en découlant. Dans un premier temps, il s’agit d’appréhender la définition qu’il est possible de retenir de la notion, de comprendre son étendue et les acteurs concernés par sa mise en place dans les entreprises. Dans un second temps, il faut étudier le régime juridique applicable à la RSE au travers de la cohabitation existante entre les règles de soft law dites non contraignantes et celles de hard law, c’est-à-dire coercitives. Le fil conducteur de cette étude est en effet de comprendre quels sont les enjeux sociaux et environnementaux existants à la mise en œuvre d’une Responsabilité sociale dans les entreprises aux différentes étapes de sa vie : création, gestion et restructuration. Se pose assez logiquement la question de savoir si les normes issues du concept de RSE ont un impact véritable sur les comportements et agissements des entreprises.
Keywords: Droit de l'environnement; Droit des affaires; Droit du travail; Développement durable; Entreprise; Hard law; Labour law; Parties prenantes; Responsabilité; Responsabilité Sociale de l'Entreprise; Soft law

Le secret dans la vie des affaires - Montrozier, Charlotte (Institut National Universitaire Champollion, 2020)
L’objet de ce mémoire de recherche dans le cadre du Master 1 Droit de l’entreprise à l’INU Champollion est de s’intéresser au « secret dans la vie des affaires ». Ce mémoire fait découvrir la notion de secret des affaires, notion prétorienne à son origine, qui n’était alors pas réglementée par le droit français. Cette problématique de consécration a fait l’objet de longs débats. Par la suite, cette notion de secret des affaires a fait l’objet d’une consécration européenne puis interne par la transposition de la directive par la loi du 30 juillet 2018. Désormais, le secret des affaires est défini à l’article L.151-1 du code de commerce. Cet événement marque alors une avancée majeure dans la protection de ce secret. Enfin, il s’est avéré judicieux de confronter la notion de secret des affaires à d’autres matières. Cette confrontation a montré que la conciliation pouvait être respectée dans son ensemble mais pas de manière absolue. La préservation est un idéal à atteindre mais celui-ci fait l’objet de tempéraments. De la sorte, il a fallu s’interroger sur la manière dont le droit interne envisage la protection du secret dans la vie des affaires. Comment un tel secret est protégé ? Qu’est ce qui a été mis en place pour garantir sa protection ? Sachant qu’un tel procédé alterne toujours entre protection et défaillance.
Keywords: Brevet; Droit d'auteur; Droit exclusif; Intellectual property; Intelligence économique; Liberté d'expression; Liberté de la presse; Propriedade intelectual; Propriété intellectuelle; Secret – Droit; Secret des affaires; Transparence de l'entreprise

دور البنوك التجارية في مكافحة عمليات غسيل الأموال - بومدين, نبية (Ibn Khaldun University of Tiaret, 2020)
تعتبر البنوك التجارية من أهم المحطات المالية التي تقوم بعمليات قبول الودائع ودفعها عند الإستحقاق كما تساهم في عملية خلق النقود بكميات كبيرة هذا ما جعلها الأكثر عرضة لجريمة غسيل الأموال والغاية من هذا هو معرفة كيف تكافح هذه البنوك لجريمة خطيرة مثل هذه والتي سادت كل العالم هذا ما أدى إلى دراستنا لهذا الموضوع الذي إعتمدنا فيه على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي و بالتالي عند دراستنا له توصلنا إلى مجموعة من النتائج تتجلى في معرفة الظاهرة بأنها ظاهرة خطيرة سريعة الإنتشار ،عرضة البنوك بهذه الظاهرة كونها تقوم بعدة عمليات ،وجوب على الدولة أن تكافح هذه الجريمة وذلك بوضع قوانين تشريعية تعاقب كل من قام بإرتكاب هذه الظاهرة الخطيرة. Commercial banks are considered one of the most important financial stations that carry out the processes of accepting and paying deposits at maturity and also contribute to the process of creating money in large quantities. This led to our study of this subject, in which we relied on the descriptive and analytical approach, and therefore upon our study of it, we reached a set of results that are evident in the knowledge of the phenomenon that it is a dangerous and rapidly spreading phenomenon. The banks are exposed to this phenomenon as they carry out several operations. Legislative laws punishing anyone who committed this dangerous phenomenon.
Keywords: Banques commerciales; Blanchiment d'argent; Système bancaire; البنوك التجارية; الجهاز المصرف; جريمة غسيل الاموال

L'arbitrato internazionale negli investimenti: focus sul sistema ICSID - Ricci, Antonio (LUISS Guido Carli, 2020)
Profili introduttivi. La nascita ed evoluzione dell'arbitrato internazionale in materia di investimenti: gli accordi precedenti ai BITs. L'arbitrato ICSID. La giurisdizione del centro: l'articolo 25 della convenzione ICSID. Il riconoscimento del lodo arbitrale straniero. L'esecuzione dei lodi arbitrali e l'impatto su di essi della sentenza Achmea. Considerazioni preliminari sul caso Achmea.

Essai d'ajustement des primes d'assurances facultés aux importations sur le marché camerounais - Abanda Beleck, Paul Siracide (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

The choice of non-state law in international commercial contracts - Abdullah, Humaira (University of Johannesburg, 2020)
When a dispute arises in relation to an act, person or property that is connected to more than one country, such dispute is governed by the rules of private international law, more commonly referred to as the “conflict of laws”.1 The term conflict of laws essentially means that the dispute in question will be governed by the national law of a country while having a connection to a foreign country,2 and is relevant to this discussion as the election of non-state law is an important aspect found within private international law. In order to determine whether or not such laws may be applied, courts usually look at the conflict of laws rules of that particular country... LL.M. (International Commercial Law)
Keywords: Commercial law; Conflict of laws; Contracts (International law)

La blockchain dans les assurances maritimes - Alacusos, Catherine (Aix-Marseille Université, 2020)

Indicateurs prudentiels et mesure de l'activité d'une compagnie d'assurance non-vie : Cas de l'africaine des assurances du Benin - Alokpon, Jean Igmar Ulrich Misséni (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

La protection juridique des créations culinaires - Ancejo, Paul (Université de Nantes, 2020)
Keywords: Intellectual property; Propriedade intelectual; Propriété intellectuelle

Impact de la réassurance sur le résultat technique d'une compagnie d'assurance IARD : Cas de SAHAM assurance Cote D'Ivoire - Assemian, Essoi Blaise (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

La protection contre la cybercriminalité dans l'industrie maritime - Bansard, David (Aix-Marseille Université, 2020)

L'indemnisation des sinistrés corporels automobiles : Cas de allianz Congo - Basseha, Laugh Strecher (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

L'influence de la politique de réassurance des filiales étrangères sur le développement de la coassurance dans un pays de la CIMA : Cas du Niger - Boubacar Kondo, Ibrahim (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

La propulsion velique et le commerce maritime - Bourgeois, Charline (Aix-Marseille Université, 2020)

Cybersécurité et cyber-résilience du transport aérien - Bouterbiat, Houssama (Aix-Marseille Université, 2020)

La surveillance du portefeuille et le pilotage de la performance d'une compagnie d'assurance IARD en zone CIMA : cas de SAHAM IARD Bénin - Cakpo, Alain Yatondé (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

L’adaptation des États et des compagnies maritimes face au Brexit - Carabournis, Sophie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2020)

Le transport de riz par voie maritime - Castera, Delphine (Aix-Marseille Université, 2020)

Caracterização de um ecossistema de empreendedorismo em economias menos desenvolvidos : o caso de Bissau - Correia, Germen Benjamim (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2020)
Esse trabalho se propôs caracterizar o ecossistema de empreendedorismo em economias menos desenvolvidas, em especial, na cidade de Bissau (Guiné-Bissau). As abordagens do empreendedorismo estão ganhando muita força no mundo inteiro em diversos segmentos do mercado, principalmente, no sentido de promoção e crescimento de novos negócios. Ainda enfatiza diferentes elementos interconectados que fazem parte do desenvolvimento do ecossistema. Na realidade, dos países menos desenvolvidos, principalmente nas economias africanas, o tema torna-se mais essencial quando o assunto é o emprego e crescimento econômico, apesar de escassez dos estudos sobre ecossistema de empreendedorismo no continente. Visto que a maioria da atividade empreendedora ainda concentra parte da informalidade e com dificuldades de estruturas para o seu crescimento. Soma-se a isso, diversos fatores como instabilidade política, falta de incentivo ao empreendedorismo, e entre outros, como algo desfavorável para o seu desenvolvimento no continente. Nesse sentido, a cidade de Bissau não passa despercebida como outro países da África quanto esses fatores. Por esse motivo, em busca de melhor solução para desenvolvimento de empreendedorismo na África, tendo a capital de Guiné-Bissau como estudo de caso, procura responder a seguinte pergunta: Como se estrutura o ecossistema de empreendedorismo de Bissau? Para esta resposta, foram selecionados empreendedores e especialista de área, como forma de vislumbrar melhor resultado e conhecimento a respeito do tema. Para isso, utilizou-se o modelo do Isenberg (2011), que considerou seis domínios inter-relacionados como: Políticas Públicas, Capital Financeiro, Instituição de Suporte, Cultura, Recursos Humano e Mercado como essencial para o desenvolvimento de ecossistema de empreendedorismo. A coleta de dados ocorreu nos períodos de setembro de 2019 a junho de 2020 por via Skype, gravada automática e, posteriormente, transcritas uma a uma com o intuito de compreender os dados na sua plenitude. O resultado aponta os pilares Instituição de Suporte e Mercado como mais influentes no ecossistema de empreendedorismo. Ambos esses pilares apoiam e incentivam o empreendedorismo de Bissau. Em quanto isso, os pilares que envolvem o capital financeiro e recursos humanos são apontados como pilares que necessitam ser desenvolvidas dentro do ambiente empreendedor de Bissau. Referente ás Políticas Públicas, o ecossistema sofre com a falta de Leis e incentivos do governo, voltado ao campo de empreendedorismo.
Keywords: Bissau; Ecosystem; Empreendedorismo; Entrepreneurship; Guiné-Bissau; Less developed economies; Países em desenvolvimento

La question de la requalification des Conventions de terminal - Delauney-Rissetto, Paul (Aix-Marseille Université, 2020)

La sûreté des navires - Demaie, Anne-Gaëlle (Aix-Marseille Université, 2020)

Etude juridique des risques engendrés par l'épave de navire - Denis, Solenn (Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 2020)

Les enjeux de la reconversion d'une base aérienne en un aéroport exclusivement civil : l'exemple de la BA 705 de Tours - Desclos Le Peley, Pauline (Aix-Marseille Université, 2020)

The development of the parol evidence rule and its impact on the interpretation and drafting of contracts - Dhlamini, Tshogofatso Elisa (University of Johannesburg, 2020)
Please refer to full text to view abstract. LL.M. (Commercial Law)

Contribution du contrôle de la gestion à la rentabilité d'une société d'assurance IARD : Cas de l'africaine des assurances du Bénin - Djadja, Béringer Giovanni (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Problématique de l'agrément unique dans la zone CIMA - Doassem, Serge Tanguy (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Relation entre économie et assurance : Cas du marché malien - Dramé, Alassane (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

politique de réassurance d'une compagnie d'assurance et son impact sur le résultat de réassurance : cas de Chanas assurances S.A - Fouata, Collins (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Peut-on affirmer comme certains que, le code CIMA est plus protecteur des intermédiaires des assureurs que ceux des victimes? - Fouroux, Christ samétone (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Analyse de la politique de gestion de l'assurance des risques d'entreprises : cas d'allianz Côte d'Ivoire assurance vie - Gauze, Brice Parfait (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

A critical discussion of the affected parties in business rescue proceedings - Gayadin, Kashmita (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2020)
Abstract available in PDF.
Keywords: Companies Act 71 of 2008; Creditors; Financially distressed companies; Shareholders

La surveillance du portefeuille et le pilotage de la performance d'une compagnie d'assurance IARD en zone CIMA - Gaye, Abibou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Surestaries : du contrat d'affrètement au voyage au contrat de transport - Gourbeyre, Héloïse (Aix-Marseille Université, 2020)

Les enjeux de la modification de l'article 329-3 du code CIMA relatif au relèvement du capital social des sociétés anonymes d'assurance : Le cas de la Centrafrique - Goyo, Cédric Bertrand (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

La cession légale de la CICA-Ré au premier franc, quelle implications pour les différents acteurs de l'assurance et de la réassurance en zone CIMA - Hadinko, Hubert (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Optimisation de la bancassurance en zone CIMA : Le cas du Togo - Hotodoufio, Dosseh (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Introduction au droit maritime japonais - Imassi, Marie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2020)

Analyse et appréciation technique d'un programme de réassurance non vie - Kandanga, Takpa (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Les défis et enjeux des compagnies d'assurances face à la digitalisation : Cas de SAAR-TCHAD - Kolotou Hamid, Issa (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Amélioration de la politique de souscription des affaires facultatives dans la branche maritime et transports d'une société de réassurance : Cas de continental Re-Bureau d'Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire) - Kotia, Valéry Florent (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Valeur client, un atout indispensable pour accéder à la disposition de leader du marché : cas d'allianz Côte d'Ivoire assurance vie - Kouame M'bra, Jean-Marie (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

The law applicable to liability arising from the use of selfdriving cars in the wake of the Fourth Industrial Revolution : a global comparative analysis - Kyeremateng, Joshua Godwin (University of Johannesburg, 2020)
This study explores the liability associated with the use of autonomous vehicles. With the increase in efforts by automobile industries to manufacture driverless cars, the issue of liability occupies the front seat of the discussion. A major benefit of autonomous and connected vehicles is their potential to ameliorate, if not eradicate, avoidable accidents on roads. Currently, it is estimated that 90% of road accidents are caused by human error. The epoch of driverless vehicles, where the narrative will drastically change, is upon us. This means a shift away from human liability to machine liability, since these technologies have in-built algorithms to ensure autonomous decisions by the vehicle. Product liability becomes crucial in the wake of driverless cars. The gradual and ultimate shift of liability from the traditional human driver to the machine ‘driver’ coupled with the cross-border sale of driverless vehicles provide justification for scholarly attention. Accidents may now be attributed to technological error and not human mistake. Conflict of law issues become central in instances where manufacturers and users live in different parts of the world... LL.M. (International Commercial Law)
Keywords: Automated vehicles; Commercial law; International law; Products liability

La pratique du risk management dans les compagnies de réassurance de la zone CIMA : cas de la société commerciale gabonaise de réassurance (SCG-Ré) - Lembe Nanda, Grâce Ornélia (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

la gestion de la branche maladie au sein de SAAR Sénégal : Etat des lieux et perspectives - Leye, Youssoupha (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

The role of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in facilitating continental integration - Luthuli, Isaac (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2020)
The dissertation examines the role the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) can play in facilitating the political and economic convergence of the African Union (AU) member states. The developmental challenges facing Africa in spite of its wealth of human and natural resources is poignant. The genesis of this problem can be traced to the history of colonialism and the wave of independence in the continent in the late 1950s. Arguments have been put forward to suggest that one of the most viable ways of promoting Africa’s development is by developing and promoting intra-continental trade which can be possible through continental integration. The specific areas reviewed are regional stability and how intra-regional trade and investment is used to promote economic convergence. Africa's need for political and economic integration at a continental level is further sustained by the assumption that neocolonialism can be blamed for the weakness of structures in African states. Some scholars agree on the idea that regionalisation is often seen to offer a possibility to respond to the challenges of globalization. This impact nevertheless is dependent on the relation between globalisation and regional sentiment. Regional integration implies a form of interdependence among nation-states. Such interdependence leads to an establishment of regional integration arrangements between sovereign states within a geographical space. These agreements are shaped formally and there is a commitment to work together in order to realise political and socio-economic benefits. This study maintains that in order to achieve effective integration of the continent, Nigeria and South Africa as case studies, as continental giants have a key role to play to this end and as members of ECOWAS and SADC respectively. It is argued here that both the SADC and ECOWAS as sub-continental blocks have made some notable and commendable progress in developing policies for trade liberalization and economic integration, this, however, is not enough as such policies are also pertinent at a continental level. The study found that SADC and ECOWAS as regional blocks can play a role in aiding the continent to achieve a trade liberalization to achieve continental economic development.
https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/18708
Keywords: African integration; ECOWAS; Economic Development; Economic convergence; Integration; Intra-continental trade; SADC

The role of the locus contractus as a connecting factor in common-law private international law of contract - Madziwa, Cuthbert Simbarashe (University of Johannesburg, 2020)
Global trade has consistently been on an upward trajectory over the past few decades. In 2001, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimated that over the course of the previous twenty (20) years world trade had grown at an average rate of six (6) percent per annum, double as fast as world output.1 A substantial component of global trade consists of cross-border transactions. It was projected that between 2010 and 2022, the number of global transactions would double from three (3) to six (6) trillion per year.2 These volumes of global trade naturally entail an enormous number of cross-border commercial contracts, which often result in disputes over defective goods or services, payment or, delays... LL.M. (International Commercial Law)
Keywords: Commercial Law; International law

Balancing the rights of creditors and consumers when a home is sold in execution: what procedures should be followed? - Mazubane, Zamanguni Sithabile (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2020)
The sale in execution of theprimary residence of a consumer has numerous implications. This is especially in light of section 26 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996(‘Constitution’) which gives people the right to adequate housing and to not be arbitrarily evicted from their homes. The enactment of the National Credit Act 34 of 2005(‘NCA’) which aimsto balance the rights of creditors and consumers also impacted the procedure to sell homes in execution. In particular, section 129 of the NCA has pre-enforcement procedures whilst section 130 allows credit agreements to be reinstated if consumers can pay the overdue amounts and other costs in full. In addition, amendments were made tothe Magistrates’Court Rules and the Uniform Rules of Court regarding the sale of consumers’homes.The new requirements introduced by the NCA and procedures introduced by thecourt rules resulted in a great deal of confusion with different courts and judges adopting different approaches. Eventually, several matters which sought to sell consumers’homes in execution were heard in Absa Bank v Mokebe and Related Matters 2018 (6) SA 492 (GJ)(‘Mokebe case’). Van der Linde Jofthe Gauteng Local Division of the High Court, used the power granted in section 14(1)(b) of the Superior Courts Act 10 of 2013 to, in consultation with the Judge President, discontinue the hearing of the matters before him and refer the mattersto the full bench of the Division.In essence, the court held that a uniform approach must be taken by the judges of this Division regarding how they handle foreclosure matters. This thesis investigates the procedure that creditors should follow before they are entitled to sell consumers’ homesin execution. In order to do this, this thesis will examinethe Constitution, NCA, court rules, practice notesand case law. More specifically, the persons that are the focusof the investigation are creditors that have a security right in the form of a mortgage bond over the home,versus consumers who have become overindebted and are no longer able to meet their obligations under the loan agreement that was entered into with the creditors. There cent landmark Mokebe case is examined in depth to determine what the current law is and how it can be improved.Furthermore, the effect of the Mokebe case inother High Court Divisions in the country will be briefly discussed.Lastly, this thesis sets out what consumers can do to prevent their homes being sold on publicauction especially after they default in their payments. This thesis will show that the procedure to sell homes in execution has drastically changed from the pre-constitutional to the current constitutional dispensation. However, it is submitted that the procedures can still be improved upon. This is because the right to adequate housing is an important socio-economic right which has been undervalued and overlooked. The courts have previously allowed execution of homes without considering the circumstances of consumers. The court rules allowed for this as the contractual rights of creditors were held at a higher standard than the socio-economic rights of consumers. It is argued that in the light of the NCA and its aims, there must be an appropriate balancing of the rights of creditors and consumers to create just outcomes. If we are to truly create a society based on ‘human dignity, the achievement of equality and the advancement of human rights and freedoms’ as expressed in the founding values of South Africa’s Constitution and reiterated to a large extent in the NCA; foreclosure laws must also reflect that vision.
Keywords: Consumers; Creditors; Execution; Foreclosure; Human dignity; Mortgage bond; National Credit Act 34 of 2005

A critical analysis of the subcontractor’s builder’s lien - Mdletshe, Sithandiwe Samukelisiwe (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2020)
This research paper looks at the South African common law right to lien as it currently stands as the only compensatory remedy for a construction subcontractor in the event of non-payment by the main contractor. The nature and scope of the builder’s lien in this regard will be analysed and its limitations will be highlighted. Accordingly, having critically considered a potential alternative remedy, an unjustified enrichment claim, for the subcontractor, this research paper will illustrate that there is insufficient protection for an unpaid subcontractor in our legal system. Hence, there is a need for our common law builder’s lien to be developed into a statutory builder’s lien. An analysis of foreign jurisdictions legal position, in particular Canadian law, with regard to the construction subcontractor and the right to lien as a remedy has a commendable statutory measure in place to assist a subcontractor by attempting to prevent such a financial predicament and if it nonetheless still occurs, that in the event of non-payment, the subcontractor is adequately protected. This research project proposes that our legal system should take influence from the Canadian legal system and be developed in accordance with our legal framework in order for construction subcontractors to also have sufficient and effective protection under our legal system.
Keywords: Builder’s lien; Contract; Liability; Subcontractor; Unjustified enrichment

Nécessité de création d'une fonction conformité dans les entreprises d'assurance de la zone CIMA : cas de l'UAB assurances-IARDT - Metomane Hein, Aambèkpur Aubin (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

The impact of cryptocurrencies on the general powers and duties of insolvency practitioners - Naidoo, Sidasha (University of Johannesburg, 2020)
Please refer to full text to view abstract. LL.M. (Commercial Law)

La détection et la gestion des cumuls d'engagements dans une compagnie de réassurance : Cas de la SEN RE - Ndiaye, Mamadou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

La gestion des recours relatifs aux sinistrés automobiles : Cas de NSIA assurances Gabon - Ndongo Mombo, Jacelyn Idriss (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Optimisation du cout de la réassurance dans une compagnie d'assurance - Ngoumela, Roméo (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Déterminants de la sortie anticipée des contrats d'assurance vie - Nguelbe, Alex (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

The implication of the moratorium on lease agreements in business rescue - Nqwata, Sibahle (University of Johannesburg, 2020)
The purpose of the Companies Act1 is, amongst others, to “provide for the efficient rescue and recovery of financially distressed companies, in a manner that balances the rights and interests of all relevant stakeholders.”2 Business rescue means facilitating the rehabilitation of a financially distressed company by providing temporary supervision of the company, a temporary moratorium on legal proceedings against the company in business rescue and the development and implementation of the business rescue plan.3 As a result of the moratorium, the legal proceedings against the company may only be instituted with the consent of the business rescue practitioner or with the leave of the court.4 Thus, the moratorium is the cornerstone of business rescue as it provides a company with an opportunity to operate on a solvent basis.
Keywords: Contracts; South Africa; commercial law

Pratique de la réassurance en zone CIMA et la problématique du comportement des acteurs Assurés, réassureurs, assureurs, courtiers. : Cas du marché congolais - Okana Obossi, Moise (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

A critical assessment of freedom of choice of law in international commercial contracts - Raissa, Kalenga Kalubi (University of Johannesburg, 2020)
Please refer to full text to view abstract. LL.M. (International Commercial Law)
Keywords: Commercial law; Contracts (International law); Foreign trade regulation

How will the information regulator manage and control advancements in technology to minimise its adverse effects on the protection of personal information? - Ramcharan, Sarika (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2020)
No abstract provided.
Keywords: Data protection; POPIA; Personal information; Privacy infringements; Privacy protection; Protection of Personal Information Act; Right to privacy; Technology and privacy

La crise migratoire en Méditerranée appréhendée par le droit maritime - Ranchain, Emma (Aix-Marseille Université, 2020)

Le sauvetage de la vie humaine en mer - Rincon, Clémence (Aix-Marseille Université, 2020)

La société civile immobilière comme mode de gestion et transmission du patrimoine. La société civile immobilière est-elle un bon outil de gestion et transmission du patrimoine ? - Servant, Elsa (Université de Grenoble, 2020)
Les sociétés civiles immobilières sont des structures courantes qui attire désormais de nombreux particuliers possédant des biens immobiliers dans leur patrimoine. L’intérêt de ce type de société est d’optimiser la location de ses biens, la fiscalité qui leur est associée mais également la transmission de ceux-ci à leurs descendants. Cependant, cette recherche de l’optimisation fiscale nécessite de certaines connaissances comptables et fiscales afin de ne pas faire d’erreurs qui pourront causer des préjudices et réduire cet optimum. Ce mémoire détaille les modalités auxquelles les sociétés civiles immobilières seront confrontées dans le but d’optimiser les coûts de fonctionnement et les frais de transmission.
Keywords: Gestion patrimoniale; Impôts; Investissements; Optimisation fiscale; Plus-value; Société civile immobilière; Transmission patrimoniale

La gestion de l'assurance maladie dans une compagnie d'assurance : Cas de la caisse nouvelle d'assurance et de réassurance CNAR - Sidibe, Housseny (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

L'expérience d'une codification à l'échelle supranationale : Réflexions sur les forces et faiblesses du code CIMA - Signe, Jocelyne Linda Mafo (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Obligations précontractuelles et responsabilité du courtier d'assurances maritimes - Silue, Kabeytio Stéphanie M. (Université de Lille, 2020)

L'assureur IARD devant juridictions étatiques : Contexte nigérien - Soumana, Abdoulaye (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Analyse de l'activité et de la solvabilité d'une compagnie d'assurance non-vie : cas de les assurances Bleues-CNAR - Sylla, Hamet (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Rôle de l'expert maritime dans la répartition des responsabilités en cas d'avaries particulières sur marchandises - Teme, Oumar (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Elaboration d'un manuel de contrôle interne d'une compagnie d'assurance cas de la d'atlanta Côte D'Ivoire non vie - Traoré, Souleymane (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

La relation des parties intervenant dans le cadre de l'affrètement au voyage : Illustration à travers la charte partie Synacomex - Vedrenne, Lou (Aix-Marseille Université, 2020)

Complexité de l'assurance de responsabilité civile professionnelle : Cas des entreprises de sécurité privée - Zongo, Mathieu (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

L'introduction des entreprises à la Bourse régionale des Valeurs Mobilières (BRVM) dans la zone UEMOA : cas de la Société Ivoirienne de Banque (SIB) - Fegbo, Ahonon Emmanuella Ines; Fassoukoye, Safi (Université Mouloud Mammeri, 2019)
Cette étude a pour objectif de connaitre les différentes étapes de l’introduction à la Bourse régionale des valeurs mobilières (BRVM) en tant que place financière régionale de l’UEMOA, régulé par le conseil régional de l’Epargne Publique et des marchés financiers. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons émaillés l’organisation du marché financier dans une approche visant à définir les différents intervenants et leur rôle. Ensuite, nous avons analysés l’activité boursière du marché. Les indicateurs de performance principalement relevés sont le rendement, la liquidité, le volume de transactions et le risque du marché. Le potentiel de la BRVM est encore à exploiter au regard de l’activité économique de la sous-région. Toutefois, le dynamisme du marché boursier est intéressant surtout du fait qu’il offre un rendement intéressant auprès des intéressés. Nous avons soumis les différents indicateurs du marché à une analyse comparative de son évolution à l’échelle des Bourses africaines, afin d’évaluer son degré d’attractivité. Nous recommandons des ajustements sur les différents points relevés visant l’essor de la place financière de la BRVM tout en démontrons les résultats de notre recherche.
Keywords: BRVM; Banque; Bourse; Bourse régionale; Indices boursiers; Marché financier

Registro de garantias mobiliárias: uma proposta para sua modernização - Bodini, Constanza (Escola de Direito de São Paulo, 2019)
Esta dissertação apresenta um panorama geral e atualizado do funcionamento do sistema de registro de garantias sobre bens móveis no Brasil. Ao longo da pesquisa, pudemos comprovar que o fato de as pequenas e médias empresas pouco usarem bens móveis como garantia para obter crédito se deve, entre outros fatores, à complexidade de seu registro. Além disso, verificamos a dificuldade de estudar o sistema registral em virtude da falta de uma lista de garantias mobiliárias centralizada em um corpo normativo e de um registro exclusivo de operações com garantias mobiliárias (que são registradas tanto pelo Registro de Títulos e Documentos como pelo de Imóveis e pelos especiais) e da existência de normas discrepantes quanto aos elementos fundamentais que compõem o regime de direito de garantias mobiliárias, dependendo do tipo da garantia utilizada. Entre os principais desafios encontrados ao analisar o sistema registral, destacamos os registros feitos em papel, a falta de centralização e interoperabilidade entre os registros, a burocracia desnecessária e o alto custo do registro. Em busca de respostas que concorram para aprimorar o ambiente legal no Brasil, apresentamos os sistemas de registro propostos pela Lei Modelo Interamericana sobre Garantias Mobiliárias da OEA, aprovada em 2002, pela Lei Modelo sobre Garantias Mobiliárias da UNCITRAL, aprovada em 2016, pela Convenção sobre Garantias Internacionais Incidentes sobre Equipamentos Móveis e pelo Protocolo à Convenção sobre Garantias Internacionais sobre Incidentes sobre Equipamentos Móveis Relativo a Questões Específicas ao Equipamento Aeronáutico, firmados na Cidade do Cabo em 2001 e ratificados pelo Brasil em 2013, e pelo Protocolo MAC (mineração, agricultura e construção). Concluímos que é preciso modernizar o sistema registral para torná-lo centralizado, eletrônico e de baixo custo. Nesse contexto, sugerimos a implementação de um registro central criado por Lei Federal e idealmente administrado por um ente privado sob concessão pública. Consideramos que, no que tange ao registro eletrônico, não é preciso nenhuma alteração legislativa, mas apenas melhorias práticas para superar obstáculos operacionais. Por fim, a implementação de um registro eletrônico e centralizado simplificará os processos e reduzirá os custos.
Keywords: Contracts; Contratos; Credit; Crédito; Garantias mobiliárias; Pequenas e médias empresas; Registro; Registry; SMEs; Secured transactions; Small and medium enterprises

How do big data and data analytics impact the external audit ? A critical analysis - Heck, Natascha (Université de Liège, 2019)
The aim of this research is to determine how the application of Big Data and Data Analytics techniques influences the external audit. The impact on the working methods and the audit quality is discussed. Furthermore, the technological maturity of the Belgian and Luxembourgish audit industry is analysed. Therefore, the following research questions are asked: How do Big Data and Data Analytics influence the audit working method? What is the impact of Big Data and Data Analytics on the audit quality? How is the audit risk identification and assessment phase influenced? Which audit risks can be identified? Which tools and techniques do the Belgian and Luxembourgish auditors use and where do they stand? In order to answer the research question, scientific articles were analysed in the context of the literature review. Subsequently, a case study was carried out. Interviews with experts in Belgium and Luxembourg were conducted. The results of the research show that there is high potential to use these technologies in audit. Nevertheless, it is also connected with initial investments and a certain agreement of the clients. There is high potential to enhance the auditor’s effectiveness and efficiency, but the complete impact cannot yet be analysed. The audit quality can be enhanced when qualitative analyses generates audit evidence based on high quality data. The Belgian and Luxembourgish audit industry has just started implementing the technologies.
Keywords: Audit; Big Data; Data Analytics; External Audit

The power of will and choice of law in international contracts - Dazzi, Pietro Giulio (LUISS Guido Carli, 2019)
Party autonomy and sovereignty. Historical developments on party autonomy, the evolution of choice of law. The freedom of choice. The freedom not to choose, absence of choice. Limits to the freedom of choice. Limits to the freedom of choice, an expression of sovereignty. Same functions, different results.

A critical analysis of the effectiveness of the business rescue regime as a mechanism for corporate rescue - Bagwandeen, Kiren Kesh (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2019)
Almost eight years after the enactment of the business rescue regime under the Companies Act 71 of 2008, and a plethora of judgments which have probed and prodded its provisions, it is an opportune time to ascertain whether the business rescue regime is an effective corporate rescue mechanism suitable to the modern day demands of the South African economy. In the current economic downturn, South Africa can ill afford a repeat show of the failed judicial management system. It requires a modern and effective corporate rescue mechanism that can be utilised in appropriate circumstances as a viable alternative and not merely a precursor to liquidation. This dissertation seeks to provide a critical analysis of the effectiveness of the business rescue regime to ascertain its worthiness as a corporate rescue mechanism.
Keywords: Bankruptcy; Business failures; Corporation law; Insolvency; South Africa

A Comparative Study of ECOWAS and ECCAS towards Implementation of the Abuja Treaty - Nyasembi, Kevin Selassie (University Of Ghana, 2019)
The Abuja Treaty is the blueprint and reference point for continental-level economic integration that was first established in 1991 to see to the creation of an African Economic Community (AEC). The Treaty acknowledges that, the African continent, as a unified unit of countries, wields immense power in the international system, in terms of trade and political influence, and thus it seeks to bring to fruition a highly integrated Africa. This study strives to evaluate the progress made on the implementation of the Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community (AEC) by comparing two regional blocs, the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), which serve as 2 of 8 building blocks for the realisation of the AEC. Accordingly, the research method used was qualitative and employed a purposive sampling method that draws on the selection of experts in the field of regional integration to shape the outcome of the study. The research findings include the fact that regional integration, on the continent, has progressed positively although it manifests slowly. Additionally, it found that both the ECOWAS and the ECCAS have progressed in terms of the implementation of the stages of the Abuja Treaty, although the former surpasses the latter in this regard. Yet, in spite of their progress, both RECs have faced challenges unique to their regions. ECOWAS for instance faces the problem of inability to completely enforce protocols on free movement of persons. The lack of national implementation of free movement legislation creates avenues for its ineffectiveness. Border checks are commonplace and there is very little standardization of official forms. ECCAS on the other hand faces a problem of overlapping goals and ideas with CEMAC as well as the failure of member states to carry out agreed decisions within their states due to issues such as conflict and instability in the region. On a whole, the study refutes the common idea that the Abuja Treaty has not been implemented at all but only sees its implementation as slow-paced.

L’implication de la norme IFRS 9 dans l’évaluation du risque de crédit - Bouabdellah, Abderraouf (Ecole supérieure de Commerce, 2019)
Suite aux diverses mutations qu’a connu le monde économique et financier ces dernières années et qui ont fortement grevé l’activité bancaire, le risque de crédit s’est distingué des autres risques bancaires, et s’est imposé comme étant le centre des préoccupations de toute banque désireuse de rester compétitive. Une attention toute particulière doit lui être accordée et ce en raison des conséquences graves qu’il peut produire. La crise financière de 2008 a mis en exergue les déficiences du mode de provisionnement prôné par la norme IAS 39, ayant été caractérisé de tardive et de pro-cyclique. Pour ces raisons, l’IASB a publié la version finale de la norme IFRS 9 en 2014, mais son application a commencé en 2018. cette norme exige des banques de constituer des provisions pour pertes même pour les crédits sains. Elle introduit aussi une nouvelle logique de classification et d’évaluation des actifs financiers. L’objectif de cette étude est de mettre en évidence la manière dont le risque de crédit est évalué, ainsi que la constatation des provisions conformément à la norme IFRS 9.

The models of attribution in the establishment of corporate liability revisited - Heese, Francisca Alida (Stellenbosch University, 2019)
The separate legal personality of a company is one of the cornerstones of modern corporate law. Nevertheless, due to the artificial nature of a company it has no inherent moral blameworthiness necessary to impose corporate liability. With a rise in corporate wrongdoing, there is a need to hold companies liable. Therefore, certain models of attribution have developed whereby the conduct and will of a corporate actor can be imputed to the company to establish corporate liability. Especially in the realm of corporate criminal liability, these models of attribution have played a pivotal role to establish corporate wrongdoing. The two broad theories underlying the models of attribution are the fiction and realist theories respectively. The directing minds doctrine or identification doctrine and the vicarious liability model are traditionally associated with the fiction theory, which is rooted in the abstract nature of a company. Whether the traditional models of attribution are suited for complex modern organisational structures, is explored in this thesis, whilst a more functional and realistic approach to corporate liability is proposed. Often the question of “what is a corporation” has overshadowed the determination of corporate liability, thus a more contextual analysis based on law and economics is proposed to ensure corporate liability. The development of the rules of attribution through case law illustrate the importance of a purposive approach to establishing corporate liability. Furthermore, the underlying relationship between the rules of attribution and the rules of agency indicate that the interests of risk-bearers and managers are not always aligned and should be redressed. Moreover, a realist approach as opposed to the fictional approach to attribution has been developed in English and Australian law. This approach focuses on the overarching corporate culture and identity when determining corporate fault, instead of individual corporate actors. These regulatory frameworks provide an alternative approach to the current South African model, which is based on the fiction theory. Lastly, the economic considerations, such as the separation of ownership and control and the agency problem, are evaluated to determine whether the current models of attribution create an economically efficient outcome or an unsustainable a risk-taking environment.
Keywords: Corporate culture; Corporate liability; Corporation law

La notion d'intérêt social dans l'AUSCGIE révisé - Diawara, Moussa (Université Assane Seck de Ziguinchor, 2019)

L'administration de la preuve en arbitrage international au regard des règles de l'International Bar Association ainsi que des règles de Prague - Gommé, Laurence (Université de Liège, 2019)
Ce travail traite principalement de l’administration de la preuve en arbitrage international. Cette question divise les praticiens du monde arbitral en deux camps : ceux issus de la tradition de common law et ceux issus de la tradition de civil law. Dans un premier temps, les règles de l’International Bar Association relatives à l’administration de la preuve ont tenté de concilier ces deux traditions juridiques différentes. Dans un second temps, les règles de Prague ont, récemment, été publiées ce qui nous permettra, dans ce travail, d’analyser les deux systèmes pour ensuite les comparer. Enfin, nous essayerons d’envisager l’avenir de ces nouvelles règles de Prague.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Civil law; Common law; Preuve; Production de documents; Règles de Prague; Règles de l'IBA; Soft law

L'intervention du juge étatique dans le cadre des mesures provisoires ou conservatoires en présence d'une convention d'arbitrage : analyse du droit belge - Sabatini, Fiona (Université de Liège, 2019)
L’arbitrage, en tant que justice privée, s’entend comme un mode de règlement des différends tant alternatif qu’antagoniste de la justice étatique. Dépourvu d’imperium, l’arbitre peut nécessiter le soutien et la coopération du juge pour traiter une procédure arbitrale. Divers droits contemporains de l’arbitrage envisagent explicitement le recours aux mesures provisoires et conservatoires lors d’un arbitrage interne ou international sans nécessairement apporter une définition de ces mesures. En matière d’arbitrage, les mesures provisoires et conservatoires détiennent un rôle capital préalablement ou durant l’instance arbitrale. Elles permettent le maintien d’une preuve, d’une situation de fait ou de droit et garantissent ou préparent une exécution efficiente et rapide de la sentence. La réunion dans le chef de l’arbitre de la compétence au fond et celle au provisoire peut être défavorable aux intérêts des parties, notamment lorsque le tribunal arbitral n’est pas encore saisi. Dès lors, prenant en considération les particularités de l’arbitrage et plus particulièrement du déroulement du procès arbitral, l’intervention du juge est indispensable pour résoudre temporairement une urgence sur le fondement de l’apparence d’un droit afin de conférer une force exécutoire aux décisions de l’arbitre. Le tribunal arbitral n’est pas seul à décerner ces mesures. Il est subséquemment légitime de se questionner sur la position du juge au sujet des mesures provisoires et conservatoires lors d’un arbitrage. Après analyse des diverses dispositions du Code de l’arbitrage, il résulte que le législateur met un point d’honneur à orchestrer la relation entre l’arbitre et le juge étatique. Pour ce faire, il opte pour une distribution de compétences entre le juge du provisoire et l’arbitre, une sorte de répartition qui implique un retrait de la compétence exclusive de l’arbitre en termes de mesures provisoires et conservatoires. Aussi, délibérément choisi par les parties, l’arbitre prononce le droit, mais sa décision est dénuée d’imperium. C’est la raison pour laquelle le recours au juge étatique est indispensable afin de soutenir sa décision. En matière de mesures provisoires et conservatoires, la compétence du juge judiciaire est à la fois partagée avec l’arbitre, mais aussi exclusive.

Choice of law in International Commercial contracts in the BRICS countries - Agbeko, Fafa Delight (University of Johannesburg, 2019)
Please refer to full text to view abstract. LL.M. (International Commercial Law)

Rethinking international employment contracts in the wake of the Fourth Industrial Revolution - Antwi-Larbi, Nana Amobea (University of Johannesburg, 2019)
Please refer to full text to view abstract. LL.M. (International Commercial Law)

Choice of forum in International Commercial Contracts : a comparison of the position in Ghana and under the Brussels IBIS regulation - Asante-Aboagye, Benedicta (University of Johannesburg, 2019)
Please refer to full text to view abstract. LL.M. (International Commercial Law)
Keywords: Belgium; Border trade; Conflict of laws; Ghana; International commercial contracts; Litigation

L'impact du transport aérien sur la qualité de l'air et sur le réchauffement climatique - Bessadier, Maxime (Aix-Marseille Université, 2019)

Aides d'État et ports maritimes européens - Bidault, Félicité (Aix-Marseille Université, 2019)

Les contre-mesures à l'OMC : évaluation de la compatibilité du système de représailles économiques avec la réalité contemporaine du commerce international - Couet, Marc-Antoine (Université Laval, 2019)
En matière de règlement des litiges commerciaux, la mise en place de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) est marquée par l’instauration d’un système de règlement des différends davantage axé sur la primauté du droit. Cette juridictionnalisation du mécanisme de règlement des différends n’entraîne toutefois pas un changement paradigmatique au niveau du mécanisme d’exécution des décisions et recommandations de l’Organe de règlement des différends (ORD). En effet, l’OMC a jusqu’à présent conservé en substance le principe du GATT de 1947; la partie plaignante qui constate le défaut de la partie visée par la plainte de se plier aux décisions et recommandations de l’ORD à l’expiration du délai raisonnable qui lui est accordé pour s’exécuter et qui ne peut s’entendre avec cette dernière sur l’octroi d’une compensation n’a d’autre option que de s’en remettre à l’emploi de contremesures. Parallèlement, le commerce international a, au cours de la même période, subi une métamorphose radicale : le phénomène de la fragmentation internationale des processus de production de biens et de services a connu une expansion fulgurante. Le présent mémoire propose une analyse de l’institution des contre-mesures à l’OMC à l’aune de ces changements qui affectent depuis peu l’économie mondiale ainsi que des développements récents du côté de la science économique. Misant sur une approche qui mobilise à la fois la science juridique et la science économique, le mémoire démontre que le système des contre-mesures n’est pas adapté à la réalité du commerce international du XXIe siècle. À la lumière de ces constats, l’étude explore de façon critique les diverses suggestions en vue de modifier la phase de mise en oeuvre des contentieux en plus de suggérer une réforme de l’institution pouvant s’opérer à l’intérieur du cadre juridique actuel. Mots-clés : Règlement des différends – Firmes multinationales – Commerce international – Chaînes de valeur mondiales – Intégration économique
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitrage commercial international; Chaînes de valeur mondiales; Commerce international; Dispute Settlement; Economic integration; Entreprises multinationales; Firmes multinationales; Global Value Chains; International Trade; Intégration économique; Multinational Enterprises; OMC; Organisation mondiale du commerce; Règlement des différends; WTO

The treatment and recognition of company groups in South African corporate law - Diale-Ali, Regomoditswe Ursula (University of Johannesburg, 2019)
Abstract : Please refer to full text to view abstract. LL.M. (Commercial Law)

A critical appraisal of call centre contracts for insurance - Dladla, Mbongeni George (University of Johannesburg, 2019)
Abstract : Please refer to full text to view abstract. LL.M. (Commercial Law)

The release of liability of a surety during business rescue proceedings - Dubula, Mcebisi (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2019)
Chapter 6 of the companies Act has attempted to resolve problems created by the ineffectiveness of judicial management which has failed to provide suitable alternative to the liquidation. The process of business rescue proceedings has made some impact on the liability of sureties in so far as it relates to creditors. Moratorium has been imposed once the business rescue proceedings commences and therefore the principal debtors are protected against any legal action unless the court or business rescue practitioner has consented thereto. The question is what is the impact of the business rescue proceedings on the rights of creditors against the sureties of the company under business rescue proceedings and what is the judicial position in so far as it relates to liabilities of sureties during business rescue proceedings, finally what is the position of comparative law in respect of other foreign Jurisprudence terms of business rescue proceedings and the liability of sureties. The South African Companies Act does not regulate the situation of creditor’s rights against sureties of a financially distressed Company. In terms of American law, the situation is different. Creditor’s rights against non-debtors (including sureties) is regulated by Bankruptcy Codes. In terms of bankruptcy codes, the discharge of a debtor does not affect the liability of the nondebtors or other entities. There are divergent views in terms of South African Court decisions in respect of liability of sureties. Some Judges believe that the commencement of business rescue proceedings does not affect the liability of sureties and others are of the view that the beginning of business rescue proceedings releases sureties from their obligations towards creditors unless business rescue plan or deed of suretyship provides otherwise. It is therefore recommended that our legislature introduces some new sections into the companies act. One Section should be similar to section 524(e) of the bankruptcy codes which expressly states that a discharge granted to the principal debtor does not affect the liability of sureties towards creditors. Another section should be similar to section 105(a), which provide courts with powers to make any order to realize the objectives of the companies act. This to avoid conflicting courts decisions on this issue.
Keywords: Bankruptcy; Creditors' rights; Insolvency; Liability of sureties; Reorganisation process; Suretyship

La fiducie maritime - Fanizza, Marco (Aix-Marseille Université, 2019)

The role of the Hague principles on choice of law in international commercial contracts in Japanese private international law - Geraghty, Brandon Brian (University of Johannesburg, 2019)
Please refer to full text to view abstract LL.M. (International Commercial Law)
Keywords: Conflict of laws; Contracts (International law); Japan

L'expertise amiable contradictoire - Gomez, Théo (Aix-Marseille Université, 2019)

A comparative analysis of mergers and acquisitions in South Africa, Botswana and Kenya : how can we achieve successful integration in Africa? - Gumede, Nomfundo Pretty (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2019)
No abstract available.
Keywords: Acquisitions; Amalgamation; Bots; Business; Corporate mergers; Integration; Kenya; Mergers; South Africa

Les conséquences d'un Brexit sans accord sur le secteur de la marine marchande - Hannachi, Nour (Aix-Marseille Université, 2019)

Le déversement des armes chimiques dans la mer - Huard, Domitille (Aix-Marseille Université, 2019)

The contractual landscape and the protection of consumers in online auction contracts - Khan, Haleema (University of Johannesburg, 2019)
Please refer to full text to view abstract. LL.M. (Commercial Law)

Aquilian liability : the best remedy against delinquent company directors - Kharametsane, Godirilwe (University of Johannesburg, 2019)
Abstract : Please refer to full text to view abstract. LL.M. (Commercial Law)

Le véhicule routier autonome - Lauro, Franck (Aix-Marseille Université, 2019)

La lutte internationale contre le terrorisme maritime - Lorgeoux, Jeanne (Aix-Marseille Université, 2019)

Réchauffement climatique et comportements individuels : comment modifier les comportements et faire évoluer le secteur aérien sous la contrainte environnementale ? - Lozano, Lady (Aix-Marseille Université, 2019)

An analysis of reinstatement as a primary remedy for unfair dismissal of employees in South African Labour Law - Mampholo, Yvonne Mokhubane (University of Johannesburg, 2019)
Please refer to full text to view abstract. LL.M. (Commercial Law)

Intermediaries and advisors' duties to disclose onerous clauses to prospective policyholders - Matshitse, Collen Kgaolo Stephen (University of Johannesburg, 2019)
Please refer to full text to view abstract. LL.M. (Commercial Law)
Keywords: Commercial law; Insurance law

The recovery of cultural property in international law: collaborative settlements of disputes - Mauro, Benedetta (LUISS Guido Carli, 2019)

L'agent maritime et le processus d'opérateur économique agrée - Mestre, Julien (Aix-Marseille Université, 2019)

An investigation into the effectiveness of trade unions in advancing the cause of workers during strikes in the face of an emerging culture of violence and criminality - Mfusi, Pearl Dawn Arnold (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2019)
No abstract available.
Keywords: Labour protests; Liability; Strikes; Trade unions; Violent protests; Violent strikes; Workers

Gestion des risques et aspect assurantiel dans les projets spatiaux contemporains - Mignonat-Lassus, Justine (Aix-Marseille Université, 2019)

Towards development-centred trade relations: a study of South Africa and the USA trade relations with particular focus on the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) - Mkhwanazi, Nhlakanipho (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2019)
With trade taking place continuously on a daily basis, its often-reported success gives the impression that all participants involved are to a certain extent somewhat successful too. This dissertation draws attention to the discrepancies that have often gone unnoticed throughout the decades and the effects that have arisen as a result. South Africa’s (SA) and the United States of America’s (US) trade relationship through the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) is the focus of this study, with this relationship being analysed from as far back as history has been recorded to the modern day. Least developed countries (LDCs) are an integral part of this study because most trade-related activities involve them, and they contain most of the world’s natural resources, but most importantly they also make up a large portion of the world’s population. It's baffling to see that where these factors are present, there's also inequality. Seemingly, there are efforts that deal specifically with the challenges faced by developing countries, but what is concerning is these solutions are formulated by developed countries which created them and continue to perpetuate them. The approach adopted was mostly that of contrasting events that have involved trade over the decades and a discussion of how these events have shaped international, political and trade relations, that is, the existing status quo. Examples include the two World Wars; oppressive regimes such as apartheid; and the formation of global institutions ranging from the International Trade Organization (ITO) to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and the World Trade Organization (WTO). The first three chapters contain an introduction, a background focus on development and the history of relations between South Africa and the United States of America. The last two chapters contain a discussion on AGOA as well as findings and recommendations that can be implemented to assist with this issue. What this dissertation was aiming to establish was the perpetual involvement of developed countries in the affairs of developing countries. This is illustrated through the renegotiation of the AGOA in 2015, where SA had to accept ultimatums set for it by the US. This dissertation further shows that such tactics are nothing new when the US is involved, as is evidenced by its involvement in major global events that have shaped the course of history. This approach is not only harmful but also stagnates development, as developing countries must adhere to agreements that sometimes are not to their benefit. The findings indicate a contradictory pattern: when solutions to challenges faced by developing countries are presented, they translate instead into a further stronghold over developing countries because of past atrocities such as colonisation and apartheid. What appears throughout the dissertation are the ever-present structures that are intended to perform functions supposed to be for the improved good of developing countries, but which result in those countries facing never-ending challenges, some of which are self-inflicted through alliances such as the AGOA with developed countries.
Keywords: AGOA; African Growth and Opportunity Act; Developing countries; Dumping; GATT; General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; Trade relations; WTO; World Trade Organization

Price reduction as a remedy for breach of contract by the seller under the CISG and English law - Mukuna, Nomator (University of Johannesburg, 2019)
Please refer to full text to view abstract. LL.M. (Commercial Law)

La responsabilité pénale du Capitaine - Nicolopoulos-Salle, Zoé (Aix-Marseille Université, 2019)

The interruption of liquidation by business rescue application: a lacuna in the Companies Act - Ntingane, Neo Samantha (University of Johannesburg, 2019)
Abstract : Please refer to full text to view abstract. LL.M. (Commercial Law)

The rights of illegal workers not to be unfairly dismissed, with emphasis on illegal immigrants and sex workers - Ntshalintshali, Phindile Ziningi Glenn (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2019)
Illegal workers have been and continue to be the most vulnerable category of employees in the labour market, the reason for this is the invalidity of their employment contract due to illegality. For the longest time, the Labour Relations Act (hereinafter the LRA) has not been able to afford these workers protection because they did not fall within the ambit of the legal definition of ‘employee’ and the Act only recognises employees as holders of the rights provided for under the LRA. As a result of the Act not being able to protect these workers, they have become victims of exploitation and vicious abuse in the hands of their employers, making them vulnerable in their employment relationship. The law concerning illegal workers has since changed. Courts have found that these workers are in fact employees for the purposes of the LRA, and that, for an employment relationship to exist there need not be a valid employment contract in existence. An employment relationship may take various forms and the goal that the Labour Relations Act seeks to achieve is to protect those employees who find themselves vulnerable as a result of the illegality of their employment contract. It has also been argued that the law aims mostly at penalising the employer rather than the employee who is economically and socially weaker than the employer, therefore, courts have found that the Labour Relations Act should be interpreted in a manner that is consistent with the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (hereinafter the Constitution) which requires a wider interpretation of who may be afforded the right to fair labour practices.
Keywords: Illegal workers; Immigrants; Sex Workers; Unfair dismissal

The rights and duties of parties to liability insurance contracts at claim stage - Ntuli, Bonginkosi (University of Johannesburg, 2019)
Please refer to full text to view abstract. LL.M. (Commercial Law)
Keywords: Insurance claims; Insurance policies

Business rescue: a delay tactic for liquidation? - Nxumalo, Misiwe Mpilenhle (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2019)
No abstract provided.
Keywords: Business rescue; Company creditors; Company law; Liquidation; Shareholders

The possible impact of the Hague Convention on the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in civil or commercial matters on private international law in common-law West Africa - Okorley, Solomon (University of Johannesburg, 2019)
Please refer to full text to view abstract. LL.M. (International Commercial Law)

La viabilité du schéma technico-économique des secours médicaux d'urgence héliportés en France - Oundjian, Candice (Aix-Marseille Université, 2019)

L'ACNUSA et les sanctions administratives pour les compagnies aériennes - Pillet, Priscille (Aix-Marseille Université, 2019)

Les sanctions adminsitratives des comportements indisciplinés des passagers - Pusset, Albane (Aix-Marseille Université, 2019)

The position of a director in South African Law : is it worth the risk - Raselo, Moeketsi Thebe (University of Johannesburg, 2019)
Please refer to full text to view abstract. LL.M. (Commercial Law)

L'aviation civile commerciale face à la crise environnementale - Raulin, Adèle (Aix-Marseille Université, 2019)

La sécurité du navire utilisant le GNL comme combustible - Rochas, Pierre-Antoine (Aix-Marseille Université, 2019)

Exemption clauses : contractual exclusion of delictual damages - Sande, Janet (University of Johannesburg, 2019)
Please refer to full text to view abstract. LL.M. (Commercial Law)

Reconnaissance faciale - Sen, Abdullah (Aix-Marseille Université, 2019)

Unification of international sales law in the SADC region : the role and significance of the CISG - Simelane, Mbalenhle Pearl (University of Johannesburg, 2019)
The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) is one of the most prominent legal bodies in international commerce. In 1980, the final draft of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG or the Convention) was approved by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly and came into operation on 1 January 1988. Generally, the diversity of laws is an impediment to international and regional trade. Traders are discouraged from entering into international sales contracts due to the dissimilarities of legal systems. However, the CISG seeks to unify laws relating to the international sale of goods, whilst codifying the existing rules of international trade. The main objectives of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) are to achieve development and economic growth through regional integration.1 The legal integration and unification of sales law has a significant role to play in regional integration. Hence, SADC would do away with difficulties that affect interregional and intra-regional trade by impeding economic growth by making use of widely accepted trade laws, such as the Convention. International trade promotes both economic development and social upliftment. Moreover, democracy, political stability and human rights must be respected to foster sustainable economic growth and development in Southern Africa. 2 With advantages such as accessibility, flexibility, indorsing party autonomy, simplicity, and uniform interpretation, the paper revisits the call for the unification of laws on the sale of goods in SADC and considers the role and significance of the CISG in the region. LL.M. (Commercial Law)
Keywords: Commercial law; International economic integration; International trade Law; International unification

La connaissance des passagers aéroportuaires - Vaquette, Claire (Aix-Marseille Université, 2019)

L'impact des sanctions internationales : impacts sur l'assurance maritime - Watine, Marguerite (Aix-Marseille Université, 2019)

An appraisal of the implementation of the retail distribution review's recommendations - Wilkins, Chanel (University of Johannesburg, 2019)
Please refer to full text to view abstract. LL.M. (Commercial Law)

Determining the proper law of an International Funds Transfer - Yeboah, Abena Takyiwa (University of Johannesburg, 2019)
There are many ways of making payments. One of the available options for parties to international commercial transactions is international funds transfers. These transfers occur across borders and so, raise conflict of law issues. There are some laws known internationally that regulate international funds transfers. These laws include the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Credit Transfers (no country has ratified it), article 4A of the Uniform Commercial Code and the Rome I Regulation. There are diverse ways in determining which law applies to an international funds transfer. This is done either by assessing the transaction as a single transfer or as a set of linked transactions. In African countries like Ghana and South Africa, there is a gap in the approach of the law in addressing the conflict of laws issues regarding international funds transfers. This dissertation addresses the gap in these legal regimes using the present private international law as a guide. Additionally, the present legislation and legal jurisprudence are analysed, and suggestions are given as to its improvement. This author also advocates for a legislation that adequately addresses the issues raised by transnational funds transfers in these countries. Conclusively, this will promote a predictable approach in determining the applicable law in transnational funds transfers.
Keywords: Fund transfer; Transfert de fonds; Transfert international

The role of the SADC Protocol on Trade in Services in regional integration - Swanepoel, L. B. (North-West University, 2018)
Trade in Services can be described as a transaction between a supplier and a consumer without any physical movement of goods across international borders. This, in itself, presents major economic growth possibilities in both regional and multilateral terms. Regional trade agreements, if drafted to suit the specific region's strengths, can promote Trade in Services and establish regional integration. The fact that Trade in Services and regional integration, throughout the Southern African Development Community (SADC) specifically, is moving forward at such a slow pace is due to the lack of political ambition and policy makers failing to emphasise the establishment of trade specific regulatory coherence among member states. Given policy’s impact on Trade in Services, regional trade agreements must be designed to address new and emerging issues that, not only haven't been taken up in previous trade agreements, but which is also region specific and focused enough to build on new standards found in other new trade agreements that will boost regional integration. SADC countries are still in process of establishing a regional services market and, as it currently stands, major development possibilities still exist. This study compares the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) with SADC’s Protocol on Trade in Services (PTIS), with the goal to determine the principles that are necessary to establish a regional market for the integration of Trade in Services. It was found that the PTIS lacks such principles and that integration of services throughout the SADC region is highly unlikely if set forth in its current direction. The finding was that the establishment of regional integration of Trade in Services throughout SADC will have to start with regulatory coherence among its members.
Boloka Institutional Repository https://repository.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/31341
Keywords: Modes of trade; Regional integration; Regulatory coherence; Trade in Services

De gouvernance à RSE : le GRI est-il un outil de reddition de comptes efficace pour l'impact sur les enjeux du développement durable des principales minières canadiennes à l'étranger ? - Tiburcio Carneiro, Daisy (Université du Québec à Montréal, 2018)
Au Canada, l’industrie minière est hautement valorisée. Toutefois, à l’international, cette industrie canadienne fait l’objet de nombreuses controverses et le développement durable est au cœur de ces dernières. L’objectif premier de notre recherche est de présenter les liens entre : (1) les enjeux du développement durable pour l’industrie minière canadienne ; (2) la réponse du gouvernement ; (3) le thème de la gouvernance ; (4) les éléments de responsabilité sociale des entreprises (RSE) et (5) divulgation des entreprises minières. Un cadre réglementaire est mis en place par le gouvernement canadien pour répondre aux défis du développement durable. Les compagnies minières sont ainsi soumises à des exigences de divulgation par le gouvernement fédéral. Le gouvernement canadien incite les entreprises minières à utiliser le GRI, qui est le standard le plus populaire et reconnu internationalement pour la divulgation. Ce qui mène à notre question de recherche : Le GRI est-il un outil de reddition de comptes efficace pour les principales entreprises de l’industrie minière canadienne à l’étranger ? Notre analyse documentaire d’un rapport de divulgation RSE permet de conclure qu’il y a un écart entre ce qui est dit et ce qui est fait par les grandes compagnies minières. Les rapports tendent à mettre en évidence les éléments positifs et à masquer les résultats négatifs sur le développement durable. Il semble que le GRI soit un outil pour assurer de manière structurée la reddition de comptes des entreprises minières canadiennes à l’étranger, mais il reste insuffisant pour assurer la légitimité de l’information contenue, car on n’y rend pas compte de certaines externalités nuisibles pour le développement durable. ___________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Industrie minière canadienne, International, Responsabilité sociale des entreprises (RSE), Reddition de comptes, Global reporting initiative, divulgation, Développement durable, Gouvernance, Acteurs de la gouvernance, cadre législatif
Place: Montréal (Québec, Canada)
Keywords: Acteurs de la gouvernance; CSR; Cadre législatif; Divulgation; Développement durable; Global reporting initiative; Gouvernance; Industrie minière canadienne; International; RSE; Reddition de comptes; Responsabilité sociale des entreprises

Trade Openness and Financial Development in Sub Saharan Africa: The Role of Institutional Quality - Abeka, Mac Junior (University of Cape Coast, 2018)
The financial development of many Sub-Saharan African countries over the years has not been able to match up with other regions like the Middle East and North Africa, East Asia and Pacific, and Europe and central Asia (IMF, 2016). Trade openness has been argued in several empirical literature as a factor that could spur up the level of financial development, although the high levels of trade openness in Sub-Saharan Africa is not contributing much to the desired levels of financial development in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is an indication in literature that trade openness will be more relevant to financial development of economies that have a strong institutional quality. Thus, by using system General Method of Moment estimation technique, this study examined how institutional quality moderates the relationship between trade openness and financial development of Sub-Saharan African economies. The study found that institutional quality enhances the effect of trade openness on financial development of Sub-Saharan African economies. It is therefore recommended that, Sub-Saharan African economies should put in measures to strength their institutional quality so that the high levels of trade openness will better enhance financial development. Specifically, trade openness can better enhance financial development by improving government effectiveness, reducing corruption, enhancing regulatory quality, abiding by the rule of law, and allowing voice and accountability. As an extra benefit, the improvements in institutional quality on their own too will yield positive impact on financial development.
http://ir.ucc.edu.gh/jspui/handle/123456789/4084

O método conflitual clássico à luz da internacionalização do direito e desafios e perspectivas do direito internacional privado - Oliveira, Fernanda Garibaldi Barreto de (Universidade de São Paulo, 2018)
O presente estudo tem como objetivo a análise do direito internacional privado enquanto disciplina metodológica que regula conflitos pluriconectados, isto é, conflitos ligados a mais de uma jurisdição, à luz do processo de internacionalização do direito, ocorrido, sobretudo, na segunda metade do século XX. Por internacionalização do direito compreende-se o fenômeno descrito por Mireille Delmas-Marty2 e identificado por André Jean Arnaud3 como o direito nascido não apenas da globalização econômica, mas também aquele evocado por conta da universalização dos direitos do homem e da consagração de sua autonomia da vontade. No primeiro capítulo, são destacadas as bases do direito internacional privado, como sua definição como matéria, seu objeto de estudo, as fontes de onde emerge e principalmente seu método conflitual clássico, baseado em normas de conflitos (regras de conexão) promovidas por elementos de conexão entre os ordenamentos em contato. No segundo capítulo, analisa-se especificamente o fenômeno da internacionalização do direito e como esse processo levantou a hipótese de uma possível insuficiência do método conflitual clássico de Direito Internacional Privado. Para isso, são analisados alguns fenômenos privados de construção normativa, que evidenciaram um pluralismo jurídico de fontes e um recuo do Estado por meio da normalização e de uma intensa mimetização do setor privado com o poder público na produção do Direito. Segundo o conceito de direito transnacional proposto por Jessup, nesse capítulo pretende-se demonstrar que essas novas fontes normativas são criadas por processos de interação entre agentes e relações transnacionais, e revelam um modo diferente de internacionalização do direito com impacto sobre o direito internacional privado. Como exemplo desse novo plexo normativo, são analisados os aportes teóricos da nova Lex Mercatoria, da Lex Sportiva e da Lex Eletronica, como autênticas fontes transnacionais - ou soft norms - que concorrem com o método de direito internacional privado na solução de conflitos pluriconectados. No terceiro e último capítulo, é proposta uma análise e levantadas algumas hipóteses do por que esse pluralismo jurídico, emergido da internacionalização do direito, vir ganhando proeminência, de onde emerge sua legitimidade e por que ele estaria concorrendo com o método clássico de conflitos de normas quando da ocorrência de conflitos multilocalizados. Finalmente, o trabalho trata de algumas possibilidades de conjugar e harmonizar o aporte teórico desse novo plexo normativo transnacional com o método conflitual clássico por meio do diálogo das fontes e de um pluralismo ordenado.
Keywords: European conflict of laws method; Internationalization of law; Legal pluralism; Normative integration; Ordered pluralism; Private international law; Sources dialogue; Transnational law

A liberação do fiador - Gomes, Ana Iumei Ferreira Rodrigues (Universidade de Lisboa, 2018)
O presente estudo científico debruça-se sobre as formas de liberação do fiador. Sob esta matriz, procuramos retractar o tema sustentados nas malhas da legislação passada, mas também associados a actual ciência normativa, sem deixar de lado a experiência jurídica de diversas legislações estrangeiras, assim como as polémicas abertas na doutrina, coerentemente encarada no seu conjunto como condição necessária para problematizar o debate, suscitando ideias resultantes de sucessivos raciocínios controvertidos, sobre os quais também se armaram conceitos e variadas posições, em virtude da relevância que esta matéria resgata no âmbito das relações creditícias. Por sua vez, são abordados ainda alguns tópicos adjacentes a este tema que finalizam o entendimento sobre a matéria. Com efeito, as linhas de projecção do nosso estudo estão alinhadas no sentido de tentar responder às indagações do quotidiano, de modo a contornar as diversas situações que ocorrem na vida real, mas igualmente sem deixar de pensar na pretensa possibilidade de estabelecer caminhos ou rumos a tomar no futuro.
Keywords: Confiança; Credor; Devedor; Fiador; Fiança; Garantia das obrigações

Analyse et appréciation d’une zone d’intégration régionale : Cas de l’Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA) - Assoumatine, Far Justine; Goumes, Iames Marcos (Université Mouloud Mammeri, 2018)
Depuis plusieurs années on assiste à un regain d’intérêt pour l’intégration régionale. Les expériences de cette dernière pendant la première vague d’intégration dans les années 60 et 70 ont produit des résultats mitigés, et souvent décevants en terme de développement du commerce, de la croissance économique, du changement des conditions de vie de la population. Certains auteurs néoclassiques sont extrêmement critiques à l’égard de l’intégration économique car, les groupements régionaux entraveraient la libéralisation du commerce international. Cette tendance à l’intégration régionale a également touché huit (8) pays de l’Afrique de l’Ouest notamment le Benin, le Burkina-Faso, la Côte d’ivoire, la Guinée-Bissau, le Mali, le Niger, le Sénégal et le Togo, ayant une histoire commune et qui ont décidé de se réunir et former un seul bloc : l’Union Economique et Monétaire Oust-Africaine (UEMOA). Les pays membres ont connus en moyenne une amélioration des indicateurs économiques (croissance de PIB, l’Inflation, etc.), quoi que sa situation ne soit pas l’une des meilleures, compte tenu des résultats moins satisfaisants pour certains indicateurs comme les finances publiques, solde commercial et le non respect des critères de convergences. Toutefois, les efforts fournis par l’UEMOA en matière de réalisation des objectifs, sont loin d’être récompensés car, mise à part la Côte d'Ivoire qui est un pays en développement, les sept autres membres de l'Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine (UEMOA) sont des pays moins avancés (PMA), avec la pauvreté qui touche une personne sur deux dans la zone.

Restrições ao direito de imagem do trabalhor - Pitta, Fernanda Maria Rossignolli Grunspun (Universidade de São Paulo, 2018)
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a possibilidade de o empregador, por meio do regular exercício do poder diretivo, impor restrições à imagem do empregado (imagemretrato e imagem-atributo), a forma como o empregado se apresenta para o mundo, dentro e até mesmo fora do ambiente de trabalho, sem que isso configure ofensa ao direito de imagem do trabalhador, direito da personalidade consagrado constitucionalmente e também protegido pelo Código Civil e pela Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho. Será analisado como o direito de imagem foi reconhecido como parte integrante do direito da personalidade e elevado a condição de direitos humanos e fundamentais, no âmbito das relações de trabalho, em especial nas relações de emprego, tendo em vista que até os dias atuais as relações de trabalho são vistas sob um prisma que, muitas vezes, ignora o fato de que em um dos polos dessa relação sempre haverá uma pessoa física, o empregado, que possui direitos da personalidade. Também será analisado como o direito de imagem foi reconhecido como direito autônomo, uma vez que durante muito tempo a ofensa ao direito de imagem era condicionada à ofensa à honra, à intimidade e à vida privada. Serão, ainda, analisadas as diferenças entre direito de imagem, direito de arena e direito do autor, direitos que a jurisprudência trabalhista em muitas ocasiões entendeu como sinônimos, mas que, na verdade, embora possam se inter-relacionar, também podem ser ofendidos de forma autônoma. Será analisada a evolução do poder diretivo, e a forma pela qual se manifesta - poder organizacional, controle, regulamentar, disciplinar e mesmo jus variandi - no âmbito das relações de emprego, uma vez que é pelo regular exercício do poder diretivo, por meio das suas mais diferentes formas de manifestação, que o empregador poderá impor restrições à imagem do empregado. Será abordada, também, a subordinação, como contraponto ao poder diretivo. Como as questões que envolvem o direito de imagem no âmbito das relações de trabalho são muito variadas, serão analisadas três situações específicas em que se vislumbra a possibilidade de o empregador impor restrições à imagem do empregado, dentro do regular exercício do poder diretivo, sem que configure ofensa ao direito de imagem do empregado: (i) em razão da função exercida; (ii) como decorrência da imposição de padrões estéticos do empregador, desde que não sejam vexatórios e não exponham a intimidade do trabalhador; e (iii) para preservar a imagem do empregador. Em conjunto, será avaliada a possibilidade de o empregador impor restrições à imagem do empregado mesmo fora do ambiente de trabalho, levando-se em consideração a função, a posição hierárquica ocupada pelo empregado; a existência de consentimento e a previsão em regulamentos da empresa que disciplinam tais aspectos. Será visto que, embora referidas hipóteses possam ser um norte na apreciação da restrição imposta, em muitos casos a análise isolada não será suficiente, sendo necessário recorrer-se a outros mecanismos, a ponderação dos interesses envolvidos na imposição de restrições à imagem do trabalhador, uma vez que estão em conflito direitos constitucionalmente garantidos, sendo necessário realizar o sopesamento entre os interesses envolvidos, por meio da análise da necessidade, adequação e proporcionalidade, a fim de obter a máxima observância e a mínima restrição, estabelecendo uma conciliação de modo a trazer menor prejuízo para as partes envolvidas.
Keywords: Direito de imagem; Direito do Trabalho; Direitos da personalidade; Diretive power; Image rights; Labour law; Personality rights; Poder diretivo; Subordination; Subordinação

Cross border merger and shareholder's rights - Severino, Francesco (LUISS Guido Carli, 2018)
Historical context. Scope of application of cross border merger. A comparison of class rights with minority protection in cross border merger. The transposition of the cross border merger in the German law for an implementation.

Arbitragem tributária em Cabo Verde : um olhar sobre novos desafios - Pinto, Gilson Eduardo Vaz Gomes (Universidade de Lisboa, 2018)
O presente trabalho intitula-se “Arbitragem Tributária em Cabo Verde: Um olhar sobre novos desafios” e tem como principais objetivos analisar o instituto da Arbitragem Tributária em Cabo Verde, caraterizar e refletir sobre o modelo implementado, bem como as principais oposições à sua implementação no referido país. Em Cabo Verde, criar e assegurar o funcionamento de meios de resolução alternativos de litígios, em particular a Arbitragem, funciona como um instrumento essencial e complementar aos tribunais judiciais, tendo em conta a nova realidade política, social e económica do país. A introdução da Arbitragem Tributária em Cabo Verde deu-se através da Lei nº 108/VIII/2016, de 28 de Janeiro e foi motivada essencialmente pela nova ordem de reforma do sistema jurídico, altura em que o Governo do país assumiu o desafio de aperfeiçoar o sistema e promover uma maior competitividade perante os mercados externos, e captação do investimento estrangeiros. A implementação da Arbitragem Tributária em Cabo Verde pode ser equiparada, com as necessárias adaptações, ao sistema Português, daí darmos uma grande importância ao longo do nosso estudo a experiência portuguesa. Não obstante, um dos principais obstáculos à sua implementação em Cabo Verde tem a ver com a falta de clareza a nível da norma estabelecida pela Constituição da República, permanecendo a dúvida de em qual das classificações - “Tribunais” ou na classificação de “Órgão não Jurisdicional de composição de conflitos” - deve ser inserido o Tribunal Tributário. A Arbitragem Tributária como forma alternativa de resolução de conflito em Cabo Verde terá grande relevo na incrementação das políticas económicas e sociais, na melhoria do negócio e na captação do investimento estrangeiro, para melhor desenvolvimento do país.
Keywords: Arbitragem tributária; Cabo Verde; Justiça; Sistema jurídico

Risk management, outil de résilience pour les compagnies d'assurance non-vie de la zone CIMA : Cas de l'africaine des assurances du Bénin - Adechi, Maéssarah Adétôla Adouké (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

La gestion des risques et des assurances portuaires - Aidara, Tourad (Aix-Marseille Université, 2018)

Optimisation de la politique de souscription de l'assurance des risques d'entreprises : Le cas d'allianz Côte d'Ivoire assurances - Aka Kouassi, Daniel (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Le Togo face au(x) défi(s) de l'assurance agricole - Apetovi, Dodji Foli (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

« M&A » et propriété intellectuelle : valorisation et transmissibilité des actifs intellectuels - Aubin, Noémie (Université Paris 2, 2018)

Mise en place et gestion d'un réseau de mandataires non-salariés - Azougo, Vianney Boris (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

La gestion de la relation client au sein d'une compagnie d'assurance IARD : Cas de l'union des assurances du Burkina (UAB) IARDT - Balma, Olivier (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Le conducteur dans le transport de marchandises par route - Begou, Laëtitia (Aix-Marseille Université, 2018)

La gestion des sinistrés automobiles comme facteur de performance d'une entreprise IARD : Cas de AMSA assurance d'Ivoire - Bleakeuhoua, Prince (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Smart Port City - Bouldjennet, Yanis (Aix-Marseille Université, 2018)

L'assistance en escale : les enjeux liés à l'externalisation en matière de sûreté aérienne - Bres, Solenne (Aix-Marseille Université, 2018)

Le dumping social du personnel navigant en Europe - Bunel, Mathilde (Aix-Marseille Université, 2018)

O papel da integração regional como mecanismo de inserção internacional e de promoção de desenvolvimento: um estudo de caso sobre a SADC - Calich, Ana Paula de Mattos (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 2018)
A intensificação dos processos de integração regional no pós-Guerra Fria e a ascensão de alguns países do Sul global trouxeram para o campo das Relações Internacionais o desafio da atualização do estudo acerca do tema. Partindo do entendimento que estas regiões periféricas possuem uma lógica singular, o presente trabalho busca ver os blocos de integração estabelecidos neste contexto como uma forma de modificar a inserção internacional desfavorável e promover desenvolvimento nos países-membros. Para validar tal análise, a Comunidade para o Desenvolvimento da África Austral (SADC) foi selecionada como estudo de caso, fazendo-se o esforço de correlacionar as políticas do bloco com as transformações econômicas, políticas e sociais que ocorreram nos anos de vigência da integração.
Keywords: Desenvolvimento; Inserção Internacional; Integração Regional; SADC; África Austral

La distribution de l'assurance non vie en zone CIMA entre réglementation et modernité : Cas du Sénégal - Camara, Malick (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

La pêche du thon rouge de Méditerranée (Thunnus thynnus) - Ceccon, Mathilde (Aix-Marseille Université, 2018)

L'Indemnité d'Assistance Maritime et l'application de la Clause SCOPIC - Cheffai, Mohamed (Aix-Marseille Université, 2018)

An analysis of the effects of tax policy and tax abuse on the fulfilment of human rights in developing countries : the case of Zambia - Chigubu, Salome (University of Johannesburg, 2018)
Keywords: Droit fiscal; Pays en voie de développement; Politique fiscale; Tax; Zambie

La gestion des risques maritimes les risques exceptionnels - Corvasce, Cassie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2018)

Le transport aérien des produits thermosensibles la certification CEIV Pharma - Courbes, Jennifer (Aix-Marseille Université, 2018)

The position of assets vested in a sham trust - Diedericks, C. A. (North-West University, 2018)
The concept of a sham trust has changed over the years. Presently it is defined as a perceived entity that is not entirely what it portrays to be. In addition, a sham is therefore regarded as invalid with a deceiving nature. A sham trust has the consequence that all the benefits and protection of assets are destroyed, seeing that no trust actually came into existence. Considering the above, for the purpose of the present study, only an inter vivos trust was evaluated and discussed in detail. The law of contract is considered to be the foundation of the principles for an inter vivos trust. Therefore, the law of contracts can be applied to solve problems presented by trusts. During the course of the present research, it became evident: in instances where a trust is declared a sham, the consequence is that the trust will be deemed void. There are instances where a sale agreement has been concluded prior to the discovery of the true nature of the trust, namely it being a sham. This raises the question on the legal position of assets vested in a sham trust. A further question arises about the consequences and whether the courts should set a guideline for such instances. From the findings it is evident that such a guideline is necessary. This would enable courts to determine the consequences of assets vested in a sham trust. There are various possibilities regarding consequences for assets vested in a sham trust. To determine the applicable consequence, the court should deal with each case individually based on the facts of that particular circumstances. This consequence could either entail that the assets should fall within the founder’s personal estate, or whether the concluded sale agreement should be deemed void. It is evident that the courts struggled with the distinction between a sham and alter ego trust, however, the case law referred to below gives more clarity in this regard. A proper formulation of the aspects of sham and alter ego trusts was provided in the cases of Van Zyl v Kaye1 and Van der Merwe v Hydraulics.2 The formulation of the two aspects in the above-mentioned cases was confirmed in the Supreme Court of Appeal judgement in the case of WT v KT.3 In the Khabola v Ralitabo,4 the court dealt with the typical example of the sham trust. In brief, the fact of the case were, that the parties had the intention to establish a partnership that was simulated to be a trust.
Boloka Institutional Repository https://repository.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/31321
Keywords: Assets; Contract of sale; Intention; Law of contract; Legal position; Sham trust; Snook test; inter vivos trust

Enjeux et pratique de la gestion actif passif en assurance vie - Diemo Ngongang, Patrick Joel (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Détection et gestion du risque de cumul des engagements dans une compagnie de réassurance de la zone CIMA : Cas de la CICA-RE - Dossa, Rolux Raphiou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

L’assurance maritime dans la zone CIMA : Etude sur l'obligation de la police locale - Eren, Matthieu (Aix-Marseille Université, 2018)
Keywords: Assurance; CIMA; Droit maritime; Police locale

Information sur la marchandise : obligation risque et responsabilité - Ferrat, Gaël (Aix-Marseille Université, 2018)

Les procédures collectives des établissements de crédits dans l'espace OHADA - Gueye, Ramata (Université Cheikh Anta Diop, 2018)

La distribution des produits individuels d'assurance vie et de capitalisation par les mandats non-salariés dans la zone CIMA : Cas d'une compagnie d'assurance vie du Mali, la SONAVIE - Guindo, Mahamadou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

L'institution de l'obligation d'assurance construction dans un pays de la CIMA : Cas du Niger - Hadji, Attaher El (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Le transport d'animaux vivants par voie maritime au départ de France - Jeunemaître, Nicolas (Aix-Marseille Université, 2018)

A comparative analysis of constructive dismissal in South Africa and within other international jurisdictions - Kader, Riaz (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2018)
Abstract available in PDF.
Keywords: Constructive dismissal; Employee termination; Employees; Employers; Employment relationship; Termination of employment

La protection des consommateurs d'assurances - Kane, Mouhamed Siradji (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Assurances et réassureurs : Complémentarité ou dépendance? - Kaptouom, Raymond Fotso (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Les compagnies d'assurances peuvent-elles développer la branche santé en dépit de l'assurance maladie obligatoire en zone CIMA : cas de l'allianz Mali - Kene, Koromo (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Assurance automobile et pouvoirs publics : Cas du marché Gabonais - Kounda Moutsassy, Fanny Mireille (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Choice of law in international commercial contracts : a comparative study of Private International Law in Ghana and South Africa - Kwame, Essah (University of Johannesburg, 2018)

Les accidents de passage à niveau - Leoni, Marie-Françoise (Aix-Marseille Université, 2018)

Le démantèlement et recyclage des navires - Lucas, Estelle (Aix-Marseille Université, 2018)

A comparative legal perspective on the impact of good or bad faith on the independence of documentary credits and demand guarantees - Lupton, Cayle Selwyn (University of Johannesburg, 2018)
Abstract : Please refer to full text to view abstract. LL.M. (Commercial Law)

Domiciliation de l'assurance sur facultés à l'importation au Tchad - Mahamat, Norson (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

La gestion des risques dans une compagnie de réassurance de la zone CIMA : Cas de la SCG-RE - Makita Komba, Maguy (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Est-il judicieux de séparer l'industrie des banques de celle des assurances ? : Cas du Niger - Marou Boubacar, Abdoul-Mounir (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Modification of choice of law in the BRICS countries : the role of Article 2(3) of the Hague Principles on choice of law in international commercial contracts - Ndlovu, Docus Sanele (University of Johannesburg, 2018)
Each member state of the BRICS countries is different about the modalities and limitations of party autonomy in their field of Private International law. The principle of party autonomy allows parties to choose the law applicable to their contract and is meant to respect the choice of contracting parties. Since laws are not absolute, they need to change to the needs of a changing society. This can generate a problem in instances where contracting parties have already chosen a choice of law to govern their contract. The question is then whether the governing law of a contract that was previously chosen by the parties can be changed after that contract has been concluded. The scope of party autonomy extends to permitting parties to modify their chosen law in instances where it is necessary to do so, subject to limitations of a specific legal system and principles of conflict of laws. However, the legal rules of each BRICS countries differ in permitting parties to modify the chosen law. This minor dissertation analyses whether the principle of party autonomy is recognised in each member state of the BRICS countries and whether it extends to allow for modification of choice of law. It further asserts that the BRICS countries could plausibly refer to the rules and recommendations of Article 2(3) of the Hague Principles on Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts to advance the wide acceptance of modification of choice of law. LL.M. (International Commercial Law)

L’attribution gratuite d’actions en droit OHADA - Niamadio, Mamadou (Université Assane Seck de Ziguinchor, 2018)
Le constat de l’obsolescence du droit africain a fait germer l’idée de créer une réglementation moderne et adaptée à l’économie des pays africains dans l’esprit des décideurs africains. L’entreprise s’était révélée nécessaire en raison de l’absence jusque-là de tout effort législatif destiné à épousseter la législation africaine postcoloniale alors qu’ailleurs, en France et dans la plupart des pays occidentaux, le droit des affaires était à mise à jour permanente ; constamment les textes y sont modifiés parce que le monde est soumis à de constants bouleversements. C’est dans ce contexte que l’OHADA a été instituée par le Traité constitutif signé à Port Louis (Ile Maurice) en Avril 1993, entré en vigueur le 18 septembre 1995, il a été révisé à Québec en 2008 . Le droit Ohada est un système juridique et judiciaire qui vise à garantir la sécurité juridique des affaires en adoptant un droit commun des affaires dont l’interprétation est confiée à une seule instance juridictionnelle, la Cour commune de justice et d’arbitrage. Il est composé aujourd’hui de dix-sept (17) Etats d’Afrique subsaharienne ayant en commun un même droit des affaires.

The directors’ fiduciary duty to act in the best interests of the company: the possible developments of common law by statute and how they affect human rights - Nomadwayi, Bakhulule (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2018)
This research traces the developments of the directors’ fiduciary duty to act in the best interests of the company and looks at how these developments affect human rights and interests of stakeholders. The main focus of the study is on the human rights impact of this duty. Initially, this duty was only regulated in terms of common law which proved to be problematic. The problem with common law lies within the definition of ‘best interests of the company’, which not only exclude the interests of other stakeholders but also has the potential to bring about violation of human rights, particularly the rights to equality, dignity and fair labour practice. At common law best interests of the company means interests of the company itself and its shareholders. The common law only protects the company and its shareholders, while excluding the rights and interests of stakeholders. The common law duty to in the best interests of the company is not in line with our contemporary law because it ignores human rights. The neglect of human rights by this duty renders it inconsistent with the values contained in the Constitution. Furthermore, the exclusion of stakeholders’ rights by this duty cannot be justified because stakeholders play an important part in safeguarding the stability and continued existence of the companies. The fiduciary duty to act in company’s best interests is now contained in the Companies Act of 2008. Inclusion of this duty in the Act enables our courts to interpret it in a manner that protects human rights and which takes into account interests of other stakeholders. Section 7 (a) of the Act provides that among other goals of the Act is the promotion of compliance with the Bill of Rights when applying the company law. The impact of section 7 is that it imposes an indirect duty on directors to consider the human rights impact of their decisions. Section 158 of the Act enables the courts to “develop common law as it is necessary to improve the realisation and enjoyment of rights established by the Companies Act of 2008.” Given this recognition of the Bill of Rights by the Companies Act, it’s of vital importance that our courts should interpret and apply the duty to act in the best interests of the company in manner that is consistent with the Constitution. Directors are now obliged to pay attention to the human rights impact of their decisions.
Keywords: Best interests of the company; CSR; Corporate Social Responsibility; Fiduciary duty

L'application de la garantie responsabilité civile dans le temps: reprise du passé et garantie subséquente : Cas de allianz Sénégal assurances - Nzaly, Nicolas (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Assurance automobile et pouvoirs publics en république du Congo - Ossere, Stève (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Transformation digitale d'une société d'assurance vie, vision et processus opérationnel : Cas d'allianz Côte d'ivoire assurance vie - Ouattara, Adams (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Les normes du régime prudentiel solvabilité II : Quels défis pour leurs mise en place dans les compagnies d'assurance non viez de la zone CIMA ? - Ouedraogo, Mohamed (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Est-il judicieux de séparer l'industrie des assurances de celle des banques ? : Cas du Togo - Panissi, Hodabalo (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Reckless and fraudulent trading by a company and the business judgment rule as a defence for directors - Peter, Lunga Cosmo (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2018)
Abstract available in pdf.
Keywords: Business judgment rule; Company directors; Corporate governance; Fiduciary duties; Fraudulent trading; Good faith; Personal liability

La sécurisation de l'emprunt par l'assurance-crédit - Poungom, Louis Chamabe (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Digitalisation dans le secteur des assurances en zone CIMA : Enjeux et perspectives, cas de la SONAR-vie (Burkina Faso) - Ramde, Donatien (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Analysing and comparing the impact of misrepresentation and non-disclosure on the validity of a contract: similarities, differences and remedies - Ramphal, Kayra (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2018)
This dissertation explores the concepts of non-disclosure and misrepresentation in South African law. The principal focus surrounds the effect non-disclosure as a form of misrepresentation has on the liability of contracting parties. In order to explore this effectively, the study explores the concept of duty of disclosure, and whether such a duty exists in South African law. Instances when a duty to disclose arises are explained, such as positive steps taken to conceal facts, the seller having sole knowledge of the material fact, an omission or misleading language, and a change in circumstances. Similarly to the English law duty of disclosure in relation to information in contracts uberrimae fidei, the similar South African law concept in insurance or agency contracts known as ‘utmost good faith’, is discussed and explored. The study determines whether such a concept should be a mandatory requirement in pre-contractual negotiations. Additionally, this study explores the various avenues of relief that are available to those who have fallen victim to misrepresentation. This results in an analysis of the effectiveness and success of the current traditional methods of claiming and quantifying damages that are adopted by South African legislature and the judiciary. The discussion then explores the proposed alternate method which aims to combine a claim into one of delict and that of contractual liability, or on the other hand institute a claim solely based on contractual liability. Lastly, this study explores the effect the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 has had on contractual agreements, remedies and penalties, and how this ground-breaking legislation has altered the approach previously adopted by the common law and whether it has done enough to protect consumers.
Keywords: Contracting parties; Contracts; Duty to disclose; Liability; Misrepresentation; Non-disclosure

The interconnection between express choice of forum and tacit choice of law. A comparative analysis between common-law and civil-law jurisdictions - Roux, Keegan (University of Johannesburg, 2018)
Keywords: Commercial law; Conflict of laws; Contracts (International law)

The link between reckless credit and emolument attachment orders - Singh, Nishtha (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2018)
South Africa has experienced significant levels of reckless credit thus leading to over-indebtedness of consumers. Furthermore, research conducted in 2008 and 2013 by the University of Pretoria indicated that there were abuses prevalent in emolument attachment orders (EAOs). An interesting aspect of the research was that credit providers were particularly interested in employed consumers, as their wages or salaries were deemed to be a form of security. The aim of this dissertation is to examine the link between reckless credit and EAOs. The main research problem revolves around the fact that credit providers do not conduct thorough pre-agreement assessments and have a tendency to subscribe to the tick box approach to compliance. Moreover, these pre-agreement assessments do not make provision for the inclusion of external market factors, which is essential to safeguard consumers against economic events. This dissertation argues that, at the point when reckless credit is granted, it is inevitable that default will occur thus leading to the culmination of an EAO. In this regard, the case of University of Stellenbosch Legal Aid Clinic and Others v Minister of Justice and Correctional Services and Others; Association of Debt Recovery Agents NPC v University of Stellenbosch Legal Aid Clinic and Others; Mavava Trading 279 (Pty) Ltd and Others v University of Stellenbosch Legal Aid Clinic and Others (CCT127/15) [2016] ZACC 32 is important. The judgement illustrates how vulnerable consumers fell prey to unscrupulous credit providers who then took advantage of their salaries. An important aspect about the judgement was that section 65J of the Magistrates Court Act has now been amended through a joint interpretative mechanism of severance and reading in. The Constitutional Court’s order now requires judicial supervision in the EAO process, whereby a magistrate issues the EAO. This dissertation examines the effect of this and how EAOs are currently regulated. It also discusses whether judicial supervision is the solution to ameliorating the law on EAOs. Qualitative research methods were utilised such as legislation, case law, textbooks and journal articles. While there are no statistics to prove the link, anecdotal evidence proves the link between reckless credit and EAOs.
Keywords: Credit market; Emolument Attachment Orders; Protection of Personal Information Act; Reckless Credit

Restraint of trade clauses: does the enforcement thereof promote anti-competitive behaviour in South African law? - Sithole, Mthokozisi Wesley Nhlakanipho (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2018)
No abstract available.
Keywords: Anti-competitive behaviour; Business agreements; Competencia; Competition law; Employment agreements; Restraint of trade; Trade clause

A discussion of the success and failures of business rescue as a remedy for ailing companies - Sobantu, Vuyo (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2018)
Companies are constantly facing risks, including financial constraints, which may contribute to companies being unable to trade in the manner desired. Unfortunately, companies that find themselves in this predicament have, in reality, been without a remedy from as early as statutory provisions regulating company law were promulgated in 1926. Judicial management, as a remedy, is notorious for being an outright failure, but the current Companies Act 71 of 2008 introduced the remedy of business rescue for financially distressed companies. The scrutiny and spotlight on the new remedy turns on whether it can be truly accessible for the companies in question and what significant changes it has made to favour financially distressed companies. This mini dissertation will aim to discuss whether the remedy of business rescue has been a success or failure.
Keywords: Ailing companies; Business rescue; Companies Act 61 of 1973; Companies Act 71 of 2008; Judicial management; South African company law; Winding up

A critical analysis on simulated transactions - Tshabalala, Alwanduxolo Thembalihle (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2018)
No abstract provided.
Keywords: Simulated transactions; Tax avoidance; Tax evasion; Taxation

Rôle et fonctionnement de la réassurance sur le développement d'une compagnie d'assurance IARDT : Cas de SUNU assurance Centrafrique - Wembe Ngbokpo, Valentin (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

The effects of business rescue on the companies’ stakeholders : a comparative analysis between business rescue and judicial management - Xaba, Ntombikhona Thandeka (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2018)
Upon the recognition that the implementation of the judicial management process would not be the success that it was anticipated it would be, it became apparent that there was need for a system of corporate rescue appropriate to the needs of a modern South African economy. The legislature then introduced a new business rescue regime when the Companies Act 71 of 20082 (the Act) came into effect in the South African law. This new Act remarkably changed corporate law. One of the central features of the Act is the introduction of business rescue- a procedure which provides for the rehabilitation of financially distressed companies in a manner that seeks to balance the rights of all stakeholders. These provisions are said to be the appropriate method for modern South African economy and they differently affect the stakeholders of a company. This thesis will be discussing the different rights given to affected persons in the new Companies Act and examine how the provisions of business rescue affect different stakeholders of the company and compare such effects with those experienced under judicial management, specifically in light of the improvements of the positions of the stakeholders. Although the new business rescue is a remarkable improvement from the old judicial management system, there is still room for improvement.
Keywords: Business rescue; Companies Act 71 of 2008; Company stakeholders; Judicial management; South African company law

Gestion de fonds de pension par les sociétés d'assurance vie dans un pays membre de la CIMA; cas de la Côte d'Ivoire : Contraintes et perspectives - Yao Koffi, Ernest (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Le financement des éoliennes - Yildirim, Meryem Elçin (Aix-Marseille Université, 2018)

Pratique de l'expertise en assurance et la protection des assurés : Cas de SUNU assurances IARD Cameroun - Yorsam, Ariel Jean Christophe Manhouli (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Privatisation des Aéroports en France - Zenine, Nadjib-Slim (Aix-Marseille Université, 2018)

A critical discussion of the directors’ duties and business judgement rule - Zondi, Sphesihle Brilliant (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2018)
No abstract available.
Keywords: Companies Act 71 of 2008; Directors; Judgement rule; South Africa

Treatment of corporate groups in insolvency under EU law - Sicignano, Luca (LUISS Guido Carli, 2017)
L’analisi svolta in questo lavoro ha ad oggetto le procedure adottabili in caso di fallimento, quando esse coinvolgono società costituite in gruppi di impresa. È una questione non recente che ha tuttavia avuto la sua consacrazione nel panorama internazionale solo negli ultimi anni. La grande crisi finanziaria del 2008 ha fatto sorgere la necessità di emanare nuove specifiche regole. Pertanto, l’obiettivo che questo lavoro si propone, è di analizzare tali regole, sia iure condito che iure condendo, per consentire al lettore di avere una panoramica chiara su come l’insolvenza di gruppo possa essere trattata.

A tranferência do risco no contrato de venda internacional de mercadorias em trânsito no âmbito da Convenção de Viena de 1980 - Damião, Ana Raquel Modesto (Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2017)
International trade has had an increasing impact on the national economies of states. For this reason, some international institutions have sought to standardise rules on the international sale of goods. The Convention, which stands out from these rules, is the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, opened for signature in Vienna on 11th April, 1980, known as the Vienna Convention (CISG). The transfer of risk is one of the most sensitive issues in international trade. Therefore, it would seem apt to observe the legal regime of the transfer of risk contained in the various provisions of this international instrument. To understand the rules of the transfer of risk, it is necessary to observe the notion of contract for the international sale and the obligations of the parties involved in the international contract. In addition, it should be noted that, in most situations, the contract for the international sale is related to the transport of goods. With this framework, the study of this essay focuses on the analysis of article 68 of the Vienna Convention. So, this dissertation deals with the question of determining the exact moment of the transfer of risk in the contract of international sale of goods in transit under the Vienna Convention. O comércio internacional tem tido cada vez mais impacto nas economias nacionais dos Estados. Por esse motivo, algumas organizações internacionais têm procurado uniformizar as regras relativas à compra e venda internacional de mercadorias. A Convenção, que se destaca dessas regras, é a Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre os Contratos de Compra e Venda Internacional de Mercadorias, aberta à assinatura em Viena a 11 de abril de 1980, conhecida como Convenção de Viena. A transferência do risco apresenta-se como uma das temáticas mais delicadas do comércio internacional. Portanto, afigura-se como útil a observação do regime jurídico da transferência do risco contido nas diversas disposições deste instrumento internacional. Para compreender as regras da transferência do risco, é necessário observar a noção de contrato de compra e venda internacional e as obrigações das partes do contrato internacional. Além disso, há que perceber que, na generalidade das situações, o contrato de compra e venda internacional está relacionado com o transporte de mercadorias. Com este enquadramento, o estudo deste trabalho centra-se na análise do artigo 68.º da Convenção de Viena. Assim, a presente dissertação debruça-se sobre a questão de determinar qual é o momento exato da transferência do risco no contrato de compra e venda internacional de mercadorias em trânsito no âmbito da Convenção de Viena.
Keywords: Convenção de Viena; Goods in transit; International sale; Mercadorias em trânsito; Transfer of risk; Transferência do risco; Venda internacional; Vienna Convention

L'équilibre contractuel - Muggeo, Marine-Alice (Université de Toulon, 2017)
Ces dernière années, le concept d'équilibre contractuel est devenu omniprésent dans notre droit et se retrouve dans quasiment toutes les disciplines du droit. L'équilibre contractuel n'a donc eu de cesse de se renforcer (Titre 1) dans diverses disciplines, car le droit des contrats est une matière transversale. On retrouve donc cette notion autant dans les contrats spéciaux que dans le droit commun des contrats. Ainsi une fois étudié, cet équilibre se retrouve dans les différentes phases de construction et d'exécution du contrat (Titre 2). C'est une partie qu'il faut appréhender car cela nous permet de comprendre où se retrouve l'équilibre dans le contrat. Et constater que c'est une notion centrale qui se retrouve dans l'ensemble des phases pré-contractuelles et contractuelles.
Keywords: Contrats d'affaires; Contrats informatiques; Contrats spéciaux; Crédit consommation; Droit des contrats; Honoraires avocats; Sécurité juridique

La Consolidation des comptes selon le SCF et les normes IAS/IFRS - Ayad, Bourbonienne; Kadid, Mohamed Redha (Ecole supérieure de Commerce, 2017)
Face à l’évolution des marchés économiques et financiers, les entreprises essayent de se développer, pour relever les défis contre la concurrence par la création des filiales et la fondation, pour créer des groupes commerciales et industrielles pour partager le risque et optimisé les dépenses fiscales. La consolidation des comptes est l'action d'établir des comptes uniques pour l'ensemble du groupe, afin de mieux en apprécier la réalité économique. Leur objectif majeur est de dépasser les limites des comptes individuels de chaque société pour refléter l'activité d'une société et de ses filiales. Dans notre mémoire on a consacré une partie théorique pour l’identification du périmètre et méthodes de consolidation ainsi que la présentation des différentes étapes principales composant le processus d’élaboration des comptes consolidés. Il serait utile de citer l’exemple de GEMA qui est un groupe Algérien, ce groupe établie la notion précédemment décrite, à travers laquelle a pu présenter des comptes et des états financiers consolidés. Ces états sont d’une telle conformité à la réglementation Algérienne généralement et aux SCF spécialement.

A sociedade unipessoal de direito angolano : contributo para a compreensão do seu regime jurídico - Salvador, Gorki (Universidade de Lisboa, 2017)
A presente investigação tem como objecto a Sociedade Unipessoal de Direito angolano. Com o desenvolvimento da mesma, ambicionamos prestar um contributo para a compreensão do regime jurídico positivo da unipessoalidade no Ordenamento Jurídico angolano. É um facto que o reconhecimento legislativo da Sociedade Unipessoal representa o acompanhamento, pelo Direito, da evolução da realidade económica, estabelecendo-se assim a necessária correspondência entre a realidade e o Direito. É do mesmo modo um facto que a Sociedade Unipessoal contraria a dogmática básica do Direito Societário, assente na ideia de que sociedade é uma realidade de que apenas uma pluralidade de indivíduos pode fazer recurso, ao ponto de se considerar a sociedade constituída por uma única pessoa uma autêntica contradictio in terminis. Portanto, o reconhecimento da unipessoalidade societária como uma situação ordinária, para além de acrescentar valores próprios ao ordenamento jurídico-societário, levanta uma série de questões que vão desde a contradição terminológica aos problemas concretos que apenas se levantam na presença da sociedade unipessoal ou que nelas se levantam com mais acuidade. A análise problemática de algumas perplexidades que se levantam no âmbito da Sociedade unipessoal ocupa as páginas do presente estudo.
Keywords: Angola; Direito das sociedades; Sociedade unipessoal

O exercício abusivo do direito de propriedade intelectual como infração à ordem econômica - Somensi, Ludmila (Universidade de São Paulo, 2017)
O presente trabalho busca analisar o exercício abusivo do direito de propriedade intelectual como infração à ordem econômica no direito brasileiro. A importância desse estudo se dá pela ausência de parâmetros e etapas de análise definidos para tais situações no Brasil, diferentemente do que ocorre em outros países, como Estados Unidos e os países membros da União Europeia, além da relevância da inovação para a sociedade e para o país. O caso brasileiro das autopeças, em curso perante o Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica - Cade situa o estudo. A conclusão que se busca é a eleição de parâmetros e etapas que devem ser observados pela autoridade de concorrência brasileira na análise de um exercício abusivo de direito de propriedade intelectual como infração à ordem econômica e, especificamente, se tais parâmetros foram observados e investigados no caso das autopeças, considerando o exposto no último parecer opinativo do Cade. Para tanto, estuda-se a identificação de uma infração à ordem econômica e sua particularidade quanto a um direito de propriedade intelectual, tarefa bastante sensível, tendo em vista que é inerente ao direito de propriedade intelectual limitar a atuação de terceiros, enquanto o direito da concorrência evita a limitação à concorrência. Assim, verifica-se que esta exclusão de terceiros em relação ao objeto tutelado pelo direito de propriedade intelectual não significa uma limitação à livre iniciativa e, consequentemente, à livre concorrência, princípios visados pelo direito da concorrência, de tal forma que um direito de propriedade intelectual devidamente exercido não deve ser objeto de preocupação do direito da concorrência. Nesse sentido, estuda-se a função que determina a criação e o devido exercício de um direito de propriedade intelectual, para que seja verificado seu abuso, pressuposto da caracterização de uma infração ao direito da concorrência pelo exercício de um direito de propriedade intelectual. A decisão no caso europeu Microsoft auxilia este estudo tendo em vista que a autoridade de concorrência europeia elenca e comprova este e outros requisitos que devem ser investigados para a caracterização de uma infração à ordem econômica no direito brasileiro.
Keywords: Abuse of rights; Abuso do direito; Auto parts case; Competencia; Competition law; Concorrência desleal; Intellectual property; Microsoft case; Misuse violation to the economic order; Ordem econômica; Propriedade intelectual

Dissenting Opinions in International Commercial Arbitrations - Mohanty, Gautam (Central European University, 2017)
A dissenting opinion with reference to International Commercial Arbitrations elementarily denotes the expression of disagreement by an Arbitrator in relation to both the reasoning and the result of the award granted by the majority of the Tribunal. Though still at a nascent stage, the practice of delivering dissenting opinions is one which needs to be duly noted and taken into due consideration because of the incidental and collateral questions that it nurtures. Fundamentally, a dissenting opinion raises concerns related to the effect, the nature and the rectitude of such opinions. One such collateral question is the enforceability of such dissenting opinions and the repercussions that follow in the context of an arbitral award delivered by the majority. In addition to the above raised question, through this thesis the author will also address other questions such as whether the act of delivering a dissenting opinion is an indicator of the increased sense of maturity of arbitrators in international commercial arbitration? Whether the dissenting opinion possesses any precedential value to the arbitration cases arriving prospectively? and How do such opinions contribute to the development of arbitration jurisprudence. Moreover, through this thesis the author will also attempt from a comparative perspective to examine and make an incisive analysis of the governing rules of arbitration across various arbitration regimes such as ICSID, LCIA which already have a wellestablished arbitration jurisprudence.

Sociedade criada de facto e sociedade de facto no direito da OHADA : estudo comparativo jurisprudencial entre o direito brasileiro e português - Silva, Osvaldo Júlio da (Universidade de Lisboa, 2017)
A presente dissertação de Mestrado visa analisar e apresentar uma reflexão mais abrangente e aprofundada sobre a problemática inerente às sociedades criadas de facto e sociedades de facto no Direito da OHADA, nunca antes tratada pela doutrina nacional e (ou pela doutrina da OHADA) especializada, cujo resultado final esperamos poder contribuir, em certa medida, para o reforço da segurança jurídica e judiciária nos Estado-Membros da OHADA. As sociedades criadas de facto e sociedades de facto podem perturbar (e, efetivamente, perturbam) o exercício legítimo de atividades comerciais, uma vez que geram a insegurança jurídica e judiciária para investidores e para o comércio em geral. Com efeito, trata-se de realidades societárias, por vezes, constituídas e dissolvidas à margem do quadro legal vigente. À luz do artigo 98.º do Ato Uniforme Relativo as Sociedades Comerciais (AUS), todas as sociedades comerciais adquirem a personalidade jurídica a partir da sua matrícula no Registo do Comércio e do Crédito Mobiliário. Por isso, a maior parte da doutrina tem perdido demasiado tempo e energia na exegese deste preceito, deduzindo nele o efeito constitutivo do registo. Porém, temos para nós que a génese da sociedade reside na vontade das partes, tendo o registo o efeito principal de atribuição de um privilégio comercial de limitação da responsabilidade. Todavia, o registo não deixa de ser condicionante da plenitude da personalidade. A sociedade resulta de um contrato e não, necessariamente, do mero facto. This Master's thesis aims at analyzing and providing with a broadly and in-depth reflection on the problems connected to the partnership by estoppel and partnership de facto in OHADA Law, never before analyzed by national doctrine and (or OHADA doctrine). The final outcome of which we hope will contribute, at certain point, to the strengthening of legal and judicial certainty in the Member States of OHADA. Partnership de facto and partnership by estoppel may disturb (and, indeed, disrupt) the legitimate exercise of commercial activities, since they create legal and judicial uncertainty for investors and for trade in general. In fact, these corporate realities are sometimes constituted and dissolved out of the legal framework in force. Pursuant to the OHADA Uniform Act Relating to Commercial Companies and Economic Interest Group (UACC/EIG), registration is mandatory and companies only have legal personality as from the date of registration of the By-laws with the Registry of Companies. Thus, most of the doctrine has spent too much time and energy in the exegesis of this precept, deducing in it the constitutive effect of the register. As far as we are able to judge, the genesis of society lies in the will of the parties, and registration has the main effect of conferring a commercial privilege on limiting liability. However, it does not cease to be a condition of the fullness of personality. The company results from a contract and not necessarily from the mere fact.
Accepted: 2018-03-01T16:16:37Z
Keywords: Direito comercial; OHADA; Sociedade comercial

Les sûretés négatives - Ndiaye, Paul Babou (Université Assane Seck de Ziguinchor, 2017)
Keywords: Clause d’inaliénabilité; Clauses de sûretés; Créances; Droits réels; Inexécution contractuelle; Negative pledge clauses; Sûreté négative; Sûretés

Le temps de la mode et la PI : protection des créations dans le domaine de l’habillement par les outils de la PI ou non sous le prisme de leur caractère éphémère et de leur propension à être copiées. - Machut, Gladys (Université Lille 2 Droit et Santé, 2017)
Keywords: Brevets d'invention; Contrefaçon; Droit; Intellectual property; Mode; Propriedade intelectual; Propriété industrielle; Propriété intellectuelle

E-commerce et protection des données à caractère personnel : vers un renforcement de la protection des données à caractère personnel des consommateurs dans le cadre des opérations de e-commerce. - Maikuchel, Marine (Université Lille 2 Droit et Santé, 2017)
Keywords: Commerce électronique; E-commerce; Propriété industrielle; Protection de l'information (informatique); Protection des données

Reunião prévia no contexto do acordo de acionistas de controle - Abreu, Renata Silva Franco de (Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, 2017)
O presente estudo se propõe a analisar a reunião prévia, no contexto de acordo de acionistas de controle e voto em bloco, tendo em vista o direto societário atual, a fim de se verificar como este tema é tratado pela doutrina e como se reflete na prática das companhias brasileiras. Tomou-se por base a metodologia de abordagem descritiva e explicativa. Primeiramente, faz-se necessário discorrer sobre o acordo de acionistas, diferenciar o acordo de acionistas de controle e o acordo de acionistas de voto, bem como tratar sobre a legalidade destes acordos. Em seguida, analisa-se o instituto do voto em bloco, no contexto do acordo de controle; como o controle pode ser exercido por meio do voto em bloco; e os deveres decorrentes deste exercício de controle pelo bloco dos acionistas signatários de acordo de controle. Por fim, segue-se com a análise da reunião prévia, como meio para exercício de controle por meio do bloco decorrente do acordo de acionistas de controle. São tratados os principais temas relacionados à reunião prévia, quais sejam, formalidades deste órgão; como este órgão deve ser representado tendo em vista que não possui poder de representação propriamente dito; os temas sobre os quais as reuniões prévias não podem dispor; a importância na inovação da autotutela para tornar o acordo de acionistas mais efetivo; e a controvérsia acerca da vinculação da administração ao acordo de controle.

Risque de guerre - Barat, Louis (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

L'impact et les réponses d'un aéroport régional face à l'arrivée d'une ligne à grande vitesse - Benzoubair, Yannis (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

L'anticipation des conflits sociaux chez le transporteur ferroviaire de passagers - Boutaleb, Lylia (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

Les NTIC dans le parcours passager : Quel futur pour l'expérience client en aéroport ? - Brillaud, Alexandre (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

La protección jurídica de las invenciones en materia de biotecnología a través del régimen de patentes - Bueno González, Antonio (Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2017)
Trabajo Fin de Máster en Biotecnología Avanzada. Director/Tutor: Eugenio Olmedo Peralta. En este trabajo, tras analizar la normativa vigente en materia de propiedad industrial, así como su evolución histórica, se han expuesto los principales aspectos de la regulación actual de las creaciones biotecnológicas. Éstas poseen ciertas singularidades respecto a las invenciones convencionales al estar constituidas total o parcialmente por materia biológica, lo que les hace requerir de un régimen de protección especial, o al menos el realizar ciertas adaptaciones respecto de la normativa básica de patentes, puesto que ésta se creó en su origen considerando invenciones de carácter eminentemente técnico surgidas en la revolución industrial. Esta tarea se ha llevado a cabo con el objetivo de considerar las posibles soluciones existentes para solventar las carencias de la normativa y ofrecer una protección adecuada a las invenciones biotecnológicas, tal que proporcione una justa remuneración al inventor, fomentando a su vez el desarrollo tecnológico. También se han expuesto las principales características del régimen de las obtenciones vegetales, creado para dar protección a las variedades vegetales desarrolladas. De esta manera, se han abarcado la mayoría de los supuestos de protección legal de creaciones de base biológica, ya sean invenciones patentables o variedades vegetales, profundizando más en las primeras. Así, tras realizar una revisión bibliográfica de las principales aportaciones realizadas en la materia y de la legislación al respecto, contemplando las principales dificultades y singularidades que las creaciones basadas en materia viva presentan en cuanto a su protección jurídica, se puede afirmar que, hoy por hoy, el método de protección mediante patentes es el más adecuado para las invenciones biotecnológicas. Ello es debido a la gran experiencia acumulada que se tiene con este sistema, el cual se ha ido adaptando a este tipo de invenciones a lo largo de los años, siendo el que mejor recompensa proporciona al inventor y el que posee una mayor importancia económica, actuando como un agente dinamizador e impulsor del desarrollo tecnológico. Pese a esto, no se puede ignorar la necesidad de ir adaptando día a día la legislación a la vanguardia de la técnica, intentando proporcionar soluciones equitativas para la sociedad en general, respetando los derechos humanos y ciertos principios éticos, y a su vez intentando fomentar el desarrollo tecnológico, en áreas como la biotecnología, tan necesario para solventar numerosos problemas de nuestra sociedad contemporánea.
Keywords: Brevet; Intellectual property; Propriedad industrial; Propriedad intelectual; Propriedade intelectual; Propriété industrielle; Propriété intellectuelle

La mise en place d'un cadre coercitif face aux passagers indisciplinés - Camus, Agathe (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

Aviation d'affaires : Business models innovants et conséquences sur le marché - Cano, Olivier (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

Les enjeux de la réglementation sociale applicable au secteur ferroviaire - Catherin, Cécile (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

La acción social de responsabilidad - Cerezuela Moraleja, Alejandro (Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2017)
Trabajo Fin de Curso de Experto Universitario en Derecho Societario (2016/17). Tutora: Dra. Patricia Márquez Lobillo. Ante la conducta por la que el administrador social causa un daño al patrimonio de la sociedad, la Ley de Sociedades de Capital ofrece un mecanismo por el cual poder exigirle la reparación del daño, mediante la acción social de responsabilidad, que podrá ser ejercida por la sociedad, los socios o terceros, con la finalidad de restablecer el patrimonio social. Este trabajo nace con la intención de ofrecer un enfoque práctico para el ejercicio de la acción, estudiando los elementos necesarios que han de cumplirse en cada uno de los legitimados para poder ejercitarla eficazmente y cómo actuar frente a la acción por quien no esté de acuerdo a su ejercicio. Para todo ello se apoya el trabajo en la jurisprudencia más actual y relevante en cada supuesto.

Les « navires autonomes ». Enjeux et impacts d'une navigation sans équipage dans le monde maritime - Chesneau, Anaïs (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)
Les navires sans équipage sont une innovation dans l’industrie du transport maritime. Technologiquement viables, ils sont en passe de révolutionner le secteur en promettant une rentabilité accrue, et un impact environnemental moindre. Certaines incertitudes persistent cependant. D’une part, le droit maritime international n’est pas adapté à leur exploitation et nécessite d’être modifié ; d’autre part, leur fiabilité n’est pas démontrée, et les assureurs restent en position d’attente face à l’incertitude des risques et la question de la navigabilité des navires sans équipage.
Keywords: Droit maritime; Navigation; Navigation sans équipage; Navire autonome; Navire intelligent; Équipage

L'impact des sociétés de réclamation sur l'indemnisation des passagers en cas d'irrégularité d'exploitation - Cotoni, Lou (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

La livraison : étude de droit comparé entre transport maritime et routier - Couturier, Loic (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

La saisie de soutes - Dagonneau, Catherine (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)
La saisie de soutes est une figure originale du droit maritime. En tant qu’ « élément du navire », les soutes sont susceptibles de faire l’objet d’une saisie indépendamment du navire. Elles constituent ainsi un gage pour les créanciers dénués de « créance maritime » ou de privilège maritime. En période d’instabilité économique, la saisie de soutes est indispensable à la confiance des fournisseurs de navires. Cependant, depuis l’arrêt Saint Pierre de 1998 et l’analyse qui en a été faite par les auteurs, la saisie conservatoire de soutes a quasiment disparu des prétoires. Elle a aujourd'hui vocation à être remplacée par la saisie-revendication, instrument de recouvrement efficace même en cas de faillite du débiteur.
Keywords: Alternative à la saisie de navire; Moyen de pression; Saisie conservatoire; Saisie de soutes; Saisie revendicative

La menace du modèle commercial low-cost long-courrier de Norwegian Airlines pour les compagnies majors européennes - Dahel, Jessim (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

Etude sur les correspondants de clubs de protection - Dalmas, Julien (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

An investigation into the relationship between the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (UPICC) and the UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG) - Daniel, Jason (University of Johannesburg, 2017)
LL.M. (International Commercial Law) Please refer to full text to view abstract
Keywords: Commercial law; Conflict of laws; Contracts (International law); International Institute for the Unification of Private Law; UNIDROIT principles of international commercial contracts 2010; United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1980 April 11)

La lettre de garantie chez un courtier en assurances maritimes - Delaubier, Clara (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)
La lettre de garantie P&I est un instrument né de la pratique, qui permet de sécuriser une créance maritime, tout en permettant aux transactions commerciales sous-jacentes au voyage maritime, de perdurer. Sa force réside dans le fait qu’elle fasse converger des intérêts pourtant opposés, à savoir les intérêts cargaison d’une part et les intérêts corps d’autre part, en répondant aux exigences de rapidité et de fluidité qu’impose le commerce maritime mondial. Sa négociation, au même titre que son exécution, impliqueront l’intervention d’une multitude d’acteurs, qui défendront donc des intérêts variés mais qui auront tous comme objectif de résoudre leur litige par la voie amiable. La lettre de garantie, en tant qu’instrument du commerce maritime, reflète également les rapports de force existant entre les intérêts en jeux et permet de mettre en lumière la bataille de compétences, opposant principalement l’Angleterre à la France. Cette étude a donc pour but d’analyser les différentes implications légales et pratiques de ce formidable instrument.
Keywords: Action directe; Compétence; Correspondant P&I; Courtier en assurances maritimes; Créance maritime; Lettre de garantie P&I; Responsabilité du transporteur; Transport maritime

Abordage maritime et fluvial : responsabilité et traitement assurantiel - Fallot, Victoire (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

Etude sur la réduction de la sinistralité en matière de transport routier de marchandises - Fassy, Florian (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

Análisis de los contratos de leasing, renting y factoring - Gallardo Rial, José Luis (Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2017)
Trabajo Fin de Curso de Experto Universitario en Derecho Bancario (2015/16). Directora/Tutora: Dra. Dª María Belén González Fernández. El presente trabajo tiene por objeto el estudio, análisis y conocimiento de tres de los diferentes tipos de contratos de arrendamiento financiero existentes y más usados en la actualidad: Leasing, renting y factoring. Se ha analizado de manera independiente y pormenorizada cada uno de ellos, individualizando sus características y funcionamiento a efectos de diferenciarlos y clasificarlos para concretar los casos en los que resultan de utilidad.
Keywords: Affacturage; Crédit-bail

Accident de Germanwings Symptomatologie d'un métier en évolution et intégration des risques - Gavriil, Lydia (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

Special and differential treatment provisions within the World Trade Organization : the pursuit of development for developing countries - Hiine, Karabo (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2017)
Abstract not available.
Keywords: Differential Treatment Provisions; Multilateral system; Special Treatment Provisions; Trade liberalization; WTO; World Trade Organization

La faute nautique - Jebrayel, Anthony (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)
La faute nautique est l’acte ou négligence du capitaine, marin, pilote, ou préposé du transporteur de marchandises dans la navigation ou dans l’administration du navire. Il s’agit d’un cas excepté, c’est-à-dire qu’elle est de nature à exonérer le transporteur de la responsabilité afférente aux pertes ou dommages à la marchandise, vis-à-vis de l’ayant-droits : chargeur, destinataire ou assureur subrogé. Le présent mémoire s’attache à faire le constat suivant : autour du globe, l’approche qui en est faite par le droit – ensembles législation, doctrine, et jurisprudence – est très étroite. Aussi bien le domaine que les effets de l’exonération pour faute nautique sont ainsi restreints ; les deux étant amoindris par la preuve d’un manquement du transporteur maritime - la faute dans les soins devant être apportés à la cargaison, ou la faute dans la mise en état de navigabilité du navire. L’abordage à faute commune ainsi que l’institution de l’avarie commune peuvent néanmoins générer des situations où l’on constate que la faute nautique joue pleinement. Si l’évolution actuelle du droit maritime semble devoir écarter la faute nautique, comme l’en atteste l’adoption récente des Règles de Hambourg, puis des Règles de Rotterdam, il reste que le cas excepté peut aujourd’hui être invoqué dans la plupart des transports, étant donné la large application de la Convention de Bruxelles du 25 août 1924. Aussi, cette spécificité de la matière maritime mérite certainement une plus grande considération, et l’auteur plaide en ce sens pour une approche moderne et plus cohérente de l’exonération pour faute nautique.
Keywords: Avaries communes; Cas exceptés; Connaissement; Droit maritime; Faute nautique; Responsabilité; Règles de La Haye; Règles de La Haye-Visby; Transporteur maritime

Alternative Dispute Resolution in Oil and Gas Contracts Law: An Analysis - Kareem, Kareem Kawa (Near East University, 2017)
The industry of oil and gas is not peculiar to question anymore, inferable from the global condition as well as its various dimensions. While trying to complete an agreement procedure, it would barely be clear to expect the thing that could happen in the emergence of a debate. Hazard moving and fragmented contracting lie at the heart of the organization relationship innate in the obtainment and financing of extensive scale undertakings, such as power plants, oil and gas pipelines, and condensed natural gas facilities. An examination of gas bonds gives exact proof of the hazard moving results of legally binding inadequacy. This thesis is a basic examination of the discipline we call the law of oil and gas. A number of the imperfections connected with this "specific" status. Jurisprudential with its "uncommon" status. Jurisprudential imperfections have created as courts leave from essential contract, property, or tort law in quest for natural resources ideas. The marvel isn’t restricted to natural resources law but instead can occur in any "law of" setting. This article delineates the issues connected with oil and gas law by dissecting legal ways to deal with perceiving and applying "inferred agreements" under the oil and gas rent. By contrasting the experience and results under the oil and gas lead to the result under an agreement law investigation, it is conceivable to assess whether a specific "oil and gas" govern is vital or prudent. In the past quarter-century, huge changes have happened in the ways legal advisors approach strife. There have been uncommon endeavors to create systems went for more proficient, not so much expensive, but rather more fulfilling determination of contention, including more broad and suitable utilization of intercession and other " alternative dispute resolution " (ADR) approaches. This review analyzes what is known and not considered about the development and effect of ADR in government and state courts, in the business division, and in work and shopper settings. The investigation inspects the relationship amongst ADR and court trial, additionally underlines the more extensive employments of and method of reasoning for intercession and different process decisions. This study concentrates on the oil and gas contract with question by ADR.

Recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments : proposals for OHADA - Kazadi, Nshingu (University of Johannesburg, 2017)
LL.M. (International Commercial Law) Please refer to full text to view abstract
University of Johannesburg Institutional Repository (UJ IR)

La diversité des aires marines protégées françaises - Lavigne, Nicolas (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

L'ubérisation du transport de dernier kilomètre le phénomène appliqué à l'activité de coursier à vélo - Lemire, Charlotte (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

Les effets de l'affretement aérien dans le dévoloppement économique des régions - Marziali, Nicolas (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

A critical analysis of the fiduciary duties of directors and evaluation of the development of these duties in terms of the common law and statutory law - Mdunge, Mzwendoda Smiso Patson (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2017)
Corporate law is based on the premise that directors are fiduciaries of their companies. This is an unbending duty which has to be adhered to at all cost by individuals appointed as directors of a company. Previously the director’s duties were governed by the common law which often relied on the interpretation of the courts on a case by case basis. Therefore the courts would often arrive at different conclusions based on a similar set of facts. The advent of the 2008 Companies Act (Act 71 of 2008)1 brought about a major evolution in South African company law by partially codifying the fiduciary duties of the directors. Understanding fiduciary duties of a director is of significant importance in the modern democracy based on the fact that directors engage on the international spectrum. Company directors have discretionary power which may be abused if they are not familiar with the fiduciary duties. This study seeks to comprehend fully the fiduciary duties of a director of a company. These are the duty to act bona fide, the duty to act for a proper purpose, the duty to avoid conflicts of interest and the duty not to use a corporate opportunity and information for personal profit. This task will be undertaken both in terms of the common law as well as statute (Companies Act 2008 Act). The study will delineate the fundamental consequences of partial codification of these duties and set out the current legal position of the common law which operates in tandem with the statute. In addition, it will deal with whether the common law provisions are still applicable side by side with the statutes. The duties of a company director represent a subject that is not merely academic in nature, but one that is of vital importance in our ever changing commercial world. More and more people are appointed as company directors every day and often they do not know or understand the implications of what they have agreed to.
Keywords: Common law; Companies Act 71 of 2008; Corporate law; Duties of directors; Duty to act in good faith; Fiduciary duties

La navigation maritime dans l'Arctique russe - Mukhina, Anastassiya (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

Contractual regulation : infusing the law of contract with constitutional values - Ndlebe, Zithulele Fikile (University of Johannesburg, 2017)
The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa is the supreme law in the land. Thus, all law is subject to the Constitution and this inevitably includes the law of contract. The South African law of contract has been inherited from common law, namely Roman–Dutch law and has been applicable in South Africa to date. The Constitution states that the common law should be developed when it is not in line with the provisions of the Constitution. The values underpinning the Constitution are human dignity equality and freedom and these values must therefore be reflected in contractual relations. The common law principle of pacta sunt servanda, which means that agreements must be kept, at times this principle yields unjust and unreasonable results. The strict adherence to pacta sunt servanda has led to difficulties. The unenforceability of these contract terms has been shown in reported case law to stem from standard term contracts, unequal bargaining power and from persons who contract out of necessity. This dissertation concludes that South African law of contract and the current legal treatment of balancing contract law with constitutional values is unsatisfactory. The Bill on the Control of Unreasonableness, Unconscionableness, or Oppressiveness in Contracts or Terms which was tabled in 1998 should be revised and legislated, so as to regulate contracts and infuse the law of contract with the constitutional values of human dignity, equality and freedom.

Les mécanismes de financement de l'économie sociale et solidaire en Afrique Subsaharienne Application au Congo-Brazzaville et au Sénégal - Ngouala Mongo, Belda; Thiao, Marie Hélène (Université Mouloud Mammeri, 2017)
L’Economie Sociale et Solidaire (ESS) est une nouvelle économie née des inégalités qu’ont connues les sociétés prolétaires mais qui de nos jours demeure une alternative pour lutter contre les conséquences désastreuses de l’économie capitalistique et de la mondialisation. Son principe de base étant de placer l’Homme au cœur de ses diverses activités et organisations, lui permet ainsi de promouvoir la solidarité, une gestion participative, etc. Cependant, elle doit faire face à des problèmes et surtout de financement. C’est dans ce contexte que nous nous interrogeons sur une question de grande actualité aussi en Afrique Sub-saharienne (AfSS) et particulièrement au Congo Brazzaville et au Sénégal à savoir : les mécanismes de financement de l’économie social et solidaire. L’objectif pour nous, est d’étudier les éléments qui forment, cadrent et financent l’ESS en AfSS et particulièrement au Congo-Brazzaville et au Sénégal et de vérifier si les dispositifs existants répondent-ils aux valeurs et principes de l’ESS t-elle que connu aujourd’hui dans le monde. De ce fait, et à partir de nos recherches, nous orientons notre travail sur : le Cadre théorique de cette ESS et ses pratiques en AfSS ; son cadre juridique et dynamique et enfin son rôle et système de financement dans l’activité économique au Congo-Brazzaville et au Sénégal. Ce qui nous a permis d’ailleurs de comprendre que l’ESS est un concept ancien dont les valeurs et pratiques ont toujours existés en AfSS. Qu’elle repose sur des dispositifs juridiques et des réseaux de promotion. Et que malgré quelques insuffisances notoires, les dispositifs financiers mis en place dans ces deux pays en particulier ont permis le développement et la modernisation des pratiques et organisations de l’ESS

A responsabilidade social corporativa face aos danos ambientais sob a perspectiva do direito internacional - Nunes, Bárbara Nogueira (Universidade Federal Fluminense, 2017)
A governança global é um fenômeno relativamente novo na ordem internacional. A responsabilidade social corporativa surge como um mecanismo da governança global no que tange à responsabilização das sociedades que assumem atribuição cada vez mais relevante diante do mundo globalizado. Os danos ambientais comumente são fruto da ausência de instrumentos efetivos de responsabilidade. O descarte de resíduos sólidos nos oceanos há tempos vem acontecendo e prejudica o meio ambiente marinho vinculado às águas brasileiras. A comunidade internacional enfrenta o descarte de resíduos em águas internacionais basicamente por meio da elaboração de uma legislação que objetiva regulamentar o despejo de resíduos nos oceanos. Assim, cabe investigar se há uma efetiva resposta ao enfrentamento do problema em termos da logística jurídica atualmente utilizada e sua fiscalização pela comunidade internacional. Parte-se da hipótese de que os instrumentos legais em vigor não se apresentam como uma solução estanque ao problema ante a argumentação da soberania dos Estados que leva a não observância das normas internacionais e a não responsabilização dos infratores. Um mecanismo mais eficaz em termos de regulamentação e de fiscalização, aliado à conscientização e educação ambiental são exigências que se fazem necessárias para combater os efeitos dessa prática que ecoa um dano permanente ao meio ambiente marinho. A metodologia utilizada neste trabalho dar-se-á através da análise teórica sobre o fenômeno a partir de doutrina selecionada que trata das construções conceituais que abordam o tema.
Keywords: Challenges; Comunidade internacional; Corporate Social Responsibility; Dano ambiental; Desafios; Descarte de resíduos; Gerenciamento de resíduo; Global governance; Governança global; Internation; Ocean dumping; Poluição ambiental por resíduo industrial; Responsabilidade social corporativa; Responsabilidade social da empresa; Solid environmental damage; Sólidos danos ambientais; Waste disposal

The impact of leadership styles on organizational performance - Nzimande, Sandile Jerome (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2017)
Many contemporary private and public enterprises have been hit by scandals and underperformance which have been linked to organizational leadership. This study therefore sought to establish the impact of leadership styles on organizational performance. Leadership and organizational performance crises that have rocked institutions such as Eskom, the South African Broadcasting Corporation and the South African Airways, Steinhoff, Enron and others necessitated the study. The study focused on MBA year three students (class of 2017) at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. The assumption has been that since these are masters’ students, they have once been exposed to various leadership styles, some of them are leaders, all have studied leadership styles and therefore likely to understand how these styles impact on organizational performance. This is a quantitative study. The total population was 140 students of which a total of 100 were targeted. Simple random sampling was used. Most of the participants revealed that there is a significant link between leadership styles and organizational performance. They unanimously agreed that there is definitely a noteworthy relationship between leadership styles and the organizational performance. The respondents also revealed that transformational leadership style is the most complimentary leadership style to organizational performance followed by strategic and open leadership styles respectively. Participants agreed that toxic leadership style and autocratic leadership style are undermining the organizational performance. It is therefore recommended that organizations ensure continuous checks on leadership in order to ensure that available leadership can assist in the realization of organizational goals. In addition, it is also recommended for organizations to assess the "type" of a leader in terms of leadership styles before he/she is promoted to take leadership roles in the organization in order to make proper placements. This will allow the organization to assess whether that type of a leader is suitable for the organization. Future research is needed on how models can be developed on how to make proper placements to leadership levels/roles. Research should also focus on how leadership styles dovetail with other organizational efforts that are meant to boost organizational performance.
URI: https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/21460
Keywords: Leadership styles; Organizational performance; Private enterprises; Public enterprises

Strategies adopted by Commercial Banks in Kenya in Response to the Law Capping Interest Rates - Ragor, Rodgers Kiptoo (University of Nairobi, 2017)
The ability of an organization to adjust its operation in light of the evolving changes in their operating environment determines the sustainability of the business unit in both the short and long term. The objective of the study was to determine the response strategies adopted by Kenyan commercial banks in response to the interest capping laws. A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. The population of the study was 42 commercial banks operating in Kenya. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire that was both closed and open ended. Data was analysed using the descriptive statistics. The study found that banks have employed adaptation strategies through working with other partners in the banking sector to leverage their synergy and concentrate on areas that enhance competitive advantage. The research findings also reinforced the need for the banks to work together as a sector and attempt and change the laws that inhibit their operations through lobby groups in parliament and other forums. The study also show that there exists a link between firms‟ strategic activities and their strategic responses and therefore, bank managers should diversify their product range especially to the youth who are apt in using the mobile technology to access services and improve the bank level of efficiency and effectiveness in their operations. The study recommends that the commercial banks ought to conform to the regulations to attract customers while the Central Bank as a regulator should likewise be sensitive to the operating environment and should be flexible in setting the rules in order to attract investment and support the growth in the banking industry. The Interest capping law is still at its infancy stage in Kenya and thus there is room for further research as the full impact of the law is realized in the long term.

Enjeu social et activité aéroprtuaire, du risque à l'opportunité - Sarr, Adama (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

The compatability of the restatement second of the conflict of laws and South African private international law with Article 2(2) of the Hague Principles on Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts - Seckel, Ashely Zwelinhle (University of Johannesburg, 2017)
Please refer to full text to view abstract. LL.M. (International Commercial Law)

Le contrat de charter des navires de grande plaisance - Thierry, Jean-Baptiste (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)
L’affrètement est un élément incontournable du droit maritime. L’outil que représente le contrat d’affrètement, bien que légalement encadrée, a été notamment forgé et standardisé par les professionnels qui ont su tirer pleinement profit de la liberté contractuelle qu’offrait ce mode d’exploitation. C’est grâce à cette liberté accordé aux parties que l’affrètement a été choisi pour exploiter les navires de grande plaisance. Cependant, malgré que le régime d’affrètement soit adapté à ce type de navigation, la prestation découlant de la mise à disposition d’un yacht doit faire face à de nombreux enjeux fiscaux, juridiques et sociaux qui obligent l’industrie si particulière du yachting à réagir en conséquence et se tourner vers d’autres mode d’exploitation tel que le contrat de croisière.
Keywords: Contrat de charter; Grande plaisance; Navire; Navire de grande plaisance

Il nuovo arbitrato nel diritto del lavoro a seguito della riforma del "Collegato Lavoro" - Mangini, Giulia (Università di Pisa, 2016)
L' elaborato si propone l' obiettivo di analizzare le nuove tipologie arbitrali introdotte dalla legge n. 183/2010 e le loro probabilità di successo nell'ordinamento italiano. Per far ciò, prima di concentrarmi sulla attuale disciplina, ho proceduto ad una ricognizione storica dell' istituto arbitrale e dell' impianto normativo su cui il legislatore del 2010 è intervenuto. Infine ho svolto un' analisi di diritto comparato, prendendo a riferimento gli ordinamenti di USA ed Inghilterra e verificando come lì l' arbitrato ed in generale i metodi ADR, vengono utilizzati.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitrato; Collegato lavoro; Diritto di lavoro; Droit du travail; Labour law; Travaux connexes

Analyse des causes des impayés dans le processus d'octroi de crédit dans les institutions de microfinance au Cameroun : cas de la Bourse d'Epargne et de Crédit (BEC) - Voukeng, Ghislain-Blaise (Université de Liège, 2016)
Microfinance institutions are specialized in the financing of economic activities of small sizes. They have a social role to target many excluded from the traditional financial system, including poor households, sole proprietorships, small and medium enterprises and mutual aid associations by offering to them suitable financial services (Kobou et al. 2009). In doing so, they are perceived by the vast majority of public opinion internationally as a useful lever for poverty reduction. They must nevertheless obtain sufficient economic and financial results to ensure their viability and sustainability. But in recent decades, there is a certain fragility of MFIs with cases of cascading bankruptcy in Cameroon, where one of the major causes of this bankruptcy remains the unpaid. This study examines the causes of the unpaid loan in the microcredit process in second category of microfinance institutions in Cameroon through the specific case of the "Bourse d’Epargne et de Credit" (BEC). To do this, a multi-variables analysis based on logistic regression method was performed on 195 individuals who have benefited the credit based on six factors, including the sex of the applicant (male or female), the socio professional category of applicant (trader, employee, and very small business-man), the credit period, the number of times an individual has benefited a credit, interest expenses borne by the applicant and the time to study and reply one credit demand. After analysis and discussion, it emerges that: the very small business-man, credit duration, the number of times an individual has benefited the loan; the interest charges borne by the customer are risk factors that increase the level of unpaid with a significant level of 5%. Other factors of the professional category (trader and employee); the credit applicant customer's gender (male or female) and the time to study and reply to a credit demand are factors that have low risk for unpaid. These factors are considered as protective factors of unpaid, also at the significant level of 5%. In addition, it also shows that certain portion of the target where credit is granted is unsuited to the context of the institution's objectives; there is a managerial problem in the structure in question.
Keywords: Credit; Microfinance institution; Risk; Sustainability; Unpaid loan

Desafios da harmonização do direito do comércio internacional - Boscolo, Ana Teresa de Abreu Coutinho (Universidade de São Paulo, 2016)
Trata-se de estudo sobre desafios existentes para a harmonização do direito do comércio internacional, entendendo-se harmonização de forma ampla, como busca da harmonia dos instrumentos e regras do comércio internacional. Dessa forma, o estudo trata tanto de questões de unificação quanto de harmonização do direito do comércio internacional. A harmonização, em sentido específico, deve ser entendida como a utilização de um instrumento como modelo ou fonte de inspiração para a elaboração ou interpretação de outros instrumentos ou dos direitos nacionais. A unificação, por sua vez, é entendida como o resultado da aplicação de um instrumento único de modo que o aplicador que a realizou seja indiferente. Nesse sentido, os desafios estão nos fatores que impedem o preenchimento dos requisitos que levam à unificação e à harmonização, quais sejam: elaboração dos instrumentos, entrada em vigor dos tratados, incorporação dos modelos aos direitos nacionais, aplicação dos instrumentos pelos aplicadores (árbitros e juízes), o que inclui questões relativas a regras de conflito de leis, normas imperativas e ordem pública, relação entre os instrumentos quando da sua elaboração e quando da sua aplicação.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Comércio internacional; Conflict of laws; Direito internacional privado; Harmonization; Harmonização; International commerce; Unification; Unificação

La réforme du droit des contrats et la prise en compte de l’erreur en droit de la distribution - Rodriguez, Marion (Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 2016)
Cette étude porte sur les modifications apportées par l’ordonnance du 10 février 2016 et notamment l’impact qu’elles devraient impliquer sur la théorie de l’erreur en tant que vice du consentement, entraînant un défaut dans les conditions de validité du contrat (article 1128 nouveau du Code civil). Sur cette seule notion, le changement est éloquent. Le Code civil actuel ne contient que deux dispositions relatives à l’erreur (article 1109 et 1110) et une jurisprudence foisonnante qui en détermine les contours alors que la réforme en prévoit dorénavant six (articles nouveaux 1130, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135 et 1136). Cette modification quantitative a pour objectif de préciser les contours d’une notion dont le champ d’application est fortement discuté tant par les praticiens du droit que par les professionnels. Dans ce domaine du contrat de franchise, les difficultés liées à la prise en compte de l’erreur sur la rentabilité, c’est-à-dire du potentiel de chiffre d’affaires dégagé par l’exploitation d’un commerce, réside dans la nécessaire mise en balance des intérêts de chacune des parties. Nombreux ont été les franchisés à arguer d’une erreur sur la rentabilité ayant entraîné un vice de leur consentement au moment de la conclusion du contrat, afin de se délier d’un réseau de franchise jugé non rentable. Cependant, l’annulation du contrat ne peut revêtir la forme d’une épée de Damoclès au-dessus du franchiseur. Il est essentiel de trouver un équilibre afin de pouvoir, à la fois, protéger l’intégrité du consentement du franchisé et apporter une stabilité aux relations valablement conclues. À partir de ces multiples constatations, cette étude tentera d’appréhender la difficulté du droit positif et de l’ordonnance portant réforme du droit des contrats à élargir le champ d’application de l’erreur. En ce sens, la nouvelle définition de l’erreur sera-t-elle de nature à sonner le glas de la construction prétorienne reconnaissant l’erreur sur la rentabilité économique de l’activité entreprise comme source de nullité du contrat de franchise ? Afin d’y parvenir, l’analyse du renouvellement de la qualification de l’erreur (Partie 1) devrait permettre d’appréhender les raisons pour lesquelles la reconnaissance de l’erreur sur la rentabilité dite « objective » constitue un instrument au service de l’intégrité du consentement du franchisé (Partie 2).
Keywords: Droit de la distribution; Droit des contrats; Théorie de l'erreur

La réglementation du travail domestique au Bénin et les apports de la convention 189 de l'OIT - Ahonoukoun, Loren Violette (Université du Québec à Montréal, 2016)
L'étude que nous avons menée aborde la question de la protection juridique des travailleuses domestiques au Bénin. Les travailleuses domestiques au Bénin sont essentiellement de jeunes adolescentes appelées vidomegons issues de milieux sociaux défavorisés qui sont mises au travail très tôt afin de pourvoir aux besoins de leurs familles restées dans les milieux ruraux. Nos recherches nous ont permis de mettre à jour l'insuffisance et le caractère discriminatoire de la réglementation actuelle du travail domestique. Ceci implique qu'il faut revoir la réglementation actuelle afin de protéger ces jeunes travailleuses confinées dans les maisons loin des regards extérieurs qui sont bien souvent confrontées à toutes sortes d'abus. Toutefois, l'adoption par l'OIT en 2011 d'un ensemble de normes qualifiées d'historiques qui vise la protection des travailleuses domestiques a suscité une mobilisation importante et d'importants espoirs au Bénin. Il s'agit de la Convention 189 : Travail décent pour les travailleuses et travailleurs domestiques et de la Recommandation 201. Ces instruments intègrent les travailleuses domestiques dans la réglementation internationale du droit du travail. Ce mémoire propose d'examiner les potentiels apports de cette Convention pour la protection des droits des travailleuses domestiques au Bénin. Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous défendons notamment l'hypothèse que la ratification de la Convention 189 pourrait grandement contribuer à l'amélioration des conditions de vie et de travail des travailleuses domestiques. Nous espérons modestement, que ce travail puisse contribuer à favoriser la mobilisation en faveur de la ratification, par le gouvernement du Bénin, de la Convention 189.
Keywords: Bénin; Conditions de travail; Convention 189; Discrimination; Droit international; Employées de maison; Mobilisation; Organisation internationale du travail; Recommandation (n° 201); Recommandation 201; Travail domestique; Travailleuses domestiques; Vidomègons

Le transport maritime en mer baltique : exemple d'une coopération régionale - Audibert, Élian (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

Efficacité de la gestion comptabilité; un levier pour améliorer les performances techniques d'une compagnie d'assurance IARD : Cas de SAHAM assurance Benin - Avoce, Noudéssèwa Modeste (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

State interference through domestic courts in international commercial arbitration - Badenhorst, Casper Hendrik Jacobus (University of Johannesburg, 2016)
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; International and municipal law; International commercial arbitration

Bilan et perspective de la mise en œuvre des dispositions de l'article 13 nouveau du code CIMA au Burkina Faso : Cas de la générale des assurances - Badini, Roland Rat-Néré (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Les dommages causés aux câbles sous-marins - Bivaud, Alexis (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

Les Obligations des Parties au Contrat de Construction navale - Blanco, Rafael (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

Comment développer la bancassurance dans le business d'une compagnie d'assurances IARD en zone CIMA? : Cas de SUNU assurance IARD-Centrafrique - Bombard Moundjoutende, Gaétan Cyrille (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Le contrat d’assurance transport maritime de marchandises en Tunisie : reproduction du modèle français - Bousselmi, Rafik (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

Le contrat d'assurance transport maritime de marchandises en Tunisie : reproduction du modèle français - Bousselmi, Rafik (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

Incidences et difficultés pratiques dans l'indemnisation des préjudices corporels d'acidents de circulation selon les nouvelles dispositions du code CIMA : cas de la CNART - Diallo, Anssoumane (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Micro assurance et rentabilité : Modèle et outils de gestion pour un système pérenne au Tchad - Djounfoune, Elodie (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Assurance crédit-caution, facteur d'émergence économique - Djuidje Kamdem, Isabelle Mélissa (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

L'enlèvement des épaves - Dubs, Marine (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

Mercenariat et piraterie : vers une privatisation de la protection des navires - El Adraoui, Ayoub (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

Le Japon et la chasse à la baleine dans l'antarctique : Licéité, légitimité et résistances - Gallardo, Joséphine (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

Cláusulas abusivas en los contratos de préstamo hipotecario. Especial referencia a las denominadas "cláusulas suelo" - García-Serón Atencia, Paloma (Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2016)
Trabajo Fin de Curso de Experto Universitario en Derecho Bancario (2014/15). Directora/Tutora: Patricia Márquez Lobillo. El objeto de este trabajo es el examen de la evolución jurídica de las cláusulas abusivas, y en especial de las cláusulas suelo, desde las primeras cuestiones prejudiciales planteadas sobre su legalidad y la posible consideración de abusivas y en consecuencia, nula. He elegido esta temática puesto que se están produciendo muchas modificaciones normativas, doctrinales y jurisprudenciales respecto de las cláusulas que forman parte de los préstamos con garantía hipotecaria. Por ello se ha convertido en un tema de rabiosa actualidad y de continua controversia en Juzgados y Tribunales, por lo que entiendo que es más que necesaria organizar todos los pronunciamientos que se han hecho respecto de estas cláusulas para entender cuándo son consideradas abusivas y por ende, nulas. En primer lugar, he iniciado el proyecto clarificando el concepto de cláusula suelo, seguido de toda la normativa que regula la protección del consumidor así como la trasposición de las Directivas Europeas. Una vez aclarados los conceptos, he analizado la primera sentencia del Tribunal Supremo que se pronunció respecto de la cláusula suelo. En un primer término, me he centrado en explicar los antecedentes de hecho que hicieron llegar al Alto Tribunal a fijar doctrina respecto de las cláusulas suelo. Posteriormente, he analizado la legitimación activa de la asociación de consumidores AUSBANC, que fueron los que promovieron una acción colectiva de cesación de condiciones generales de contratación, en la que solicitaba la declaración de nulidad por tener carácter abusivo, de las condiciones generales de contratación consistentes en las cláusulas de los contratos de préstamo hipotecario a interés variable que establecen un tipo mínimo de interés o un tipo mínimo de referencia solicitando la condena de las demandadas a eliminar dichas condiciones generales de contratación y abstenerse de utilizarlas en el futuro. Seguidamente, he seguido examinando la Sentencia de 9 de mayo de 2013 en cuanto a que es considerada como condición general de la contratación y configuradora del precio del préstamo hipotecario. Así mismo, he explicado la problemática existente en cuanto a la apreciación de oficio de las cláusulas abusivas por parte del órgano jurisdiccional en la normativa española. Particularmente, me he detenido para explicar el doble control de transparencia, que fija la Sentencia de 9 mayo de 2013, que deben superar las cláusulas suelos para ser considerada legales. Respecto de la sentencia de 9 de mayo de 2013, he concluido explicando las dudas respecto de la devolución de las cantidades que no aclaro el Tribunal Supremo en su fallo. De ahí que desde entonces, la interpretación de los Juzgados y Tribunales (jurisprudencia menor) ha sido variada. En vista de ello, el Tribunal Supremo se ha pronunciado de nuevo para aclarar que, cuando en aplicación de la doctrina fijada en su sentencia del Pleno de 9 de mayo de 2013, se declare abusiva y, por tanto, nula una cláusula suelo inserta en un contrato de préstamo con tipo de interés variable, procederá la restitución al prestatario de los intereses que hubiese pagado en aplicación de dicha cláusula a partir del 9 de mayo de 2013. Sin embargo, a pesar de que se ha fijado la irretroactividad de la devolución de las cantidades, existe un voto particular que discrepa el criterio seguido por el Tribunal Supremo en esta sentencia de 25 de marzo de 2015. En vista de las advertencias por parte del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea así como de la importancia de la Sentencia de 9 de mayo de 2013, España se ha visto obligada a modificar su legislación en trasposición de las Directivas Europeas. En particular, respecto de las cláusulas suelo hay que destacar la importancia de la aprobación de la Ley 1/2013, de 14 de mayo, de medidas para reforzar la protección a los deudores hipotecarios, reestructuración de deuda y alquiler social. Además, en este trabajo se ha pretendido reflejar las dudas que continúan existiendo y que desembocan y probablemente, seguirán desembocando en el futuro en nuevas resoluciones sobre este asunto.

La prérogative de l'arbitre de relever un moyen d'office - Gaucher, Natalia (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

Les incidences de la réforme de l'article 13 du code CIMA sur la souscription et la gestion des contrats d'assurances : cas de SAHAM assurances Côte d'Ivoire - Gnangoran, Aman Damien (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

La déconstruction des navires - Guillou, Benoît (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

Temps de conduite en matière routière : approche juridique - Guiral, Florian (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

Le système de contrôle de gestion comme outil de pilotage des sociétés d'assurance de la zone CIMA : Etude de cas de l'africaine des assurances du Bénin - Hounga, Adjimon Achille (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

The Interface Between Competition Law and Intellectual Property Law in Kenya - Jerobon, Rotich Caroline (University of Nairobi, 2016)
The interaction between competition law and intellectual property law has often attracted divergent views from scholars and practitioners of each respective sphere of law. Whereas some argue that the two are in conflict with each other and cannot be reconciled. The aforementioned tension between competition law and intellectual property law has been traced to the objectives of each. On the one hand, intellectual property rights confer upon their owners an exclusive right to behave in a particular way while on the other hand competition law strives to keep markets open. Other scholars have argued that, in real sense and practice, the two are actually not in conflict but rather that they complement each other. The question then becomes, is there really an irreconcilable difference between the two areas of law? This paper seeks to establish how the two aspects of law interact and seeks to propose that there be created a balance to alleviate the perceived conflict between the two. This paper will identify the areas in which the balance can be struck. It will also seek to establish how the Kenyan legislative framework as well as the courts has dealt with the conflict. It will proceed from understanding the goals and objective of both intellectual property law and competition law. This will provide the backdrop against which the alleged conflict originates from. A comparative study with other developed jurisdictions will be undertaken so as to advise on the route that should be taken by Kenya on the interface and a conclusion drawn on how the two areas relate and recommendations drawn from the issues identified in the study made.
Keywords: Competencia; Competition law; Intellectual property

La exclusión del socio en la sociedad de responsabilidad limitada - Jiménez Asencio, Juan Manuel (Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2016)
Trabajo Fin de Curso de Experto Universitario en Derecho Societario (2014/15). Tutora: Patricia Benavides Velasco. El objetivo del presente trabajo no es más que exponer una síntesis, lo más completa posible, de la materia que nos ocupa, a saber, la exclusión del socio en sociedades de capital, específicamente, en la Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada. Se ha pretendido mostrar las distintas perspectivas doctrinales, jurisprudenciales o de otra índole que, a nuestro juicio, hemos considerado más relevantes, posicionándonos argumentativamente junto a aquellas que creemos más acordes con lo que predica la legislación reguladora de la figura estudiada. Se trata de ofrecer una visión global y reflexiva del instituto de la exclusión, tocando todos los aspectos que inciden directamente en ella – al menos eso hemos procurado - , y haciendo especial hincapié en sus causas - punto esencial sobre el que gira la institución - , todo ello sin perjuicio de las humildes opiniones aportadas y reflexiones que pudiéramos plantear, de cuyo riesgo no abjuramos todavía. El resto queda en manos de nuestro lector.

Fiabilité des portefeuilles des compagnies d'assurances non vie à l'épreuve du courtage : Cas du marché ivoirien - Kouadio Beh, Paulin (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Outils de contrôle et de surveillance du portefeuille d'une compagnie de réassurance en zone CIMA : Cas de NCA-RE - Kouadio, Arnaud Stéphane (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

La compétence des tribunaux français dans le contentieux du travail maritime - Lecadre, Fanny (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

La réassurance vie : Cas de la STAR vie - Ledjibigue, Dono (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Le rôle de la micro finance dans la réduction de la pauvreté dans les pays en voie de développement : cas du Tchad - Levy, Nanque; Mahamat, Haroun Abba (Université Mouloud Mammeri, 2016)
La micro finance vise à permettre aux exclus de système bancaire d’accéder à des services financiers adaptés à leurs besoins, en premier lieu des microcrédits. Mais elle offre aussi la possibilité d’épargner des parts montants, et aussi des systèmes plus développées tels que les services de transferts de fonds et de proposer des instruments de paiement.
Keywords: Développement; Finance; Micro finance; Pauvreté; Produit financier

Les incidences de la modification de l'article 308 du code CIMAsur les activités d'assurances et de réassurance - Libresco K., Ellolia Sandrine (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Análisis jurisprudencial entorno a la impugnación por nulidad en la partición de la herencia - Margallo Toral, Manuel (Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2016)
Trabajo Fin de Máster en Derecho Ambiental (2014/15). La partición hereditaria, como cualquier otro acto jurídico puede adolecer de algún defecto o de la ausencia de presupuesto que perturbe sus efectos, pudiendo proceder los coherederos a la evicción y saneamiento de los bienes adjudicados, ex art. 1069 C.C. La sección Cuarta del Capítulo VI del Título III del Libro III de nuestro C. Civil, se ocupa de la “Rescisión de la Partición”, desde el art. 1073 al 1081, tan solo se dedican 9 artículos y de éstos sólo el art 1081, hace referencia a un caso de partición nula. Lo cierto es que el C. Civil no tiene tasadas las causas de ineficacia y nos remite a los principios generales sobre la invalidez de los negocios jurídicos. No hay unas reglas concretas de aplicación cuando surge un vicio o defecto que invalide la partición, con lo cual iremos analizando jurisprudencialmente diferentes posiciones.

Le "Forward Freight Agreement" - Martin, Camille (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

Optimisation de la réassurance dans une compagnie d'assurance : Cas Ogar vie - Metou Bekale, Guy Darren (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

The resolution of jurisdictional conflicts under the common law and in the European Union - Mlambe, Richard Mike (University of Johannesburg, 2016)
The resolution of jurisdictional conflicts is one of the main functions of private international law. It provided rules to be applied when the courts of more than one country are seized of the same case in international litigation. In determining what that rule should be, regard must be had to the interest of all the relevant entities, namely, the parties to international cases and the courts dealing with such cases. The need to strike a balance is even more urgent in international commercial litigation where the outcome of the case normally has significant economic consequences. From this background, a study has been conducted of two major private international law regimes regarding their approaches to the resolution of jurisdictional conflicts, namely, the common‐law and the European Union (EU). This study is an inquiry into the suitability of each approach in the resolution of jurisdictional conflicts in international commercial cases. It is the view of the present author that each approach has advantages and disadvantages. The common‐law through the doctrine of forum non conveniens shows a greater ability to prevent forum shopping and to prevent injustices in specific cases. However, it is highly unpredictable. On the other hand, the EU approach through the lis pendens rule succeeds in ensuring predictability and certainty in the resolution of jurisdictional conflicts which is very crucial in international commercial litigation. However, its rigidity and inflexibility leads to the determination of international commercial cases by courts that are ill‐suited, thereby giving some room for forum shopping. It is therefore recommended that the two approaches should learn from each other so that their handling of international commercial cases is in line with the special nature of international commercial litigation. The common‐law approach should be made more predictable and the EU approach should allow the courts in the EU to determine which court is best suited to deal with an international commercial case.

The implications of Lagoon Beach Hotel (Pty) v Lehane 2016 (3) SA 143 (SCA) for the South African cross-border insolvency dispensation - Moolman, Shirande (University of Pretoria, 2016)
This mini-dissertation explores the implications of Lagoon Beach Hotel (Pty) Limited v Lehane 2016 (3) SA 143 (SCA) for the South African cross-border insolvency dispensation, as this case deals with the various problems that arise in cross-border insolvency. As a result of these problems and a certain amount of uncertainty when it comes to dealing with cross-border insolvency issues, many investors are reluctant to invest cross-border. This is due to the fact that multiple countries, each with their own laws concerning cross-border insolvency, are involved. Thankfully, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law has provided a set of guidelines in this regard, namely the Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency. Although South Africa has enacted the Cross-Border Insolvency Act 42 of 2000, and most of the provisions provided for in the Model law have been included in the legislation, the Act still remains inoperative. Throughout this dissertation the Lagoon Beach case will therefore be critically analysed. The analysis will start off with a discussion of the common law, as it is currently the legal position in South Africa. Thereafter a detailed analysis will be conducted of the various orders of court of the Lagoon Beach case and how the courts differed or agreed in their approach. Finally, the Lagoon Beach case will be discussed in light of the Act and the issues in the case will be solved hypothetically by applying the Act to the problems discussed throughout the dissertation.

Problématique du pilotage des opérations de microassurance en zone CIMA : Cas d'allianz Côte d'Ivoire assurances vie - N' cho Monnin, D. Jean (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

The transfer of ownership of movables in the context of international contracts of sale with specific reference to reservation of title clauses : a comparative study - Neibecker, Nadine (University of Johannesburg, 2016)
Please refer to full text to view abstract LL.M. (International Commercial Law)

Maîtrise des risques opérationnels liés au processus de gestion des sinistrés : cas de SAHAM assurance Cameroun - Nguidjol, Jean Félix (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Contribution du réseau indirect dans le chiffre d'affaires et son influence dans le développement des compagnies d'assurance au Congo : Cas de NSIA Congo - Nzaba Mabiala, Guy Palmer (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Pratique de la réassurance et capacité financière des compagnies d'assurances face aux nouvelles contraintes réglementaires : Cas du marché camerounais - Omoko Nkouekoua, Christian (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

L'apport d'un réassureur dans le développement de l'industrie de l'assurance en zone CIMA : Cas de la SCG-Ré - Ondo, Igor Mba (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Designing justice: a critical analysis of intellectual property rights within the fashion industry - Parbhoo, Sade (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2016)
Designers are those individuals within our society with a desire and drive to create. In general designers can be found in all facets of industry and good designers (and ultimately good designs) are the very backbone upon a successful business is built. Designers are required to marry practical knowledge with artistic ability and we are reliant on their skills and to turn abstract ideas into formal designs for everything from the groceries we purchase, the cars we drive and of course, the clothes we wear. Whilst there is no definitive delineation of what a fashion design is, generally fashion designs relate to the creation of designs that focus on clothing, apparel and accessories. The style and functionality of the end products rest firmly within particular time frames, economic and socio-cultural environments within which particular designers find themselves. Accordingly the fashion design industry is never one that stagnates but rather is one that is constantly evolving. In South Africa, the fashion industry is blossoming. As an emerging economy, it is important to create opportunities and not barriers for entry into particular sectors for emerging entrepreneurs. The entire fabric of the fashion industry has certainly changed over time and these changes have brought an increased focus on issues of copying and counterfeiting. It is the contention of some in the industry that there is a need for stricter protection of the actual design in and of itself. Using intellectual property rights as a means of protecting fashion designs is very fitting as every new design begins with an idea, which then evolves, though a process of creative engagement and application of skill and labour to become the final original end product. Designers seeking to protect their designs would need to consider the provisions of the Copyright Act, the Designs Act and the Trade Marks Act. These Acts may in some instances provide a means for protect the actual design incidentally, i.e. by protecting the designer‟s rights in relation to reputation and goodwill associated with the goods whilst in others may afford protection to the design itself. The focus of this research will be a discussion of the legal mechanisms available to fashion designers in South Africa for the protection of their designs using their intellectual property rights and an assessment of whether the fashion industry is in need a stronger intellectual property regime than the current one.
Keywords: Design protection; Fashion industry; Intellectual property; Ownership; Retail trade; South Africa

La définition des risques de guerre et assimilés en assurance maritime et transports et l'adaptation du marché - Patuano, Marine (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

La pratique de la sélection et de la tarification des risques en assurance décès emprunteurs : Cas d'Allianz Burkina assurance vie - Rouamba, Pêgdwendé Dénis (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Gestion des sinistrés à payer (SAP) en assurance dommages dans la zone CIMA : Analyse des facteurs d'accumulation et approche de solutions pour leur réduction - Sagna, Messan (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Formation of Contract for the International Sales of Goods - Saleem, Saman Othman (Near East University, 2016)
The Convention for the International Sale of Goods called the Vienna Conference 1980 is an astute international statute that regulates the sale of goods globally. It has been ratified by about 83 countries of the world and countries that have not ratified it have at a point or the other made reference to it. Major economic players apart from England have ratified and have their courts pronounce on the CISG. The Convention provides for the well known elements of contract and also allows for the usage of standard user terms, for example, general terms known or related to certain goods. It is imperial to state that there are also certain regional statutes that are similar to the CISG although with varying differences. It is important to also mention that the CISG also has its lacunae and defects such as allowance for exemption, contents and so on. The CISG has been pronounced upon by courts across the world and has been seen to be highly justiciable.
Keywords: CISG; Convention; English Law; Iraq; United Nations

Le contrat de logistique, un véritable imbroglio juridique - Schoeler, Etienne (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

Affected persons in business rescue proceedings : has a balance been struck? - Silangwe, Thandeka (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2016)
Abstract not available.
Keywords: Buisness enterprises; Business failures; Corporate turnarounds; South Africa

la démarche gestion actif passif dans les compagnies d'assurance de la zone CIMA : cas de SUNU assurance IARD Togo - Siliadin, Komivi Pomégnon (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

An analysis of the impact of the sanitary and phytosanitary agreement on market access : case study on the SA/EU citrus dispute and AGOA dispute - Singh, Shikira (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2016)
Abstract not available.
Keywords: AGOA; African Growth and Opportunity Act; Cooperation Agreement; Market access; Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement; Trade Development; Trade barrier; WTO; World Trade Organization

la couverture de la responsabilité civile scolaire dans un Etat de la CIMA : cas du Niger - Soumana Hamidou, Abdoul Kader (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

La fiscalité applicable à l'activité d'une compagnie d'assurances IARD : cas d' AXA Sénégal - Sy, Mactar (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

La gestion actif-passif d'une compagnie d'assurance non vie : Cas de la compagnie d'assurances et de réassurances Sabu Nyumansa - Traoré, Mahamadou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Les placements des sociétés d'assurance du Mali : Caractéristiques et rendement - Traoré, Mamadou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Risques et responsabilité civile en matière d'installation pétrolière offshore - Troussier, Julie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

The non-cooperative respondent in international arbitration proceedings : a comparative survey and evaluation of the leading arbitration rules - Venter, Johanlene (University of Johannesburg, 2016)
International arbitration has become accepted worldwide as the principal and, under certain circumstances the preferred method, of resolving international disputes between states, individuals, and corporations in almost every aspect of international trade, commerce, and investment. In general terms, it is expected that an international arbitration procedure is a much speedier method of dispute resolution than formal court proceedings. Although international arbitration holds many benefits for prospective users, there are some difficulties that may arise along the way. An increasingly frequent complaint concerns delays, particularly unconscionable delays and deliberate delaying tactics caused by the parties (i.e. claimant, respondent and/or the arbitrator) which frustrates the process. Arbitration derives from the consent between contracting parties. This implies that the contracting parties gave their consent that a dispute arising from the contract may be resolved by way of arbitration. This will also explain why default by any of the parties is prima facie inconsistent with the consensual nature of arbitration. It is suggested that default during international arbitration is most likely to occur and does not receive the same treatment as the equivalent in the context of formal state court proceedings. Essentially, the objective of this study is to articulate what the claimant can and should do during the arbitral process if and when the respondent is non-cooperative and obstructive in the arbitral process in an attempt to delay and/or destroy the procedure. This study also considers how tribunals should behave in order to promote fairness and the most efficient form of dispute resolution. The research method applied during this study is to conduct a comparative survey and evaluation of the leading arbitration rules available in order to establish what measures are put in place to overcome or mitigate the effects caused by the non-cooperative respondent.
Keywords: Commercial law; International commercial arbitration

Passation de marché et assurances - Yadd, Mass Papa (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

La gestion des sinistrés dans une compagnie IARD - Zahe Ibrahim, Aboubacar (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Conciliation des contraintes de gestion technique financière et commerciale en assurance vie dans la zone CIMA : cas de l'union des assurances du Burkina-vie (UAB-vie) - Zongo, Pacome Williams Charlemagne (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

دور المحكم في الخصومة التحكيمية - حمودي, سمية (جامعة الوادي university el-oued, 2016)
تناولت هذه الدراسة أهم عنصر من عناصر عملية التحكيم، ألا وهو دور المحكم في خصومة التحكيم، وذلك من خلال معرفة شروط وإجراءات اختاره ومركزه القانوني وسلطاته والتزاماته . و قد بدأت الدراسة بمقدمة تضمنت العناصر الرئيسية للبحث وتناولنا ف الفصل الأول التعريف بالمحكم من خلال بيان معناه وتميزه عن القاضي والخبير والمصالح والوكيل، كذلك بيان الشروط الواجب توافرها في المحكم، كما تم توضيح المركز القانوني للمحكم في خصومة التحكم وكذا بيان طرق تشكيل هيئة التحكيم. كما تناولنا سلطات المحكم، سواء كانت ناشئة عن اتفاق التحكيم، أم المخولة له بموجب القانون، وبيان الالتزامات المرمية على عاتقه أثناء مباشرته لمهمته، وكل ذلك من خلال الفصل الثاني. ومن أهم النتائج التي خلصت إليها الدراسة، هي أن المحكم يتمتع بسلطات واسعة في خصومة التحكيم، إلا أن هذه السلطات الواسعة ليست مطلقة بلا قيود، وإنما يفرض على المحكم عدة التزامات منذ قبوله مهمة التحكيم وحتى صدور الحكم الفاصل في النزاع مرورا بالتزاماته أثناء سير الاجراءات مع مراعاة احترام المبادئ الأساسية للتقاضي. Cette étude portait sur l'élément le plus important du processus d'arbitrage, à savoir le rôle d'arbitre dans l'arbitrage des différends, et grâce à la connaissance des conditions et des procédures choisies statut juridique, pouvoirs et obligations. L'étude a commencé par une introduction comprenait les principaux éléments de la recherche et nous traitée dans le premier arbitre de définition de chapitre à travers les moyens de déclaration et de le distinguer du juge et expert, des intérêts et de l'agent, ainsi que la déclaration des conditions à remplir par l'arbitre, a également clarifier le statut juridique d'un arbitre dans le contrôle des différends, ainsi qu'une description des moyens de la formation du tribunal. Comme nous approchions les autorités de l'arbitre, que ce soit en raison de la convention d'arbitrage, ou qui lui sont conférés en vertu de la loi, et la déclaration des obligations jetées sur lui-même pendant l'exécution de leur mission, et tout au long du deuxième trimestre. Parmi les résultats les plus importants de l'étude, il est que l'arbitre dispose de larges pouvoirs à l'arbitrage des différends, mais ces larges pouvoirs est pas absolue, sans restrictions, mais a imposé à l'arbitre plusieurs engagements depuis accepter la tâche d'arbitrage et jusqu'à la délivrance de l'arbitre décisif dans le conflit par ses obligations au cours de la procédure, avec en tenant compte du respect des principes de base du litige
Keywords: Arbitrage des différends; Arbitration; Arbitre; Obligations de l'arbitre; Pouvoirs de l'arbitre; Statut juridique; Tribunal arbitral; التزامات المحكم; الخصومة التحكيمية; المحكم; المركز القانوني; سلطات و; هيئة التحكيم

The suitability of the CISG and OHADA for small and medium-sized enterprises engaging in international trade in West and Central Africa - Donfack, Narcisse Gaetan Zebaze (University of South Africa, 2015)
It is universally acknowledged that international trade and cooperation have become key drivers of SMEs. Indeed, the success of SMEs in the sales sector depends upon their capacity to conquer the foreign market and compete with larger companies. Many SMEs today, in particular those in Central and West Africa, are very much aware of this reality. However, because of differences between domestic laws and their maladjustment, many African SMEs still struggle to enter the international market and compete with larger companies. It is therefore obvious that any SMEs that want to succeed in international commerce today will be called upon to confront different regulations, whether domestic, regional or international, which are often shaped according to the realities and expectations of a particular environment. The challenge today is to regulate and harmonise these different legal systems, in order to render the law identical in numerous jurisdictions. This process of unifying the law internationally, in particular the law of sale, started in 1920 and culminated in 1988, with the implementation of the CISG. This Convention, which has become the primary law for international sales contracts, endeavours to deal with this problem of differences in law between states on a global scale, by attempting to achieve a synthesis between different legislations, such as civil law, common law, socialist law, and the law regarding industrialised and Third World countries. Even though the CISG appears to be a compromise between different legal systems, the fact remains that it is not yet applicable in many countries, especially those in Central and West Africa, which are mostly still ruled by domestic and regional law, namely the OHADA. The purpose of this study is to attempt to analyse and compare the OHADA’s Uniform Act Relating to Commercial Law to the CISG, in order to identify similarities and differences between the two, and to determine, with regard to the operating mode and structure of SMEs in West and Central Africa, which one of the two legislations is more appropriate.
Accepted: 2016-07-19T07:00:06Z
Keywords: CISG; Cameroon Civil Code; Cameroon contract law; Comparative law; Formation of a contract; Incoterms; International sales law; Internationalisation; OHADA law; Obligations of the buyer; Obligations of the seller; SMEs; Sales of goods; Termination of a contract

L'Arbitrato nelle controversie Societarie - Faggioni, Giulia (Università di Pisa, 2015)
L'applicabilità della disciplina arbitrale nelle controversie societarie.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitrato; Controvversie; Società

L'arbitrage impliquant les personnes publiques : tendances et perspectives - Pierre, Jeanet (Université de Montréal, 2015)
Cette étude aborde la problématique de la participation des personnes morales de droit public à l’arbitrage à l’occasion des litiges relatifs aux relations qu’elles entretiennent avec les personnes privées étrangères. Par opportunisme économique, un certain nombre de pays développés et en développement se montrent tout à fait favorables à ce que l’État se soumette au contentieux arbitral. Dans d’autres pays, tels qu’en Amérique latine et dans le monde arabe, il se manifeste des tendances nettement hostiles gravitant entre l’interdiction totale et une adhésion conditionnelle de l’État à l’arbitrage. Deux écoles s’affrontent, celle des privatistes qui considèrent l’arbitre international comme le juge naturel du milieu des affaires, face à celle des étatistes qui postulent que les juridictions étatiques demeurent les seules habiles à connaitre souverainement des litiges opposants les personnes publiques à leur interlocuteur privé. Les raisons qui sous-tendent l’assouplissement de certains gouvernements vers un élan libéral de l’arbitrage en droit public, résultent du phénomène globalisant de l’économie qui tend à réduire à néant les règles internes des États dans le cadre du nouvel ordre économique mondial. Par contre, les conséquences sociales, financières et juridiques des sentences arbitrales portent certains gouvernements à adopter une position réfractaire à l’arbitrage mettant en cause les entités publiques. Ils brandissent le droit à l’autodétermination des peuples pour éviter le bradage de leurs ressources au détriment des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels de leurs populations, et ce, en dépit du fait que l’investissement direct étranger joue un rôle considérable dans le développement des pays en émergence. Notre défi ultime dans ce travail est d’explorer les diverses avenues permettant d’atteindre un juste équilibre entre les intérêts publics et la protection des investissements privés. Ceci exige un changement de paradigme qui prendra en compte les dimensions plurielles que constitue le contentieux investisseurs-États. This study investigates the difficulties that arise when legal disputes between public bodies and foreign private entities are resolved through arbitration. For economic expediency, some Western states and developing countries are quite open to the idea of resolving legal disputes by submitting to arbitration proceedings. Other countries, such as Latin America and the Arab world, have a clearly hostile approach to state participation in arbitration proceedings, ranging from total prohibition to conditional submission. There is a clash between two schools of thought: the privatist approach that considers international arbitration to be the business community’s natural forum, as opposed to the statist approach according to which only state courts are qualified to consider legal disputes between public bodies and private entities. The underlying reasons for the increased flexibility of certain governments in favor of a liberal move towards public law arbitration are a result of the globalizing effect of the economy, which tends to decimate domestic state laws within the framework of the new global economic order. On the other hand, the social, financial and legal consequences of arbitration awards render some governments resistant to arbitration involving public entities. They brandish the right to self-determination of peoples to guard against the depletion of their resources to the detriment of the economic, social and cultural rights of their populations. This is despite the fact that foreign direct investment plays a considerable role in the development of emerging countries. The ultimate aim of this study is to explore different avenues for striking a fair balance between public interests and the protection of private investments. This requires a paradigmatic change so as to take into account the multiple dimensions of legal disputes between the state and investors.
Keywords: Arbitrabilité subjective; Arbitrage; Arbitrage international; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitration and investment treaties; Contentieux investisseur-État; International Arbitration; International responsability of States; Investissements; Investments; Investor-state legal disputes; Responsabilités internationales des États; Subjective arbitrability; Traités d'investissements

Passivity rule: a comparison between European Union, United States and China - Casamassima, Stefano (LUISS Guido Carli, 2015)
Passivity rule: origin and reasons. Adoption of the European directive 25/2004 and its provisions. The adoption of the European directive by major member states and passivity rule in USA and China. The economic implications of passivity rule. Possible future developments.

Choice of the UNIDROIT Principles of international commercial contracts - Meer, Tiana Van der (University of Johannesburg, 2015)
LL.M. (International Commercial Law) The principle of party autonomy is a fundamental characteristic of private international law. The contracting parties’ freedom of choice regarding the law governing their contract is one which optimises the fundamental principle of party autonomy. It is generally accepted that a choice of a governing law by the parties should be respected by adjudicating bodies such as domestic courts and arbitral tribunals. It would often benefit contracting parties to choose a neutral legal system so that there will be a “fair playing field” in case a dispute arises between them. However, some domestic legal systems and regional, supranational and international commercial instruments limit the choice of law to that of a recognised domestic legal system. Accordingly, choosing the UNIDROIT Principles on International Commercial Contracts as governing law will, in most cases, not be a viable option for the parties concerned. Such a limitation on the choice of a governing law does not promote the fundamental principle of party autonomy, which is characteristic of private international law. Parties to an international commercial contract should be able to choose a non-state system of law to govern their contract. The UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts provide a comprehensive, complete and easily obtainable system of law compiled by legal experts in the various fields which form part of international commercial law. It follows a via media system of law with regards to Civil Law and Common Law legal systems. This paper will discuss the principle of party autonomy, as well as the possibility of a choice of non-state law, in particular the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, as the law governing an international commercial contract. The choice of law will be discussed with reference to the position taken in domestic courts as well as that in international arbitration. To review the impact and success of the UNIDROIT Principles in the realm of international commercial contracting, various international commercial instruments will be discussed.

The potential impact of the Hague principles on choice of law in international commercial contracts in the BRICS countries - Reddi, Saranya (University of Johannesburg, 2015)
LL.M. (International Commercial Law) Please refer to full text to view abstract
Keywords: BRIC countries; Commercial law; Conflict of laws; Contracts (International law)

A comparison of Kenyan and South African law on security by means of movables - Koli, Natasha Mwende (University of South Africa, 2015)
This study compares the legal principles applicable in both South Africa and Kenya in the creation of security by means of movables. It identifies the forms of security that can be created in the two jurisdictions. The main focus will be on the creation, publicity, priority of security interest and enforcement of the said interests. The research will in addition establish the challenges (if any) that are encountered when creating security by means of movables in Kenya and identify practical solutions that can be adopted in order to improve the creation of security by means of movables in Kenya.
Accepted: 2015-10-16T08:35:59Z
Keywords: ACCESS TO FINANCE; Creation of security; Kenyan law; Lenders and security; Movable property; Secured transactions; Security; Security by means of movables; South African law

Entreprise en difficulté et statut coopératif - Michelin, Laura (Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 2015)
La notion d'entreprise en difficulté est une notion particulièrement large recouvrant tout à la fois le domaine des procédures collectives mais également les mesures préventives. La coopérative, elle, correspond à une typologie de société dotée d'un statut spécifique où se côtoient des valeurs et des principes tout à fait atypiques (principe de double qualité, principe de démocratie, …). Lorsque les coopératives sont confrontées à des difficultés, elles sont soumises au droit des entreprises en difficulté dans son entière acception. Pour autant, leurs principes directeurs auront des incidences sur le déroulé de cette procédure que nous nous proposons d'analyser dans ces travaux. Nous évoquerons donc les divers principes coopératifs et leurs incidences lors des différentes étapes de la mise en place de procédure collective ou de procédure amiable. L'analyse de ces spécificités se fera par le biais d'une mise en confrontation de trois droits : le droit coopératif, le droit des sociétés et le droit des entreprises en difficulté. Il nous sera amené de constater que, bien que non formalisées par le législateur, les spécificités des coopératives en difficulté sont, dans la pratique, indéniables.
Keywords: Corporate law; Droit coopératif; Droit des entreprises en difficulté; Droit des sociétés; Entreprise en difficulté; Procédure amiable; Procédure collective

Il riconoscimento e l'esecuzione dei lodi e delle misure cautelari arbitrali - Della Longa, Martina (Università di Pisa, 2015)
Il lavoro si propone di analizzare le fonti internazionali che disciplinano l'esecuzione ed il riconoscimento dei lodi stranieri, e analogamente la disciplina prevista in tema di adozione, da parte degli arbitri, di provvedimenti cautelari. In relazione a questo è stata poi condotta una rassegna sommaria delle discipline accolte dai vari ordinamenti nazionali.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitration (international law); Arbitrato internazionale; Lodo misure cautelari arbitrato internazionale

Arbitro o giudice? Translatio iudicii e principio consensualistico nell'arbitrato societario - Francesconi, Giulia (Università di Pisa, 2015)
Questo progetto di tesi si pone come obiettivo di analizzare il percorso normativo e giurisprudenziale che ha preceduto la fondamentale sentenza della Consulta n 223/2013, con cui è stata dichiarata l’incostituzionalità dell’art 819 ter, 2° comma c.p.c. Con tale sentenza, la Consulta apre finalmente la strada alla possibilità di translatio iudicii nei rapporti tra arbitrato e giurisdizione statale, salvaguardando così la posizione dell’attore che, presentando la sua domanda, erri nell’individuazione dell’autorità competente. Questa rivoluzione giurisprudenziale tiene conto dell’evoluzione sia dottrinale che giurisprudenziale che si è avuta attorno, in primis, alla natura dell’istituto arbitrale, e in secondo luogo relativamente ai rapporti tra i due tipi di giurisdizione: statale e privata. Dal punto di vista dottrinale sono state proposte diverse teorie sull’inquadramento dell’arbitrato: come giurisdizione privata, in cui il lodo è un atto di autonomia privata, la teoria processualistica, considera il lodo come negozio di puro diritto privato che produce immediati effetti procedurali, per la teoria intermedia invece, il lodo costituisce la sintesi di una parte prettamente privatistica, unita al decreto di esecutorietà di tipo giurisdizionale. Dal punto di vista giurisprudenziale, devono sicuramente essere menzionate le sentenze che hanno dichiarato l’incostituzionalità dell’art 30 della Legge istitutiva dei TAR, nella parte in cui non permetteva la translatio iudicii nei rapporti tra giudici appartenenti alle medesime giurisdizioni. La Cassazione, è intervenuta nel 2002 con la sentenza 22002 per affermare, almeno, una translatio unilaterale nei rapporti tra giudice e arbitro, ma non viceversa. La vera svolta si ebbe grazie ai ricorsi, poi riuniti, presentati, da una parte dall’ arbitro di Bologna e dall’altra dal Tribunale di Catania che avevano sollevato questione di incostituzionalità dell’art 819 ter, 2 comma cpc. La riforma per il processo civile introdotta con il D.L 132/2014, relativa alle misure per la degiurisdizionalizzazione e riduzione dell’arbitrato, ha accolto le conclusioni cui è giunta la Consulta, inserendo la possibilità della translatio nel primo articolo della legge, dando vita ad una nuova forma di arbitrato, detto “deflattivo”, allo scopo di porre rimedio al congestionamento dei processi civili. Nuova forma di arbitrato è stata introdotta, in ambito societario, anche dal d.lgs. 5/2003, con l’intenzione di creare un istituto che incentivasse le società, non tutte, prevedendo infatti la legge stringenti limiti sia soggettivi che oggettivi, a ricorrere allo strumento dell’arbitrato. Questo decreto ha portato con sé non poche critiche e dibattiti, essendo in discussione se tale arbitrato societario costituisse o meno una forma alternativa rispetto all’arbitrato comune o se piuttosto fosse da considerarsi, in via esclusiva, l’unico tipo di arbitrato accessibile per le società.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitrato; Arbitrato deflattivo; Giurisdizione; Lodo societario; Translatio iudicii

Il principio del contraddittorio nell'arbitrato - Mammone, Giovanna Denise (Università di Pisa, 2015)
L’elaborato, attraverso il caleidoscopio di una prospettiva d’indagine comparatistica e diacronica, ha ad oggetto lo studio del principio del contraddittorio nell’ arbitrato. Si divide in tre parti. La prima parte fornisce un’ analisi circa la portata assiologica del principio in esame, alla luce del rapporto tra disposizioni codicistiche, principi costituzionali e regole sovranazionali. Particolare attenzione è stata riservata alla riforma costituzionale sul “giusto processo”, analizzando le principali opinioni dottrinali che in tale contesto sono emerse e le implicazioni che tale garanzia costituzionale pone in relazione alle sentenze di “terza via”. Nella seconda parte si passa ad analizzare il rapporto tra contraddittorio e arbitrato rituale. Lo studio chiarisce dapprima la dimensione del contraddittorio fra il principio della libertà delle forme e i principi di ordine pubblico processuale. Nel dinamismo delle riforme che si sono succedute in materia, l’accento è poi posto sui singoli aspetti emersi in dottrina e giurisprudenza. Nella terza parte è contenuta l’analisi dell’estensione del principio del contraddittorio all’ arbitrato irrituale. Dal momento che a un differente inquadramento dell’istituto corrisponde una differente disciplina dei principi che lo regolano, si è provveduto ad una breve rassegna delle differenti ricostruzioni che di esso sono state date nel corso degli anni da dottrina e giurisprudenza a partire dalla sentenza della Corte di Cassazione torinese del 27 dicembre 1904, la quale, per la prima volta in modo esplicito, ha riconosciuto la validità dei compromessi e dei lodi privati emessi senza il rispetto delle forme previste in tema di arbitrato regolato dal codice di procedura civile. Attraverso una lettura sistematica dell’art. 808-ter c.p.c. è infine emersa la portata innovativa che, all’ interno del panorama legislativo del nostro ordinamento, la disposizione presenta in quanto avente ad oggetto l’arbitrato contrattuale come istituto generale. L’accento critico è qui posto, in particolare, su quei punti che nonostante l’importante intervento legislativo risultano poco limpidi, prestando il fianco a letture contrastanti. Nella stesura del presente lavoro si è preso gradualmente coscienza dell’innegabile rilevanza che il principio del contraddittorio riveste nell’ arbitrato, in quanto strumento volto, nel rispetto delle garanzie delle parti, alla continua ricerca delle modalità mediante le quali possa prodursi la decisione più “giusta” possibile. Familiarizzare con l’intima natura dell’arbitrato in quanto «omaggio alla volontà e alla buona volontà dei litiganti, un nobile e consapevole sacrificio della sovranità, detentrice della giurisdizione, alla libertà», ha permesso, inoltre, il ragguaglio di tematiche di teoria generale strettamente legate al tema trattato.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitrato; Contraddittorio

Cross border insolvency: new trends - Napolitano, Andrea (LUISS Guido Carli, 2015)
The EU regulation no. 1346/2000. The proposal for a modification of the regulation. New trends.

How to copy a song with impunity : a legal perspective on copyright infringement cases for musical works - Rogowski, Adrian (Stellenbosch University, 2015)
Music has, and continues to play, an important role in society. It is therefore natural that more music composers enter the scene to capitalize upon this role that music has in society. It is however becoming more common place for music composers to start copying each other, either directly or indirectly. Fortunately, copyright laws have been developed to further protect the rights enjoyed by copyright holders, such as music composers, and these laws essentially protect the composers from the unlawful reproduction of their original music. Copying is, to some degree, inevitable, therefore, the question asked by this paper is to what extent is someone entitled to ‘copy’ from another person without it amounting to copyright infringement. In determining if there is copyright infringement, two tests must be applied and satisfied, namely, the causal connection test, and the substantial similarity test. Causal connection is usually met by establishing whether the alleged infringer had access to the original work. The substantial similarity test is the focus of this paper. The courts rely on this test to determine if that part which was reproduced from the original work is of substance i.e. if it is a part of the work which attributes uniqueness and quality to the original song. Of course, this test is notoriously difficult to understand and apply, hence the need for this paper to address the question on when there is substantial similarity in two works. This paper is of benefit to academics, authors (musicians) and lawyers, as not only is the substantial similarity test discussed from a theoretical point of view, but the question of when something is substantially similar is answered from a pragmatic point of view. It is hoped that this paper is used as a guideline in understanding and applying the substantial similarity test in music copyright infringement cases.
Keywords: Copyright; Copyright infringement; Music; Musical compositions

Reconsidering Distributions: A Critical Analysis of the Regulation of Distributions to Shareholders in the Companies Act of 2008, with Special Reference to the Solvency and Liquidity Requirement - Van der Merwe, Constant Pieter (Stellenbosch University, 2015)
The Companies Act 71 of 2008 introduces a completely new system for the regulation of distributions by a company to its shareholders. The preferred method for protecting the interests of creditors in distributions is now based on a solvency and liquidity test. Regrettably, the provisions setting out the requirements for distributions on the one hand and the solvency and liquidity test on the other have been poorly drafted. This thesis first explains and then applies an innovative interpretation theory to these provisions with a view to piecing together coherent content. The thesis finds that creative interpretations will not suffice in various places, meaning that substantive revision is required. The thesis concludes with brief amendment proposals and accompanying commentary.
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97133
Keywords: Business enterprises; Companies; Companies Act; 2008; Companies régulations; Company insolvency; Company liquidity; Insolvency; Régulations; Shareholders; South Africa

L'étendue de la compétence ratione materiae du juge étatique dans le règlement des différends nés de l'exécution d'un contrat complexe - Djemba Kandjo, Joseph (Université de Montréal, 2015)
Les arrêts sur l’affaire Beaudoin c. Université de Sherbrooke (Cour Supérieure et Cour d’Appel du Québec 2008-2010) ont porté sur l’intensité de l’obligation de consultation insérée dans l’accord de partenariat de recherche. Ce type de partenariat est souvent créé par un accord et peut prendre plusieurs formes. La plupart d’entre elles sont méconnues par le droit, c’est pourquoi la doctrine les considère comme étant des entreprises complexes puisque le choix des partenaires est souvent guidé par le souci d’échapper au formalisme qu’imposent les règles étatiques. Cependant, les pratiques connues dans le secteur d’activité des associés et les accords qui les lient sont souvent les seules règles qu’ils suivent. En cas de conflit, ils recourent généralement à un tiers expert pour régler leur litige, la saisine des tribunaux ne se faisant qu’exceptionnellement. Dans cette cause, les contractions entre les deux décisions ont soulevé quelques interrogations : d’une part, sur la capacité des tribunaux à trancher des conflits qui peuvent naître au cours de l’exécution de ce type de contrat, et d’autre part sur la compatibilité des règles matérielles applicables au fond par les juges lorsque les parties ne sont liées que par la lex contractus et les usages reconnus dans leur secteur d’activité. Cette étude tente donc d’identifier la forme de partenariat en cause afin de mesurer l’étendue de la compétence ratione materiae du juge dans la résolution des conflits nés d’un contrat complexe (PARTIE I), et d’examiner l’opportunité de recourir aux modes alternatifs de résolution des litiges (PARTIE II). The decision in the case Beaudoin v. Université de Sherbrooke (Superior Court and Quebec's Court of Appeal 2008-2010) examines the extent of the obligation to consult in a research partnership agreement. This kind of partnership is often created through agreements and can take several forms. The majority of those are unknown to the law; this is why the doctrine considers them to be complex enterprises, since the choice of the partner is often guided by the will to curtail the formalism imposed by State rules. Familiar practices used in the relevant field and the agreements which link them are often the only rules they respect. In case of dispute, they generally seek a third party expert to settle the dispute and only exceptionally resort to national courts. In this specific case, the contractions present the decision raise some important questions: on one hand, the capacity of the courts to solve conflicts which arise from the execution or interpretation of this sort of partnership, and on the other hand the compatibility of material rules applicable to the subject matter by judges to parties often bound by lex contractus and the usages applicable in their field of activity. This study tries to identify the form of partnership applicable in this case in order to measure the extent of the ratione materiae competence of the judge in the settlement of a dispute arising from the execution of a complex contract (PART I), and to examine the possibility of recurring to alternative forms of dispute settlement for disputes of this nature (PART II).
https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1866/11876/Djemba-kandjo_Joseph_2014_memoire.pdf
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitrator; Arbitre; Commercial; Commerciaux; Compétence; Différend; Dispute; Joint-venture; Judge; Juge; Lex; Material; Matérielle; Mercatoria; Political Science; Usages

Il processo di mediazione - Natali, Virginia (Università di Pisa, 2015)
La tesi ha l'obiettivo di sottolineare come il legislatore abbia, attraverso interventi normativi successivi, arricchito sempre di più il procedimento di mediazione, grazie all'utilizzo di istituti tipicamente processuali. Partendo dalla valutazione dei presupposti tipici dell'istituto, si descrivono gli aspetti fondamentali della ritualità della nuova mediazione civile e commerciale, grazie anche ad una personale analisi di alcuni regolamenti di procedura elaborati dagli organismi di mediazione. Infine, l'attenzione si sposta, seppur in modo sommario, sulla disciplina della negoziazione assistita, esempio ancor più forte di procedimentalizzazione di uno strumento alternativo per la risoluzione delle controversie.
Keywords: Giusto processo in mediazione; MARD; Mediación; Mediation; Mediazione; Mediação; Médiation; Procedimento di mediazione; Procedimento e processo; Procédure de médiation; Procédure et procès; Procédure régulière en médiation

Le passager clandestin dans le transport maritime de marchandises - Alonzo, Amélie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

Le Port Autonome de Strasbourg - Bartek, Anne-Marie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

Les limites et les avantages des procédures d'engagement - Boilard, Jeanne (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

L'archéologie sous marine en France - De Salvo, Alessia (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

Sermaye şirketlerinde azınlık hakları Türk ve OHADA hukuklarının karşılaştırılması - Emedi̇ Useni̇, Ahmed (İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi, 2015)
Tüm sermaye şirketlerinde, "sermaye" niteleyicisinin de belirttiği üzere, hissedarların şirket borçlarına karşı sorumluluğu, hissedarların şirkete hisse katılım değerleriyle sınırlı olduğu prensibi kabul edilir. Aynı şekilde, hissedarların ticari kararlardaki ağırlığı aynı sınırlama prensibine bağlı olarak belirlenir. Ticari şirketler hakkındaki Türk yasalarında ve Afrika Ticaret Kanunu Uyum Örgütünün (Organisation pour l'harmonisation en Afrique des droits des affaires, OHADA) yasalarında, sermaye şirketlerinde, "hissedarların sorumluluk ve ağırlığı prensiplerinin" sıkı bir şekilde korunduğunu gözlemleriz. Hissedarların genel olağan ve olağanüstü kurulları, genellikle, şirketin günlük yönetimini aşan kararları alma yetkisine sahiptir. Bu kararlar kesin belirlenmiş bir çoğunluğa göre alınır. Sermaye şirketlerinin günlük yönetimi alanında kalan bütün kararlar, bahsi geçen şirketlerin ticari katılım oranlarına göre – aslında hissedarlardakileri gelen – şirketlerin yönetim organlarının yetkilerinden kaynaklanır. Sermaye şirketlerinde, genel kurullar veya yönetim organları tarafından alınan, tüm kararlar, bu şirket hissedarları bahse geçen kurullara veya organlara katılmalarsalar bile, tüm şirket hissedarları için geçerli, uygulanabilir veya muhalefet edilebilirlerdir. Bu durum göz önüne alındığında şöyle bir çıkarımda bulunabiliriz: bu tür şirketlerde, hisselerin çoğunluğunu elinde bulunduran hissedarlar, bu şirketleri idare etme yetkisini de aynı zamanda elinde bulundurmaktadırlar. Birçok aynı durumda, çoğunluk hissedarları ve azınlık hissedarları arasındaki menfaat çatışmalarını gözlemleyebiliriz. Oybirliği veya nitelikli çoğunluk gerektiren kararlar dışında, çoğunluk hissedarları, olağan ve olağanüstü kurallarda tüm yetkiyi ellerinde bulundurmaktadır. Aynı şekilde, sermaye şirketlerinin yönetim organlarında, çoğunluk hissedarları her zaman yöneticileri tayin etmektedir. Bu koşullarda, kararların alınmasında, çoğunluğun azınlığın menfaatlerinin göz önüne aldığı durumlarla karşılaşmak pek olanaklı değildir. Bu nedenle, çoğunluğun karşılıklı menfaatleri ve azınlığın menfaatleri arasındaki denge sorunu, genellikle çoğunluğa karşı azınlığın haklarının ve menfaatlerinin korunması sorunuyla bir tutulmayı hak etmektedir. Özellikle, çoğunluğu kontrol etmek yoluyla suiistimalleri önlemek veya hissedarlar arasındaki çatışmaları azaltmak için, azınlığa bazı haklar ve yetkiler vermek suretiyle azınlığı korumak esastır. Ancak, bu hak ve yetkilerin kapsamı "çoğunluk tarafından yönetim prensibi" ile sınırlandırılmalıdır. Bu çalışma kapsamında, OHADA ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin ticaret hukukunda yer aldığı şekliyle, sermaye şirketlerinde azınlığın korunması hakkındaki uygulanan yolları analiz ettik. Bununla beraber, azınlık hissedarlarının korunması hakkında statü düzenlemelerini analiz edebilmek için, OHADA ve Türk hukukundaki, bazı sermaye şirketlerinin esas sözleşmelerini örnek olarak aldık. Hissedarlar, bu sözleşmelerde, yasalarda öngörülen düzenlemelerden daha iyi düzenlemeleri öngörme olasılığına sahip olmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmanın sonuçlarının, Afrikalı ve Türk hukukçular için olduğu kadar OHADA'ya üye ülkelerden Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'ne yatırım yapmak isteyen herkes için yararlı olacağı inancındayız. Dans les sociétés commerciales des capitaux, il existe le principe de délimitation des responsabilités des actionnaires par rapport aux dettes sociales et aux prises de décisions sociales. En lisant attentivement la législation turque sur les sociétés commerciales et la législation de l'Organisation pour l'harmonisation en Afrique des droits des affaires « Ohada» en sigle, nous observons également l'existence de ce principe de délimitation des responsabilités et de poids des actionnaires dans les sociétés commerciales des capitaux prévues dans toutes les deux législations. En Droit de l'Ohada tout comme en Droit Turc des sociétés commerciales, les assemblées générales des actionnaires dans les sociétés des capitaux, disposent de la compétence de prendre les décisions sur la politique générale et qui dépassent la gestion quotidienne des sociétés. Les décisions des assemblées générales sont prises, selon la majorité bien déterminée au cas par cas. Tandis que, les organes de gestion de ces sociétés, disposent des compétences pour décider sur la gestion quotidienne desdites sociétés. Toutes les décisions prises tant par les assemblées générales des actionnaires que par les organes de gestion des sociétés commerciales des capitaux, demeurent valables et opposables à tous les actionnaires sociaux; même à l'égard des actionnaires qui n'y ont pas participé. Au regard de cette observation, il nous est logique d'affirmer que dans les sociétés des capitaux, ce sont les actionnaires majoritaires qui disposent logiquement tous les pouvoirs de décider sur les sorts sociaux. Dans pareilles conditions, nous pouvons observer que les conflits d'intérêts entre les actionnaires majoritaires et ceux minoritaires, sont inévitables. Sauf pour les décisions qui nécessitent l'unanimité ou celles qui requièrent une majorité qualifiée, les actionnaires majoritaires détiennent tous les pouvoirs des décisions dans les assemblées et même dans les organes de gestion car, ce sont toujours les actionnaires majoritaires qui désignent les dirigeants de ces sociétés en fonctions de leurs poids sociaux. Il est ainsi peu probable que la majorité prenne en considération les intérêts de la minorité dans la prise des décisions. Pour cette raison, la question d'établir l'équilibre entre les intérêts respectifs des actionnaires majoritaires et ceux des minoritaires, mérite d'être assimilée en général à la question de la protection des droits et intérêts de la minorité contre la majorité. Plus précisément, il est indispensable de protéger la minorité en lui accordant certains droits et pouvoirs pour qu'elle puisse contrôler la majorité aux fins de prévenir les abus ou de limiter les conflits entre les actionnaires. Cependant, l'étendue de ces droits et de ces pouvoirs mérite d'être limitée par le principe de la gestion sociale par la majorité. Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous avons analysé la manière dont les actionnaires minoritaires sont protégés dans les législations de l'Ohada et turque. En plus, nous avons approfondi notre étude avec les analyses des dispositions statutaires y relatives d'une dizaine des sociétés commerciales des capitaux de deux Droits concernés car, les actionnaires disposent légalement le pouvoir d'en prévoir meilleur que ce qui était prévu par les législateurs. Nous sommes convaincus que les résultats de cette étude, seront théoriquement bénéfiques pour les juristes qui s'intéressent aux Droits turc et de l'Ohada et pratiquement importants pour toute personne qui souhaite investir tant dans la République de Turquie que dans l'un des dix-sept (17) pays membres de l'Ohada.
Keywords: Afrika Ticaret Kanunu Uyum Örgütü; Azınlık hakları; Capital companies; Companies; Company law; Minority rights; Organization for the Harmonization of African Business Law; Sermaye şirketleri; Turkish Law; Türk Hukuku; Şirketler; Şirketler hukuku

The effectiveness of the e-commerce legal framework in selected African countries - Esanwa, Maryam Adetokunbo (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2015)
Abstract not available.
Keywords: Africa; E-commerce; Electronic commerce; Information technology

La saisie conservatoire des navires : Droit bulgare et droit français - Gechev, Siméon (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

A critical appraisal of the misapplications of black economic empowerment and the common misperceptions that surround it - Govender, Prenisha (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2015)
Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment is a regulatory framework, which is unique to South Africa. This dissertation reflects upon the evolution of Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment programme, from the commencement of apartheid to date. Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment was implemented by government, with the objective of resolving the injustices created by the apartheid regime. Government seeks to achieve this objective by integrating the historically disadvantaged individuals within South Africa into the mainstream of the economy. However, the reality is that the implementation of the Black Economic Empowerment programme has not been entirely successful. This dissertation is a critical analysis of the application of Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment and related legislation. It aims to highlight the challenges faced by government in enforcing the Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment programme, with a particular focus on the following issues: fronting, misrepresentations and common misperceptions. This dissertation begins by reflecting upon the historical context of South Africa toward democratization, secondly it analyses the current applicable legislation and explores the current issues. This research shows that Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment is essentially a work in progress programme as there is much room for improvement. Scholars have established that companies and other entities regularly circumvent the Act. Furthermore, many individuals misunderstand the programme and its purpose. The research concludes Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment does have potential for success. In considering the approach taken by Malaysia, it is established that the key to overcome these major issues is education.
Keywords: Affirmative action programs; Blacks Economic conditions; Business enterprises; Employee empowerment

Intercités : quelle réalité, quel avenir - Guiavarch, Josselin (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

La responsabilité de l'organisateur de croisière - Kara, Ilke (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

Acentenin ücret hakkı - Kizilay, Aygül (Kocaeli Üniversitesi, 2015)
6102 sayılı TTK acentelik alanında önemli yenilikler getirmiştir. Yeni kanun 6762 sayılı Kanunda yer almayan bazı kurumlara yer vermiş, eski kanun döneminde uygulamada sorunlara yol açan bazı hükümler ise gözden geçirilmiştir. Acentelik sözleşmesi tam iki tarafa borç yükleyen sözleşme olduğundan, acentenin gördüğü iş için her zaman bir ücret talep etme hakkı bulunmaktadır. Acentenin en önemli hakkı olan ücret hakkı, müvekkilin karşı edimi olarak kendisini gösterir. Ücret hakkını düzenleyen hükümler arasında ücrete hak kazandıran işlemler ve ücrete hak kazanma zamanı ile ilgili hükümler yeniden ele alınmıştır. Bunlarla birlikte ücret hakkıyla ilgili olarak acenteye çok geniş bir bilgi alma ve defter kayıtlarını isteme ve inceleme hakkı tanınmıştır. Çalışma "Giriş" ve "Sonuç" bölümleri haricinde üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde acente kavramı ve bu kavramı oluşturan unsurlar incelenmiştir. Ayrıca acentenin hak ve borçlarına değinilmiştir.Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde, acentenin en temel hakkı olan ücret hakkı incelenmiş olup; üçüncü bölümde ise, 6102 sayılı TTK ile getirilen düzenlemeler ve değişiklikler, 6762 sayılı TTK ile karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınmıştır. Ücret hakkına ilişkin bu değişiklikler, acentelik sözleşmesi sona erdikten sonra acentenin ücret talep edebileceği haller; ücrete hak kazanma anındaki ve ücretin muaccel olacağı andaki değişiklikler; ücret hakkında acentenin belge ve bilgi isteme hakkının emredici olarak düzenlenmesi olarak özetlenebilir. Law no. 6102 Turkısh Commercial Code brings advances at provisions about agency .The new Code brings new provions comparing with Law no. 6762 Turkısh Commercial Code. Furthermore, it resolves some issues existing in the period of 6762 Turkısh Commercial Code. Agency contract is a bilateral contract. Therefore the rights of the agent, constitutes theobligations of the principal. The commission right is also obligation of the principal. The provisions about commission right are reargued out, including transactions which bearing commission and time of entitlement of commission This thesis is consist of three chapters excluding the "introduction" and the "conclusion" parts. In first chapter, the notion of the agent and the elements of this notion are discussed. Moreover, rights and obligations of agent are examined. In chapter two, the principal right of agent, commission right is discussed. In chapter three, commission right is examined comparing with the provisions of Law no. 6102 Turkısh Commercial Code and Law no. 6762 Turkısh Commercial Code. Amendments about commission right are time of entitlement of commission , time of commission becoming payable. Furthermore , in some cases, an agent shall be entitled to commission on commercial transactions concluded after the agency contract has terminated. Lastly, an agent shall be entitled to demand that he be provided with all the information, and in particular an extract from the books, which is available to his principal and which he needs in order to check the amount of the commission due to him. Provision about demanding information is statutory.
433640
Keywords: Acenteler; Agents; Commissions; Kanunlar 6762 sayılı; Komisyonlar; Laws 6762 numbered; Turkish Commercial Code; Turkish commercial law; Türk Ticaret Kanunu; Türk ticaret hukuku; Wage policies; Wage systems; Ücret politikaları; Ücret sistemleri

L'émergence d'une politique maritime européenne : contributions de la politique commune de la pêche au succès d'une politique maritime intégrée - Laignelot, Godefroy (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

La compétitivité de l'hypothèque maritime dans le cadre du financement de navires - Laporte, Sophie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)
S'interroger sur l'attractivité de l'hypothèque maritime en France suppose de la mettre en contact avec le mortgagede droit anglais (Partie I). Dès lors, à l'issue de l'étude de l'hypothèque conviendra-t-il de s'interroger sur l'opération de fiducie-sûreté appliquée au financement de navire (Partie II).

La faute inexcusable du transporteur maritime de marchandises et la limitation de sa responsabilité - Ligataj, Arjola (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

Harmonising investment laws in the OHADA space - Mugangu, Marie Providence Ntagulwa (University of Cape Town, 2015)
The Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa (OHADA) was established for the purpose of restoring legal and judicial security in the region to attract more investment. The OHADA Treaty included certain areas of business law within its ambit but omitted investment law. There are several laws on investment in the region at the national, regional and sub-regional level that regulate the treatment of foreign investments such as CEMAC and UEMOA investment charters. Moreover OHADA states sign BITs to protect foreign investments. The relationship between the different sub regional laws on investment and OHADA is not yet clear but case law suggests that CEMAC and UEMOA courts recognise the supremacy of OHADA law and their lack of competence to hear matters regulated under OHADA. The standards of protection granted by OHADA states in BITs are very high thus taxing on them. This thesis suggests that OHADA states should either qualify these standards of protection or replace them with more specific provisions. The OHADA system of arbitration cannot effectively settle investment disputes arising out of a BIT leaving international arbitration systems such as ICSID as the best alternative to resolve investment disputes arising out of BITs.
Keywords: International Trade; International Trade Law; Investments

Avoidance of a contract under the CISG - Otenga, Emongo Jean-Marc (University of Johannesburg, 2015)
Keywords: CISG; Commercial law; Contracts (International law); United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1980 April 11)

La concurrence interportuaire en Europe et en Méditerranée : entre alliances et rivalités - Piccione, François (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

Le Code polaire - Queinnec, Alexandre (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

Aspectos de la problemática del siniestro en la Ley de contrato de seguros. Visión del asegurado. Propuestas ante la ley mercantil - Sanz Luengo, Arturo (Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2015)
En mi trabajo trato de demostrar que la Ley del Contrato de Seguro (LCS) favorece al asegurador y no al asegurado. Este desequilibrio estaría motivado porque el asegurador dispone de: conocimientos técnicos y jurídicos; medios económicos y tiempo, ya que, quien sufre las consecuencias del siniestro y necesita ser resarcido es el asegurado. Considero que el conocimiento de la LCS es insuficiente si no se mencionan los artículos: del Código Civil, Código de Comercio, Ley de Condiciones Generales de Contratación, Ley General para la Defensa de Consumidores y Usuarios y la Ley de Propiedad Horizontal relacionados. Se debería tener en cuenta, que la mayoría de las pólizas de seguros son contratos de adhesión y, ayudaría a entender el contrato, si se mencionaran los artículos de las Leyes mencionadas que pudiesen ser de aplicación. No ayudan precisamente los condicionados prolijos, carentes de claridad donde no se reseñan las cláusulas lesivas.
Trabajo Fin de Máster (2013/14). Director: Gregorio Martínez Tello ; Tutor: Cristóbal Carnero Varo.

Le groupage de marchandise - Sénès, Aurélien (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

L'utilisation des forces armées privées en mer - Siran, Nathacha (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

Alliances maritimes et autres formes de coopérations stratégiques entre les compagnies maritimes : évolution et avenir - Vanderpotte, Alicia (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

Les armes historiques immergés : menace sous les mers - Ventoruzzo, Marion (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

Le suivi des marchandises : un enjeu commun pour le transport et l'assurance ? - Viard, Lorraine (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

Les parcs éoliens offshore en France - Viti, Alix (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

A comment on debt relief options for insolvent consumer debtors in South Africa - Xulu, Anele Innocentia Nombuso (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2015)
The paper will be focused on examining the debt relief options available for consumer debtors in South Africa. This paper will look at the relationship between the National Credit Act 34 of 2005 and the Insolvency Act 24 of 1936. Further, it will examine the relationship between the provisions of section 74 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 32 of 1944. The paper will conclude by looking at debt relief options available for consumer debtors in the United States of America and in England and Wales and will make comparative comments and recommendations on how we can adopt some provisions into our own insolvency system.
Keywords: Consumer credit; Debt relief; Debtor and creditor; Insolvency; Insolvency Act; National Credit Act; South Africa

L'arbitrato internazionale. La questione della legge applicabile - Lombardi, Francesca (Università di Pisa, 2014)
la tesi tratta dell'arbitrato internazionale, partendo dall'analisi delle varie definizioni presenti nelle Convenzioni Internazionali e analizzando il procedimento arbitrale in questione si passa alla trattazione della questione relativa alla legge applicabile a tale tipo di arbitrato; sia a livello procedurale che a livello sostanziale.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitrato internazionale; Legge applicabile; Legge applicabile all'arbitrato internazionale; Procedimento arbitrale internazionale

The transfer of movables in the international commercial context – a comparison of German and South African law - Lengyel, Martin (University of Johannesburg, 2014)
L.LM. (International Commercial Law) Please refer to full text to view abstract
Keywords: Contracts (International law); Germany; International Commercial Law; Law of property; Property; South Africa

Análise comparativa de modelos de governação corporativa no sector bancário moçambicano: os casos dos 3 maiores bancos - Mucheca, Elisa Vicente; Costa, Jeremias Cardoso Da (Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, 2014)
This paper aims to identify corporate governance models adopted by commercial banks in Mozambique. Firstly, it reviews the literature on Corporate Governance evolution, concept, models and practices at international level. It then makes an approach to internal control systems, some corporate governance arrangements such as Board of Directors, audit committees, internal and external auditing. The paper goes ahead to identifying the corporate governance practices both at country and banking sector levels. An explanatory analysis was applied as the research method covering three major commercial in terms of business volume, net profit and liquid assets. In order to gather information pertaining Corporate Governance models as well as on internal control systems, a questionnaire was sent to some commercial banks’ senior managers and to Banco de Moçambique as the monetary and supervisory authority of the credit institutions and financial societies in the country. Virtual and documental source were reviewed to assess the problem. The paper’s main finding is that commercial banks in Mozambique adopt the Anglo-Saxon model in which the Board of Directors is comprised of two types of directors, board committees and an array of information disclosure. Based on the main finding it was recommended a review and update by the competent authorities of the Aviso 11/GGBM/99 that prescribes internal control rules to be observed by credit institutions and financial societies in Mozambique. This paper aims to identify corporate governance models adopted by commercial banks in Mozambique. Firstly, it reviews the literature on Corporate Governance evolution, concept, models and practices at international level. It then makes an approach to internal control systems, some corporate governance arrangements such as Board of Directors, audit committees, internal and external auditing. The paper goes ahead to identifying the corporate governance practices both at country and banking sector levels. An explanatory analysis was applied as the research method covering three major commercial in terms of business volume, net profit and liquid assets.In order to gather information pertaining Corporate Governance models as well as on internal control systems, a questionnaire was sent to some commercial banks’ senior managers and to Banco de Moçambique as the monetary and supervisory authority of the credit institutions and financial societies in the country. Virtual and documental source were reviewed to assess the problem.The paper’s main finding is that commercial banks in Mozambique adopt the Anglo-Saxonmodel in which the Board of Directors is comprised of two types of directors, board committees and an array of information disclosure. Based on the main finding it was recommended a review and update by the competent authorities of the Aviso 11/GGBM/99 that prescribes internal control rules to be observed by credit institutions and financial societies in Mozambique
Keywords: Bancos comerciais; Controlo interno; Governação corporativa; Moçambique

Les mesures anti paradis fiscaux concernant les personnes morales - Sellier, Mathilde (Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 2014)
La milliardaire New-Yorkaise, Leona Hemsley, disait à l’époque « Les impôts, c’est pour les petites gens ». Cette phrase prend tout son sens concernant les paradis fiscaux. Comment, dans un contexte de crise économique actuelle, les acteurs politiques et économiques peuvent-ils négliger ce fléau et ne pas en faire leur priorité. Si l’on en croit les chiffres actuels, les français détiennent environ 350 milliards d’euros offshore. Ce recours aux paradis fiscaux ne cesse de s’accroître avec le temps, malgré différentes conventions signées entre plusieurs États, voulant mettre fin à ces techniques d’évasion fiscale. Mais face à un tel échec, la question est alors de savoir comment agir et surtout, de quelle manière agir afin de dissuader et d’empêcher l’évasion des capitaux vers des pays à fiscalité plus légère et soumise au secret bancaire. Il s’agira ici d’étudier les techniques employées afin d’éviter l’imposition du fisc français. Cette étude passera notamment par le constat de mesures de luttes trop peu dissuasives engendrant un manque à gagner énorme pour les pays victimes de l’évasion fiscale, participant ainsi à l’enrichissement colossale des fraudeurs. Le but ici n’est pas de juger la politique inefficace des différents pays à l’égard des paradis fiscaux mais de mesurer l’ampleur des pertes engendrées et d’imaginer des mesures de lutte efficaces afin d’agir de manière irréversible contre ces évadés fiscaux. Cela passera notamment par une inévitable coopération entre les différents États qui feront de la lutte contre les paradis fiscaux leur priorité. En effet, il s’agira par exemple d’envisager des mesures d’embargo contre certains paradis fiscaux dans le but d’obtenir des informations jusqu’ici secrètes et de faire cesser leurs activités. Une confrontation entre les mesures actuelles et celles à venir en France mais aussi en Grande Bretagne et aux États-Unis apparaît alors indispensable pour mener à bien cette guerre. Il n’en reste pas moins que cette guerre, pour être gagnée, doit inévitablement passer par une plus grande contrainte, une lutte contre les sociétés-écrans ainsi qu’une plus grande vérification. Ces mesures ne devant pas être envisagées seules mais cumulativement.
Keywords: Droit comparé; Droit des affaires; Fraude fiscale; Paradis fiscaux

Proposal for a regulation on a common European sales law - Ciceri, Eliane (LUISS Guido Carli, 2014)
Historical development. Five W of CESL. Common European sales law.

L’hardship clause nei principi UNIDROIT - Milazzo, Federica (LUISS Guido Carli, 2014)
Il contratto commerciale internazionale. La clausola hardship. Analisi comparata dell’hardship nei vari ordinamenti.

Alle origini della mediazione - Donati, Viola (Università di Pisa, 2014)
L’esigenza di alleggerire il carico dei tribunali mediante forme di soluzione diverse e alternative al processo giurisdizionale trae le sue origini da esperienze culturali remote: l’arte della composizione del conflitto rappresenta un'attività di cui l’uomo si è fin da subito dovuto occupare, per lo meno dal momento in cui ha cominciato a vivere all’interno di una comunità, proprio perché si tratta di un’attività che sfiora tutti gli aspetti della vita sociale. La mediazione ha origini antichissime, infatti la necessità di sviluppare nei secoli procedure alle quali ricorrere per garantire un'ordinata convivenza e armonia sociale risale già all'antica Roma del V secolo A.C.: la prima delle XII Tavole (il più antico diritto scritto dell’antichità romana), richiama il tentativo di compromesso da esperirsi davanti al pretore con cui le parti in lite trovano un accordo sull’oggetto del contendere, nel qual caso il giudice è tenuto a consacrarlo con l’emanazione della sentenza mentre in caso di mancato raggiungimento di un accordo allora si sarebbero adite le vie giudiziali instaurando il processo. Le origini della mediazione trovano fondamento in tempi antichi anche in Paesi dell’estremo oriente ed in particolare in Cina dove la mediazione fu lo strumento principale nella risoluzione delle dispute: Confucio sosteneva che il modo migliore per dirimere una disputa fosse la persuasione morale e il raggiungimento di un accordo, piuttosto che la coercizione del Sovrano. L’idea stessa di “compromesso” è profondamente radicata nella cultura cinese, infatti non tener in alcun conto gli interessi dell’altra parte è considerato particolarmente deplorevole sul piano etico-giuridico ed il pensiero confuciano è promotore della mediazione, tanto che l’istituto continua tuttora ad essere praticato nella Repubblica Popolare Cinese. In tempi più recenti, dopo l’unificazione del Regno d’Italia e la conseguente stesura del codice di procedura civile del 1865, il legislatore ha dedicato ampio spazio alla composizione bonaria delle controversie, disciplinando la conciliazione nel titolo preliminare all'art.1, dando vita così alla figura professionale del giudice conciliatore: caratteristiche essenziali del procedimento consistevano nella compresenza della funzione conciliativa con quella giurisdizionale nel giudice conciliatore, la municipalità del giudice stesso e infine la completa assenza di formalità (il rito si svolgeva verbalmente) per consentire a tutti un facile accesso alla procedura. Se invece apriamo il Codice di procedura vigente, per trovare un accenno alla conciliazione bisogna aspettare l'art. 320, e questa sfiducia a cui è andata in contro la figura del giudice conciliatore è arrivata fino ai nostri giorni. Negli USA la mediazione fu introdotta come sistema volontario (nelle controversie sindacali tra le compagnie ferroviarie e i loro dipendenti) nel 1887, con la legge sul commercio tra gli Stati (Intestate Commerce Act), e a partire dalla fine degli anni ’60 trovò un applicazione sempre maggiore. Ma la svolta fondamentale si ebbe nel 1998, in occasione della modifica del Titolo 28° della Carta dei Diritti e nell'Alternative Dispute Resolution Act, che consacrarono il successo della cultura alternativa della gestione del conflitto nella società americana. Oggi il ricorso agli A.D.R. ha portato ad una riduzione del contenzioso giudiziario di quasi il 90%. Visto l’esito positivo avutosi oltreoceano, nell’aprile del 2002 la Commissione Europea ha presentato un Libro Verde relativo ai modi alternativi di risoluzione delle controversie in materia civile e commerciale per promuovere l’utilizzo della mediazione, ed in seguito alla Direttiva n. 2008/52/CE il governo italiano ha emanato il D.lgs. 28/2010 al fine di coordinare le disposizioni vigenti in materia di mediazione e conciliazione in ambito civile e commerciale, solo che appena due anni dopo, il 6 dicembre 2012, la Corte costituzionale ha dichiarato l'illegittimità del decreto per eccesso di delega legislativa, così che il governo Letta ha cercato di disciplinare nuovamente l'istituto con la Legge n.98/2013, sebbene stavolta la mediazione sia stata prevista come temporanea perché contemplata come obbligatoria per i soli quattro anni successivi alla sua entrata in vigore, a metà dei quali il ministero di giustizia avvierà un monitoraggio per valutare se la sperimentazione della procedura di mediazione ha funzionato. Speriamo che intanto la “cultura della mediazione” cominci a diffondersi anche in Italia.
Keywords: ADR; Conciliation; Conciliazione; MARC; MARD; Mediación; Mediation; Mediazione; Mediação; Médiation

النقابة بين الشراكة الإجتماعية والنضال المطلبي - جعفور, ليندة; بوعزيز, ليندة (جامعة مولود معمري, 2014)
النقابة منظمة مهنیة هدفها حمایة حقوق العمال و ترقیتها ، بوسیلتین الأولى سلمیة تتمثل في الش ا ركة الإجتماعیة والتفاوض الجماعي، أما الثانیة مطلبیة حیث یستعمل العمال كل وسائل الضغط المتاحة على المستوى الوطني والدولي ، في حالة عدم الإستجابة لمطالبهم. Résumé . Le syndicat est une organisation professionnelle, qui a pour objectif la protection et la promotion des droits des travailleurs , par deux voie la première est celle du partenariat social, et de négociation collective , et la deuxième est revendicative ou les travailleurs utilisent tous les moyens de pression a l’échelle nationale et internationale, dans le cas ou leurs revendications non satisfaites.
Keywords: Grève; Lutte ouvrière; Négociation collective; Partenariat social; Syndicat; الإضراب; التفاوض الجماعي; الشراكة الإجتماعية; النضال المطلبي; النقابة

The strategic importance of regional economic integration to multinational companies (MNCs) : a study of South African MNCs' operations in the SADC - Egu, Mathew Eleojo (University of South Africa, 2014)
Though the strategic importance of regional economic integration to multinational companies (MNC) has been researched extensively internationally, this concept has not been studied in South Africa. In fact, there is a growing nostalgia that with the South African Development Community (SADC) moving towards its set macroeconomic convergence targets; regional economic integration eventually leads to macroeconomic stabilisation. This ultimately becomes the root of growth in a region that has been severely affected by globalisation, financial crises, increasing government debt and budget deficit problems. This study, hence, tries to find out how the critical decisions of South African MNCs are made when operating within regional markets. Consequently, statistical econometric models were developed to test time-series data from 1980-2011 using the best (most efficient) linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) ordinary least square regression technique. An analysis was then done to investigate how South African firms have been able to gain maximum benefits by adopting the SADC as its major trading bloc in Africa. The study’s findings showed that the major barriers that impede MNCs of South African origin from penetrating these markets were custom duties, direct and indirect tariffs. It was observed that this would only be reduced by regional integration. Determined to critically interrogate the problems detailed in this research, three hypotheses were tested, analysed and subsequent interpretation of the findings revealed that South African MNCs contribute positively to regional economic growth and investment in the SADC. Furthermore, the study found out that although these factors were important, they were not the only variables that stimulated the competitiveness of South African MNCs in the SADC region. The literature review sections of this study found that the adoption of strategic management initiatives by MNCs improved the operation of transnational companies in South Africa. A comparison between the value of South African MNCs, as well as, other explanatory variables, and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of both South Africa and the SADC using time series data for the period 1980-2011 indicated that there was a positive relationship between the contribution of MNCs to South Africa’s economy and the GDP of both South Africa and the SADC. This proved that there is a significant link between MNC growth and national/regional productivity. In conclusion, the study established that the findings of the literature review were theoretically in sync with the empirical analysis. Also, the outcome of this study concurred with the findings of similar research. In essence, regional trade arrangements are an increasingly important element of the global trade environment, of which the move by South Africa’s MNCs to operate in the SADC market was a positive one. Finally, the study found out that for these firms to be successful in the international business arena, business management decisions need to be made, only after a detailed strategic analysis of the significance of regional economic integration is considered. This integrative framework certainly determines the operational efficiency, survival and profitability of most MNCs that operate within the region.
Accepted: 2014-10-01T07:01:54Z
Keywords: FDI; Foreign direct investment; Macroeconomic convergence; Macroeconomic stability; Mergers & acquisitions; Multinational companies; Regional Economic Community; Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs); SADC; South Africa Development Community; Strategic management

La fiscalité des aides interentreprises - Andriamanantenasoa, Andotiana (Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 2014)
Les entreprises ont une place importante dans l’économie française, pourtant la notion d’« entreprise » n’a jamais été définie par le législateur. Une entreprise peut être une structure privée ou publique. Elle a le choix entre diverses formes juridiques, mais quelle que soit son activité, sa taille, son régime d’imposition, une entreprise doit se préserver et doit toujours agir dans son propre intérêt. C’est cet « intérêt » de l’entreprise que l’Administration fiscale s’évertue à contrôler dans les opérations qu’elle effectue. Or, cette notion est elle-même difficile à appréhender. En la matière, les débats doctrinaux sont venus nourrir une jurisprudence peu abondante. Les règles relatives de la fiscalité des aides interentreprises ne distinguent pas selon qu’elles soient consenties entre sociétés sur le territoire français, ou qu’elles soient transfrontalières. Toutefois, les enjeux des aides interentreprises en matière internationale sont incontestablement différents de ceux des aides interentreprises nationales. Ce mémoire traite d’abord de la question du régime général de la fiscalité des aides interentreprises, pour ensuite étudier l’encadrement particulier des aides interentreprises transfrontalières.
Keywords: Aides interentreprises; Droit des affaires; Fiscalité des entreprises

Le divorce du chef d'entreprise individuelle marié sous le régime de la communauté des biens réduite aux acquêts - Salla, Ndèye Aminata (Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 2014)
L’étude de ce mémoire porte sur le divorce du chef d’entreprise individuelle marié sous le régime légal de la communauté de biens réduite aux acquêts. Si l'entreprise correspond à une réalité économique, très souvent, on va évoquer le régime de la notion et les éléments qui la composent sans jamais au préalable définir ce qu’est une entreprise du point de vue juridique. Elle semble pouvoir être définie comme une structure sans personnalité juridique, composée d'un ensemble de biens et de personnes permettant la réalisation d'opérations qui caractérisent une activité professionnelle. Mais l'entreprise n'est pas pour autant dépourvue de valeur et celle-ci, au regard des régimes matrimoniaux, est forcément propre ou commune. Le choix de la forme juridique se fera entre l'immatriculation sous forme d'entreprise individuelle, ou sous forme de société. Le divorce entraîne de nombreuses conséquences tant patrimoniales qu’extrapatrimoniales. L’entreprise, et plus particulièrement celle exploitée sous forme individuelle, n’échappe pas à cet événement. Or, les conséquences financières d’un divorce peuvent se révéler tout aussi dévastatrices que celles d’une procédure collective (redressement judiciaire, liquidation judiciaire) non seulement pour l’entreprise elle-même mais, avant tout, pour le dirigeant, pour son conjoint et ses collaborateurs. Il s’agira d’expliquer dans un premier temps que le sort de l’entreprise individuelle dépend de sa nature. À savoir si elle est un bien est propre au chef d’entreprise ou un actif de communauté. À un moment où la communauté n'existera plus, comment sera gérée l’entreprise le temps de procéder au partage ? Le sort des biens non encore partagés et des revenus qu’ils génèrent est en effet source d’interrogations; Par ailleurs, il peut s’avérer que le conjoint du chef d’entreprise individuelle participait avant le divorce à l’exploitation de l’entreprise. Comment seront évalués et partagés les biens dans ces conditions ou chacun des deux protagonistes a intérêt à se voir attribuer l’entreprise au moment du partage ? Quelles sont les conséquences d'un divorce sur la pérennité de l'entreprise ? Pour répondre à ces questions, les analyses juridiques et financières dont le champ d’investigation est l’entreprise familiale au sein de laquelle l’époux entrepreneur exerce son activité professionnelle sont indispensables.
Keywords: Communauté de biens; Divorce; Droit des affaires; Entreprise

The compatibility of Australian and South African private international law with the Hague Principles on Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts - Adams, Faadhil (University of Johannesburg, 2014)
In 2006 the governing body of the Hague Conference on Private International Law furnished the Secretariat with a mandate to conduct a series of feasibility studies on the development of an instrument, relating to the choice of law in international contracts. The outcome of these studies was largely successful, finding that there was a need for an instrument of this nature and additionally it would be welcomed by the international legal community. In 2009 the Permanent Bureau of the Hague Conference on Private International Law was invited to form a Working Group (WG) to draft a soft-law instrument affirming party autonomy in international contracts on an international level. The Hague Principles on Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts (P) was, thus, born. The P were drafted by a panel of experts representing the majority of the world’s legal systems. The working group commentary (WGC will be used to refer to the commentary, whilst WG will be used to refer to refer to the working group itself) which provided the discussions in respect of, and the reasoning behind, the principles has been invaluable in writing this dissertation. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the compatibility of Australian and South African law with the P. One of the aims of the P mentioned specifically in the preamble is that these principles are to be used by countries as a model with which to develop their own rules of private international law. A study of the current law as it stands in comparison to the P marks the first step in this exercise, through finding where the law differs we can begin to bridge the disparity between a specific country’s legal system and that of the P. Should the P become an important part of the private international law discourse comparative studies such as this will become common-place. The fact that the principles were drafted as a soft-law instrument is in line with the growing world trend. The flexibility that is achieved through the use of a soft-law instrument may lead to greater legal certainty down the road as contracting parties and international lawyers alike become more familiar with the principles. This familiarity may lead to consensus among experts from around the world and eventually invite the prospect of a binding instrument being drafted
Keywords: Australia; Conflict of laws; Contracts; Contracts (International law); South Africa

La résolution du contrat de vente en droit OHADA : d’une réforme à l’autre - Ebata, Rodrigue N. (Université de Montréal, 2014)
La présente étude examine une des difficultés que soulève la résolution du contrat de vente en droit africain des affaires. L'Organisation pour l'Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA) créée par le Traité du 17 octobre 1993 organise les règles communautaires relatives à la résolution du contrat de vente. Le Livre VIII de l’Acte uniforme OHADA portant sur le Droit commercial Général a été adopté le 15 décembre 2010 et a abrogé l’Acte du 17 avril 1997. Selon l’article 281 de l’Acte uniforme, la résolution du contrat de vente ne survient que lors de l’inexécution totale ou partielle de l’obligation du cocontractant. Notre étude visera à évaluer les conséquences dans le droit de la vente OHADA de la substitution du critère de privation substantielle par celui de la gravité du comportement du débiteur justifiant une résolution unilatérale du contrat. Cette nouvelle position du droit de la vente OHADA se démarque dans une certaine mesure du droit matériel uniforme et rejoint un courant adapté aux impératifs socioéconomiques du commerce tant régional qu’international. En outre la partie lésée devra déterminer la gravité du comportement du débiteur au risque de voir sa demande sanctionnée pour défaut de droit et donner lieu à des dommages intérêts à l’autre partie. En effet, avec pour optique la nécessité de sauvegarder le contrat au nom du principe favor contractus, comment le juge détermine a posteriori si la gravité du comportement du cocontractant est suffisante pour anéantir le contrat? Ce nouveau critère de la gravité du comportement du cocontractant en droit de la vente OHADA vient supplanter le critère de la privation substantielle et fait cohabiter la traditionnelle résolution judiciaire avec celle de la résolution unilatérale dont les contours demeurent incertains. Les cas d’ouvertures liés à la résolution du contrat de vente OHADA pour inexécution des obligations fondamentales ou accessoires seront passés au crible de même que leurs effets sur les parties. Dans une approche comparatiste avec la Convention de Vienne et les règles de codifications privés telles que les Principes UNIDROIT ou du Droit Européen des Contrats il y a lieu de s’interroger sur la mise en œuvre et les conséquences de la résolution du contrat de vente OHADA par l’inexécution de l’obligation d’une des parties due à un manquement essentiel d’une part et à la gravité du comportement du débiteur d’autre part. The Treaty on Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa signed on October 17th, 1993 created the Organisation for Harmonisation of Business law in Africa (OHBLA).OHBLA organises common rules on resolution of sales contracts. The Book VIII of the Uniform act on General Commercial Law adopted on December 15th, 2010 replaces the previous act of April 17th, 1997. According to article 281 of this uniform act, contract resolution only occurs when there is a partial or total non execution of one party’s obligation. The present study is going to examine one of the difficulties that exist in the resolution of sales contracts in African business law. Our study will consist in evaluating the consequences of substitution of the substantial privation criteria by the seriousness of the debtor’s behaviour in OHBLA sales law. This substitution justifies a unilateral contract termination. This new OHBLA law position somehow distinguish itself from material uniform law and joins a new position socioeconomically more adapted to regional and even international business. Moreover, the prejudiced party will have to determine the gravity of the debtor’s behaviour risking to be punished for lack of motives and according damages to the other party. In fact, in order to save the contract by all means according to the favor contractus principle, how will the judge subsequently determine if the debtor’s behaviour gravity is enough to breach the contract? This new criterion of the gravity of a contracting party’s behaviour comes in replacement of the substantial privation criteria and enhances the cohabitation of the traditional judiciary termination and the unilateral cancellation which is still uncertainly defined. Cases related to contract resolution caused by non-execution of mandatory or accessory obligations in OHBLA law will be carefully examined as well as their effects on contracting parties. In a comparative approach with the Vienna Convention and private codifications such as UNIDROIT principles or European contract law, we will wonder about the use and the consequences of resolution of sales contract in OHBLA law caused by non-execution a mandatory obligation on one part and the gravity of one party’s behaviour on the other part.
Keywords: African law; Business law; CISG; CVIM; Commerce international; Commercial law; Contract; Contrat; Contrats internationaux; Droit africain; International business; International sales; OHADA; OHBLA; Resolution; Résolution; Sales; Sales law; UNIDROIT; Vente; Vente internationale

La résolution en ligne des conflits de consommation à l'aune de l'accès à la justice - Iavarone-Turcotte, Cléa (Université de Montréal, 2014)
Dans son sens le plus courant, mais aussi le plus étroit, la résolution des conflits en ligne (RCL) réfère à la migration, vers Internet, des modes alternatifs de règlement des conflits. Notre mémoire se concentre sur la transposition, en ligne, des seuls modes amiables de règlement des différends, dont font notamment partie la négociation et la médiation. La question guidant notre étude consiste à savoir si la résolution en ligne permet d’accroître l’accès du consommateur québécois à la justice. La première partie répond par l’affirmative, en démontrant en quoi la RCL permet de surmonter plusieurs obstacles à la fois objectifs et subjectifs auxquels se heurte le consommateur québécois souhaitant obtenir justice. Nous y présentons également certaines critiques récurrentes en matière de RCL et y répondons. Si cette première partie aborde essentiellement la question du pourquoi il est opportun de recourir au règlement électronique des litiges de consommation dans une perspective d’accès à la justice, la seconde s’intéresse à celle du comment. Notre hypothèse est que si le recours à la RCL est souhaitable pour améliorer l’accès du consommateur québécois à la justice, ce mode de règlement ne pourra véritablement porter ses fruits que s’il est encadré par l’État. Nous démontrons ainsi l’opportunité d’une intervention étatique en matière de règlement en ligne des différends de consommation. Selon nous, seule l’institutionnalisation de la RCL permettra de lever, en partie du moins, les barrières qui ont freiné, jusqu’à maintenant, le déploiement à grande échelle de ce procédé de règlement novateur. According to its most common, but also most narrow definition, Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) refers to the electronic form of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). Our master’s thesis focuses on the online version of consensual dispute resolution processes, among which negotiation and mediation are found. The question underlying our research is the following: does ODR increase Quebec consumers’ access to justice? The first part of our study gives a positive answer to this question, by demonstrating how ODR can tackle many obstacles, both objective and subjective, to Quebec consumers’ access to justice. It also provides answers to the most frequent criticisms of ODR. This first part essentially addresses the question of why ODR can enhance consumers’ access to justice, while the second part focuses on the how. Our hypothesis is that ODR’s numerous advantages with regards to consumers’ access to justice will only truly materialize in practice if the government intervenes to regulate this dispute resolution method. We therefore demonstrate the opportunity of a State involvement in the field of consumer ODR. In our opinion, institutionalizing ODR will lift, partially at least, barriers that have hindered, to this day, the large-scale deployment of this innovative dispute resolution process.
https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1866/10372/Iavarone-Turcotte_Clea_2013_memoire.pdf
Keywords: ACCESS TO JUSTICE; ADR; Accès à la justice; Consommateur; Consumer; Consumer disputes; Contrôle étatique; Cyberjustice; Différends de consommation; Government control; Internet; ODR; Online Dispute Resolution; Regulation; Role of the State; Réglementation; Résolution des conflits en ligne; Rôle de l’État; Technologie; Technology

Cessão da garantia bancária autónoma: uma reflexão à luz do direito santomense - Jesus, Waldemar Eduardo (Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2014)
La cession de la garantie bancaire autonome, est sans doute un aspect de la plus grande pertinence pour le cessionnaire d'un crédit accordé, c’est un autre moyen que le commerce, «máxime», le commerce international met à ses exploitantes ou ses operateurs pour obtenir de la liquidité. Nous espérons avec ce travail, d'analyser l'applicabilité de la garantie bancaire autonome, en partant du principe selon lequel en cas de transfert de crédit, les respectives garanties et autres accessoires également se transmettent. Basé sur la doctrine internationale, notamment italienne et portugaise, nous avons l'intention de parvenir à une solution que permet une application correcte de l'institut concerné, dans le cadre droit Santoméen, c'est à dire, c'est qui permet au cessionnaire d'une créance de protéger, effectivement, ses intérêts légitimes. A cessão da garantia bancária autónoma é, sem dúvida, um aspeto da maior relevância para o cessionário de um determinado crédito pois, é mais um meio que o comércio, «máxime», o comércio internacional dispõe aos seus operadores para obter a liquidez. Pretendemos com o presente trabalho, analisar a aplicabilidade à garantia bancária autónoma do princípio segundo o qual, em caso de transmissão de um crédito as respetivas garantias e outros acessórios também se transmitem. Com base na doutrina internacional, sobretudo italiana e portuguesa, pretendemos chegar uma solução que permita boa aplicação do instituto em causa na ordem jurídica santomense, isto é, que permita ao cessionário de um crédito salvaguardar, efetivamente, os seus legítimos interesses.
Keywords: Cession; Cessão; Crédit; Crédito; Garantia bancária autónoma; Garantie bancaire autonome; L’ordre juridique Santoméen; Ordem jurídica santomense

Addressing the legal issues of an innovative start-up company - Samoylov, Vlad (Victoria University of Wellington, 2014)
Before examining the substance of the law it is necessary to discuss the contrast between law and practice. It is important to keep in mind that the letter of the law is sometimes not what is done in practice. This realisation is often referred to as the “law and society perspective.” Advocates of this perspective treat legal doctrine as more than just a closed system because they recognise that there are other external influences at play. Beyond the law, people are also influenced by other factors such as social roles, morals, religion and culture. For example, university researchers have an external incentive mechanism outside of IP law. Such researchers frequently prefer to publish their results and discoveries in academic journals rather than file for patents. A patent cannot be granted where there has been a publication. However the researchers are motivated by other incentives such as access to research funds and the attainment of professorship. The Law and Society perspective highlights the fact that the formal processes, which are provided for by the law are at times substituted by informal customs and understandings. An information technology (IT) firm that contributed to this paper by participating in an interview (Interviewee A), provided a good example of such an occurrence. Rather than use any of the formal IP modes of protection which are discussed in the following sections of this paper, ‘Interviewee A’ uses a very unorthodox strategy to protect their IP. They said: “we rely on employment contracts, code of conduct, and especially personal ethics and behaviour to protect our IP. We therefore have a company culture that encourages teamwork and cooperation”.
Keywords: Intellectual property; Product safety standards

Mediation advocacy - Shaw, Annabel (Victoria University of Wellington, 2014)
Mediation has been a part of New Zealand’s employment statutory framework in one form or another for over a century, and has been the first port of call for employment disputes under the current Employment Relations Act for nearly 15 years.¹ I have been working as a mediator in this context for almost seven years in more than 1,000 mediations. Lawyers are playing a significant part in the field of mediation, with a large number representing clients in this forum on a regular basis. In an evaluation of 100 of my mediations over a ten-month period, 85% of parties were legally represented. This rate is consistent with anecdotal reporting across the employment mediation service. Lawyer representation in mediation is not unique to the employment context. There are various mediation schemes provided for under many New Zealand statutes as well as a wide raft of non-statutory mediation occurring in numerous settings. In my experience as a mediator with human rights and leaky building mediations, as well as working as a lawyer in a large commercial law firm, I am aware lawyers are representing clients in many other areas of mediation as well. Although there is a significant amount of mediation occurring and a large number of lawyers regularly appearing in mediation, my experience is that the majority of lawyers act in mediation as if they were in litigation and take an adversarial approach. My thesis is that lawyers have not adapted effectively to mediation and taken on the role of mediation advocacy. This paper explores the topic by first describing, in Part II, what I observe as lawyers’ adversarial approach in mediation. It then looks at other research to assess whether this experience is reflective of a wider issue. It finds there is evidence to support my observations. Part III analyses why lawyers are operating in an adversarial way in mediation and proposes several reasons this may be the case. Part IV puts forward what I propose is appropriate mediation advocacy. It sets out the knowledge, roles and skills required from lawyers when representing clients in mediation. Part V suggests what might be done to assist a shift away from the common, adversarial approach to effective mediation advocacy. This paper is written within the context of employment mediation in New Zealand. However, it draws on research from different jurisdictions and areas of practice so the conclusions it comes to may have more general application. The topic is not whether lawyers should be in mediation. I am not arguing that lawyers do not have a part to play in mediation. A lawyer well versed in mediation advocacy can play a highly effective part in the process. Leonard Riskin, one of the key authors on the topic of lawyers in mediation, expresses this even more strongly, saying he believes lawyers’ involvement is fundamental to mediation’s success.² Further, this paper is focused on lawyers representing parties in mediation and does not consider lawyers as mediators.
Keywords: Advocacy; Dispute resolution; Employment disputes; Lawyers; Mediation

Conflictos de jurisdicción : juez del concurso vs administración pública - Aguilar Moya, Rocío Isabel (Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2014)
Trabajo de Curso de Experto Universitario en Derecho Concursal (2013). Tutor: Elena Narváez Valdivia. El principio de universalidad ha supuesto la atribución de competencia y jurisdicción al Juez del Concurso de todo aquello que tenga incidencia en el patrimonio del deudor, ello implica que materias que en un principio son competencia de otros órganos administrativos o jurisdiccionales, pasen a formar parte del ámbito de competencia del Juez del Concurso. El presente trabajo tiene como principal finalidad dar a conocer algunos ejemplos de Conflictos de Jurisdicción, señalando que preceptos tanto de la Ley Concursal como de la normativa administrativa, en la mayoria de los casos la Ley General Tributaria, entran en conflicto y cúal es el criterio seguido por el Tribunal de Conflctos de Jurisdiccion. Cabe señalar que algunos de estos casos ya han sido resueltos desde el año 2006, pero que todavía se siguen planteando en la práctica diaria. La investigación de dicha temática parte del concepto general de jurisdicción, del ámbito de jurisdicción y competencia de los Jueces de lo Mercantil; pasando por los mecanismos de resolución de conflictos existentes en nuestro ordenamiento, su tipología, ya sean conflictos de jurisdicción positivos o negativos, procedimiento y órgano competente para su resolución. Finaliza con varios ejemplos de cuestiones prácticas que hacen surgir a día de hoy este tipo de conflictos en los que veremos como en algunos supuestos la normativa administrativa tiene que ceder a los principios rectores del procedimiento concursal, lo que ha supuesto que se haya producido una disminución de ciertos privilegios tradicionales que ostentaba la Administración Pública.

Le contrat de prestations logistiques - Albiol, Morgane (Aix-Marseille Université, 2014)

Le contrôle du respect de la convention du travail maritime en France - Alonso, Loana (Aix-Marseille Université, 2014)

La place du courtage et son incidence sur le marché gabonais de l'assurance - Andeme Owono, Michelle Julie (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)

Analyse de l'audit interne dans une compagnies d'assurance : Cas du GTAC2A-IARDT - Ayitey, Amah Mokpokpo (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)

Le statut d'opérateur économique agréé - Balladur, Clarisse (Aix-Marseille Université, 2014)

La gestion des sinistrés en assurance dommages : Quels leviers d'amélioration de la performance opérationnelle pour une gestion efficiente? - Bassan, Bagnon (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)

La coopération interportuaire sur l'Axe Seine : l'action d'HAROPA - Bessiere, Arnaud (Aix-Marseille Université, 2014)

L’évolution de la responsabilité et de la coresponsabilité du donneur d’ordres : la nécessité du contrôle de la sous-traitance - Boulgarian, Mathilde (Aix-Marseille Université, 2014)

Le développement et les enjeux du transport fluvio-maritime français et européen - Bouvattier, Margaux (Aix-Marseille Université, 2014)

La responsabilité des gestionnaires de ports maritimes à l'égard des propriétaires et exploitants de navires - Boyer, Gabrielle (Aix-Marseille Université, 2014)

Incidences de l'augmentation du SMIG en Côte D'Ivoire et des modifications du code CIMA relatives à l'indemnisation des victimes des accidents de la circulation sur une compagnies d'assurances : Cas de SAHAM assurance - Chigata, Abdoul Karim Coulibaly (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)

La contribution de la vente de proximité au développement de l'assurance vie : Cas de la SONAR-vie - Dahani, Zéid (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)

Les leviers fiscaux à la disposition des transporteurs maritimes français de marchandises - Dauphin, Ogier (Aix-Marseille Université, 2014)

Les normes prudentielles d'une compagnie d'assurances : Cas du marché malien - Denon, Modibo (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)

La bancassurance, un relais de croissance dans la zone CIMA : Cas de Saham assurance Togo - Djigbodi, Akata Koffi (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)

La nécessité du contrôle de gestion dans une société d'assurance : Cas de la générale des assurances assurances du Bénin-GAB-SA. - Djivo, Seddo Jean Daniel (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)

L'importance des Etats statistique dans la gestion rationnelle d'une compagnie d'assurance non vie en zone CIMA - Ehoussou, Narcisse (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)

L'article 13 et la branche transport maritime de marchandises dans l'espace CIMA : Cas du Sénégal - Gueye, Mor (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)

Les enjeux d'une couverture universelle santé pour l'assurance maladie : cas du Niger - Idrissa Amadou, Hama (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)

Sanitary and phytosanitary measures in the SADC region : a South African legal perspective - Joubert, Biandri (North-West University, 2014)
Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures are measures aimed at the protection of human, animal and plant life and health within specified territories from the risks associated with the introduction and spread of pests and diseases through trade. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) developed an agreement on the application of SPS measures. South Africa is a member of both the WTO and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). In SADC, SPS measures are provided for in the SADC Sanitary and Phytosanitary Annexure to the Protocol on Trade of 1996. International Standard Setting Bodies (ISSBs) facilitate the effective application of the main elements of the relevant SPS agreements, especially harmonization and equivalence by establishing scientifically justified standards on which members may base their SPS measures. The relevant ISSB’s in terms of SPS measures are the OIE, IPPC and Codex Alimentarius. SPS measures have the potential to become or be used as non-tariff barriers to trade (NTBs). The SADC Protocol on Trade 1996 stipulates that policies and measures are to be implemented by members to eliminate existing forms of NTBs. Additionally members may not enforce new NTBs affecting or related to intra-SADC trade. The most relevant South African legislation in the context of SPS measures and this study is as follows: Agricultural Pests Act 36 of 1983, the Agricultural Products Act 119 of 1990; the Fertilizers, Farm Feeds, Agricultural Remedies and Stock Remedies Act 36 of 1947, the Liquor Products Act 60 of 1989, Meat Safety Act 40 of 2000, Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act 54 of 1972, Medicines and Related Substances Act 101 of 1965 and National Regulator for Compulsory Specifications Act 5 of 2008. The purpose of this study is to establish to what extent the South African legal framework complies with its obligations in terms of the SADC SPS Annexure to the Protocol on Trade.
Keywords: ISSB; NTB; SADC; SPS; Sanitary and phytosanitary measures; South Africa; WTO

Stratégie pour l'amélioration de la souscription des contrats multirisque habitation dans une compagnie d'assurance : Le cas SAHAM assurance Côte d'Ivoire - Kakou Kamenan, Antoine (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)

L'arbitrage maritime : une étude comparative entre Londres et Paris - Khaldi, Jihane (Aix-Marseille Université, 2014)
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitration

L'affrètement coque nue du navire et la location d'aéronef - Leroux, Matthieu (Aix-Marseille Université, 2014)

La responsabilité du transporteur maritime international de marchandise en droit chinois - Liu, Chang (Aix-Marseille Université, 2014)

Les Energies Marines Renouvelables - Louis Torres, Florian (Aix-Marseille Université, 2014)

Amélioration d'un programme de réassurance des compagnies d'assurances de la CIMA : Cas de NSIA Congo - M' Banga, Pierre Jean Blarde (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)

Les navires abandonnés dans les ports et les voies de recours de l'autorité portuaire - Martin, Camille (Aix-Marseille Université, 2014)

L'obligation d'assurances construction en république du Congo : Bilan et perspectives - Mayina Nkuikidi, Simon (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)

Le Registre International Français - Meffre, Paul (Aix-Marseille Université, 2014)

La garde privée sur les navires de commerce - Meggiolaro, Léa (Aix-Marseille Université, 2014)

A critical assessment of the impact of SPS measures on market access for developing countries : case study of South Africa and Kenya - Mupure, Ngonidzashe L. A. (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2014)
Abstract not available.
Keywords: Developing countries; Economic conditions; Economic development; International Trade; Kenya; Phytosanitation; South Africa

Développement stratégique et opérationnel de la bancassurance en zone CIMA : Cas d'atlantique assurance IARD et d'atlantique assurance vie - N'golo, Sanogo (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)

La nécessité du contrôle du fond de roulement au sein d'une société d'assurance : Le cas de NSIA Gabon - Ndong Bekale Ella, Paul Wilfried (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)

La problématique des appels d'offres d'assurance au Cameroun - Nguemdjop Tchienang, Casimir Raul (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)

A critical discussion on foreign direct investment in the multilateral trade system and development in SADC - Nhlakanipho, Macmillan Zikalala (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2014)
Development is understood to be an economic process that aims at a constant improvement of the well-being of all individuals who have the right to participate and benefits from the fruits of development. Development is also a right that requires a progressive realisation by governments, international communities and private sectors to the satisfaction of all individuals. A progressive realisation of this right requires a vibrant economy, which can be acquired through International trade and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). It is in this context that this thesis has attempted to discuss the influence of FDI and International trade on development. The discussion was initiated by focusing on the history of the multilateral trade system (MTS) by looking at various Ministerial rounds of both the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organisation (WTO). In this discussion the thesis found that, whilst there are various multilateral political frameworks regulating trade, FDI is subject to regional and domestic political frameworks. The thesis also discussed development in relation to the millennium development goals (MGDs). It was established the goal eight of the MDGs requires the integration of poor countries into the MTS so that they can be able to exploit their comparative advantage. This goal influenced the launching of the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) at the Doha round in 2001. However, the thesis also established that conclusion of the DDA has been progressing at a slow pace. Therefore it has not yielded substantial results for poor countries. The failure to conclude the DDA has led to an increase of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), which some scholars view as a supplement of multilateral trade integration. However, the SADC region has not been able to conclude their integration objectives due to the fact that many member states belong to other RTAs. In the case of FDI the thesis established that FDI is accompanied by a wide range of resources for host countries, which can be utilised for enhancing development. However, it was also established that the SADC has not been able to attract lucrative FDI due to a wide range of factors that impede FDI. On this finding, a case study was employed on four countries in the region, namely Angola, Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe.
Keywords: Economic Policy; FDI; Foreign direct investment; International Trade; International economic relations; Investments

L'impact de la qualité de gestion des sinitrés sur la performance d'une compagnie d'assurance : Le cas du dossier transport - Niane, Mamadou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)

La gestion des risques climatiques : Un marché pour l'assurance? - Nonfodji, Evariste Mamert B. (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)

Nécessite et mise en place d'un système de contrôle de gestion dans une compagnie d'assurance : cas d' UA-Vie Cote d'ivoire - Odje, Koffi martial (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)

L'Assurance de responsabilité civile du transporteur de marchandises - Ombolo Menoga (Ombolo Menoga, 2014)

Les obligations des transporteurs ferroviaire et routier à l'épreuve des reglements passagers - Paresys-Barbier, Mathilde (Aix-Marseille Université, 2014)

Mediación mercantil. Mediación mercantil empresarial - Rojas Roldán, María de la Encarnación (Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2014)
Trabajo de Curso de Experto Universitario en Mediación Civil, Familiar, Mercantil y Organizaciones Complejas (2013). Tutora: María Sonia González Ortega. El objetivo del presente trabajo es abordar la Mediación en el seno de las organizaciones, teniendo en cuenta que estas constituyen sistemas de interrelación entre personas, donde confluyen numerosos intereses. Se trata por tanto, de abordar la resolución de los problemas no solo existentes sino de los emergentes, aportando herramientas eficaces en el desarrollo de la actividad empresarial, que permitan gestionar y modular los conflictos, de forma que los mismos, se transformen en oportunidades de mejora y de crecimiento empresarial.
Keywords: Mediación; Mediation; Médiation

Les innovations en assurance vie : Une nécessité au regard des contraintes techniques et commerciales du marché burkinabe - Saba, Amadou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)

Le règlement Bruxelles I et le problème de la compétence juridictionnelle en droit du transport maritime - Shirvanzada, Lamiya (Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille 3, 2014)
Le droit communautaire est un droit en évolution intensive. Les règles de compétence, d’exécution et de reconnaissance en sont une parfaite illustration dans le cadre du Règlement Bruxelles I qui est refondu dans un nouveau Règlement. Cette recherche dispose d’une importance quant à l’analyse des questions procédurales soulevées dans le domaine du transport maritime. En effet, les règles de compétence énoncées par lesdits textes, au cas où ils sont applicables, touchent des spécificités propres au transport maritime à savoir la fréquence des clauses attributives figurant dans les connaissements et le caractère tripartite du contrat de transport maritime. De plus, les règles au service de la coopération judiciaire, telles que la litispendance et la connexité, sont utiles pour pallier, dans une certaine mesure, des controverses pouvant découler de ces mêmes règles communautaires. En tout état de cause, le transport maritime marque sa spécificité quant à l’opposabilité de ces clauses envers les différents acteurs de l’opération de transport.
Keywords: Anti-suit injunction; Clauses attributives de juridiction et validité; Connexité; Litispendance; Opposabilité des clauses attributives de juridiction; Règlement Bruxelles I (refondu); Règles de compétence

Le développement et la gestion de l'assurance transports/ facultés au Cameroun - Sibe Bessong, Jérôme Daniel (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)

Copyright and developing countries a critical examination of recent developments in copyright law with particular reference to the impact on developing countries and access to educational materials - Siphepho, Nomvuyo Nicole (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2014)
Abstract not available.
Keywords: Copying processes; Copyright; Developing countries; Instructional materials industry

La nécessité de contrôle de gestion dans une société d'assurance non vie : : cas de la société nigérienne d'assurances et de réassurances (SNAR LEYMA) - Souley, Soumeye abdourahame (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)

L'expert en marchandise transportée par voies terrestres - Taffe, Marie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2014)

Les appels d'offres d'assurance au Cameroun - Tchienang, Casimir Raul Nguemdjop (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)

La gestion des sinistrés; outil de performance et de rentabilité d'une compagnie d'assurance IARDT : Cas de AMSA assurances Sénégal - Thiam, Alia (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)

L'organisation internationale du transport maritime de lignes régulières - Tourneur, Margaux (Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille 3, 2014)

Les dommages causés par les coI - Veidig Favarel, Marie (Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille 3, 2014)

La présomption de responsabilité du titulaire du certificat d'immatriculation - Viaux, Poehere (Aix-Marseille Université, 2014)

Le rating des sociétés d'assurance - Wabo Kamgaing, Pascal (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)

La loi applicable à l'action des tiers au contrat de transport et autres intervenants de l'expédition maritime - Zerrouki, Michael (Aix-Marseille Université, 2014)
Keywords: Abordage; Action directe (délit); Conflict of laws; Conflit de lois; Contrat d'assurance; Contrat de commission de transport; Contrat de manutention; Contrat d’affrètement; Contrat d’engagement maritime; Tiers au contrat de transport

Corporate governance in Kenya's state corporations: A critique on the appointment and dismissal of directors of boards of state corporations - Kamau, A. G. N. (University of Nairobi, 2013)
This study interrogates corporate governance practices within Kenya’s State Corporations with particular reference to the appointment and dismissal of directors of the Boards of these corporations. It recognizes that these directors are the anchors for the implementation of corporate governance practices in these corporations. The appointment and dismissal of these directors have been based on, inter alia, political considerations kinship, patronage, ethnicity and other non objective criteria other than merit. This has often impacted negatively on the performance of these corporations. This study traces the evolution of corporate governance generally, documents it’s historical development in Kenya and examines the current practices on the appointment and dismissal of directors of boards of state corporations. The data collected targeted a majority of State Corporations which demonstrates that past criteria for Directors recruitment and their dismissal was based on non objective criteria. The study is instructive on the fact that though best practice and corporate governance principles have not been fully embraced in the appointment and dismissal of Directors of Boards of State Corporations there is a positive move towards the adoption of these principles in such appointments and dismissals. The impetus for this was the promulgation of the Kenya constitution 2010 which is itself a good corporate governance document.

Da admissibilidade do direito de retenção no contrato de empreitada de construção imobiliária - Correia, Armando Francisco Gonçalves (Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 2013)
Keywords: Construction immobilière; Contrat; Droit de rétention; Immeuble (construction)

Business income and passive income in the UN model double taxation convention - Mascia, Susanna (LUISS Guido Carli, 2013)
The historical evolution of the UN model convention. The UN model convention’s subjective and objective scope. The determination of active income: current points of difference between the UN and OECD models. The determination of passive income: differences and similarities between the UN and the OECD model conventions. Transfer pricing.

"Arbitrato e Fallimento" - Anzilotti, Ilaria (Università di Pisa, 2013)
Grazie alla novella del 2006 è stato riformulato anche l’art. 25 n. 7 in relazione al potere di nomina degli arbitri attribuito al giudice delegato su proposta del curatore, l’art. Opposizioni allo stato passivo La riforma del 2006 ha profondamente inciso sulle impugnazioni allo stato passivo. La soluzione è stata poi abbandonata in virtù del mancato rispetto del principio del contraddittorio. Prima della riforma del 2006 era previsto solo il reclamo contro gli atti del curatore. Alla luce della riforma del 2006 questa tesi è però da respingere. La prima ipotesi concerne l’opponibilità alla procedura del lodo emesso in data anteriore alla sentenza dichiarativa di fallimento.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitrato; Fallimento

Unlocking Africa's poverty trap : holistic approach to BOP investment in agribusiness - Suzuki, Elli (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013)
This paper identifies subsistence farming as a significant opportunity for poverty reduction and economic development in sub-Saharan Africa. By taking a holistic, standardized, and bundled approach, this paper proposes an innovative business model that enables small-holder farmers to access affordable extension services, technical assistance and financial scheme, thereby improving their overall productivity level.

La formation des marins pour la sécurité maritime - Butaeye, Etienne (Aix-Marseille Université, 2013)

Les clauses de hardship dans les contrats maritimes - Carneiro, Laure (Aix-Marseille Université, 2013)

Les convois exceptionnels ITER - Drai, Laura (Aix-Marseille Université, 2013)

Lettre de garantie au déchargement : La pratique de la livraison sans connaissement - Palliatif autonome ou Substitut ? - Faali, Réza (Aix-Marseille Université, 2013)

Le beneficial owner et la saisie d'un navire autre que celui auquel la créance se rapporte - Farnier, Marion (Aix-Marseille Université, 2013)

Enjeux et difficultés de la navigation en Arctique et du développement des nouvelles voies maritimes : Le passage du Nord-Ouest et la route maritime du Nord - Graffin, Benoit (Aix-Marseille Université, 2013)

Le retard à la livraison dans le contrat de transport de marchandises par mer - Gwizdowski, Alexandra (Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille 3, 2013)

A Comparative study of some issues relating to Corporate Insolvency Law in Nigeria and South Africa - Habi, Halita Mafo (University of Pretoria, 2013)
No abstract available

La gestion portuaire à Djibouti - Hassan Hoche, Guedi (Aix-Marseille Université, 2013)

La réforme du droit des transports maritimes en Allemagne - Le Feuvre, Nolwenn (Aix-Marseille Université, 2013)

L'ordonnance du 2 novembre 2012 portant réforme pénale en matière maritime - Martin, Karine (Aix-Marseille Université, 2013)

L'application des clauses du connaissement en Thaïlande - Sriphongkul, Nattika (Aix-Marseille Université, 2013)

Users' entitlements under the fair dealing exceptions to copyright - Shay, Richard Michael (Stellenbosch University, 2012)
This thesis analyses current South African copyright law to ascertain the proper interpretation and application of the fair dealing provisions contained in the Copyright Act 98 of 1978. Copyright law ensures that authors’ works are not used without their consent, which they can grant subject to compensation or conditions attached to the use. Fair dealing exceptions allow the general public to use copyright works for certain purposes without the copyright owner’s consent and without paying compensation. These provisions are intended to balance copyright owners’ interests with the interest that members of the public have in using copyright works for socially beneficial purposes. These provisions typically allow the use of a copyright work for the purposes of research or private study, personal or private use, criticism and review, and news reporting. Unfortunately there is no South African case law concerning the fair dealing provisions, and the application of these exceptions remains unclear. This study aims to clarify the extent of application of the fair dealing exceptions to copyright infringement so that courts may be more willing to consider foreign and international law and in doing so develop South African intellectual property law. The social and economic policy considerations underlying the fair dealing exceptions are considered to determine their function. International conventions relating to copyright and neighbouring rights are examined, specifically the provisions allowing exceptions to copyright. The legislation and case law of Australia and the United Kingdom are analysed to determine the proper interpretation and application of these statutory defences. This knowledge is then used to inform South African law. The Copyright Act 98 of 1978 does not contain a fair dealing exception for parody and satire. Australian legislation does contain such an exception, and it is analysed in that context. An exception for parody is proposed for South African law, and the need for and application of this provision is considered. The constitutionality of the proposed exception is evaluated in terms of its impact on the constitutional property rights of copyright owners.
Keywords: Australia; Copyright law; Fair dealing; Fair use; Great Britain; Intellectual property; South Africa; Trademarks

A Cooperação sul-sul como instrumento para o desenvolvimento: perspectivas para a República da Guiné-Bissau - Silva, Julinho Braz da (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2012)
O presente trabalho de pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar a origem e os fundamentos da Cooperação Internacional para o Desenvolvimento (CID), com ênfase na Cooperação Sul-Sul (CSS), no sentido de que esta possa atuar como instrumento potencializador do desenvolvimento nacional da República da Guiné-Bissau. Para tanto, o trabalho se estrutura em três capítulos onde se analisa interdisciplinarmente os fundamentos da CID e da CSS. Neste sentido, igualmente analisa o funcionamento da CID na República da Guiné-Bissau e indica uma proposta para o desenvolvimento da República da Guiné-Bissau a partir do Documento Estratégico Nacional para a Redução da Pobreza, do fortalecimento das instituições, das capacidades, da participação do setor privado e das oportunidades de uma parceria estratégica com a República Federativa do Brasil.
Keywords: Agências Governamentais; Cooperação Internacional; Cooperação Sul-Sul; Desenvolvimento; Relações Internacionais

The Influence of ICC Arbitral Decisions on Canadian Law: Comparative Study between Civil Law and Common Law Jurisdictions - Hedaraly, Saleha (Université de Montréal, 2012)
L’objectif de cette recherche est de démontrer que les décisions arbitrales de la Chambre de commerce internationale peuvent être considérées comme une source potentielle de droit au Canada. Il existe actuellement une incertitude quant au droit matériel utilisé en arbitrage international pour résoudre les différends commerciaux. Bien que l’utilisation de la lex mercatoria pour résoudre un litige soit une option, elle se heurte à de nombreuses incertitudes terminologiques et conceptuelles. L’utilisation d’une approche méthodologique de la lex mercatoria permettrait une classification de ses sources en deux branches: (1) le droit statutaire international et (2) le stare decisis des tribunaux d’arbitrage commercial international. Une telle approche méthodologique conférerait plus de certitude quant à l’application d’un droit uniforme. De plus, elle faciliterait l’étude de l’interlégalité entre les règles de la lex mercatoria et le droit matériel interne. Plus particulièrement, elle permet de comparer les similitudes et les différences des règles du droit matériel entre les décisions arbitrales internationales, le droit statutaire international et les juridictions canadiennes de common law et de droit civil. Cette comparaison rend possible une évaluation de l’influence potentielle des décisions arbitrales de la Chambre de commerce internationale sur le droit matériel canadien et si cette influence est plus importante en droit civil ou en common law. This paper’s objective is to demonstrate that the International Chamber of Commerce’s arbitral awards may be considered as a potential source of law in Canada. There currently exists an uncertainty as to the substantive law used in international commercial arbitration. While the use of lex mercatoria to solve commercial disputes is often referred to, several terminological and conceptual uncertainties undermine its credibility. The use of a methodological approach to lex mercatoria allows for a twofold classification of its sources through: (1) international legislation and (2) stare decisis from international arbitral tribunals. This methodological approach provides a greater certainty for the application of a uniform law which, in turn, allows for the study of interlegality between rules of lex mercatoria and substantive domestic law. Furthermore, this methodological approach facilitates the demonstration of the similarities and differences between international arbitral decisions, international legislation as well as Canadian common law and civil law jurisdictions. This comparative analysis will allow the study of the potential influence of the arbitral decisions of the International Chamber of Commerce on substantive Canadian law and whether this influence is more important in civil law or common law.
https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1866/12719/Hedaraly_Saleha_2012_memoire.pdf
Keywords: Approche méthodologique; Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitral decisions; Arbitration; CCI; Civil law; Common law; Droit civil; Droit commercial transnational; Décisions arbitrales; ICC; Interlegality; Interlégalité; Lex mercatoria; Methodological approach; Sentences arbitrales; Transnational commercial law

A influência do direito da concorrência na proteção internacional dos direitos de propriedade intelectual: especial referência aos artigos 8.2 e 40 do acordo TRIPS - Padilha, Alexandre Garcia (Universidade de São Paulo, 2012)
A dissertação propõe-se a investigar os dispositivos do Acordo Sobre os Aspectos dos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual Relacionados com o Comércio Acordo TRIPS que se relacionam com o direito da concorrência, especialmente com relação a seus artigos 8.2 e 40, bem como analisar acerca da interface entre o direito de propriedade intelectual e o direito da concorrência. Os abusos dos direitos de propriedade intelectual e as práticas que limitam de maneira injustificável o comércio ou que afetam adversamente a transferência internacional de tecnologia são práticas e condutas relacionadas aos direitos de propriedade intelectual que estão indicadas no artigo 8.2 do Acordo TRIPS e são passíveis de ser objeto de análise do ponto de vista concorrencial, à medida que restringem a concorrência e a livre iniciativa e, consequentemente, podem ser necessárias medidas apropriadas para sua prevenção pelos membros da OMC, sobretudo aquelas determinadas pelo direito da concorrência. De forma a complementar o princípio previsto no artigo 8.2 do Acordo TRIPS, entre essas práticas e condutas, o artigo 40.1 do Acordo TRIPS expressamente menciona aquelas de licenciamento relativas aos direitos de propriedade intelectual que restringem a concorrência e que podem afetar adversamente o comércio e impedir a transferência e disseminação de tecnologia, sendo permitido ao país membro da Organização Mundial do Comércio OMC (art. 40.2 do Acordo TRIPS) especificar em sua legislação condições ou práticas de licenciamento que possam, em determinados casos, constituir um abuso dos direitos de propriedade intelectual que tenham efeitos adversos sobre a concorrência no mercado relevante, podendo adotar, de forma compatível com outras disposições do Acordo TRIPS, medidas apropriadas para evitar ou controlar tais práticas, que podem incluir, por exemplo, condições de licença exclusiva, condições que impeçam impugnações da validade e pacotes de licenças coercitivas. No primeiro capítulo, pretende-se expor breves comentários ao direito da propriedade intelectual, necessários à avaliação de sua interface com o direito da concorrência, diferenciando-se os principais conceitos e terminologias utilizados no direito da propriedade intelectual. Uma apresentação da forma pela qual o direito da propriedade intelectual e seus respectivos institutos, quais sejam, as invenções, modelos de utilidade, desenhos industriais, marcas, indicações geográficas, direitos autorais e direitos sui generis, tais como cultivares e topografia dos circuitos integrados, podem por esse direito ser protegidos. No segundo capítulo, propõe-se a analisar a interface entre o direito da propriedade intelectual e o direito concorrencial, com a pretensão de esclarecer de que forma algumas teorias econômicas relacionam-se com o direito da propriedade intelectual, buscando estudar a maneira que algumas práticas e condutas envolvendo o direito da propriedade intelectual podem afetar o direito da concorrência, isto é, de que forma essas práticas e condutas podem restringir a concorrência, seja por via de concentração, seja por via de cooperação econômica ou por via de condutas anticoncorrenciais. O estudo concorrencial das práticas e condutas envolvendo o direito da propriedade intelectual, por sua vez, restringe-se a identificar exemplos reunidos durante esta pesquisa de condutas que, per se ou pela regra da razão, afetam de forma direta ou indireta a concorrência e a livre iniciativa, com ênfase às experiências norte-americanas e europeias, tendo em vista o maior avanço do tema nesses sistemas e da sua influência no direito brasileiro. No terceiro e quarto capítulos, há a intenção de verificar de que forma o direito da concorrência se relaciona com a proteção internacional da propriedade intelectual. A forma de tratamento do direito da concorrência no Acordo TRIPS a partir das análises realizadas nos capítulos iniciais será estudada e analisada, expondo sua aplicabilidade e a forma pela qual pode ser interpretada, buscando identificar uma melhor maneira de utilizá-la, especialmente pelos países em desenvolvimento entre os quais, insere-se o Brasil , que por ventura se depararem com condutas ou práticas anticoncorrenciais envolvendo direitos da propriedade intelectual. No Brasil, tanto a Lei de Propriedade Intelectual como a Lei Antitruste preveem sanção para o abuso de poder econômico realizado por meio do uso de direitos de propriedade intelectual; entretanto, o desenvolvimento do tema ainda não é expressivo na doutrina brasileira com poucos estudos dedicados ao tema e praticamente inexistente no judiciário e autoridades responsáveis pela defesa da concorrência, o que torna de extrema utilidade o aprofundamento proposto.
Keywords: Competencia; Competition law; Concentração econômica; Concurrence (droit); Direito internacional; Droit international; Intellectual property; Propriedade intelectual; Propriété intellectuelle; TRIPs

Responsabilité en droit d’auteur des intermédiaires : de l'hébergeur aux plateformes interactives - Charlet, François (Université de Lausanne, 2012)
Keywords: Droit d'auteur; Droit d'auteur et informatique; Hébergeur (responsabilité); Intellectual property; Plateforme numérique (responsabilité); Propriété intellectuelle

Le cadre juridique des investissements miniers et pétroliers chinois en Afrique : instruments pour une lex mercatoria sino-africaine - Youmbi Fasseu, Frédérique (Université de Montréal, 2012)
L’intérêt principal de l’analyse du cadre des investissements miniers et pétroliers chinois en Afrique est la détermination du chantier juridique résultant de la cohabitation de deux cultures juridiques en vue de l’émergence d’une lex mercatoria dans les investissements sino-africains. Elle comprend deux parties principales. D’abord, l’étude se penche sur l’origine des fonds chinois investis sur le continent africain qui sont les fonds souverains. La problématique des fonds souverains est celle de savoir s’il s’agit d’instruments politiques ou financiers. Néanmoins, cette inquiétude ne freine pas la force opérationnelle grandissante des fonds souverains chinois sur le continent africain. Rentrant dans l’encadrement et le contenu du contrat proprement dit, l’analyse des figures contractuelles usitées dans l’industrie pétrolière et minière sino-africaine séparément dans les contextes chinois et africains révèle l’inadéquation des contrats et de la législation africaine aux besoins économiques et technologiques du continent. En outre, l’examen particulier des clauses de choix de la loi applicable et de règlement des différends dans les contextes chinois et africain permet de soulever quelques options possibles pour le contexte sino-africain. Ensuite, l’analyse se penche sur les mécanismes mis en place pour favoriser les investissements chinois miniers et pétroliers sur le continent africain avant de relever les conséquences dans les domaines sociaux et environnementaux desdits investissements. Il ressort donc que des avantages fiscaux et douaniers sont mis en place en faveur des investissements chinois en Afrique ainsi que des traités bilatéraux signés entre la Chine et de nombreux pays africains. Cependant, sur le plan social, l’on s’interroge sur la place accordée à la lutte contre la corruption et la promotion de la transparence dans l’industrie extractive africaine avec ses relations avec la Chine. L’on constate également que l’absence de transfert de technologie influe négativement sur le développement économique et technologique, la concurrence et l’emploi local du pays hôte. De même, la protection de l’environnement dans le contexte sino-africain semble être reléguée au dernier plan. L’environnement africain court donc le risque de connaître une crise comme celle de la chine causée par l’industrialisation du pays. La société civile nous apparaît donc au regard de ces effets peu glorieux des investissements chinois en Afrique dans les domaines miniers et pétroliers comme une troisième partie de cette relation qui devra être la médiatrice ou régulatrice entre les deux autres. The main objective of this analysis is to determine the juridical patterns of the Chinese and African legal cultures cohabitations, in order to pursue a Chinese-African lex mercatoria. The survey of Chinese mines and oil investments in Africa will be done in two principal parts. First, the study goes over the origin of the Chinese funds invested in Africa. Sovereign wealth funds in general causes questioning concerning their real purpose: are they financial or political instruments? Nevertheless, it is still obvious that this questioning does not stop Chinese sovereign wealth funds to continue to expand all over Africa. Also, going into the contracts and the legislation itself, the analysis of the contractual figures used in the mining and oil extractive industry individually in the Chinese and African context reveals the African contracts and legislation is not adequate to the continent’s economical and technological needs. Continuing into the particular analysis of the applicable law and the arbitration clauses in the Chinese and African context individually, it was possible to outpoint some options to the Chinese-African context. Secondly, the survey points out the mechanisms enabling Chinese investment into Africa and the consequences of these investments in the economical, social and environmental context. It was then pointed out that fiscal and customs mechanisms and also bilateral investment treaties signed in between China and numerous African countries favors Chinese investments in Africa. Still, the main social impact reveals some interrogations concerning the fight against corruption and promotion of transparency in Africa. Is the Chinese partnership considerate of this aspect? Moreover, the lack of technology transfer gets to negatively influence local competition and employment as well as economical and technological development. Also, environmental protection in the Chinese-African context seems to me sent far behind. Therefore, the African environment risks to face an environmental crisis just like China did because of the country’s industrialization. Civil society here, considering these less attractive impacts of Chinese investment in oil and mining sectors in Africa, appears to be a very useful third party with the role of mediation and regulation between the two others.
Keywords: China-Africa; Chine-Afrique; Fonds souverains; Investissements; Investments; Joint-venture; Lex mercatoria; Sovereign wealth fund

la reforme de l'article 13 du code CIMA : Une aubaine pour le marché camerounais des assurances? - Anoukaha Kwemene, Danièle (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

L'application de l'article13 nouveau et la couverture des engagements réglementés : Cas du marché Burkinabe - Aoufouli, Banabam (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

A regulatory framework for the trans–boundary transportation of dangerous goods in Southern Africa : an environmental perspective - Ashukem, Jean-Claude Nkwanyuo (North-West University, 2012)
The goal of this dissertation is to analyse the extent to which the South African legal framework governing the trans-boundary transportation of dangerous goods, provides for the regulation of environmental aspects in terms of dangerous goods transportation. The dissertation examines the role of regional and sub-regional laws in this regard in an effort to ascertain whether there is sufficient legal certainty and harmonisation of laws for environmental regulation. No specific law currently exists in South Africa regarding the regulation of dangerous goods transportation, rather the regulation of dangerous goods is effected by a multiplicity of laws. This state of affairs illustrates the difficulty that exists and may be associated with the enforcement of the regulation of dangerous goods transportation. Despite this, the multiple laws vividly elucidate the fact that there is a considerable degree of environmental protection vis-a-vis dangerous goods transportation premised on the fact that all environmental impacts could never be avoided or eliminated, but can be reduced to an extent.

L'impact de la piraterie internationale sur le transport maritime - Aubert, Orianne (Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille 3, 2012)

Les NVOCC - Azzi, Philippe (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

Responsabilité et indemnisation des dommages de pollution par hydrocarbures : étude comparative entre le régime de l'Organisation Maritime Internationale et le régime américain - Bayetti, Chloé (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

Les enjeux de la couverture des risques agricoles dans l'espace CIMA : Cas de la RCA - Beanam, Marien Jackson (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Le tribunal maritime commercial - Beilleau, Thomas (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

Responsabilidad de los administradores por pérdidas - Bernabéu Escalera, Francisco Javier (Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2012)
Trabajo fin Curso de Experto. Tutor: Salvador González Martín. El incumplimiento del deber de instar la disolución cuando se incurran en las causas para ello según la normativa mercantil vigente, y en concreto, cuando las pérdidas dejen reducido el patrimonio neto por debajo del capital social (artículo 363.1.d LSC), es sancionado por la jurisprudencia con la responsabilidad solidaria de los administradores que, debiendo convocar la celebración de la Junta General que acuerde la disolución o habiendo sido el acuerdo contrario a la misma, no lo haga o no inste la disolución judicial de la sociedad desde el momento en que se tiene conocimiento o debió conocerse la situación de disolución. Se trata de una responsabilidad ex lege y cuasi-objetiva que no exige de otro incumplimiento que la inactividad en la convocatoria de la Junta general. En los siguientes apartados se realiza un breve estudio sobre las obligaciones de los administradores, asociadas a su deber de diligencia e información, y la relación existente entre el incumplimiento de dichas obligaciones y la responsabilidad solidaria de éstos por las deudas generadas con posterioridad a la situación de disolución.Finalmente, se incorpora una propuesta de análisis preliminar y periódico de la situación de la sociedad que el administrador debe realizar y un planteamiento práctico de la intervención del perito contable en la acreditación de la situación de desequilibrio patrimonial.

L'autorité de régulation des activités ferroviaires - Bernt, Pierre (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

Hydrobases et hydravions : Comparaison entre la France et le Canada - Bourliere, Sophie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

Le pilotage maritime et portuaire en Allemagne : un des piliers de la sécurité maritime - Brunet, Hugues (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

La gestion des déchets des navires - Chamallard, Louise (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

Les systèmes de transports intelligents - Claver, Valérie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

L'avènement de la microassurance dans la zone CIMA : Cas du Mali - Diallo, Adama (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

La prévention et la gestion des risques industriels : Cas d' AXA Sénégal - Diongue Massamba Moustapha, Sérigne (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Analyse de la gestion technique et financière des compagnies d'assurances non -vie : Cas de CHANAS assurances S.A - Djalieu Nitcheu, Rouvel Justin (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

L'assurance maladie universelle face à la problématique de la gestion du risque maladie en zone CIMA : Cas du Bénin - Dossoumou, Paulin Chabi (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

L'assurance crédit-caution : Outil de compétitivité et de promotion des petites et moyennes entreprises - Faye, Alioune Diop (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Le transport d'œuvres d'art - Forzy, Albane (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

La protection des navires marchands face aux actes de piraterie maritime - Gallais, Olivier (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

Le mémorandum de Paris : quel usage de la réglementation - Gouesigoux, Elisa (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

Les sanctions internationales et le commerce maritime - Gueit, Marie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

Par conditio creditorum vs privilegium - Jiménez Mañas, Dionisio Bernardo (Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2012)
Trabajo fin Curso de Experto. Tutora: María Belén González Fernández. Este trabajo plantea la necesidad de que la Ley 22/2003, Concursal, incluya en el privilegio general de su artículo 91 los créditos reconocidos en resolución judicial firme y en el privilegio especial del artículo 90, al embargo anotado en un registro público. Nuestra legislación civil y la doctrina del Tribunal Supremo han construido un sólido edificio jurídico, protector del crédito y de la afección real, franqueable solo a través de la tercería y a salvo de la preferencia temporal, que la Ley Concursal ha venido a derruir, negando la tutela que por su naturaleza corresponde al crédito reconocido en una resolución judicial, y al embargo anotado en el registro en su ejecución. En consecuencia los jueces mercantiles, presionados además por la enorme afluencia de procesos concursales y la necesidad de allegar recursos, han cancelado las cargas anteriores y reintegrado los bienes a la masa activa en perjuicio del titular de la afección. Desde un punto de vista material, la situación creada atenta contra los derechos a la seguridad jurídica y a la tutela judicial efectiva recogidos en los artículos 9.3, 24.1 y 118 de la Constitución, y vacía de contenido los institutos de la afección y la firmeza. El Legislativo contribuyó al caos incumpliendo el mandato de la Disposición Final Trigésimo Tercera de la Ley Concursal, de tramitar con carácter urgente la Ley sobre Concurrencia y Prelación de Créditos, dejando sin resolver la falta de concordancia entre la Ley Concursal y su marco Civil. La reforma operada por la Ley 38/2011 no ha hecho más que agravar la situación, pues la nueva redacción del artículo 55.3 permite la cancelación de cargas anteriores en cualquier momento del proceso, en perjuicio del acreedor y a mayor gloria de la Administración, cuyas cargas no pueden cancelarse y del concursado, que siendo el principal responsable de la insolvencia, ve más cercano el convenio y más lejana la exigencia de las responsabilidades derivadas de una calificación culpable del concurso.

Processus de formation des résultats et couverture des engagements règlementés d'une compagnie IARDT : Cas de colina Sénégal - Khol, Abdel Kader (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Mise en place d'une politique efficace de surveillance du portefeuille : Le cas de COLINA Côte d'ivoire - Kohou, Guéablé Fabrice Hermann (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Combating insider trading in Kenya's capital markets: challenges and opportunities for reform - Kotonya, Anne (University of Nairobi, 2012)
The capital markets are expected to play a pivotal role in the attainment of Kenya's development blueprint 'vision 2030.' It is, therefore, essential that obstacles to the attainment of a fair and efficient market are examined and rooted out. This study investigates the limitations of the Capital Markets Act in combating insider trading. It also examines whether reforms would promote a fair and efficient capital market. The study makes use of existing literature as well as decided cases to investigate the inadequacies in the formulation of and provisions for inside information, material pricesensitive information, publication of information, possession of information and disclosure of information in the Capital Markets Act. This literature draws out key learnings from other jurisdictions and analyses how legislation in developed economies treats challenges to the enforcement of insider trading laws. The doctrinal analysis is triangulated with results of a survey of practical experiences of legal practitioners in applying the Capital Markets Act. The findings affirm the existence of conceptual difficulties in determining the elements of the crime of insider trading. As a consequence, it is concluded that the present formulation of insider trading law is inadequate. The study, therefore, makes suggestions for reforms to the provisions on insider trading in the Capital Markets Act.

Le contrôle des intermédiaires d'assurances dans la zone CIMA : Cas du marché Togolais - Koukponou, Kodjo (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

L'article 13 nouveau du code CIMA et l'évolution d'une compagnie d'assurance : Cas de la générale des assurances du Bénin - Kponan, Codjo Guy (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

La gestion des recours relatifs aux sinistrés automobiles matériels : Cas de NSIA Côte d'Ivoire - Lekehi, Stéphane Armel (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Etat actuel du marché de l'assurance construction au Benin : Forces et faiblesses - Loko, Gbètikan Gontran (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Les régimes de responsabilité en matière portuaire en droit algérien - Mahsas, Soufyane (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

Organisation du travail des intermédiaires d'assurance au sein d'une compagnie d'assurance de la CIMA : Cas de la Cameroon insurance (CAMINSUR) - Mbia, Bibiane Francine (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

l'impact de la réassurance sur le développement d'une compagnie d'assurance : Cas de NSIA Congo - Mpassi Makita, Armelin (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

La voie d'eau dans le développement de l'Europe - Nachtegale, Candice (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

Performance d'une société d'assurance et formation en ressources humaines : Cas des assurances et réassurances du Congo (ARC) - Ndolo Mboussi, Serge Armand (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Gestion de rentabilité des contrats collectifs dans le portefeuille d'une compagnie d'assurance vie : Cas de colina vie ci - Nintin Kouamé, Marcel Olivier (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

O direito de retenção do empreiteiro na empreitada de construção de imóveis - Nunes, Fernando Jorge da Costa Mota (Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 2012)
Keywords: Construction immobilière; Contrat; Droit de rétention; Immeuble (construction)

L'organisation du travail des intermédiaires d'assurance au sein d'une compagnie d'assurance de la CIMA : Cas de l'UGAN-IARD - Ousseini, Illiassou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

La gouvernance d'entreprise d'assurance en zone CIMA : Cas de l'union des assurances du Togo (UAT-IARD) - Savi, Kokuvi Afeleté (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

La gouvernance d'entreprise en zone CIMA : Cas de l'union des assurances du Togo (UAT-IARD) - Savi, Laurent (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

La fraude sur le marché IARD Burkinabe : Analyse du phénomène et propositions de solutions - Sie, Ange Raymond Hien (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

A alienação de estabelecimento comercial no âmbito do processo de insolvência - Sousa, Juliana Ribeiro de (Universidade do Minho, 2012)
A presente investigação tem como objectivo concretizar o estudo do Estabelecimento Comercial e do seu papel no Processo de Insolvência, nomeadamente pelo aprofundar das particularidades substantivas e adjectivas da alienação do Estabelecimento Comercial no âmbito do Processo de Insolvência. Até á data a doutrina portuguesa tem apenas tratado estas questões de forma separada, isto é, os doutrinadores na área do Direito Comercial trabalharam e trabalham toda a questão relacionada com o Estabelecimento Comercial e a doutrina processualista tem investigado as questões atinentes ao Processo de Insolvência. Ainda ninguém trabalhou estas matérias numa perspectiva de confluência e complementaridade. Pretende-se com o presente, aprofundar questões como a possibilidade de se admitir a alienação de Estabelecimento Comercial como medida de Recuperação de uma empresa, assim como no âmbito da Liquidação, no sentido de saber se os Administradores de Insolvência deverão privilegiar a alienação do Estabelecimento Comercial no seu todo em detrimento da venda "loteada". Visto que a letra da lei não é explícita quando determina que a venda do estabelecimento no âmbito do processo de insolvência se realize como um todo, e sendo o objectivo da venda do estabelecimento como um todo a manutenção do aviamento da empresa, pretende-se aferir o que é efectivamente alienado na consideração da empresa como um todo, de maneira a que o aviamento não se perca, seja num âmbito de liquidação ou de recuperação. The present investigation was made in order to realize the study of the commercial establishment and his role in the insolvency proceedings (or bankruptcy), specifically studying carefully the peculiarities, substantives and adjectives, of the alienation of the commercial establishment in the insolvency proceedings. Until now, the Portuguese doctrine as only deal with these questions individually, this mean, the renowned legal scholars in the Commercial Law worked and work all the questions related to the commercial establishment and the procedural doctrine as investigated the questions related to the insolvency proceedings. No one worked these subjects in a confluence and harmony perspective. We intend with the present, study carefully situations related with the possibility of admitting the alienation of the commercial establishment was a measure of reconstruction of a company, as well as in the liquidation proceedings, by knowing if the insolvency administrators should favour the commercial establishment alienation as a whole rather than a subdivided alienation. Because the letter of the Law does not specifies when says that the alienation of the commercial establishment in the insolvency proceedings should take place as a whole, and being the objective of the commercial establishment sale as a whole to provide the maintaining of the goodwill of the company, the intention is to evaluate what is effectively sold in the consideration of the company as a whole, in a manner that de goodwill won’t be loose, in a reconstruction or a liquidation proceeding.

la contribution des sociétés d'assurance à la relance économique post-crise : Cas de la Côte d'Ivoire - Tah Dessa, Jean-Jacques (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Acordos comerciais internacionais anticontrafração: implicações jurídico-normativas ao sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual - Trindade, Rangel Oliveira (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2012)
O surgimento de novos acordos comerciais internacionais anticontrafação (ACIAs) no sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual suscitou questionamentos sobre possíveis problemas ao seu equilíbrio jurídico-normativo. Mesmo a contrafação se constituindo em um problema a ser combatido, a retirada das discussões do âmbito multilateral, a fim de criar normas de propriedade intelectual mais rígidas e que não consideram a complexidade do problema, é um expediente lesivo aos países em desenvolvimento. Desta forma, o presente trabalho objetiva examinar o sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual em face de tais acordos comerciais internacionais, como o Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) e o Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA), a serem implementados por alguns países signatários. O estudo estruturou-se em três capítulos. No primeiro abordou-se o sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual por meio de sua tutela jurídica internacional, de aspectos não multilaterais e de foros internacionais de discussão sobre propriedade intelectual, e o problema da contrafação. O segundo capítulo examina os acordos comerciais internacionais anticontrafação (ACTA, TPPA) e suas discussões jurídico-políticas, com inserção nos elementos arguidos para a anticontrafação, e estudo dos aspectos relevantes destes ACIAs, passada a primeira década do TRIPs. O terceiro capítulo identifica as implicações jurídico-normativas dos acordos comerciais anticontrafação ao sistema internacional, com limites e tentativas à resolução da contrafação, que é complexa. Para o presente estudo foram utilizados o método de abordagem dedutivo, o método de procedimento monográfico e a técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica. Em sede de considerações finais, conclui-se que, uma vez configurados impactos jurídico-normativos negativos nos ACIAs ao sistema de PI e ao desenvolvimento, a existência de limites à expansão de normas aos direitos de propriedade intelectual e a resolução do problema da contrafação, por meio de alternativas, são fundamentais; tendo como fim uma agenda positiva multilateral para a propriedade intelectual é que se manterá e melhorará o equilíbrio do sistema internacional de PI, sopesando interesses sociais e econômicos.

Le dispositif répressif mis en place dans le marché des assurances de la zone CIMA - Wachou, Alvine Gainnang (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Mise en place d'un dispositif de contrôle interne et impact sur la solvabilité des compagnies d'assurances : Cas de la CAREN - Yacouba, Kader (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Application de l'article 13 nouveau sur le marché togolais : Cas de NSIA Assurance - Yele, Tomfèi (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

La priorité chronologique reconnue à l'arbitre en droit maritime français, particularisme ou universalisme ? Le principe dit de compétence-compétence - Yildiz, Irfan (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)
L’abandon progressif du contrôle de l’opposabilité de la clause d’arbitrage au destinataire par la juridiction étatique au profit de l’arbitre sur le fondement de l’aspect négatif du principe de compétence-compétence a donné lieu à de nombreux critiques. Certains auteurs l’ont approuvé, valorisant une application rigide de l’effet négatif du principe, tandis que d’autres l’ont critiqué solidement. Ainsi, il est légitimement permis de s’interroger sur les excès de l’effet négatif du principe de compétence-compétence et le bien-fondé de l’abandon du contrôle de l’opposabilité à l’arbitre par les juges étatiques. Pour ce faire, nous allons, dans un premier temps, examiner le droit accordé à l’arbitre d’être juge de sa propre compétence de manière prioritaire, plus précisément le principe de compétence-compétence (Chapitre I). Ensuite, nous allons nous interroger sur l’extension de la clause d’arbitrage au destinataire au regard du principe de compétence-compétence, qui est considéré de remettre en cause ce principe (Chapitre II).
Keywords: Arbitre droit maritime; Compétence-compétence; Transport maritime

Le droit international privé à l'épreuve du commerce électronique - Chakthoura, Élie (Université du Québec à Montréal, 2011)
Keywords: Clause de rattachement; Conflict of laws; Conflit de juridictions; Conflit de lois; Contrat électronique; Liberté contractuelle

L'encadrement des violences maritimes par les assurances - Amouret, Marion (Aix-Marseille Université, 2011)

Les limites de l'intérêt assurable dans les assurances de dommages maritimes - Banthoud, Mayinza (Aix-Marseille Université, 2011)
La doctrine de l’intérêt assurable s’est développée en réponse à une pratique des paris jugée comme immorale ainsi que pour lutter contre la destruction volontaire de navires. Mais depuis, les standards de moralité ont changé, les paris ne sont plus interdits et ils sont mieux encadrés afin de protéger le consommateur. La réglementation sur l’assurance s’est développée tout comme le rôle de l’assurance dans l’économie mondiale. Ces observations poussent à la réflexion sur la nécessité de l’obligation d’intérêt assurable. Est-ce que la société a encore besoin de se prémunir contre les paris sous forme d’assurances ? La doctrine de l’intérêt assurable a‐t‐elle aujourd’hui une utilité différente ? L’intérêt assurable est-il un frein au développement de nouvelles formes d’assurances mieux adaptées au développement de l’industrie maritime ? Afin de pouvoir répondre à ces interrogations, il est important d’examiner la notion d’intérêt assurable (partie I) avant d’étudier son application aux assurances maritimes (partie II).
Keywords: Assurance dommage maritime; Assurance maritime; Intérêt assurable; Transport maritime

Le développement du fret ferroviaire sino-européen - Boullay, Amélia (Aix-Marseille Université, 2011)

La qualité de marin - Derruder, Cathlyne (Aix-Marseille Université, 2011)

Commercial law reform in Africa: a means of socio-economic development, but for whom? Perspective of women entrepreneurs in Benin - Deschamps, Isabelle (McGill University, 2011)
This thesis explores the interactions between French and foreign influenced formal commercial law in the Republic of Benin and women's on-the-ground business practices. It uses a comparative, historical and inter-disciplinary and empirical methodology (Clinical legal pluralism). It contributes to the debate on the relationship between law and socio-economic development in African States where formal law is modeled on that of their former colonizing power. The dissertation looks at the evolution of business law and of economic activity in the region from pre-colonial times to present where OHADA Uniform Acts ("Acts") largely inspired by French and foreign law constitute Beninese formal commercial law's primary source. The thesis then examines elements of businesswomen's socio-cultural realities and economic practices in the region to assess the extent to which they are accounted for in formal law. The analysis reveals the considerable gap that continues to exist between the Western-inspired Acts and the realities and modes of Beninese women entrepreneurs. While the OHADA regime may benefit French and other foreign companies that contribute to the region's economic vitality to varying extents, the difficult appropriation and access by a majority of citizens and enterprises in Benin to OHADA laws prevent Beninese (in particular female) small and medium enterprises from playing a greater role in the socio-economic development of their countries. The dissertation suggests that the paradigms and methods currently used by OHADA and international organizations such as the World Bank in their law reform activities do not take appropriate account of economic, social and cultural realities of the regions where the new law is to be implemented. These include gender issues in business practices. It argues that commercial law reformers should recognise the central role of citizens in creating the law. Finally, it outlines an analytical framework for applying these objectives so as to empower citizens in Benin as lawmakers. This framework will integrate some of existing law reform paradigms with additional ones focused on the identity of legal actors in the region (banks, small, medium and large entrepreneurs, micro-credit institutions, financiers, etc.), the dynamics between them, the role of women in business and alternative legal reform methods based on bottom-up approaches to law. Ce mémoire s'intéresse aux interactions entre le droit commercial d'inspiration française ou étrangère dans la République du Bénin avec les réalités pratiques que les femmes commerçantes y vivent sur le terrain. Une méthodologie comparative, historique et interdisciplinaire y est employée (pluralisme juridique clinique). Il se veut une contribution au débat sur la relation entre le droit et le développement socio-économique dans les États Africains où le droit formel prend modèle sur celui de leur ancienne métropole.L'auteure débute en examinant l'évolution du droit des affaires et de l'activité économique dans la région à partir de l'époque précoloniale jusqu'à aujourd'hui, où les Actes Uniformes OHADA (les « Actes »), fondés largement sur le droit Français et étranger, constituent la source la plus importante du droit commercial Béninois.Elle poursuit en explorant les réalités socioculturelles et les pratiques économiques des femmes commerçantes dans la région afin de vérifier dans quelle mesure elles sont prises en compte par le droit formel. Cette analyse révèle un écart considérable qui perdure entre les Actes d'inspiration occidentale et les réalités et pratiques des femmes commerçantes Béninoises.Bien que le régime OHADA puisse bénéficier aux investisseurs Français et étrangers qui contribuent, à divers degrés, à l'activité économique dans la région, la difficulté pour une majorité de citoyens et d'entreprises Béninois à s'approprier ou accéder aux Actes empêchent les petites et moyennes entreprises Béninoises (particulièrement celles dirigées par des femmes) de jouer un plus grand rôle dans le développement socioéconomique de leur pays.L'auteure postule que les paradigmes et méthodes employés par l'OHADA ainsi que par des organisations internationales telles la Banque Mondiale dans le cadre de leurs activités de réforme législative ne tiennent pas suffisamment compte des réalités économiques, sociales et culturelles des régions où leurs réformes sont mises en œuvre. Ces réalités comprennent les questions liées au genre dans le cadre des pratiques commerciales. L'auteure suggère que les réformateurs du droit commercial reconnaissent davantage le rôle central que les citoyens jouent dans la création du droit.Enfin, le mémoire trace les contours d'un cadre analytique qui applique ces objectifs de façon à réhabiliter les citoyens Béninois à titre de créateurs de droit. Ce cadre intègre quelques-uns des paradigmes existants sur la réforme du droit avec de nouveaux paradigmes centrés sur l'identité des acteurs juridiques dans la région (les banques, les petites, moyennes et grandes entreprises, les institutions de microcrédit, les investisseurs, etc.), les dynamiques entre eux, le rôle des femmes dans le milieu des affaires et les méthodes alternatives de réforme législative fondées sur une approche juridique du bas vers le haut.

La responsabilité des sociétés de classification dans les régimes spéciaux - Eik, Maria (Aix-Marseille Université, 2011)

Apport du droit maritime au droit aérien : de la dématérialisation du connaissement à la dématérialisation de la Lettre de Transport Aérien (LTA) - Faure, Arnaud (Aix-Marseille Université, 2011)
L’une des actualités intéressantes de ces deux titres de transport est la question de leur dématérialisation. Cette idée est apparue au début des années 1990, c'est-à-dire depuis le développement de l’informatique et des échanges de données via internet. En effet, que ce soit le connaissement, la lettre de transport maritime ou la lettre de transport aérien, tous les trois sont au cœur du sujet. La double question qui nous occupera est alors de savoir quels ont été les raisons et les problèmes rencontrés lors de la dématérialisation de ces titres de transport, puis de savoir si la dématérialisation du connaissement a influencé la dématérialisation de la LTA ou inversement. Ainsi, dans une première partie, il sera traité du titre de transport papier classique. La deuxième partie touchera au passage du titre de transport à l’ère électronique.
Keywords: Droit aérien; Droit maritime; Dématérialisation de la lettre de transport aérien; Dématérialisation du connaissement; LTA; Transport aérien; Transport maritime

Les règles de Rotterdam - Fernandez, Javier (Aix-Marseille Université, 2011)

La refonte du contrat type de transport fluvial - Haegy, Jean (Aix-Marseille Université, 2011)

L'annulation de la sentence arbitrale au Québec et dans l'espace OHADA : une approche comparée. - Kouassi, Fabrice Constant (Université de Sherbrooke, 2011)
Le processus de règlement des litiges par la voie de l’arbitrage a nourri des ambitions économiques énormes dans les sphères juridiques où ce mécanisme a été instauré. L’efficacité de ce processus qui signifie entre autre un processus ayant abouti à une application, voire une exécution effective des protagonistes est un gage de la réalisation de ces ambitions. Or, ce processus peut être compromis du fait de l’annulation de la sentence arbitrale par un juge dont l’intervention dans le processus peut soit le renforcer, soit l’annihiler fondamentalement. Cette situation explique dans une large mesure les raisons pour lesquelles la doctrine juridique se place en faveur d’une collaboration solide entre la justice publique et la justice privée de l’arbitrage. Comment cette question de l’annulation de la sentence arbitrale est abordée dans les sphères juridiques du Québec et de l’Ohada? Quels sont les effets juridiques issus de la comparaison de cette situation dans chacune de ces sphères? Telle se présente la substance de cette recherche dont la méthode comparative est alimentée par le paradigme de l’herméneutique juridique et son corollaire le pluralisme juridique. Les résultats issus du dialogue comparatif devraient participer à une amélioration des situations problématiques décelées dans les sphères concernées. The rule process of lawsuits based on arbitration has filled out huge economic ambitions related to judicial spheres where this mechanism has been established. The efficiency of this process, which among others, has led to an application, indeed a real execution of the protagonists, is somewhat a guarantee to the fulfilment of these ambitions. However, this process can be compromised because of the cancellation of the arbitral sentence by a judge whose intervention in the process can either reinforce it or destroy it. This situation mainly explains the reasons why the juridical doctrine is in favour of a solid collaboration. How do the juridical sphere of Quebec and Ohada tackle this issue of the cancellation of the arbitral sentence? What are the juridical effects stemmed from the comparism of this situation in both spheres? The way the substance of this research appears and whose comparative method is fed by the paradigm of the juridical hermeneutics and its juridical pluralism corollary. The results stemmed from the comparative dialog should participate in improving problematic situations detected in the applied spheres.
Accepted: 2014-10-24T15:33:03Z
Keywords: Annulation; Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Litiges; Sentence arbitrale

La libéralisation du transport ferroviaire de passagers en Europe - Lasserre, Claire (Aix-Marseille Université, 2011)

Le transport maritime de produits pétroliers - Longo, Mégan (Aix-Marseille Université, 2011)

La fiscalité maritime - Lopez, Cynthia (Aix-Marseille Université, 2011)

Droit social des marins et concurrence internationale - Macchi, Michael (Aix-Marseille Université, 2011)

La sécurité et la sûreté des plates-formes offshore - Monin, Hervé (Aix-Marseille Université, 2011)

Challenges to regional intergration in the SADC region : a legal perspective - Mwanawina, Ilyayambwa (North-West University, 2011)
The Southern African Development Community (SADC), formerly known as the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC), is an organization of Southern African states initially formed to reduce economic dependence on South Africa (then an Apartheid state) and to harmonize and coordinate development in the region. The vision and mission of SADC reach well beyond the harmonization of development within the region. It extends to fields that include political stability, peace building, the maintenance of security and justice as well as economic cooperation. The attainment of these goals requires well co-ordinated regional mechanisms; as such over the past decade member states have paid particular attention to the possibility of attaining these goals through regional integration. The transformation from SADCC to SADC indicated that the body would no longer be a loose association (conference) of states but rather a regional body that would have a legally binding effect on its member states. The question is, when the member states assembled in Windhoek, August 1992, did they create an institutional framework, and policies that would have enough legal force to ensure that the institutional agenda of integration is not defeated by member states? The argument of this dissertation is that the Treaty and the policies established afterwards contain principle imperfections that are self defeating for the pursuance of regional integration. The work will begin by discussing regional integration in general, highlighting the historical origins of SADC as well as the role of the African Union. The work will then discuss the dimensions and functioning of SADC, laying the foundation for a proper critique on how the institutional framework contains inherent weaknesses that eventually hinder the progression of SADC. The dissertation ultimately will discuss and benchmark the European Union against SADC, in an attempt to extract important lessons for the progression of SADC.
Accepted: 2016-01-10T22:52:56Z https://repository.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/15788
Keywords: Africa; Interregionalism; Southern

Les voies ferrées portuaires - Papamargaritis, Alexia (Aix-Marseille Université, 2011)

L'arbitre international : étude de droit comparé - Partida, Sebastián (Université Paris 2, 2011)

Les compétences des collectivités territoriales dans le transport maritime de passagers - Redor, Anne (Aix-Marseille Université, 2011)

International convention for the control and management of ships' ballast water and sediments, 2004 - Robe Hughes, Charlotte (Aix-Marseille Université, 2011)
Will harmonization of legislation relating to the management of ships’ ballast water be achieved, once IMOs’ 2004 Convention enters into force?

Le conservatoire du littoral : Analyse juridique - Roulette, Loïc (Aix-Marseille Université, 2011)

La jurisprudence récente du Tribunal international du droit de la mer - Storgårds, Suzanne (Aix-Marseille Université, 2011)
Le Tribunal international du droit de la mer, même s’il existe depuis plusieurs années, n’a que récemment été présenté avec plusieurs types d’affaires. Sa jurisprudence précédente a surtout traité la prompte mainlevée des navires, et, même si cette question reste toujours à la base de la plupart des activités du Tribunal, ces dernières années ont porté avec elles plusieurs types de problèmes à résoudre. Cette dernière décennie, le Tribunal s’est confronté à un plus grand nombre de sujets relatifs à l’environnement. Ces sujets, et ceux relatifs aux domaines du droit de la mer autres que la prompte mainlevée, ont été portés devant le Tribunal de façon à ce que cette cour internationale eût été obligée de résoudre des problèmes qui ont une influence directe sur toute l’humanité. On peut se poser la question de savoir si le Tribunal international du droit de la mer est enfin en train de réaliser son potentiel comme une autorité internationale dans tout ce qui relève des océans.
Keywords: Droit de la mer; Droit maritime; Jurisprudence; Transport maritime; Tribunal international du droit de la mer

المعايير الدولية لمكافحة الإتجار بالأشخاص وانسجامها مع القوانين الوطنية - حطاب, عبد النور (Ibn Khaldun University of Tiaret, 2011)
لقد حاولنا ومن خلال هذه الدراسة أن نوضح كيف تصدى المشرع الدولي لأفعال الاتجار بالأشخاص، من خلال استعراض عدد من الاتفاقيات الدولية العامة والخاصة منها و الصكوك الدولية الإقليمية لمكافحة هذه الظاهرة وحددنا أهم الالتزامات التي رتبها على الدول في هذا الشأن. أما على المستوى الوطني فقد تعرضنا لإدماج المعاهدات الدولية في التشريع الوطني و للمعايير التي يتعين على الدول إنفاذها داخل تشريعاﺗﻬا الوطنية وفاءا منها بالتزاماﺗﻬا الدولية وحددنا وسائل تنفيذ السلطات الوطنية لالتزاماﺗﻬا الدولية ومن أهم تلك الوسائل إصدار التشريعات الوطنية التي تحظر الاتجار بالأشخاص وتعاقب عليه.وقد كان المشرع الوطني في الجزائر سباقا في إعمال نصوص الاتفاقيات الدولية داخل التشريع الجزائري، فأصدر تعديل لقانون العقوبات ضمنه قسم خاص بمكافحة الاتجار بالأشخاص وفقا للمعايير الدولية السارية في هذا الشأن.
Keywords: Accords bilatéraux; Crime organisé; Normes internationales; Traite des esclaves; Traite des êtres humains

Assurance construction au Sénégal : réalités et perspectives - Soce, Abdoulaye (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2010)

Legal origins, legal institutions and poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa - Baldelli, Federico (LUISS Guido Carli, 2010)
The traditional and religious layer. The colonial layer. Law of independence. Law in Sub-Saharan Africa today. Common law and civil law in Sub-Saharan Africa. The consequences of legal origins. Legal origins and legal institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa. Legal origins and poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. An econometric model.

La formation du contrat électronique international : le formalisme au regard de la convention CNUDCI 2005 - Mehdaoui, Kamel (Université du Québec à Montréal, 2010)
Les progrès spectaculaires et rapides dans les domaines technologiques, essentiellement la technologie de l'information, recèlent des enjeux juridiques à la mesure de ces phénomènes. En effet, les communications se transmettent plus loin et plus vite que jamais. On conclut des marchés, on mène des transactions et on prend des décisions dans des délais qui auraient tout simplement semblé inconcevable dans le passé. La vente internationale demeure sans doute le principal instrument du commerce international. Cette importance se manifeste par l'uniformité juridique essentiellement à travers les conventions internationales. Une nouvelle situation de relation juridique, entre le contrat de vente internationale de marchandises et le commerce électronique, se concrétise en réalité par la conclusion des contrats de vente par l'intermédiaire de réseaux de télécommunication essentiellement l'Internet. Néanmoins, la matière juridique, en évolution constante dans un environnement international, prend sa source dans une multitude de conventions. Dans ce cadre général, nous analyserons le contrat électronique international.
Keywords: Commerce international; Commerce électronique; Contrat électronique; Formalisme contractuel; Signature électronique

Négoce international et transport maritime - Abdelouahab, Ramzi (Aix-Marseille Université, 2010)

Les consortiums - Amodea, Delphine (Aix-Marseille Université, 2010)

La fin des conférences maritimes - Armand, Lucile (Aix-Marseille Université, 2010)

L'intégration des transports dans la supply chain : aspects techniques, juridiques et financiers - Baquier, Elodie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2010)

Le recouvrement des primes impayées : Modes, procédure et approches de solutions cas de CHANAS assurances S.A. - Bikai-Nyunai, Benjamin (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2010)

Obligations et responsabilités du transporteur maritime dans les règles de Rotterdam - Boccara, Julien (Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille 3, 2010)

Les passagers bénévoles maritimes - Bonifay, Valérie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2010)

Les traitements technique et comptable de la réassurance dans une société IARD : Cas de la société SABU NYUMAN-SA - Cisse, Sékou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2010)

L'essor de la micro assurance en Afrique : Enjeux et perspectives - Dadem Gniambe, Hubert (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2010)

Assurance construction : Réalités et perspectives au Burkina Faso - Guebre, Thimothée (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2010)

Règle de l'OMC et développement de l'assurance transport dans un pays de la zone CIMA : Cas du Tchad - Hassan, Ratou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2010)

La problématique des arrières dans les sociétés d'assurance IARD : Cas de la GNA-CI - Koffi, Kouamé Kan Pacôme (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2010)

Rentabilité des produits d'assurance vie dans la zone CIMA : Outils de gestion. Cas d'allianz Centrafrique assurance - Kongbo Remandji, Marcelin Venceslas (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2010)

Le déficit de couverture des engagements réglementés d'une entreprise d'assurance vie : Causes et solutions - Kouadio, Thierry Ange Romain (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2010)

Les compagnies d'assurance de la zone CIMA face à la réassurance africaine - Koutene, Kodjo Koboè (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2010)

La place de la bourse de valeurs mobilières dans le développement des sociétés d'assurances de la CIMA : Cas de la BVMAC au Gabon - Loba, Louis Michel (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2010)

les déterminants de la souscription des garanties automobiles facultatives par les particuliers - M'bê, Abdramane Berte (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2010)

Assurance construction réalités et perspectives : Cas du Niger - Mamadou, Garba (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2010)

Le retard du transporteur terrestre de marchandises en droit interne - Marin, Jonathan (Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille 3, 2010)

La domiciliation de l'assurance des facultés à l'importation : Cas du Niger - Moussa, Zakari Yaou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2010)

Fiscalité et développement de l'assurance vie dans les pays membres de la CIMA : Cas de la république du Congo - Mylandou Nsouka Banzouzi, Audrey Armelle (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2010)

Evaluation des évènements du 11 septembre 2001 aux USA : Sept années après sur le marché international de la réassurance - Ngongang, Verlaine (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2010)

Règles de l'OMC et développement de l'assurance transport au Cameroun - Nono Nkouankam, Berlin (Institut de formation et de recherche démographiques, 2010)

Le courtage : Force de vente de l'assurance - Offineffioundou, Guiliane Taka (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2010)

Le recouvrement des primes impayées : Modes, procédure et approche de solutions (cas d'une entreprise du marché gabonais d'assurance: OGAR) - Oyono Ndong, Brice Alain (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2010)

Assurances maritimes, assurances terrestres : tronc commun et ramification - Rajhi, Sami (Aix-Marseille Université, 2010)

L'analyse des déterminants d'amélioration de la gestion des placements d'une société d'assurances : L'exemple d'allianz-IARD du Burkina Faso - Ramde, Gouwindemanagraré (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2010)

Contribution à l'amélioration du système de contrôle interne dans une compagnie d'assurances vie : Cas de UBA-vie - Sagbohan, Alfred N. N. (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2010)

La prévention de la pollution atmosphérique par les navires - Santelli, Elodie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2010)

La problématique des arrières de primes dans une compagnie d'assurance IARDT : Cas de GTAC2A - Simtagna Essohanam, Prosper (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2010)

La synergie d'un groupe au profit de l'amélioration des performances d'une filiale : Cas de la NSIA Benin - Sodjinou, Dominique (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2010)

Shippers' obligations and liabilities under United Nations Convention on Contract for the International Carriage of Goods wholly or Partly by Sea (The Rotterdam Rules) - Thana, Elson (Lund University, 2010)

Les difficultés d'application du code ISPS - Thevenin, Claire (Aix-Marseille Université, 2010)

Impayés et recouvrement des arriérés de primes : Quelles stratégies pour une compagnie d'assurances de la zone CIMA cas d'Allianz Mali - Touré, Ahamadou Mohamed (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2010)

Développement de la micro-assurance dans unpays de l'espace CIMA : Cas du Bénin - Trinnou, G. Raoul (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2010)

Les aides d'Etat à la construction navale - Vaton, Milène (Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille 3, 2010)

Le démantèlement des plates-formes Offshore - Vezard, Mélanie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2010)

La fin de vie du navire et la convention de Hong Kong du 15 mai 2009 - Vincent, Pierre Laurent (Aix-Marseille Université, 2010)

Estudo das condições de regulação das normas do IASB em países membros da Organização para a Harmonização do Direito dos Negócios em Africa (O.H.A.D.A) - Arrio, Kouadio (Universidade de Brasília, 2009)
O International Accounting Sstandards Board-IASB vem buscando meios de regular a atividade contábil pela adoção de pronunciamentos contábeis International Financial Reporting Standard-IFRS para proteger os parceiros econômicos e facilitar o funcionamento do mercado de capital no mundo financeiro. Neste processo mundial de convergência internacional, vários países do continente africano parecem indiferentes. Entretanto, dezesseis países da África Ocidental e Central formaram o bloco econômico: a Organização para a Harmonização do Direito de Negócios na África-OHADA, que criou um Sistema contábil de aplicação comum - o Sysco-OHADA. Antigas colônias francesas, esses países ficaram muito tempo fechados e mal conhecidos no exterior, bem como suas práticas contábeis. Isso levanta a pergunta: quais são as condições econômicas, políticas e sociais dos países da OHADA frente à regulação da contabilidade internacional? O objetivo principal deste estudo é analisar as condições de regulação contábil interna dos países-membros da OHADA ao se alinhar às normas contábeis internacionais emitidas pelo IASB. Para alcançar este objetivo, foi analisado o ambiente legal e regulamentar do bloco OHADA; foi comparado o referencial conceitual do Sysco-OHADA e o do IASB; algumas normas, bem como o âmbito sócio-econômico da OHADA, com os demais países que possuem processo de convergência avançado. As análises mostraram que a contabilidade da OHADA é de tipo europeu-continental baseada em regras. A estrutura conceitual do Sysco-OHADA diverge do IASB em vários níveis e suas normas apresentam menos detalhamento e é sujeito a interpretações diversas. O bloco OHADA apresenta um mercado de ações fraco, um baixo nível de desenvolvimento humano, um nível de abertura comercial fechado em relação aos demais países comparados. O nível de desenvolvimento econômica e social do bloco OHADA não pode proporcionar uma convergência às normas IFRS em curto prazo.
Keywords: Contabilidade internacional; Convergência; Framework; IASB; Normas internacionais de contabilidade; Regulação Contábil; Sistema Contábil OHADA

L'arbitrage commercial international et les garanties procédurales - Joseph, Jacceus (Université de Montréal, 2009)
Cette recherche aborde un sujet complexe, qui est en plein débat doctrinal en droit de l'arbitrage international: L'arbitrage commercial international et les garanties procédurales. Au fait, l'arbitrage commercial international revêt le mode traditionnel des règlements de litiges du commerce international et des relations économiques internationales. À cause de l'hybridité de sa nature (contractuelle et juridictionnelle), il est le plus souvent préféré par les parties aux tribunaux étatiques. Cette faveur vis-à-vis de ce mode de règlements de litiges internationaux s'explique par le développement de l'économie internationale, par la globalisation du marché, par la conclusion de nombreuses conventions internationales en la matière, par la création des centres d'arbitrage, enfin par la modernisation des lois et règlements nationaux. En revanche, il est constaté que l'arbitrage souffre d'un déficit de prévisibilité et de certitudes pour les acteurs du commerce international. Que l'on songe seulement à la multiplication des rattachements législatifs et des contrôles judiciaires: conflits de lois, conflits entre les règles de conflits, etc. Nous avons démontré que la solution aux difficultés de la méthode conflictualiste serait l'harmonisation de la procédure arbitrale internationale et que ce mode de règlement de différends débouche de plus en plus sur le rapprochement entre traditions juridiques différentes (Common Law et droit civil).Toutefois, ce mouvement de convergence est loin d'être achevé. Beaucoup d'autres pratiques arbitrales continuent de garder l'empreinte de la diversité des procédures étatiques et celle des grands systèmes juridiques mondiaux. This research work tackles a complex subject, which is in the heart of a doctrinal debate in International arbitration Law: International Commercial Arbitration and procedural safeguards. In fact, International Commercial Arbitration is a traditional method of dispute resolution in International Trade and International Economic Relations. Parties to a dispute would rather prefer this mode of dispute resolution to state courts because of its hybrid nature (contractual and judicial).One can explain this preference for this method of international dispute resolution by the development of the international economy, the market globalization, the conclusion of numerous international conventions in the domain, the creation of arbitration centers, the modernization of national laws and regulations. By contrast, one can note that arbitration lacks predictability and certainty for parties in International Trade. One can just think of the multiplication of legislative attachments and judicial controls: conflicts of laws, conflicts between methods of conflicts of laws, etc. We have demonstrated that the solution to the difficulties of the conflictualist method would be the harmonization of the International Arbitral Procedures and that this method of dispute resolution would lead, more and more to the approximation between different judicial traditions (Common law and Civil Law). However this convergence movement is far from being achieved. Many other arbitral practices do still keep the imprint of diverse state procedures and of major legal systems worldwide.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitrage commercial international; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Exécution de la sentence arbitrale internationale; Garanties procédurales en arbitrage international; Harmonisation de la procédure d'arbitrage commercial international; Harmonization of Arbitration Proceedings; Implementation of the International Arbitration Award; International commercial arbitration; Predictability of International Arbitration Proceedings; Principe de la contradiction; Principle of Contradiction; Procedural Safeguards in International Arbitration; Prévisibilité de la procédure arbitrale internationale; Respect du principe du procès équitable; Respect to the Principle of the Fair Trial

A Comprehensive Analysis of the Legal Issues Relating to Nominee Directors - Sekouti, Sarah Samara (Université de Montréal, 2009)
Dans la foulée des scandales financiers ayant secoué le milieu des affaires ces dernières années, l’efficacité des pratiques de régie d’entreprise, et, en particulier celles liées à l’indépendance des administrateurs, a été passée au crible. L’administrateur désigné par une partie pour la représenter est un type d’administrateur que l’on rencontre fréquemment au sein des conseils d’administration des entreprises. Toutefois, l’on peut se questionner sur l’indépendance réelle de ces administrateurs, considérant leur loyauté envers la personne les ayant désignés, laquelle détient habituellement un intérêt à titre d’actionnaire ou de partie prenante dans l’entreprise visée. En outre, alors que les principes légaux requièrent que les administrateurs agissent dans le meilleur intérêt de l’entreprise, la réalité pratique est parfois toute autre: aux prises avec les instructions ou les souhaits de la personne les ayant nommés, les administrateurs désignés se retrouvent placés en situation inhérente de conflit d’intérêts. Ce texte vise à offrir une analyse détaillée au sujet de l’administrateur désigné et du conflit d’intérêts résultant de cette double exigence de loyauté. L’objectif est de présenter un examen approfondi des diverses difficultés résultant de la nomination d’un administrateur désigné ou associées à celle-ci, ainsi que des réponses judiciaires et législatives liées à cette problématique. Cette réflexion mènera à une exploration de certains systèmes législatifs et légaux, en particulier ceux du Royaume-Uni, de l’Australie et de la Nouvelle-Zélande, afin d’obtenir une meilleure compréhension et d’offrir une perspective éclairée quant aux enjeux analysés par la présente.
Keywords: Administrateur désigné; Appointment; Conflict of interest; Conflit d’intérêts; Constituency director; Devoir d’indépendance; Double loyauté; Dual loyalty; Désignation des administrateurs; Independence; Nominee director; Representative director

L'encadrement du contrat électronique : l'exemple français - Lamotte, Marine (Université de Montréal, 2009)
Les nouvelles technologies jouent un rôle croissant dans notre société. Le droit s’est interrogé sur la façon de rendre possible l’utilisation du support électronique dans un monde où seule l’utilisation du support papier était possible jusqu’à peu. L’objectif était d’éviter que la loi par son attachement au support papier n’entrave l’utilisation des nouvelles technologies et plus largement le développement des échanges en ligne. Dans ce contexte, la Commission des Nations Unies pour le Développement du Commerce International (CNUDCI) a développé les principes de neutralité technologique et d’équivalence fonctionnelle aux termes desquels les écrits électroniques sont considérés comme équivalents à ceux papiers s’ils sont en mesure d’endosser les mêmes fonctions que ces derniers. Le législateur français, s’inspirant des travaux de la CNUDCI, a modifié sa législation pour permettre la reconnaissance de la valeur juridique des actes passés par voie électronique. La reconnaissance de la valeur juridique des actes conclus par voie électronique laisse cependant subsister certaines questions relatives la protection du consentement de celui qui contracte en ligne. Le législateur français a ainsi élaboré des règles formalistes et dérogatoires au droit commun concernant la conclusion des contrats électroniques pour protéger le consommateur en ligne.

O direito intertemporal e os limites da proteção do direito adquirido - Levada, Filipe Antônio Marchi (Universidade de São Paulo, 2009)
O Brasil possui um sistema peculiar de direito intertemporal,segundo o qual (1) em regra, a lei nova atua com efeito imediato, atingindo os fatos presentes, futuros e pendentes; todavia (2) pode o Legislador conferir efeito retroativo à lei nova, dispondo que os efeitos desta atinjam fatos passados; (3) seja qual for o efeito da lei nova, o Juiz deverá garantir que esta não atinja o direito adquirido, o ato jurídico perfeito e a coisa julgada, conferindo ultratividade aos efeitos da lei revogada. Diferentemente do que se dá com sistemas estrangeiros, no Brasil o princípio da irretroatividade limita todos os possíveis efeitos da lei nova, e não somente o retroativo. Nesse contexto, para resolver os problemas de direito intertemporal, o intérprete deverá se valer da seguinte regra: independentemente de seu particular efeito, aplica-se a lei nova desde que não ofenda o direito adquirido, o ato jurídico perfeito e a coisa julgada. Para verificar se existe uma destas três figuras, deverá analisar se o direito integra o patrimônio do titular (direito adquirido), se o fato já produziu todos os seus efeitos (ato jurídico perfeito) ou se a decisão de mérito não comporta mais recursos (coisa julgada). Auxiliam nesta tarefa, por interpretação contrario sensu, as noções de expectativa de direito e de faculdade jurídica. Este sistema resolve a generalidade das questões de direito intertemporal, não devendo o intérprete importar regras alienígenas que destoam da tradição jurídica nacional, e.g. a teoria dos fatos consumados e dos níveis de retroatividade. A demonstrar esta tese, resolvemos os principais conflitos de leis no direito civil, confrontando o Código Civil de 2002 com o de 1916. A todo momento, porém, procuramos analisar o sistema jurídico como um todo, verificando se a lei nova realmente contraria direito adquirido ou se este já não poderia ser considerado um não-direito mesmo não havendo lei que o proibisse. O intérprete não pode permitir que o direito intertemporal seja utilizado para agasalhar atos imperfeitos e direitos aparentes, blindando negócios inválidos que não têm e não devem receber proteção contra o advento de lei nova que os expressamente proíba.
Keywords: Acquisito; Ato jurídico perfeito; Coisa julgada; Contratos; Direito adquirido; Direito das obrigações; Direito intertemporal; Intertemporale; Irretroatividade das leis; Irretroattività; Responsabilidade civil; Retroattività civile

Il ruolo della Corte comune di giustizia e di arbitrato nel sistema di integrazione della OHADA - Fino, Marialaura (LUISS Guido Carli, 2009)
Tra regionalismo e multilateralismo. Le organizzazioni africane di integrazione economica. L'integrazione giuridica come presupposto per l'integrazione economica. Il caso OHADA. Il ricorso all'arbitrato nel sistema OHADA.

Les transports fluviaux et cabotage maritime - Bai, Song (Aix-Marseille Université, 2009)

L'interruption du voyage dans le transport maritime de marchandises - Barrial, Kolia (Aix-Marseille Université, 2009)

Zone économique exclusive : problèmes de création et de délimitation - Bondar, Irina (Aix-Marseille Université, 2009)

La piraterie maritime moderne - Boudong, Nathalie (Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille 3, 2009)

Le consignataire de navires et l'agent maritime - Boukerbout, Sarah (Aix-Marseille Université, 2009)

Les sociétés de classifications : analyse comparative - Commaret, Jean-Francois (Aix-Marseille Université, 2009)

La charte-partie 'BALTIME 1939' modifée en 2001 - Dousseaud, Pierre Antoine (Aix-Marseille Université, 2009)

La responsabilité du transporteur maritime dans le transport multimodal - El Okbani, Ansam (Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille 3, 2009)

L'avarie commune - Farhana, Meryll (Aix-Marseille Université, 2009)

Les enjeux de la livraison - Flonneau, Olivier (Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille 3, 2009)

Les conséquences de la réforme portuaire sur les entreprises de manutention - Giullo, Fanny (Aix-Marseille Université, 2009)

Le paiement du fret - Grid, Mona (Aix-Marseille Université, 2009)

Le droit interne Rhenan : la responsabilité du transporteur - Kolli, Kamélia (Aix-Marseille Université, 2009)

La responsabilité du chargeur - Lebrun, Olivier (Aix-Marseille Université, 2009)
La responsabilité du transporteur étant la question centrale du transport, les autres acteurs ont été quelque peu oubliés. Ainsi, le droit maritime n’a jamais vraiment envisagé la responsabilité du chargeur comme un objet d’étude en soi. Pourtant, le chargeur est une des trois parties au contrat de transport. Il a donc des obligations particulières et une responsabilité spécifique. Celle-ci est maintenant cohérente, mais la nouvelle Convention des Nations-Unies sur le contrat de transport de marchandises effectué entièrement ou partiellement par mer a ouvert des perspectives dans une double direction. Premièrement, la nouvelle convention propose, clairement ou parfois plus indirectement, de nouveaux fondements qui renforcent certaines obligations du chargeur ( notamment des obligations d'information et de sécurité) jusqu'ici peu prises en compte. Deuxièmement, elle a lancé un débat qui a remis en cause le principe d'une responsabilité pour faute et intégrale du chargeur. Ces deux thèmes sont étudiés, sans pour autant oublier les obligations plus classiques qui pèsent sur le chargeur. As the carrier's liability is the central question of the law of carriage, it has maked vanished others actors. Indeed, the maritime law is not used to consider specifically the shipper's liability. Howewer, the shipper is one of the three parts of the bill of ladding. Accordingly, he has particular obligations and a special liability. They have been elaborated on the international conventions and the law of 1966, but the new convention on contracts for the international carriage of goods wholly or partly by sea (the « Rotterdam rules ») has opened two new prospects. Firstly, the new convention suggests new duties (in particarly obligations of information and safety) which were not very used. Secondly, this convention has launched an important discussion about the principle of the schem of the shipper's liability. This two topics will be studied, but more classical obligations will be not forgotten.

Pollution causée par les navires : sanctions et compétence de l'Union Européenne - Løvskar, Hilde (Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille 3, 2009)

Les conteneurs tombés à la mer - Martin-Dit-Neuville, Grégory (Aix-Marseille Université, 2009)

L'évolution de la répression pénale de la pollution maritime par hydrocarbures - Monteil, Leslie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2009)

La traçabilité : le nouvel enjeu du transport public de marchandises - Sacchero, Lizzie (Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille 3, 2009)

Le transport ferrovaire de conteneurs comparaison des systèmes français et chinois - Wang, Qian (Aix-Marseille Université, 2009)

Performances des entreprises cotées et perspectives de croissance économique : cas de la bourse régionale des valeurs mobilières de l'Afrique de l'Ouest - Zogning Nguimeya, Joseph Félix (Université du Québec à Montréal, 2009)
Les pays africains de la zone franc ont entrepris, il y a maintenant deux décennies, des réformes de leurs secteurs financiers, avec pour ambition non seulement de restaurer les équilibres nécessaires à leur efficacité et la confiance des agents économiques envers les institutions financières, mais aussi de favoriser la mobilisation des épargnes et la diversification des canaux de financement. L'objectif final étant la relance d'une croissance économique stable et durable. Au sein de la zone UEMOA (Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest-Africaine), le projet majeur au coeur de ces réformes fut la création d'un marché financier commun dont la mission est de doter les entreprises des moyens de financement à long terme, qui leur permettraient de réaliser leurs projets les plus productifs et d'accroitre leurs performances. L'autre mission dévolue à ce marché est d'attirer des capitaux étrangers dans la sous-région. Notre étude a pour but de déterminer si, une décennie après sa création, le marché financier a atteint ses objectifs en termes d'amélioration des performances des entreprises et de relance de la croissance économique. Globalement, nous observons que les entreprises cotées à la Bourse Régionale des Valeurs Mobilières (Place boursière du marché financier de l'UEMOA) ont vu leurs performances opérationnelles s'améliorer, notamment au cours de la seconde moitié de la décennie. Le développement du marché boursier semble également avoir eu un impact positif sur la croissance économique de la Côte d'ivoire, Pays phare de l'Union, qui détient 34 des 38 entreprises cotées. Cependant, le marché n'a pas réussi à attirer des capitaux étrangers; mais à l'inverse, l'écrasante majorité des entreprises qui lèvent des fonds sur le marché financier de UEMOA sont des filiales des multinationales occidentales. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Introduction en bourse, Croissance économique, Performance, Marché financier, Entreprises cotées.
Place: Montréal (Québec, Canada)
Keywords: Croissance économique; Entreprises cotées; Introduction en bourse; Marché financier; Performance

La protection du consommateur dans le commerce international passé par Internet: une analyse comparée des systèmes juridiques européen, français, canadien et québécois - Koné, Moriba Alain (Université de Montréal, 2008)
Avec le développement exponentiel de l'Internet et son corollaire l'expansion du commerce en ligne, le sort de la protection du cyberconsommateur devient un sujet préoccupant en ce 21ième siècle. En effet, dans ce monde virtuel où l'on emploie des méthodes et technologies nouvelles et plus encore des clauses abusives dans les contrats unilatéraux, s'installe indubitablement un sentiment de méfiance entre le cyberconsommateur et le cybercommerçant. Pour rétablir cette confiance et favoriser le commerce par Internet, des lois nationales, internationales et des normes communautaires ont été adoptées aux fins de l'encadrement rigoureux du processus contractuel. Toutefois, en raison de la présence fréquente d'éléments d'extranéité dans les contrats de consommation en ligne, la question fondamentale qui vient tout naturellement à l'esprit de tous ceux qui entreprennent des études aujourd'hui, en la matière, est celle de savoir si les règles classiques de droit international privé sont dépassées par le développement trop rapide de ce type de commerce ou si au contraire elles y sont adaptées. On pourrait en outre se demander si l'encadrement juridique offert au cyberconsommateur est à même de lui procurer le même niveau de protection dont il bénéficie dans le commerce traditionnel. La présente étude tente d'apporter certains éléments de réponse en analysant dans un premier temps, le droit substantiel interne de protection du consommateur dans les systèmes juridiques européen, français, canadien et québécois en vu de scruter des zones de conflits susceptibles d'exister dans le cycle de vie de ce contrat. Dans la seconde partie, elle démontre que les méthodes classiques de résolution des conflits de juridiction et des conflits de lois en droit international privé, bien que nécessitant des adaptations, sont effectivement applicables au contexte de l'internet et ce, dans l'objectif privilégié de la protection du cyberconsommateur. Le bilan de l'analyse et de l'appréciation des critères de ces règles de conflits nous conduiront à l'examen des nouvelles mesures qui s'imposent. With the exponential development of the Internet and the consequent expansion of online commerce, the fate of cyberconsumer protection has become a topic of increasing concern in the 21st century. In fact, in a virtual world where new methods and technologies are used-as are abusive clauses in unilaterally drafted contracts-a feeling of mistrust between cyberconsumer and cybermerchant is certainly setting in. National and international laws and community norms have been adopted in order to rigorously control the contractual process and to thereby re-establish consumer confidence and further Internet commerce. However, due to the frequent presence of foreign elements in on-line commercial contracts, the fundamental question which naturally arises for those who are studying the subject is whether the classic rules of private international law have become outdated by the incredibly rapid development of this type of commerce, or whether such laws are in fact adapted. One can also question whether the legal framework offered to the cyberconsumer is able to procure the same level of protection that a consumer would benefit from in cases of traditional commerce. This study aims to present certain elements of a response, first, by analyzing substantive internal law in the realm of consumer protection in the European, French, Canadian and Quebec legal systems, in order to examine areas of conflict that are likely to exist during the lifespan of this sort of contract. In the second part, this study demonstrates that the classic methods of resolving conflicts of jurisdiction and conflicts of law in private international law, while requiring certain adaptations, can nevertheless be effectively applied to the context of the Internet with the objective of protecting cyberconsumers. The results of this analysis and evaluation of the private international rules of conflict then lead to an assessment of the new measures that are required.
https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1866/2679/12027007.PDF
Keywords: Applicable law; Competent court; Consommation; Consumption; Contract; Contrat; Cyberconsommateur; Cyberconsumer; Cybermarchand; Cybermerchant; Droit international privé; Internet; Loi applicable; Private international law; Protection; Tribunal compétent

La faillite internationale: droit comparé, le système canadien et le système européen - Carré, Dobah (Université de Montréal, 2008)
La faillite internationale est une matière complexe qui a donné lieu à un long et vif débat doctrinal entre les tenants des systèmes de la territorialité et de l'universalité. Une faillite est internationale lorsqu'elle met en présence un débiteur possédant des biens ou des créanciers dans plus d'un pays. Puisque la matière de faillite est souvent très différente d'un pays à l'autre, l'application du système de la pluralité, retenue dans la plupart des pays, soulève plusieurs problèmes particulièrement en ce qui concerne la coordination entre les diverses faillites et le manque de protection des créanciers, notamment parce qu'elle accorde des effets limités à la reconnaissance des procédures de faillite étrangères. En effet, en présence de procédures de faillite concurrentes il s'agit de répondre aux questions suivantes: quelle est la juridiction compétente pour ouvrir et organiser la faillite? Quelle est la loi applicable? Dans quels États cette faillite va-t-elle produire des effets? Dans le présent mémoire, il s'agit d'établir une comparaison entre le système canadien et le système européen en matière de faillite internationale. Le législateur canadien a récemment envisagé de modifier sa législation sur la faillite pour permettre une meilleure coopération internationale en matière de faillite internationale. Le projet canadien C-55 reprend pour l'essentiel les dispositions contenues dans la loi-type de la commission des Nations-Unis pour le droit commercial international (CNUDCI) sur «l'insolvabilité internationale». Ainsi, il permet de faciliter réellement la reconnaissance des décisions de faillite étrangères, il accorde une plus grande portée aux effets de cette reconnaissance et il prévoit une coordination des procédures multiples en établissant une «hiérarchisation» des procédures de faillite relativement semblable au système européen. Cependant, le projet canadien atteint moins bien l'objectif d'universalité que le Règlement européen 1346/2000 au niveau du traitement égalitaire entre les créanciers locaux et les créanciers étrangers. Si la loi-type offre à tous les États une utilité pratique considérable pour les nombreux cas de coopération internationale, l'harmonisation de la faillite internationale dépendra de son adoption dans les différentes législations. Bien que plusieurs pays aient inséré ce modèle dans leur législation sur la faillite, il n'est pas encore possible, à l'heure actuelle, de parler d'un droit international de la faillite. International insolvency is a complex subject that has given rise to a long and sharp doctrinal debate between supporters of systems of territorialism and of universality. An insolvency is international where a debtor possesses goods or creditors in more than one country. Since the matter of bankruptcy is often very different from one country to another, the application of the system of plurality, which is retained in the majority of countries, raises several problems, particularly with regard to the coordination between several bankruptcies and the lack of protection of creditors, largely because plurality grants effects that are limited to the recognition of the foreign bankruptcy procedures. Indeed, in the presence of concurrent procedures of bankruptcy, the following questions must be addressed: Which is the court having jurisdiction to open and organize the bankruptcy? Which law is applicable? In which States will this bankruptcy produce effects? This thesis will establish a comparison between the Canadian system and the European system with respect to international bankruptcy. The Canadian legislator recently planned to modify its legislation on bankruptcy in order to better foster international co-operation in the realm of international bankruptcy. The Canadian Bill C-55 largely reiterates the provisions contained in the Model Law on cross border insolvency (UNCITRAL). Bill C-55 thus facilitates the recognition of foreign decisions of bankruptcy, it grants a greater scope to the effects of this recognition and it aims to coordinate multiple bankruptcy procedures by establishing a "hierarchisation" there of that is relatively similar to the European system. However, the Canadian project does not achieve the goal of universality as well as does the European regulation 1346/2000 with respect to equal treatment between local creditors and foreign creditors. If the Model Law offers all States the considerable practical utility for many incidences of international co-operation, the harmonization of international bankruptcy will depend on the adoption of the Model Law in various domestic legislations. Although several countries have inserted this model in their legislation on bankruptcy, it is not yet possible, at the present time, to speak of an international law of bankruptcy.
Keywords: Bankruptcy; Bill C-55; Chapitre 15 U.S. bankruptcy code; Comparative law; Coopération judiciaire; Coordination des procédures; Droit comparé; Droit international privé; European regulation on insolvency; Faillite; Insolvabilité; Insolvency; Legal cooperation; Loi modèle de la CNUDCI; Private international law; Procedures coordination; Proceedings n° 1346/2000; Projet de loi C-55; Règlement européen 1346/2000; Territorialism-plurality; Territorialité-pluralité; UNCITRAL model law; US bankruptcy code chapter 15; Universality-unity; Universalité-unité

Modélisation des sorties d'un contrat retraité complémentaire : Cas du contrat collectif SAFAVENIR - Ablegue, Fabrice H. (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2008)

La souscription de l'assurance transports sur le marché : Cas de la STAR NATIONALE S.A (TCHAD) - Adoum, Nadjara (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2008)

Le contrôle des intermédiaires d'assurances dans la zone CIMA : Cas du marché béninois - Agboton, Paulin Martial (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2008)

Réflexion sur les stratégies d'amélioration des performances d'une compagnie d'assurances IARD : cas de l'Afrique des assurances du Bénin - Akoha Mégah, Emmanuel (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2008)

Stratégies, mécanisme d'apurement et minimisation du niveau des arrières de primes dans les sociétés IARD de la CIMA - Ali, Ibrahim (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2008)

L'approche technique et pratique de la maitrise des fraudes en assurances sante au sein d'une compagnie d'assurance de la CIMA : Cas d' AXA assurances Gabon - Assame, Olivier Mebiame; Biyoghe, Patrick; Mebiame Assame, Olivier (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2008)

Le marché camerounais de l'assurance vie : Evolution et perspectives - Atée Angounou, Sébastien (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2008)

L'intermédiation dans le règlement des sinistrés de la branche IARD sur le marché des assurances du Mali - Ba, Modibo (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2008)

The implications of the structure of the regulatory expropriation enquiry in international investment law - Bonnitcha, Jonathan Merrington (Oxford University, UK, 2008)
This thesis examines the structure of enquiry that arbitral tribunals use to distinguish between regulatory expropriation and legitimate non-compensable regulation in international investment law. The thesis proposes a new taxonomy of the possible structures of enquiry: the enquiry could look exclusively to the effects of the measure on the protected property; exclusively to the characteristics of the impugned measure; or to both the effects on the property and the characteristics of the measure. The application of this taxonomy shows that there is no agreed structure of enquiry in decisions on regulatory expropriation in international investment law. However, various threads of jurisprudence do show some degree of internal consistency. The thesis identifies six approaches in the decisions of arbitral tribunals: two that look exclusively to the effects of the measure; one that looks exclusively to the characteristics of the measure; and three that consider both the effects and the characteristics of the measure. Of the three approaches that consider both the effects and the characteristics of a measure, one is a direct adoption of US 5th Amendment jurisprudence and another is a direct adoption of ECHR Article 1 – Protocol 1 jurisprudence. Chapters 4 and 5 examine the jurisprudence of the US and ECHR in detail. These chapters show that, unlike international investment law, each of these jurisdictions has an established structure of enquiry in cases of regulatory expropriation. All six approaches to regulatory expropriation are sketched as models. These model approaches are applied to the case study of Piero Foresti. The case study demonstrates the most significant conclusion of this thesis: that different structures of enquiry, and different approaches within those structures, necessarily entail different legal outcomes on the same facts.
Keywords: 5th amendment; Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs); Black economic empowerment; ECHR; Expropriation; Human rights; International Investment Law; MPRDA; Property law; Public international law; Regulatory expropriation; Right to property

Les nouvelles formes de gestion opérationnelle en télégestion , assistance et prestations en nature - Diop, Bouyo (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2008)

Etude de l'incidence de la politique de placements d'une compagnie d'assurances IARD sur son développement : Cas de SALAMA assurances Sénégal - Diouf, Cheikh (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2008)

Les problèmes liés à l'indemnisation des victimes d'accidents de la circulation routière : Cas de la compagnie d'assurance et réassurance du Niger (CAREN) - Issoufa, Zabey (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2008)

Regles de l'OMC et développement de l'assurance transports dans un pays de la CIMA : Cas du Burkina Faso - Kabore, W. Eric Placide (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2008)

Amélioration de la gestion des flottes d'une société de transport public de voyageurs : Cas de la Sotra - Koffi, Konan David (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2008)

Analyse financière des compagnies d'assurances-vie et de capitalisation : Cas de l'Union Béninoise d'Assurance-Vie - Kovy, Gilbert (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2008)

Quelles stratégie de pénétration du secteur informel pour une compagnie d'assurance de la zone CIMA : Cas du Togo - Lacle Tevi Djidjogbe, Lassey Yawo (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2008)

L'organisation des intermédiaires au sein d'une entreprise d'assurance de la CIMA : Cas de la SONAM S.A - Mbodj, Mbagnick (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2008)

Micro-assurance : Domaine enjeux et perspectives - Moumouni, Mohamodou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2008)

Contribution à la mise en place des stratégies de développement de la micro assurance dans une entreprise d'assurances : Cas de la SAFA au Tchad - Nadjiadoum Koulengar, Mathias (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2008)

Construction et gestion d'un portefeuille de réassurance proportionnelle - Ngabali, Ange Wilfrid Bolingo (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2008)

Le renforcement de la politique de souscription de l'assurance transport sur le marché CIMA : (cas du Sénégal) - Ngom, Edmond Malick (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2008)

Explaining Copyright: The Normative Implications of its Sociotechnical Construction - Nicholson, Scott (Queen’s University, 2008)
The construction of copyright law can be causally explained by two possible types of explanation: dialectical explanations and material explanations. I argue that an adequate causal description of the copyright discourses of Western legal systems must incorporate a material explanation in order to account for many of the general and particular characteristics of the evolution of copyright. As a vast variety of contingent and interactive social and technical conditions have caused the evolution of copyright, we should expect a plausible material explanation to be multifaceted and multi-layered. However, in addition to providing a causal sociohistorical description, a good legal explanation should also seek to include a normative account detailing the moral grounds of the law, or lack thereof. Dialectical explanations can be teleological: they can presuppose that the law is directed towards a perfect legal state and that it is essentially guided by a set of moral ideals. Material explanations, on the other hand, are essentially non-normative and do not explicitly address moral questions. But this does not entail the elimination of moral considerations from material explanations. As I aim to show, we should not address the moral and sociohistorical elements of copyright legal discourses independently because they are causally connected: moral justifications have been rhetorically used by social actors to influence lawmaking processes, and conversely, changes in technical conditions have given rise to sociotechnical formations that enable and structure the norms of copyright. Given this, I propose that lawmakers should adjudicate and legislate from a broad and flexible standpoint. They should not attempt to merely apply old principles to new problems, but should comprehend new moral norms introduced by new conditions, and balance them against the older, more established principles enshrined in traditional intellectual property theories.
QSpace: Queen's Scholarship & Digital Collections
Keywords: Copyright; Intellectual property

La problématique d'un traité en excédent de sinistré - Nzeingued, Elvis Camille (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2008)

L'optimisation de la fonction contrôle dans les sociétés d'assurances de groupe - Pouela, Poulain Dexter (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2008)

La ejecución de sentencias en el Proceso Civil como Derecho a la tutela judicial efectiva - Romo Loyola, John (Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2008)
Tesis dirigida por María Isabel Huertas Martín. Esta investigación, se centra en el estudio de la institucionalidad como tal y a ciertas semejanzas y/o diferencias que existen entre las legislaciones de Iberoamérica en ese tema.

Le nouveau TRE : Atouts ou freins au développement de l'assurance incendie dans le marché CIMA ? - Salami, Aboubacar (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2008)

La pénétration de l'assurance non vie dans l'économie béninoise : Cas de la branche <<Accidents>> - Sodjinou, Modeste Flash y (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2008)

Evaluation de l'action de l'ASAC (association des sociétés d'assurance du Cameroun) dans le processus d'assainissement du marché camerounais : 2002-2008 - Timadji, Nicodème Tiwa (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2008)

Marketing relationnel : Instrument de développement de l'assurance vie et de capitalisation en zone CIMA - Toe, Sir Aboubakar Ngoma (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2008)

Le développement des relations d'affaires entre une compagnie d'assurance vie et les institutions de micro finance - Traoré, Abdoulaye Fadio (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2008)

L'exception de non-subrogation: l'influence de ses principes justificatifs sur sa mise en oeuvre - Parent, Alain (Université de Montréal, 2007)
À la lecture de l'article 2365 c.c.Q., le créancier et la caution ne peuvent pas percevoir les droits et les libertés que ce texte concrétise à leur encontre ou à leur profit. Pour pallier ce problème, les auteurs et la jurisprudence ont alors laissé place à leur imagination afin de tenter de classifier cette disposition à l'intérieur d'institutions juridiques éprouvées, le tout en vue de démythifier le contenu de la règle de droit. Pour notre part, nous considérons que l'exception de non-subrogation est une notion originale en soi, qui trouve sa source à l'intérieur même de son institution. La thèse que nous soutenons est que l'exception de non-subrogation, mode de libération qui a pour mission de combattre le comportement opportuniste, cristallise l'obligation de bonne foi en imposant implicitement au créancier une obligation de bonne subrogation. Tout manquement du créancier à cette obligation a comme conséquence de rendre le droit de créance du créancier irrecevable à l'égard de la caution devant les tribunaux. Ce précepte éclaircit le contexte de l'article 2365 C.c.Q. et, par le fait même, il permet de délimiter le contour de son domaine et de préciser ses conditions d'application. L'exception de non-subrogation est un mécanisme juridique qui date de l'époque romaine. Elle est maintenant intégrée dans presque tous les systèmes juridiques du monde, tant en droit civil qu'en common law. Dans la législation québécoise, elle s'est cristallisée à l'article 2365 C.c.Q. Il s'agit d'une disposition d'ordre public qui ne peut être invoquée que par la caution. Son application dépend du cumul de quatre conditions: 1) le fait du créancier; 2) la perte d'un droit subrogatoire; 3) le préjudice de la caution; 4) le lien causal entre les trois derniers éléments. Lorsque ces quatre conditions sont remplies, la caution est libérée de son engagement dans la mesure du préjudice qu'elle subit. Article 2365 of the Civil Code of Quebec ("C.C.Q.") states that the creditor and the surety cannot claim rights and liberties that the text secures for or against them. To deal with this problem, the authors and authorities gave free reign to imagination in an attempt to categorize this provision within recognized legal institutions and thereby demythicize the content of the rule of law. We are of the opinion that the non-subrogation exception is in itself an original concept that arises from within its institution. We believe that the non-subrogation exception, a discharge mode which aims at fighting opportunistic behaviour, crystallises the duty of good faith by implicitly imposing upon the creditor the obligation of subrogation. The creditor's failure to comply with this obligation will result in his right to claim in respect of the surety not being receivable in court. This throws some light on the context of Article 2365 C.c.Q., defines its boundaries and clarifies its applicability. The non-subrogation exception is a legal mechanism that goes back to Roman times. ft has now been incorporated into both civil and common law in almost ail legal systems in the world. In Quebec legislation, it falls under Article 2365 C.C.Q. It is a public order provision that only the surety can cite. The enforcement of this provision is subject to the following conditions: 1) the act of the creditor; 2) the loss of a subrogatory right; 3) the surety's prejudice; 4) the causal link between the three. When these conditions are fulfilled, the surety is released from his obligation to the extent of the prejudice he has suffered.
Keywords: Analyse économique du droit; Article 2365 c.c.Q.; Cautionnement; Civil law; Droit civil; Economic analysis of law; Exception de non-subrogation; Nonsubrogation; Source des obligations; Sources of obligations; Suretyship

A integração econômica como estratégia de desenvolvimento do continente africano: proposta de fusão entre a Comunidade Econômica do Estados da África Ocidental (CEDEAO) e a União Econômica e Monetária da África Ocidental (UMEOA) - Fernandes, Joel Aló (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2007)
Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo abordar a questão do processo de integração econômica dos Estados da África, como estratégia para o desenvolvimento do continente africano. A integração de Estados em blocos econômicos teve seu marco com a criação das Comunidades Européias nos anos 50 do século XX. Países europeus decidiram depois da Segunda Guerra Mundial agrupar-se (em processos políticos e econômicos) para evitar possíveis novas guerras e fortalecer suas economias destruídas por tais conflitos. A integração européia passou a servir de exemplo e modelo para as experiências de cooperação nos outros continentes. Na África, os Estados começaram a se aproximar depois da sua independência política no final dos anos 50 e início da década de 60, como forma de conjugar esforços para a libertação dos territórios que ainda se encontravam sob o jugo colonial, buscando também a libertação econômica dos territórios independentes. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo confere ênfase ao tema dos blocos econômicos da África Ocidental, destacando a importância da fusão entre a Comunidade Econômica dos Estados da África Ocidental (CEDEAO) e a União Econômica e Monetária da África Ocidental (UEMOA), com a finalidade do estabelecimento da Comunidade Econômica Africana.

Le principe « compétence-compétence » dans le contentieux maritime - Niviere, Marie (Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille 3, 2007)

Analyse et exploitation de l'Etat C10b - Sawadogo, Pegwendé Moïse (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2007)

Small economies and their development in the Multilateral Trade System: correlation between economic and political environment and trade performance of small economies - Tiemeni, Thierry Galani (University of the Western Cape, 2007)
At the heart of this study is the topic of small economies in the Multilateral Trade System (MTS). The study examines the World Trade Organisation’s (WTO) legal framework and policy objectives in order to develop a comprehensive definition of small economies as a group of WTO members with specific needs. Particular attention is given to the determination of the specific characteristics of small economies, as well as the issues and constraints they are facing in the MTS. The study explores solutions proposed in order to tackle the constraints to the effective integration of small economies in the MTS, with specific reference to the policy reasoning of small economies. More importantly, the study explores the impact of the size factor, which is certainly not only a burden on the growth and development perspectives of the considered entity, but which may also become an advantage and promotes the trade performance of a small economy. Hypotheses are then made relating to the relevance of the economic and political environments in the determination of a successful (or not) integration, and participation, of a small economy in the MTS. A crucial argument developed is that the differences observed between countries sharing similar characteristics of smallness, vulnerability and remoteness/landlockedness, illustrates the fact that what ultimately matters is the interplay of factors related to the economic and political environments, the effect of which is to promote or constrain (depending on the case) successful integration of the small economy in the MTS.
https://hdl.handle.net/10566/18256
Keywords: Committee on trade and development; Developed countries; Economic environment; Multilateral trade system; Political environment; Small and vulnerable economy; Small economies; Trade performance; WTO; World Trade Organization

La problématique du consentement à l'arbitrage multipartite au sein des groupements de sociétés - Manirabona, Amissi Melchiade (Université de Montréal, 2006)
L'arbitrage étant une institution basée sur la volonté des parties, le consentement à la procédure arbitrale multipartite soulève de nombreuses questions relativement à la manière dont les parties expriment leur intention de faire partie d'une instance unique. Cette étude vise à déterminer les conditions dans lesquelles l'arbitre peut arriver à unifier la résolution des litiges qui impliquent les groupements de sociétés. Le plus naturel des moyens pour aboutir à une procédure multipartite est de prévoir cette possibilité à travers la convention d'arbitrage. Cela peut notamment provenir de la signature d'une convention d'arbitrage unique par toutes les parties concernées. Dans certains cas précis, l'arbitrage multipartite peut également résulter de plusieurs conventions d'arbitrage spécialement lorsque les parties participent à la réalisation d'un même ouvrage. Cependant, il arrive souvent qu'une partie qui n'a pas signé la convention d'arbitrage soit obligée à participer à l'instance. Même sans y être obligée, une partie non-signataire de la convention d'arbitrage peut aussi demander de participer à l'arbitrage pour défendre ses intérêts. Pour pouvoir admettre la participation à la procédure d'un tiers non-signataire de la convention d'arbitrage, les arbitres ont recours à plusieurs notions prévues par les droits internes. C'est ainsi que la levée du voile corporatif, la théorie de la réalité économique et le principe de l'estoppel constituent les meilleurs outils pour les arbitres d'amener à la procédure, par force ou sur demande, un non-signataire de la convention d'arbitrage. Enfin, les mécanismes du Code civil servent efficacement à neutraliser les effets du principe de relativité de la convention d'arbitrage. Il s'agit notamment de la bonne foi, du mandat, de la stipulation pour autrui et de la cession. Arbitration as an institution based on the intention of the parties, the consent on the multi-party arbitration procedure raises many problems relating to the way in which the parties express their intention to participate in a unique arbitration forum. This study aims to determinate the manner in which the arbitrator can join disputes resolution involving the groups of companies. The normal way to get a multi-party procedure is to provide it in an arbitration clause. This can be by signing a single arbitration agreement by all the parties involved. In certain cases, the multi-party arbitration can also be possible with several arbitration agreements especially when the parties took part in carrying out ofthe same economic operation. However, in other situations, the multi-party arbitration procedure is unrelated to consent. A non-signatory party can nevertheless be bound by an arbitration agreement signed by an other party. To allow the participation in the arbitration procedure of a third party non-signatory of the arbitration agreement, the arbitrators use several concepts provided chiefly by the national laws. 80, the lifting of the corporate veil, the doctrine of economic reality and estoppel, are the best tools for the arbitrators to bring to the arbitration procedure, by force or on request, a non-signatory of the arbitration agreement. Lastly, the mechanisms of the Civil code are used with efficiency by arbitrators to neutralize the effects of the relativity principle of the arbitration agreement. Those mechanisms are in particular the good faith, mandate, stipulation for another and assignment.
Accepted: 2008-06-27T17:39:42Z
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Convention d'arbitrage; Effets (extension); Extension of the arbitration clause; Groupes de sociétés; Groups of Companies; Third Party non-signatory; Tierces parties non-signataires

The legal risks associated with trading in derivatives in a merchant bank - Terblanché, Janet René (University of Stellenbosch, 2006)
The research defines derivatives as private contracts, with future rights and obligations imposed on all parties, used to hedge or transfer risk, which derives value from an underlying asset price or index, which asset price or index may take on various forms. The nature of derivatives is that the instruments are intended to be risk management tools. The objectives of derivatives are either to hedge a risk, or to speculate. Derivatives may be classified by the manner in which they are traded, either over the counter (OTC) or on exchange. Alternatively, derivatives may be classified on the basis of structure and mechanisms, i.e. forwards, futures, options or swaps. Risk and risk management are defined in the third chapter with the focus on merchant banking. The nature of risk is that it is inherent in all activities. The nature of risk management is that it aims to ensure that the risks faced by the merchant bank are managed on a daily basis. The objective of risk management is to ensure that losses are minimised and the appropriate level of risk is taken in order to maximise profits. Risk may be classified as operational, operations, market, systemic, credit and legal risk. A comprehensive discussion of credit risk is presented, as it pertains to the legal risk in derivatives in a merchant bank. This includes insolvency, set-off, netting, credit derivatives and collateral. Legal risk is defined as the risk of loss primarily caused by legal unenforceability (i.e. a defective transaction, for instance a contract), legal liability (i.e. a claim) or failure to take legal steps to protect assets (e.g. intellectual property). The nature of legal risk is that it is caused by jurisdictional and other cross-border factors, inadequate documentation, the behaviour of financial institutions, a lack of internal controls, financial innovation or the inherent uncertainty of the law. The objectives of legal risk management in derivatives are to avoid the direct and indirect costs associated with legal risk materialising. This includes reputational damage. Derivatives attract specific legal risks due to the complexity of the instruments as well as the constant innovation in the market. There remains some legal uncertainty regarding derivatives in terms of gaming, wagering and gambling, as well as insurance. The relationship between risk and derivatives is that due to the complexity and constant innovation associated with derivatives, there are some inherent risks to trading in derivatives. It is therefore important to ensure that there is a vested risk management culture in the derivatives trading environment. Chapter four gives an overview of derivatives legislation in foreign jurisdictions and in South Africa. The contractual and documentation issues are discussed with reference to ad hoc agreements, master agreements and ISDA agreements. The practical implementation issues of master agreements and ad hoc agreements are also discussed. The recommendations are that legal risk management be approached in a similar manner to credit, market and other risk disciplines. A legal risk management policy needs to be developed and implemented. The second recommendation is that a derivative to manage the legal risk in derivatives be developed.

Contribution à la prévention des risques découlant de l'affrètement du navire - Aclombessi, Bernard (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2006)

Impayés et recouvrement des arrières de primes : Quelles stratégies pour une compagnie de la zone CIMA (cas de la compagnie nationale d'assurances)? - Adou, Constant Saturnin (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2006)

L'accroissement de la rétention des cotisation d'assurance dans la zone CIMA - Affagnon, Christian Mahoutin (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2006)

La problématique de gestion du réseau des intermédiaires du marché congolais d'assurance - Ahouet, François-Xavier; Pella, Roger-Martin (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2006)

Stratégie de développement du portefeuille transport d'une compagnie d'assurance de la zone CIMA : Cas de AMSA assurances Sénégal - Cissokho, Ibrahima (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2006)

Ressource humaine et efficacité économique d'une entreprise d'assurance de la zone CIMA : Cas de l'UGAN-IARD - Diaouga, Abdou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2006)

Situation et perspectives de mise en oeuvre d'un système de contrôle interne dans une entreprise d'assurances : Cas de la SONAR/IARD - Djibo, Zakaye (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2006)

Conséquence néfastes de la concurrence : Cas de la sous tarification dans le marché camerounais de << l'assurance dommages >> - Edidie Mboula, Martial Roger (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2006)

Les impayés et recouvrement des arriérés de primes : Quelles stratégies pour une compagnie d' assurances dans la zone CIMA? cas des assurances générales du Congo (A.G.C) - Gandzien, Dundas Tiffany (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2006)

Groupe de sociétés d'assurances observées dans le marche de la CIMA : Enjeux et motivations - Hounzandji, Amen Michée (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2006)

Assurance construction réalités et perspectives : Cas du marché congolais - Kanga Ngala, Vuecia Gaelle (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2006)

Les stratégies pour rendre la culture des assurances accessible aux populations de la zone CIMA - Koffi Kouame, Sylvain (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2006)

L'assurabilité des prêts consentis par les institutions de micro finance - Kouna Nkoulou, Aimé Roméo (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2006)

Assurance construction au Mali : Réalités et perspectives - Kouyate, Abdrahamane (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2006)

Problématique de la rentabilité des sociétés d'assurance vie face aux exigences du code CIMA - Mbala Marie Madeleine, épouse Onana (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2006)

Groupe de société d'assurances observées dans le marché CIMA : Enjeux et motivations. Cas du groupe SUNU assurances - Mbama, Juste Sylvain (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2006)

Problématique de la rentabilité des sociétés d'assurance vie face aux exigences du code CIMA : Cas de la société OGARVIE - Mitoumba, Arnaud (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2006)

La couverture de la responsabilité civile scolaire dans un Etat de la CIMA : Cas de la STAR NATIONALE S.A. au Tchad - Nadjal, Léopold Casimir (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2006)

Gouvernance d'entreprise : Impact du contrôle interne sur la solvabilité des sociétés d'assurances - Ndiaye, Thioye Papa (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2006)

Analyse statistique et modélisation de la mortalité du contrat SIKA retraite de NSIA vie - Ouattara, Djagana (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2006)

L'impact du nouveau système comptable OHADA sur les jugements et décisions des agents de prêt : Le cas du Cameroun - Saidatou, Hamidou Dicko (Université du Québec à Montréal, 2006)
Pour répondre à la mouvance des mutations économiques dues à la mondialisation, 16 États africains ont signé le Traité relatif à l'Harmonisation du Droit des Affaires en Afrique, créant ainsi l'Organisation pour l'Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA) le 17 octobre 1993. L'objectif de l'OHADA est de créer des droits relatifs aux affaires, droits modernes et adaptés au contexte africain, afin de permettre une meilleure intégration économique et un développement harmonieux de l'Afrique. Ainsi, l'Acte Uniforme portant Organisation et Harmonisation des comptabilités des entreprises des États parties du Traité a été adopté le 24 mars 2000. Le 1er janvier 2001, toutes les entreprises étaient donc tenues de passer au système comptable OHADA pour les comptes personnels (d'entreprises), et le 1er janvier 2002 pour les comptes consolidés. Avant l'adoption de cette nouvelle normalisation comptable, les pays de l'Afrique Noire Francophone (dont le Cameroun), dans leur majorité, utilisaient le plan comptable OCAM, calqué des plans comptables généraux français de 1947 et 1957. L'objectif de notre recherche est de comparer l'impact du format de présentation et du contenu informationnel des deux modes de divulgation de l'information comptable sur les jugements et décisions des banquiers. La question est de savoir si l'information résultant du nouveau système comptable OHADA modifie les jugements et décisions des agents de prêt, comparativement à celle résultant de l'ancien plan comptable OCAM. Le changement de norme comptable a principalement amené les agents de prêt camerounais à modifier leurs jugements initiaux relatifs à la rentabilité et à la structure financière ainsi que leurs jugements sous-jacents (bénéfice d'exploitation, bénéfice net, endettement, liquidité et capacité d'injection de ressources); par contre, les différences notées pour ces jugements sous-jacents et initiaux ne les ont pas conduit à modifier leurs jugements principaux de la cote de risque et de sa tendance, ni les décisions de prêt et de fixation du taux d'intérêt. Lorsque le changement considère aussi le TAFlRE (tableau financier des ressources et emplois), les agents de prêt ne modifient que leur jugement initial de la rentabilité et leurs jugements sous-jacents du bénéfice d'exploitation, du bénéfice net, des flux de trésorerie ainsi que celui de l'endettement. Lorsque les deux groupes expérimentaux sont comparés, on constate un effet relativement Iimité du TAFIRE puisque seuls les jugements sous-jacents du bénéfice d'exploitation, de l'endettement, de la liquidité, de la capacité d'injection de ressources ainsi que le jugement initial de la structure financière sont différents. De plus, les états financiers du SYSCOHADA semblent avoir eu un effet relativement positif sur les jugements sous-jacents (bénéfice d'exploitation, bénéfice net et flux de trésorerie) et le jugement initial de la rentabilité pour les participants des deux groupes expérimentaux ainsi qu'un effet relativement positif sur les jugements sous-jacents (endettement, liquidité et capacité d'injection de ressources) et le jugement initial de la structure financière uniquement pour les participants du premier groupe.
https://archipel.uqam.ca/3193/
Keywords: Attitude; Banquier; Cameroun; Comptabilité; Norme comptable; Organisation commune africaine et malgache; Organisation pour l'harmonisation du droit des affaires en Afrique; Prise de décision; Prêt; Système d'information comptable

L'organisation du travail des intermédiaires d'assurance dans une compagnie d'assurance pour sa meilleure rentabilité - Tcharabalo, Christian Tchamie Wyao (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2006)

L'impact de l'assurance maladie privée sur l'accès aux soins de santé au Cameroun - Tessa Fondjio, Roméo (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2006)

L'organisation du travail des intermédiaires d'assurance au sein d'une compagnie d'assurance de la CIMA : Cas de la compagnie d'assurances et de réassurances du Niger (CAREN) - Yahaya, Roland (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2006)

Stratégies et mécanismes d' apurement des arrières de primes des sociétés d'assurances IARD : Cas de l'UAB/IARDT - Zorom, Sékou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2006)

The role of implicit contract terms as a determinant of contractual consequences - Bailly, Chantal (Stellenbosch University, 2005)
Banks are one of the most important elements in the economic cycle of modem society. As money replaced bartering banks have gradually moved into the pivotal point of the relations between participants in the economic cycle. No project can be realized without money today. On the one hand, there are the investors who, irrespective of the amount, entrust their assets to the banks. On the other hand, there are those whose financial needs require the granting of some form of credit. Banks operating in these contexts clearly bear important responsibilities towards the different parties. A third party, the state, is also interested in a well-functioning banking establishment. Economic stability, without which there can be no political stability, cannot otherwise be ensured. The state is accordingly keenly interested in maintaining the operability of this system. To this end, various laws are made in the respective countries aimed at supervising the banking industry. This work deals with some of the legislation relating to bank supervision in the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of South Africa. In the various chapters certain aspects of bank supervision in the two countries are identified, juxtaposed and compared. The reasons for any differences are sought, discussed and where possible explained. From a historical point of view, the two countries developed differently. Nevertheless, the need to regulate this sector through legislative means arose at an early stage in both. Unfortunately, the catalyst for legislative development was mostly some or other financial crisis. Any measures for supervising banks must, to be binding, be constitutional. In this regard much must still be done in South Africa due to the fact that the New Constitution has only been in force since 1996. Thus certain regulations stemming from the Banks Act 90 of 1994 need to be reconsidered in the light of the constitution. Bank supervisory activity is performed by a national institution in both countries. Germany avails itself of an independent authority. However, in South Africa it is one of the tasks of the central bank which has established a specific office for this purpose. Legal and natural persons alike are subject to such supervision. Diverse other government institutions provide support for such supervisory work in both countries. The scope of banking supervision, that is the persons and transactions affected, is broad and also finely meshed. Both systems list a number of banking transactions that are subject to their supervision. This affects all domestic banks and all foreign banks that are domestically active. Access to the banking business is only permitted in both countries after an appropriate license has been granted. The license can be conditional. Moreover, both systems make provision for the revocation of the license in appropriate circumstances. The conducting of banking business without the necessary permission is forbidden in both countries under the threat of legal punishment. It is well recognized in modem society that legal subjects should be protected against the decisions of those who wield state power. The possible remedies of those affected by the decisions of the public authorities responsible for banking supervision in the different countries are investigated in conclusion.
Keywords: Contracts; Good faith

The legal regulation of corporate governance with reference to international trends - Horn, Roelof Combrinck (University of Stellenbosch, 2005)
Corporate governance is defined as the system by which companies are managed and controlled. The concept came to the fore with the Cadbury Report in England in 1992 and has since been the topic of much academic discussion. The recent collapse of companies like Enron and WorldCom raised serious questions about international corporate governance practices. This has resulted in widespread reform. In the United States large-scale prescriptive measures were implemented through the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The United Kingdom persisted with their principle-based approach of comply or explain, although some amendments were made to the Combined Code through a joint effort by the Co-ordinating Group on Audit and Accounting Issues, the Smith Report and the Higgs Report. In Australia change took the form of the ASX Corporate Governance Principles and CLERP 9. South Africa, influenced by its common law background, followed a similar approach to that of the United Kingdom but has recently adopted a more prescriptive approach similar to that of the US. The King Committee was set up to review corporate governance in South Africa and two reports report were published – one in 1994 and another in 2002. Amendments to the JSE Listings Requirements followed. The Konar Report made recommendations on the reform of the accounting and auditing profession. The Department of Trade and Industry has recently launched a review of South African company law in conjunction with a review of the audit and accounting professions. These recent developments in company law will however not be discussed in depth as it is at a very early stage and is still subject to change. The aim of this study is to evaluate and determine whether or not the reform in South Africa is adequate to address the questions raised by recent corporate scandals in South Africa. The question also has to be asked whether South Africa should follow international trends in reform just for the sake of reforming. This requires an understanding of the principles underlying corporate governance and the reasons for the existence of corporate governance rules. With the increasing separation between ownership and control the accountability of directors has waned considerably. When addressing corporate governance issues, this must be kept in mind constantly. While the focus of recent reform has been on the company, its directors and auditors, the role of shareholders should not be ignored. What is needed to prevent directors and managers from abusing their positions of power are more informed and involved shareholders. The different role players must also cooperate in developing a culture of ethical behaviour and an environment of openness and accountability.

L'impact juridique des nouvelles dispositions de la Loi sur les normes du travail en matière de harcèlement psychologique sur le régime légal préexistant - Bourgault, Julie (Université Laval, 2005)
Ce mémoire cherche à déterminer l’impact juridique de l’adoption des nouvelles dispositions en matière de harcèlement psychologique au travail dans la Loi sur les normes du travail, sur le régime légal préexistant concernant le harcèlement au travail. En effet, la généralité des termes de la définition utilisée englobe un grand nombre de situations déjà couvertes par d’autres recours. L’étude des dispositions législatives des différents régimes, ainsi que de la jurisprudence sur le harcèlement en milieu de travail permet de constater que les recours préexistants conservent une utilité pour les victimes. Toutefois, le choix du recours doit tenir compte des différents modèles de compétence, qui varient selon les dispositions et la nature du litige, dans son contexte factuel.
Keywords: Harcèlement (travail); Harcèlement psychologique; Normes du travail

The powers of the Labour Court to review arbitration awards of the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration : a comparative study - Bezuidenhout, Susan Antoinette (University of South Africa, 2004)
A critical and in-depth discussion of the powers of the labour court to review arbitration awards of the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration, the application of the author's findings relating to common-law, legislation and case law and a critical analysis thereof. Special reference is made to the provisions of sections 145 and 158(1)(g) of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 including, in particular, the alternative application thereof in practice and scope for improvement in order to address potential prejudice to parties occasioned by the compulsory nature of (certain) dispute resolutions. This thesis incorporates a comparative study of the British and German labour law systems with reference to the relevant appeal and/or review procedures (as applied in their tribunals/courts), together with a discussion and application of certain other provisions relevant to South Africa labour law.
Keywords: British Labour system; CCMA; Compulsory arbitration; Dispute resolution; German Labour system; Labour Court; Review procedure

Concurrence et sous- tarification des risques : Quelles solutions pour éradiquer ce fléau sur le marché togolais des assurances - Alognon-Anani, Akoété (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2004)

le marché financier régional et le secteur des assurances : Cas du Bénin - Andjinou Ahoua, Marcel Raoul Koffi (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2004)

La réquisition et l'affrètement des navires marchands par les armées - Bertin, Damien (Aix-Marseille Université, 2004)

Les conférences maritimes et le droit de la concurrence communautaire - Besançon, Marion (Aix-Marseille Université, 2004)

Image de marque de l'assurance au Cameroun : Solution à mettre en œuvre pour son amélioration - Bessala, Francois-Xavier (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2004)

L'incendie à bord du navire marchand - Beuzit, Sébastien (Aix-Marseille Université, 2004)

Les pavillons et registres bis en Europe - Binon-Davin, Stéphanie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2004)

Les problèmes de tarification et d'étude des risques en matière d'assurance - Boukamba, Jean Paul (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2004)

La politique communautaire des transports - Catalan, Sophie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2004)

Le projet d'instrument de la CNUDCI sur le transport multimodal transmaritime - Chaillé de Néré, Dixie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2004)

Confection et analyse de l'état C9 de l'union des assurances du Burkina IARDT - Compaore, Antoine (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2004)

La problématique des arrières de primes du marché Burkinabe de l'assurance : Cas de la SONAR-IARD - Dabire, Beynir Narcisse (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2004)

Le remorquage des plates-formes pétrolières - de Prunelé, Amélie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2004)

La gestion des risques portuaires : Le cas du port autonome de Dakar (PAD) - Dioume Mountaga, Tall (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2004)

Traitement technique et financier des opérations de réassurance au sein de l'UCAR (centrafrique) - Dodessa, Nesmy-Ledoux (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2004)

Les avaries communes : place actuelle d'une institution antique - Dusserre, Cédric (Aix-Marseille Université, 2004)

L'harmonisation du certificat d'assurance maritime sur le marché camerounais : Incidence sur le développement de la branche transport - Ediba, Simon Pierre (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2004)

Le droit pénal maritime - Essou, Michel (Aix-Marseille Université, 2004)

Les transports internationaux de marchandises par mer non soumis aux règles de la Haye-Visby - Gacon, Pierre-Paul (Aix-Marseille Université, 2004)

La responsabilté pénale du transporteur routier - Garofalo, Ludovic (Aix-Marseille Université, 2004)

Audit de la solvabilité de la mutuelle agricole de Côte d'Ivoire (MACI) - Gnizako Euloge, Hervé (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2004)

Les droits des passagers dans le transport maritime : l'incidence du droit de la consommation sur la protection des passagers - Grach, Laure (Aix-Marseille Université, 2004)

Les navires inférieurs aux normes - Hagry, Alexandre (Aix-Marseille Université, 2004)

Les nouveaux canaux de distribution des produits d'assurances dans l'espace CIMA : Cas du Mali - Karembe, Allaye (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2004)

Le contrôle de gestion dans l'optimisation des résultats d'une société d'assurances-IARD - Koffi, Masé Elom Assignon (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2004)

Contribution à la mise en place d'une structure de contrôle de gestion dans une entreprise d'assurances : Cas de ACTIVA Assurances - Korbol, Firmin (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2004)

Analyse technique et financière des comptes d'une société d'assurance vie : cas de LMAI vie - Kouadio, Konan Eugène (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2004)

La loi applicable au contrat de transport maritime - Lincoln, Jérémy (Aix-Marseille Université, 2004)

Procédure et méthode de contrôle des intermédiaires : Cas des assurances Générales du Congo (AGC) - Mabiala, Aimé Sulpice Doctrové (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2004)

la problématique de la collaboration des agents généraux avec les sociétés d'assurances : Cas des assureurs conseils tchadiens avec la société tchadienne d'assurances et de réassurances - Madjita Noa Samngar, René (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2004)

La réforme de la politique commune de la pêche - Mazel, Stépahen (Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille 3, 2004)

Le recours subrogatoire en assurance maritime de facultés - Mekadmi, Djamila (Aix-Marseille Université, 2004)

Le facteur humain dans la sécurité maritime - Merbouh, Kaoutar (Aix-Marseille Université, 2004)

Comptabilisation des comptes techniques et financiers de réassurance dans une société d'assurances IARD : Cas des assurances Générales du Congo (AGC) - Mouambouma, Richard Bienuenu (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2004)

Etude contributive sur la mise en place d'un pool TPV au Cameroun et son incidence dans l' équilibre de la branche automobile - Ngouh, Félix (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2004)

Concurence et sous-tarification des risques : Solutions pour éradiquer ce fléau des marchés d'assurances - Okevayi Ngayila, Symphorien (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2004)

la problématique des impayés et la réglementation sur la couverture des engagements réglementés des sociétés d'assurances de dommages : Cas du marché Beninois - Ousmane, Adéwalé Laguide (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2004)

Les limites de l'intégration régionale internationale : le cas de la Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEDEAO) - Ramdé, Mamadou (Université de Montréal, 2004)
Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.
Keywords: Afrique Occidentale française; Afrique de l'Ouest; Communauté économique; Conflits ethniques; Coopération; Démocratie; Désertification; Développement régional; Environnement; Immigration; Intégration; Organisations intergouvernementales; Sous-développement; Tiers-monde; Union monétaire

Le transport de marchandises dangeureuses - Ravier, Laetitia (Aix-Marseille Université, 2004)

Les lieux de refuge - Rivier, Stéphane (Aix-Marseille Université, 2004)

Météorologie et droit maritime - Sevestre, Paul-Ambroise (Aix-Marseille Université, 2004)

la gestion d'un dossier sinistre en assurance des facultés maritimes - Soumare, bassirou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2004)

Le rôle du courtier d'assurances maritimes - Spaccesi, Laurent (Aix-Marseille Université, 2004)

Art Saigon : un petit chargeur au coeur du commerce maritime - Torck, Laurent (Aix-Marseille Université, 2004)

Les aides à la navigation maritime - Vieuxbled, Jean-Pierre (Aix-Marseille Université, 2004)

La distribution de l'assurance santé par l'intermédiaire du courtage - Yombo, Daniel Honoré (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2004)

Le rôle des sociétés de classification : l'exemple du Bureau Veritas - Zavoreo, Željana (Aix-Marseille Université, 2004)

Les nouveaux canaux de distribution des produits d'assurances IARD : Cas du Bénin - Zinsou, Assiba Léontine (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2004)

La preuve et la conservation de l'écrit dans la société de l'information - Caïdi, Stéphane (Université de Montréal, 2002)
Il est devenu commun de dire que notre société se transforme inexorablement en une société dite de « l'information ». Cette transformation se caractérise entre autres par une utilisation accrue des technologies de l’information afin de communiquer, d’échanger ou de transiger. Les supports traditionnels de communication (tel que le papier) cèdent progressivement leur place à de nouveaux supports technologiques favorisant l’efficacité et la rapidité des échanges, et par la même occasion le développement du commerce électronique. Qu’on le souhaite ou non, un constat s’impose : la montée en puissance des réseaux virtuels a eu raison du monopole du papier. Sur le plan juridique, cette nouvelle réalité bouleverse aussi considérablement les règles de droit civil largement pensées et ancrées dans un contexte papier. L’avènement de la numérisation et du phénomène de la dématérialisation des supports ont effectivement soulevé plusieurs questions d’ordre juridique tout à fait nouvelles que nous pourrions résumer de la manière suivante : Quels sont les rapports entre l’écrit et son support autre que le papier? Quelles sont les caractéristiques de l’écrit faisant appel aux technologies de l’information? Ce type d’écrit peut-il être admis en tant que moyen de preuve? Si oui, quelle sera sa force probante? Ce type d’écrit doit-il être conservé? Le présent mémoire vise précisément à identifier certains éléments de réponses à ces diverses questions en étudiant spécifiquement les cadres juridiques français et québécois. Ce mémoire traite d’une part des enjeux liés à l’évolution et au rôle de l’écrit face à l’avènement des technologies de l’information et d’autre part du cadre juridique de la preuve et de la conservation de l’écrit dans la société de l’information.
Keywords: Archivage; Archives; Communication formats; Evidence; Information and communication technologies; Preuve; Support; Technologies de l'information; Writing; Écrit

Etude contributive sur la mise en place d'un fond de garantie automobile dans la zone CIMA : Cas du Tchad - Abdérassoul, Younous Adoum (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2002)

l'assurabilité des marchés publics contre l'incendie dans les pays de la CIMA : Cas de la côte d'Ivoire - Allou, Hervé (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2002)

La problématique de la mise en oeuvre de l'assurance agricole dans la zone CIMA : Cas du centrafrique - Angue, Anne-Laure Bitep (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2002)

Etude contributive sur la mise en place d'un fond de garantie automobile - Bawada, Harissou Liman (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2002)

Quelle politique marketing en vue du développement du portefeuille d'une société d'assurances IARDT en mutation : Le cas de LMAI-IARDT - Bayoko Aka, Pierre (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2002)

Les état statistique Cima : Outils d'analyses de l'équilibre technico-financier des sociétés d'assurances : Cas des compagnies dommages - Bokossa, Lié Claude Médard (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2002)

Problématique du phénomène de la fraude dans le réseau de distribution d'une entreprise d'assurance IARDT : Cas de la Cameroon Insurance S.A. - Djeunko, Irène marie (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2002)

Le recours subrogatoire en assurances des facultés maritimes - Ekani, ludovic sylvain (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2002)

Le traité d'assurance incendie des risques d'entreprises : cas du Sénégal - Faye, Aliou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2002)

la domiciliation de l'assurance sur la facultés maritimes à l'importation dans les pays sans littoral : L'exemple du Niger - Issoufou, Harou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2002)

La problématique de la gestion des réseaux de distribution dans une société d'assurances : Cas des assurances générales du Congo (A.G.C) - Koussou Kaya, Yvon Blaise (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2002)

Les nouvelles règles de tarification incendie des entreprises : Quelles adaptations dans les pays CIMA - Mahamadou, Issa (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2002)

La teneur du standard de fiabilité des moyens électroniques de signature - Mokanov, Ivan (Université de Montréal, 2002)
Les institutions juridiques ont été bâties autour des réalités connues depuis des millénaires, que nous appelons de nos jours des phénomènes du monde réel. Ces phénomènes retrouvent présentement un nouveau théâtre – le cyberespace, et les règles du droit font face au défi de s’approprier ce nouvel environnement. Entre autres, les technologies du cyberespace ont mis au monde divers moyens qui nous permettent de nous identifier et de manifester notre attitude envers les actes juridiques - des finalités qui ont été assurées de longue date par la signature manuscrite. Bien que ces nouveaux moyens aient mérité un nom similaire à leur contrepartie traditionnelle - l’appellation de signature électronique, ils restent des phénomènes dont la proximité avec la signature manuscrite est discutable. Force est de constater que le seul point commun entre les moyens classiques et électroniques de signer réside dans les fonctions qu’ils remplissent. C’est en se basant sur ces fonctions communes que le droit a adopté une attitude identique envers les moyens d’authentification traditionnels et électroniques et a accueilli ces derniers sous l’emprise de ses institutions. Cependant, ceci ne signifie pas que ces institutions se soient avérées appropriées et qu’elles ne demandent aucun ajustement. Un des buts de notre étude sera de mettre en relief les moyens d’adaptation qu’offre le droit pour réconcilier ces deux environnements. Ainsi, pour ajuster l’institution de la signature aux phénomènes électroniques, le droit s’est tourné vers le standard de fiabilité de la signature électronique. Le standard de fiabilité est un complément de l’institution juridique de signature qui ne se rapporte qu’à la signature électronique et dont cette étude démontrera les applications. Les composantes du standard de fiabilité qui occuperont un deuxième volet de notre étude représentent un ensemble de règles techniques liées à la signature électronique. Ainsi, comme le standard de fiabilité puise sa substance dans les propriétés de l’architecture du cyberespace, l’attitude du droit envers la signature électronique s’avère tributaire de la morphologie du cyberespace. Étant donné que les possibilités qui nous sont offertes par la technologie continue à déterminer la réglementation juridique, il est légitime de conclure que l’examen des tendances dans l’évolution du cyberespace nous fournira un point de vue prospectif sur l’évolution des règles du droit. Legal institutions were built in order to govern realities that have been known for ages, which we regard today as real space phenomena. These phenomena have recently found a new stage cyberspace, and accordingly, the rule of law faces the challenge to map this new environment. Diverse means pertaining to cyberspace technologies have made possible the achievement of the objectives of the handwritten signature - identification and exhibition of intent to be bound by legal consequences. Although these new means of technology were labeled with the title “electronic signature”, they remain remote to the phenomenon named “traditional signature”. It is obvious that the sole resemblance between traditional and electronic signatures appears to be in their ability to carry out the same functions. This resemblance grounds an identical legal position to traditional and electronic signatures, through the spread of the existing legal institutions over the new authentication means. However, legal institutions do not turn up to be automatically appropriate irrespectively of a considerable need for adjustment. Thus, the initial objective of our study will be to highlight the techniques of law to settle in the new environment. Aiming the adjustment of the legal institution to the electronic methods of authentication, the legal framework recourses to the reliability criterion for the electronic signature. The importance and the impact of the reliability criterion for the electronic signatures as part of the set of rules related to the signature, gave rise to our interest. Furthermore, we will study the components of the reliability criterion, which represent a set of technical rules governing the electronic signature. Consequently we reach a conclusion underscoring a strong dependence of legal solutions from the potential offered by cyberspace, or in other words, from its morphology. Given this assumption, the study of the tendencies in cyberspace architectural evolution places us in a better position to adopt a prospective point of view over the expectancies on the evolution of the rule of law.
Keywords: Architecture du cyberespace; Preuve; Système d’information; Sécurité informatique

La problématique de la gestion des réseaux de distribution dans une société d'assurances de la CIMA : cas des assurances nouvelles du Gabon (ANG) - Mvola Ndong, Vincent de Paul (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2002)

Les exigences de rentabilité et de sécurité : Nécessité et contraintes dans la gestion financière de l'entreprise d'assurance - Quenum, Osée Gaétan (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2002)

L'impact des innovations du code CIMA sur le Résultat de la branche auto du marché burkinabe : Cas de la foncias tiard - Sangaré, Boubakar (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2002)

Des difficultés de la mise en œuvre du respect de l'obligation d'assurance responsabilité civile (RC) automobile dans l'économie des pays de l'Afrique de l'Ouest : Cas du Togo - Simtagna, Paziwèdon Komla Gabriel (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2002)

Les nouvelles règles de tarification incendies pour les entreprises : Quelle adaptations dans les pays de la CIMA : Cas du Tchad - Soulba, Awia (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2002)

Quelle politique de communication vis à vis de la clientele d'une compagnie d'assurances de la CIMA ? - Tchuisseu, Eric R. Kouaghu (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2002)

Mise en place et gestion technique d'un programme de réassurance dans une jeune compagnie d'assurance IARDT : Cas de la "générale des assurances" au Burkina Faso - Traoré, Drissa (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2002)

An Appraisal of the Community Court of Justice of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in Conflict Resolutions - Ibegbulam, Stellamaris (Ahmadu Bello University, 2001)
This thesis has found out that the court does not have an efficient means of coercion to apply delivered decisions, there by making the enforcement of the court’s decision cumbersome; decision of the court dealing with sanctions on member state who fail to fulfil their obligations are more complex than the interpretation of ECOWAS text; the research showed that the court also did not provide for the time limit in which an application can be reacted or responded to or time limit in which an annulment decision must be enforced. This thesis has put forth suggestions for the court. The suggestions essentially call for full subregional integration process by the court like all other ECOWAS institutions. The research revealed that the place of the court in the subregional integration will be more important if the decisions delivered by it can be enforced without encumbrance within the ECOWAS region; and that member states and some national institutions should not hold on tightly to their sovereignty but rather try to put enough zeal into facilitating rapid and efficient execution of decisions made by the court. This research work highlighted the extent of the powers of the Community Court of Justice and the factors that have led to it a judicial body with limited powers as regards the lack of access to court being by individual citizens, with the expansion of the provisions of the protocol, the court is bound to blossom in the scope of jurisdiction. It is hoped that this will help to move the sub-region towards greater integration so as to be able to compete in the new competitive global market. The ECOWAS Court has consistently demonstrated courage in the discharge of its vital role in putting an end to violation of all human rights and impunity of perpetrators in the sub region
Keywords: Conflict resolutions; Court of Justice; ECOWAS; West African States

La création d'un pool de transport public de voyageurs (TPV) au Niger : étude de faisabilité - Adam, Issa (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2000)

Assurance et secteur informel : Quelles stratégies de pénétration? - Adamah, Tassah (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2000)

L'escroquerie à l'assurance et des implications, quel solution? : Le cas de la Guinée équatoriale - Alla. K., Albert (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2000)

La distribution des assurances -vie des particuliers dans un pays à faible culture d'assurances - Amvene, Henri-Joseph Foh (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2000)

L'escroquerie en assurance et ses implications : Quelles solution? - Backy, Jules-Anicet (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2000)

L'impact de la réassurance sur l'équilibre du portefeuille d'une compagnie d'assurance dans les pays membres de la CIMA - Bio, Adamou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2000)

Comment maitriser le réseau de distribution d'une compagnie d'assurances pour un développement équilibre de son portefeuille - Djupssa, Pauline Désirée (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2000)

La distribution des assurances-vie des particuliers dans un pays à faible culture d'assurances - Eba, Marie Rose (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2000)

La vente de proximité et le développement de l' assurance de dommages dans les pays de la CIMA : le cas du Cameroun - Ebongo, Emmanuel (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2000)

Audit des provisions mathématiques d'une compagnie d'assurance vie : cas d'axa vie Côte D'Ivoire - Ekeni, Claude Marcel (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2000)

Gestion des traités de réassurances et incidence sur l'équilibre du portefeuille d'une compagnie d'assurances : cas de l' ogar Tiard - Ekoroh N'do, Arsène (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2000)

Assurance et secteur informel : Quelles stratégies de pénétration - Ibrahima, Georges (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2000)

La gestion des primes d'assurance automobile au regard des dispositions du code CIMA : Cas du marché Togolais - Kpeli, Mensah Koffi (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2000)

Impact des règles de l'organisation mondiale du commerce sur le développement de l'assurance transport dans un pays de la CIMA : Cas du Benin - Ladekan, A. Felix-Edouard (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2000)

Conséquence de la mondialisation de l'économie sur les compagnies d'assurances de la zone CIMA : Cas du Congo - Lembion-Legangui, Lazare (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2000)

Essai d'analyse sur les ratios prudentiels des sociétés d'assurances régies par le code CIMA - Mahaman, Ismael Sanoussi (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2000)

Le traité d'assurance incendie des risques d'entreprises : Apports, difficultés dans l'application et approches des solutions cas du Benin - Metinhoue, Thierry-Roland (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2000)

Problématique de l'émission des certificats d'assurance transport maritime sur facultés : Cas du marché Congolais - Ndzaba, Gaston (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2000)

L'assurance des engins à deux roues au Burkina Faso - Nignan, Jean Damascène (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2000)

Les nouvelles règles de tarification et de souscription des risques d'entreprises en incendie : Quelles adaptations pour l'assureur africain ? - Nlom Nshouanguele, Guy Florent (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2000)

Contribution et vue de la maîtrise d'un réseau de distribution d'une compagnie d'assurance pour un développement équilibré du portefeuille : Cas du marché congolais - Pika, Jean-Paul (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2000)

Le contrôle des intermédiaires d'assurances : Pratique et efficacité - Sangaré, Losseni (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2000)

Exécution du plan de financement à court terme d'une société en difficulté : Cas de la SNAR LEYMA - Sani Mahamidou, Elhadji (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2000)

La création d'un pool d'assurance transport public de voyageurs au Burkina Faso : Etude de faisabilité - Sanon, Corneille (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2000)

L'impact de la réassurance sur l'équilibre du portefeuille d'une compagnie d'assurance - Sougue, Chaka (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2000)

Analyse des programmes de réassurance de certaines cédantes ivoiriennes : La NSIA, la SAFARRIV, la SAFA, le MANS, la SIDAM et les tisserins - Traoré, Mamadou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2000)

Le contrôle des intermédiaires pratique et efficacité : Cas du Sénégal - Traoré, Thiémokho (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2000)