La formation des marins pour la sécurité maritime - Butaeye, Etienne (Aix-Marseille Université, 2013)

Les clauses de hardship dans les contrats maritimes - Carneiro, Laure (Aix-Marseille Université, 2013)

Les convois exceptionnels ITER - Drai, Laura (Aix-Marseille Université, 2013)

Lettre de garantie au déchargement : La pratique de la livraison sans connaissement - Palliatif autonome ou Substitut ? - Faali, Réza (Aix-Marseille Université, 2013)

Le beneficial owner et la saisie d'un navire autre que celui auquel la créance se rapporte - Farnier, Marion (Aix-Marseille Université, 2013)

Enjeux et difficultés de la navigation en Arctique et du développement des nouvelles voies maritimes : Le passage du Nord-Ouest et la route maritime du Nord - Graffin, Benoit (Aix-Marseille Université, 2013)

Le retard à la livraison dans le contrat de transport de marchandises par mer - Gwizdowski, Alexandra (Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille 3, 2013)

A Comparative study of some issues relating to Corporate Insolvency Law in Nigeria and South Africa - Habi, Halita Mafo (University of Pretoria, 2013)
No abstract available

Bridging the GAAP? : IFRS in accounting practice - Hartmann, Berit (Jönköping International Business School, 2013)
This thesis investigates how International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) come to act within an organizational context. In particular, the thesis explores how the requirements for goodwill accounting and leasing influence organizational calculative practices, transforming and shaping operations management. Drawing on actor-network theory, this study moves away from a priori distinctions, following the construction and mobilization of accounting numbers across institutionalized boundaries within and around the organization. The empirical investigation took place in a large, worldwide active media group that is listed on a European stock exchange. The group is a particular interesting setting because of its diverse business structure and its German code-law accounting roots. Business combinations are a major growth factor within the industry and a high degree of decentralization in the organization placed responsibility for investment decisions at low hierarchical levels. Goodwill accounting and impairment testing were therefore highly significant calculative practices in the group. The study finds that the constitutive role of the financial reporting standards in the organization both solves tensions and dilemmas around the number and creates new ones when crucial interests are lost in translation. These tensions and dilemmas arise between the aim of standardization and closure for the construction of a legitimate value of the future, and the aim to mobilize numbers in order to motivate and create value for a future. Originally intended for the financial representation of organizational substance and performance, the standards become associated with operations management activities, helping to create the faithful records that sum up the organization. This interrelation helps to close concern around the representation of the future in a ‘fair’ value by distributing the calculative practices over a wide network of actors spanning inside and outside the organization. However, the relationship also forces a connection between calculations and ambitions that otherwise would have preferred to stay separate. This thesis offers a new perspective on IFRS implementation by emphasizing organizational activities. Through a focus on integration and the link between financial and management accounting, the ‘implementation problems’ highlighted in previous literature gain a refined theorization. When taking organizational practice seriously, integration becomes a process that may find temporal stability but will never be final. In the process, conflicts might be solved but new dilemmas will arise. In turn, concepts like decision usefulness, comparability and earnings management cannot exist in a stable form but are rather constructed in networks that disregard commonly assumed boundaries inside and around the organization.
JIBS Dissertation Series, ISSN 1403-0470 ; 094 URN: urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-23148 OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hj-23148 DiVA, id: diva2:689238
Keywords: IFRS; International Financial Reporting Standards

La gestion portuaire à Djibouti - Hassan Hoche, Guedi (Aix-Marseille Université, 2013)

Entrepreneurial financing decisions, venture capital ownership and bargaining power - Heughebaert, Andy (Ghent University, 2013)
It is widely acknowledged that entrepreneurial companies play a key role in shaping a local economy. Entrepreneurial companies are a source of growth and innovation for an industry and provide jobs for the local population. However, entrepreneurs of high growth oriented companies rarely have the capital to finance their innovative ideas themselves and therefore also have to accept the risks associated with assessing and acquiring the necessary finance resources from other investors. The goal of this dissertation is to study the impact of venture capital (VC) finance on such entrepreneurial finance decisions. Although VC investors are a highly focused and specialized kind of investors that offer a wide range of differentiated services, it is to date still unclear how VC investors may reduce agency costs for other potential investors. The first study of this dissertation studies the effect of VC finance and associated VC ownership for finance decisions from other investors who have the potential to invest in these companies. This study demonstrates that VC ownership results into a larger supply of finance for the entrepreneurial company. Second, I find that VC ownership results into an even larger positive effect on capital investment decisions from equity investors as VC finance is typically also associated with the implementation of an equity-oriented corporate governance mechanism in entrepreneurial companies. VC ownership does not have an effect on the supply of finance from financial debt investors, however. Nevertheless, I find that debt finance is equally available for companies with VC ownership as compared to companies without VC ownership, which is a surprising result given the high risk associated with high growth companies that raise VC finance. Another important finding of this study is that the positive effect of VC ownership is stronger for repeated VC finance versus non-repeated VC finance. In fact, these results indicate that the effect of VC finance for entrepreneurial companies’ finance decisions is considerably larger if VC investors commit to further finance the company. The second study of this dissertation extends the first study and explores the effect of VC ownership on entrepreneurial finance decisions in different institutional settings. Although the effect of VC ownership is not limited to one specific institutional context, this study shows that its impact on entrepreneurial finance decisions is stronger in countries with a better quality of law enforcement and in countries where the entrepreneur is able to obtain a fresh start after bankruptcy. Specifically, in countries with a better enforcement of law, VC investors are more effective in reducing agency problems between entrepreneurs and potential investors. The attractiveness of a fresh start after bankruptcy will also be higher for an entrepreneur who raised VC finance, as VC investors focus more on maximizing the value of their portfolio rather than on the survival of individual firms. The third study acknowledges the fact that VC investors are not all equal and explores which VC investor types have more bargaining power versus the entrepreneur and how such differences in VC investor bargaining power affect company valuations in VC investment rounds. VC investor bargaining power is important because company valuations are the outcome of negotiations between the VC investor and the entrepreneur. We show that university VC firms and government VC firms negotiate lower valuations compared with independent VC firms. The proprietary deal flow of university VC firms and the limited competition in niche markets in which government VC firms compete will directly increase their bargaining power versus the entrepreneur, which these VC investor types then further exploit by negotiating lower company valuations compared with independent VC investors. Although differences in VC investor type did not affect entrepreneurial finance decisions in the first and second study, they do affect the equity stake that an entrepreneur will have to give up in order to raise VC finance and in order to a have a greater access to entrepreneurial finance from potential investors in the future.
http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-4096609
Keywords: Bargaining power; Financing decision; Venture capital

A Comparative Analysis of the Efficacy of the General Anti-Avoidance Rule as a Measure Against Impermissible Income Tax Avoidance in South Africa - Kujinga, Benjamin Tanyaradwa (University of Pretoria, 2013)
This thesis comparatively analyses the SA income tax general anti-avoidance rule (GAAR) in s 80A-L of the Income Tax Act 58/1962 and similar rules in Australia, Canada, the UK and the judicial doctrines in the US and the UK. It is argued that, while the SA GAAR may serve as a deterrent, it is going to have limited efficacy against impermissible tax avoidance due to the uncertainty it creates. It is argued that uncertainty will cause judicial activism to protect permissible tax avoidance, extensive and inconsistent judicial interpretation and confusion amongst taxpayers and SARS as to what constitutes permissible or impermissible tax avoidance. This thesis ends by recommending certain amendments, based on the comparative analysis, to the SA GAAR which can reduce uncertainty and thus improve it efficacy.
URI : https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/33430
Keywords: General Anti-Avoidance Rule; Income tax; South Africa

La réforme du droit des transports maritimes en Allemagne - Le Feuvre, Nolwenn (Aix-Marseille Université, 2013)

The development of a commercial law structure in the SADC with specific reference to OHADA - Leno, Ngaundje Doris (University of Pretoria, 2013)
In a region where there is diversity of laws, the author maintains that law reform is a catalyst for investment and development. This thesis aims at demonstrating that OHADA provides practical lessons for the development of a uniform commercial law structure in the SADC. This is following OHADA’s success in developing uniform commercial rules that are directly applicable in the contracting states. To achieve this, the thesis uses a “structured focused comparison” methodology that allows for two separate, but structurally linked accounts of the structures of both organisations. In exploring the structures of both organisations, the thesis endeavours to: determine whether there is the need for the development of a commercial law structure in the SADC; whether such a structure can be developed within the current SADC structure and whether OHADA can serve as a possible model for the SADC. The findings show that no part of the African continent has witnessed regional legal reform on the scale of that initiated by OHADA. It equally reveals the absence of a uniform commercial law structure in the SADC and the lack of supranational structures to adopt full panoply of business laws and to preserve the uniformity of laws in the member states. The findings from this thesis provide evidence that there is the need forthe development of a commercial law structure in the SADC and improvement of the current SADC structure. There is no doubt that thi swould do away with legal uncertainty in cross-border commercial transactions among SADC states.
Accepted: 2016-05-20T09:04:41Z URI: https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/52731

A Proposed discharge dispensation for consumer debtors in Tanzania - Maghembe, Ngwaru Jumanne (University of Pretoria, 2013)
The Tanzanian private sector is growing, partly due to the state’s efforts to conform to the global economy. As the economy expands and the National Microfinance Policy of 2001 is realised, more and more credit has been made available to consumers. As a direct consequence of the increase of credit, the number of over- indebted consumers in Tanzania is on the rise. The current debt relief system is regulated by the Tanzanian Bankruptcy Act no. 9 of 1930, a piece of colonial legislation. Unfortunately this law is ineffective, costly and outdated. Some of the problems identified in this study with this debt relief regime include the lack of a cost- effective alternative to bankruptcy and its total reliance on the judiciary, an institution that is itself overburdened and requires reform. The purpose of this study is to make recommendations for the reform of the current debt relief system and propose a debt relief dispensation for consumer debtors in Tanzania that will efficiently cure over- indebtedness. A wide comparative investigation was undertaken in this study of selected common law, civil and mixed legal systems that have substantial experience with the boom in over-indebted consumers now facing Tanzania. A number of solutions were borrowed from these systems that may potentially solve Tanzania’s debt relief problem. One of the main findings of this thesis is that, over time, developed jurisdictions that rely on credit in the private sector appear to be converging on the same type of procedures and moderate philosophies for consumer debt relief. These include less judicial supervision for debt relief procedures, less freedom of choice for over-indebted consumers when it comes to the type of procedures available, and mandatory surplus income repayments for debtors who can afford it. In order to address the problems of the Tanzanian debt relief system, this thesis proposes a complete overhaul of the administration of debt relief procedures in Tanzania and the introduction of a combined alternative to bankruptcy that consists of three joint procedures. A number of amendments are also proposed for the Bankruptcy Act no.9 of 1930. This thesis states the status of legal developments as they were in the selected jurisdictions on 31 December 2012.
https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/32961
Keywords: Bankruptcy Act; Current debt relief system; Tanzania

L'ordonnance du 2 novembre 2012 portant réforme pénale en matière maritime - Martin, Karine (Aix-Marseille Université, 2013)

The regional integration of African trade mark laws: challenges and possibilities - Mupangavanhu, Yeukai (University of the Western Cape, 2013)
Keywords: African Union; Differences; Harmonisation; Intellectual property; Regional integration; Similarities; TRIPs; Trade Mark Directive; Trade marks; Unification

Challenges to political and economic intergration in Africa : A socio-Legal perspective - Mwanawina, Ilyayambwa (North-West University, 2013)
This study is concerned with integration efforts on the African continent. This study sets out to investigate the politico-legal and economic impediments to regional and continental integration efforts in Africa. The documents, processes, and organs of the African Union, as the main continental organisation, are the focal point of this study. In order to achieve this, the study primarily adopted a qualitative approach since the literature involved in this work could not be reduced to a quantitative concept. The study ensured that the premises and the conclusions in this work conform to the principles of reliability and validity and in addition the elimination of bias in this was curtailed by validation and triangulation. This was achieved by the fact that the arguments in this work were not only based on qualitative arguments but, where possible, quantitative data was brought in to validate/ triangulate the qualitative arguments. Evidently, the study would have been incomplete if it did not discuss and evaluate the many regional economic communities that have been established to further the objectives of the Treaty establishing the African Economic Community. One of the major premises that this study discovers is that there is a direct and demonstrable relationship between democracy and economic progress; genuine and sustainable development has to be fostered primarily by securing peace and stability on the African continent. Some of the other key findings of the study include that; a) the ultimate goal of the African Union is full political and economic integration leading to the United States of Africa; b) overlapping memberships to a custom unions are highly detrimental to the state since it has to subscribe resources and political will to two or more different arrangements. c) overlapping memberships cause confusion, inertia and most importantly legal uncertainty thereby stifling trade liberalisation efforts; d) many African states still guard their sovereignty closely and that many perceive that yielding their sovereignty to a continental body is tantamount to losing their independence; e) the African Union infrastructure still lacks supra-national and national institutions that are capable of implementing its values; f) the African Union infrastructure does not contain an institutionalised mechanism for the promotion and management of Union affairs at national level; g) the NEPAD initiatives, the APRM process and the functions of the Peace and Security Council play a positive role in African politico-legal and economic development. It has however been shown that these mechanisms are more reactive than preventative and as such intervene too late in the internal affairs of member states; h) armed conflicts cause a reduction in the per-capita Gross Domestic Product growth rate of a nation experiencing a civil war/ conflicts. i) the African Union has regressed from the original timelines of the African Economic Community. The highest regression being Phase 2 which involves the most critical element of strengthening of African regional integration arrangements and the harmonisation of policies concerned. A thirteen (13) year postponement is noted in this regard. j) Africa's poor intra-trade performance is also attributed to the limited progress among African countries in fostering structural transformation. This structural transformation relates to the building of roads, bridges, railway lines and power grids; In order for the African continent to re-position itself in an attempt to harness the benefits of regional integration, some of the recommendations that the study makes are that; a) the African Union grant supra-national status to institutions of the Union for the equitable and speedy attainment of integration; b) the Union and member states should as soon as possible create mechanisms with decision making powers to manage Union affairs at regional and national level; c) the operationalization of the Pan African Parliament should be pursued with the utmost determination to bring the Parliament to full functionality as a Continental legislative body; d) the operationalization of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights be completed as soon as possible in order to allow the body to function as a fully-fledged continental judiciary. This will ensure that the development of integration jurisprudence from an international law perspective is not delayed. The Court will also pursue the enforcement of Human rights norms and practices; e) the Union should further lead the continent in the following sectors with clear and predictable deliverables; i) the establishment and upgrading of regional land, air, and other means of transportation and communication; ii) the creation of a cross-border power and energy generation and distribution network; iii) the establishment, advancement, and diversification of regional financial and commodity markets; iv) the establishment of a regional higher education system by facilitating wider access through specialization in regional integration; The study further acknowledges that these recommendations are not conclusive since the study of regional integration is still at its infancy and many other ideas on how to strengthen African regional integration still await discovery.

Corporate Restructurings in Zimbabwe : a Legal Analysis of the Regulation of Corporate Mergers and Acquisitions in Zimbabwe - Nzero, Ignatious (University of Pretoria, 2013)
The Zimbabwean economy rapidly declined over the past two decades. A record hyperinflationary environment and a collapse of the financial service sector coupled by lack of external lines of credit created a difficult operating environment for corporate businesses. Businesses thus either closed down operations or resorted to survival strategies. Corporate mergers and acquisitions emerged as natural favoured strategies in implementing survival corporate restructuring transactions. However, the success of such strategies largely depends on the effectiveness of the merger regulatory framework, that is, its ability to promote beneficial corporate restructuring transactions on one hand and to maintain the competitive structure of the market on the other hand. This research analyses the current merger regulatory framework in Zimbabwe and assesses whether it is suited to promote beneficial corporate restructuring transactions implemented through mergers and acquisitions without unnecessarily distorting the competitive structure of the market. Employing the failing firm doctrine as the focal point, the research identified a number of shortcomings within the current merger regulatory framework that impacts upon its ability to effectively promote beneficial corporate mergers and acquisitions without sacrificing the competitive market structure. Selected comparative jurisdictions were used to draw various lessons for Zimbabwe. The aim of the comparative study was not to provide an exhaustive analysis of these jurisdictions but to identify specific arrears that can be used to develop and suggest an effective merger regulatory framework for Zimbabwe. In order to remedy the identified shortcomings inherent within the current Zimbabwean merger regulatory framework, this thesis proposes a number of amendments to the current Competition Act [Chapter 7:01] of 1996. These proposed amendments are aimed at bringing clarity, flexibility and strengthening the merger regulatory framework including the institutions tasked with such. The research is primarily a legal analysis of the Zimbabwean merger regulating statute and its implications on any decisions made by the competition authority. As such, the thesis states the status of legal development in Zimbabwe and the selected comparative jurisdictions as of 31 July 2013.
URI: https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/53211

Ticari işlerde kefilin sorumluluğu - Özkul, Burcu (Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, 2013)
Ticari hayatta sıklıkla karşılaşılan hukuki işlemler ve özellikle sözleşmeler dolayısıyla borç ilişkileri ortaya çıkmaktadır. Borç ilişkisi ise sözleşmenin taraflarını alacaklı veya borçlu konuma getirmektedir. Ticari hayatın baş aktörlerinden olan tacir; borç ilişkisinde alacaklı tarafta yer aldığında, alacağını elde edememe kaygısını taşıyabilir. Bu kaygıyı minimize etmek amacıyla borçludan bir güvence istemesi tabidir. Bu bağlamda tacir, ipotek veya rehin ile alacağını güvence altına almaya çalışabilir. Ancak gerek ipotek ve rehin tesis edilebilecek unsurların sınırlı olması gerekse bu işlemlerin fazla masraflı olması nedeniyle tacir ayni teminatlardan daha çok şahsi teminatlara yönelmektedir. Kefalet sözleşmesi ise en sık başvurulan şahsi teminatlardan biridir. Çünkü genellikle dostane ilişkilere dayanmaktadır. Dolayısıyla kefalet sözleşmesi ticari hayatın vazgeçilmez unsurlarındandır. 01.07.2012 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren 6098 sayılı Türk Borçlar Kanunu ile borçlar hukuku alanında, yine aynı tarihte yürürlüğe giren 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu ile de ticaret hukuku alanında reform sayılabilecek değişimler yaşanmıştır. Her iki Kanundaki değişimler gerek ticari iş, ticari işletme, ticaret ortaklıkları ve dolayısıyla tacire ilişkin hükümleri ve gerekse kefalet sözleşmesi başta olmak üzere teminat sözleşmelerini yeni bir yapılanmaya götürmüştür. Bu çerçevede çalışmada; Türk Ticaret Kanunu ve Türk Borçlar Kanunu'nda yapılan reform değişiklikler harmanının ticari işlerde kefalet sözleşmesine ve kefile yansımaları ele alınmıştır. Konu, gerçek kişi tacir-tüzel kişi tacir ayrımı doğrultusunda incelenip ticari işlerde kefalet sözleşmesi düzenlendiğinde, sözleşmenin durumu ve tacirlerin sorumlulukları değerlendirilmiştir. Değerlendirme yapılırken, tüzel kişi tacir sıfatına sahip olan ticaret ortaklıkları, ticari işletme işleten dernekler ve vakıflar, ticari şekilde işletilmek üzere kurulan kamu tüzel kişileri ve ayrıca bankaların kefalet sözleşmesindeki konumu, durumu ve sorumluluğu yenilenen hükümler ışığında irdelenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kefalet Sözleşmesi, Kefil, Sorumluluk, Tacir, Ticari İş. Relations of loan rise due to legal transactions and especially contracts which are frequently experienced in business life. Relations of loan put contracting parties either debtor or creditor positions. When trader, who is one of the main actors of business life, is on creditor side; might have concern about not collecting the debt. And it is quite natural that he can ask for security to minimize this concern. In this regard, trader could secure his claim by hypothec and pleadings. However, trader heads for personal guarantee rather than real security as both the components which can establish hypothec and pleading are limited and these transactions are too costly. Suretyship contract is one of the most chosen personal guarantees. Because, it relies on amicable terms. So, suretyship contract is one of the indispensable components of business life. Turkish Code of Obligations, Law Number 6098 which came into force on 01.07.2012 and Turkish Commercial Code, Law Number 6102 which entered in force on the same date are the changes which can be called as reforms. With changes in both laws, not only commercial affair, business organization, business partnership and accordingly the terms as to trader, but also contract of guarantees, particularly suretyship contracts were re-structured. Within this scope in this study, changes in Turkish Commercial Code and Turkish Code of Obligations and their influence on surety and suretyship contracts in business affairs are interpreted. Subject is assessed in line with difference between real person trader and legal person trader and when suretyship contract is drawn up in business affairs, condition of contract and responsibilities of traders are handled. The business partnerships which have legal person trader title, associations and foundations which run business organizations, the public entities established to be operated commercially, and position, condition and responsibility of banks in suretyship contracts are addressed in the light of renewed terms.
Keywords: Commercial Affair; Kefalet sözleşmesi; Responsibility; Sorumluluk; Surety; Suretyship contract; Trader

Climate change and Africa : the normative framework of the African Union - Pallangyo, Daniel Mirisho (North-West University, 2013)
There is enough evidence on how climate change consequences will adversely affect Africa despite the fact that it is the continent that has least contributed to the problem. The international climate change regime recognises Africa's vulnerability to climate change and provides for special treatment under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (the UNFCCC). Thus, the international climate change regime presents an opportunity for African countries to adapt and mitigate the consequences of climate change through the UNFCCC mechanism. However, the international climate change legal regime has not been able to adequately assist African countries to address the consequences of climate change under the vulnerability principle. Although the current international climate change regime requires developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, Africa needs to take steps itself to address the problem, because it is most vulnerable to the consequences of climate change. The African Union (AU) could play a great role in ensuring that the international climate change regime addresses the consequences of climate change in the region. This could be done through fostering strong African common positions during international climate change negotiations. A strong common position could strengthen African bargaining power and might result in more funding, capacity building and technology development and transfer for adaptation and mitigation programmes under the UNFCCC-Kyoto Conference of Parties. However, reaching a strong common position requires the cooperation of the AU member states. In this context, African regional integration is an opportunity for the AU to foster such cooperation among member states. The Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community (the Abuja Treaty), the Constitutive Act of the AU and the Protocol on the Relations between the AU and Regional Economic Communities (RECs) prioritise regional economic integration and call for states' cooperation, but the call has not yet been heeded. To realise deep and viable African integration, there must be a well-structured institutional and legal framework that defines the relationship between the AU, the AEC and the RECs. African regional integration is also seen as an avenue whereby the AU can create its own regional climate-change regime. In this regard, the AU's and RECs' normative framework on climate change is examined in order to assess whether it adequately integrates climate change issues. This study finds that although Africa is most vulnerable to the consequences of climate change, the AU's and RECs' normative framework on climate change is weak and inadequate to address the problem. The Framework should integrate climate change issues in order to achieve sustainable development. The AU should also ensure that member states ratify the relevant treaties and protocols (the Maputo Nature Convention and the Protocol establishing the African Court of Justice and Human Rights) that have not yet been ratified in order that they may become operational. The Maputo Nature Convention puts sustainable development in the forefront of attention as a reaction to the potentially conflicting environmental and developmental challenges facing the continent (such as climate change), but it is not yet in force. This work finds that human rights law can strengthen the AU's role in addressing climate change through its normative framework. The human rights approach to climate change under the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (the Banjul Charter) is a viable avenue because human rights law forms the basis for states' responsibility based on human rights obligations and principles. The extraterritorial application of the Banjul Charter presents an avenue for AU institutions such as the Human Rights Commission and the African Human Rights Court to curb the effects of climate change through a human rights lens. The future of the AU is presented within the context of a set of recommendations that identify strong African regional integration as an avenue through which the AU can foster the cooperation of member states to address the consequences of climate change in the AU's and RECs' normative frameworks. General recommendations are made on the need for the international climate change regime to pay more attention to issues of funding, capacity building and technology development and transfer on the basis of the vulnerability principle and in relation to the principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. Also, the AU needs to strengthen its legal and institutional structures to ensure deep African integration that is capable of addressing common challenges such as the consequences of climate change.
Keywords: African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights; African Economic Community (AEC); Climate Change; EAC Treaty; ECOWAS Treaty; Human rights; International climate change regime; Normative framework; Regional integration; SADC Treaty; State cooperation; The Constitutive Act of AU

Sözleşmelerde cezai şart - Pekdemi̇r, Şevket (Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, 2013)
Tarafların sözleşmeden kaynaklanan sorumluluklarını kararlaştırılan zamanda ifa etmemeleri birtakım sorunlara sebep olmaktadır. Özellikle davaların kısa sürede sonuçlandırılamaması, zarar ve kusurun ispatı gibi güçlükler alacaklıyı borcun ifasını sağlayacak arayışlara sevk etmektedir. Cezai şart günümüzde borçlar hukukunda, ticaret hukukunda, iş hukukunda ve medeni hukukta geniş uygulama alanına sahiptir. Tarafların kolay bir şekilde ve kendi iradeleriyle istedikleri gibi kararlaştırabilmeleri cezai şartın sıklıkla başvurulan hukuki işlem olmasının en önemli nedenlerindendir. Borçluyu ifaya zorlama, zararın tazmin edilmesi ve alacağın teminat altına alınması gibi birçok temel işlevi olan cezai şart borçlunun, asıl borcunu ilerde hiç veya gereği gibi ifa etmemesi ya da geç ifa etmesi durumunda, alacaklıya ödemeyi önceden taahhüt ettiği edimdir. Cezâî şart anlaşmasından doğan borç, asıl borca bağlı feri bir borçtur. Bu bakımdan asıl borç yoksa cezai şartın varlığından bahsedilemez. Ancak ifa zamanından sonra cezai şart, niteliği veya miktarı bakımından bağımsız bir edim haline dönüşür. ?Sözleşmelerde Cezai Şart? konulu çalışmamız, üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Giriş kısmında çalışmanın önemi, amacı, yöntemi, kaynakları ve değerlendirme metodu hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Birinci bölümde hem modern hukuk hem de İslam hukukuna göre sözleşme, şart ve cezai şart kavramları incelenmiş, cezai şartın konusu, amacı, benzer kavramlarla ilişkisi ve çeşitleri araştırılmış, hukuki niteliği, unsurları ve muaccel olmasının şartları tespit edilmiş, İslâm hukukuna göre para borçlarında ve diğer borçlarda cezai şartın hükmü tahlil edilmiştir. İkinci bölümde amacı bakımından sınıflandırılan sözleşmelere cezai şartın etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bu bağlamda sözleşme çeşidi hakkında kısa bilgi verilmiş İslâm hukukçularının görüşleri delilleriyle birlikte tespit edilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde cezai şartın tadili, iptali ve sona ermesi başlığı altında, modern hukukla mukayeseli olarak cezai şart miktarının indirilmesinin veya artırılmasının kriterleri tespit edilmiş, cezâî şartın iptali ve sona ermesi konusu araştırılmıştır. Sonuç kısmında ise `Sözleşmelerde Cezai Şart? konulu çalışmadan elde ettiğimiz neticeler ifade edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: İslâm Hukuku, Cezai şart, Borç, Faiz, Zarar. Not performing the responsibilities of two partners on a stated time causes some problems. Especially not ending of the lawsuits in short time and difficulties such as proving of damage and negligence lead to searching to provide executing of debt. Penal clause has a large practice field in law of obligations, trade law, labour law and civil law. Deciding of the partners easily and with their own freedom is one of the most important causes commonly applied process of penal clause. Penal clause having many functions such as forcing to excuting, reimbursing of damage and ensuring the credit is an action that commits to pay to the creditor in case of not performing of the borrower at all in the future. The debt from penal clause contract is a secondary one belonging to the principal debt. So, in the absence of original debt, it is not a case to talk about penal clause. But after the time of execution, penal clause transforms into an independant action. The study titled 'The Penal clause in Contracts' consists of three sections. In the introductory section In the introductory chapter the information has been presented about the goal, the method, resources evaulation method of the study. In the first section, the conditions of the contract and the concept of penal clause have been searched according to both modern law and islamic law and also the subject of penal clause has been examined in terms of its goal and relations with similar concepts and types and also judicial qualification and conditios for being executory and the provision of penal clause with currency debtsand another type of debts according islamic law. In the second section the effects of penal clause to the contracts classified in the respect of the goals have been researched. In this sense a short information has been given about the types of contract and the thoughts of islamic lawyers have been examined. In the third section under the title of remodelling and ending of penal clause, the criteria of the decrease or increase of the quantitity of penal clause in contrast with modern law have been examined and the issue of cancellation and ending of penal clause has been searched. In the conclusion part of the study , the results obtained by the study titled penal clause in contracts have been stated. Key Words: Islamic Law, Penal Clause, Loan, Interest, Los
Keywords: Clause pénale; Contract; Contrat; Interest; Loan; Penal clause

The harmonisation of rules on the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in the Southern African Customs Union - Rossouw, Mandi (University of the Western Cape, 2013)
The thesis considers the approaches followed by the European Union with the Brussels Regime, the federal system of the United States of America under the ‘full faith and credit clause’; the inter-state recognition scheme under the Australia and New Zealand Trans- Tasman judicial system; as well as the convention-approach of the Latin American States. It finds that the most suitable approach for the SACU is the negotiation and adoption by all SACU Member States of a multilateral convention on the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments, comparable to the 1971 Convention of the Hague Conference on Private International Law; the EU Brussels I Regulation and the Latin-American Montevideo Convention, as complemented by the La Paz Convention. It is imperative that a proposed convention should not merely duplicate previous efforts, but should be drafted in the light of the legal, political and socio-economic characteristics of the SACU Member States. The current legislative provisions in force in SACU Member States are compared and analysed, and the comparison and analysis form the basis of a proposal for a future instrument on recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments for the region. A recommended draft text for a proposed Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments for the SACU is included. This draft text could form the basis for future negotiations by SACU Member States
Keywords: Civil and commercial transactions; Cross-border litigation; Foreign judgments; International Trade; Recognition and enforcement; Regional integration; Trade facilitation

Markanın hükümsüzlüğü ve hukuki sonuçları - Sekmen, Orhan (İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi, 2013)
"Bu çalışma, markanın hükümsüzlüğü ve hükümsüzlüğün hukuki sonuçlarını mukayeseli hukukla karşılaştırmak suretiyle incelemeyi amaçlar. İnceleme 3 bölüm-den oluşmaktadır. Marka kavramı ve benzer kavramlarla karşılaştırılması başlıklı birinci bölümde: Markanın tarihçesi ve marka hakkındaki hukuki gelişmeler, teori-ler, markanın iktisabına ilişkin sistemler, markanın tanımı, türler, işlevi ve sınıfları ile markanın benzer kavramlarla karşılaştırılması konuları; markanın Hükümsüz-lük Halleri başlıklı ikinci bölümde: Hükümsüzlük ve iptal kavramları, mutlak ret nedenleri, nispi ret nedenleri ve markanın tescil edilmesinden sonra ortaya çıkan di-ğer hükümsüzlük nedenleri ile KHK da öngörülmemesine rağmen, Tasarıda düzen-lenen ve bizce de hükümsüzlük nedeni olarak kabul edilmesi gereken bazı haller; Hükümsüzlük davası ve hükümsüzlüğün hukuki sonuçları başlıklı üçüncü bölümde ise: hükümsüzlük davasının niteliği ve özellikleri, tarafları, deliller ve değerlendiril-mesi ile resen araştırma sorunu ve hükümsüzlük kararının etkileri ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiş ve gerekli değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. This study aims at examining the invalidity of trademark and legal conse-quences of invalidity through comparative law. The study is divided into three chapters. The first chapter with the heading of Trademark Concept and It’s Comparison with Similar Concepts reviews the history of trademark and legal evolution of trademark, theories, trademark acquisition systems, definition of trademark, types of trademark, functions and classifications and comparison of trademark with similar concepts; then, the second chapter with the heading of Reasons of Invalidity of Trademark reviews the concepts of invalidity and annulment, absolute refusal reasons, relative refusal reasons and other reasons that can appear after registration of trademark and many reasons, in our opinion, that should be accepted as reasons for invalidity despite those are not foreseen in Decree Law, many further reasons for annullment that are stated in Draft Law as we also share the same opinion; while, finally, the third chapter with the heading of Suit of Invalidity and Legal Consequences of Invalidity reviews in detail, the nature of suit of invalidity and its properties, the parties, proofs and its as-sessment, courts duty of ex-officio assessment, and effects of court verdict for invalidity. Then, necessary evaluations were made at the end of the study."
Tez N°333258
Keywords: Brand; Commercial law; Hukuki işlemler; Hukuki sonuç; Hukuksal korunma; Hükümsüzlük; Intellectual property; Judicial conclusion; Legal processes; Legal protection; Marka; Marka tescili; Nullity; Propriété intellectuelle; Regitration of trademark; Ticaret hukuku; Turkish commercial law; Türk ticaret hukuku

Interim Measures in International Commercial Arbitration: A Comparative Study of the Egyptian, English and Scottish Law - Shalaan, Wael S. E. (University of Stirling, 2013)
Interim Measures are viewed as an essential means to protect parties‘ rights in international commercial arbitration disputes. Most Arbitration Laws and Rules have recognised the arbitral tribunal‘s power to grant such measures. The success of this system relies on the court‘s assistance of the tribunal during the process. This relationship between the tribunal and the court is something vague under Egyptian Law, since there are no clear rules addressing the matter. Hence, this research examines the theories that explain the tribunal‘s authority and the relationship with the authority of the court. This study uses a comparative analytical approach in terms of analyzing relevant legal texts to determine the optimal legal approach to the issue. The purpose of the study is to address deficiencies in the Egyptian law – the Code of Civil Procedure and Egyptian Arbitration Law – and compare it with English, Scottish Arbitration Acts and international arbitration systems, laws, and practices. The findings of this research offer several recommendations that could help achieve a successful and smooth arbitration process. This study identifies and explains types of interim measures and explores the international practice of every type. It gives some important recommendations for future development and improvement of the Egyptian law. It also makes general recommendations that would help improve the efficiency of the English and Scottish laws.
Keywords: Egyptian Arbitration Act; English Arbitration Act; Interim Measures; International Commercial Arbitration; Provisional Measures; Scottish Arbitration Act

L'application des clauses du connaissement en Thaïlande - Sriphongkul, Nattika (Aix-Marseille Université, 2013)

Cession of Life Insurance Policies in securitatem debiti : a Practical Perspective - Sunkel, Kelly (University of Pretoria, 2013)
The security cession of the rights under life policies marries two separate areas of the law: The Law of cession and the Law of Insurance. This makes for a complex union since varying common law and statutory principles find application, and in reality trade practices also play a role. In theory a cession in securitatem debiti may take one of two possible constructions, namely a pledge or a fiduciary security cession, and each has its own advantages and disadvantages. Disparity arose when judicial preference was given to the pledge construction while academics preferred the other. The problem, however, was larger than a disagreement as to the better construction. The underlying problem was that there was a lack regarding clarity as to the practical operation of security cession of life policies, in addition to the problems surrounding the construction thereof. As a solution to this problem some academics have suggested legislative intervention. The South African Law Reform Commission, nevertheless, advised against it in 1991 and was of the opinion that the issue was one which our courts would eventually solve. In the 22 years since then, our courts have merely confirmed its preference for the pledge construction. The intricacies of security cessions of life policies have seen no further judicial development. It is probable that the courts do not have enough practical information at hand to advance this area of the law. An investigation into the operation of such cessions in practice was thus necessary. The outcome of the practical investigation reveals that legislative intervention is indeed a viable solution especially since the issues are too complex for the courts to solve. As part of this work, legislation has been drafted and it is recommended that this is inserted into the Security by Means of Movable Property Act .
Keywords: Life Insurance; Security Cession

Legal risk and compliance risk in the banking industry in South Africa - Terblanché, Janet René (North-West University, 2013)
The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision has defined operational risk, legal risk and compliance risk. However, the definitions might not be adequate for countries with a hybrid legal system, such as South Africa. This study aims to provide a practical solution to the problems faced by countries with a hybrid legal system wishing to comply with the Basel Committee’s standards. It is argued that compliance, compliance risk and regulatory risk should all be viewed as constituent components of legal risk, and in turn necessarily also of operational risk in a hybrid legal system. Legal risk is a wide concept which includes all aspects of a legal system, while compliance risk is a narrower concept which only includes the codified aspects of a legal system. Legal risk therefore includes compliance risk. However, the opposite is not true as compliance risk does not include legal risk, and the two concepts are decidedly shown not to be synonymous in a mixed legal system.
Keywords: Basel Committee; Compliance; Compliance risk; Legal compliance; Legal risk; Operational risk; Regulatory compliance; Regulatory risk

Direct taxation and the internal market: assessing possibilities for a more balanced integration - Yevgenyeva, Anzhela (University of Oxford, 2013)
The role of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the process of direct tax integration in the European Union (EU) has been widely discussed in the academic literature, while another important actor, the European Commission, has attracted much less attention. The Commission’s input is commonly perceived to be limited to the right of legislative initiative. This study questions such an oversimplified interpretation and draws a more nuanced picture of EU tax harmonisation by integrating an analysis of the complex regulatory approaches adopted by the Commission for the establishment and smooth functioning of the Internal Market. It is argued that the past decade brought a notable change in the Court-dominated pattern of direct tax integration. This change is apparent first in the evolution of enforcement strategies under Articles 258 and 260 TFEU; and second, in the increased reliance upon non-binding regulatory measures. Both developments have strengthened the role of the Commission, supplying it with more possibilities for influencing national direct tax systems, despite the reluctance of Member States to agree upon legislative harmonisation. Against this background, the procedural and substantive problems associated with these instruments require closer examination. The normative scope of this research covers the key procedural problems related to the infringement procedure and non-binding regulatory measures. The empirical component explores the Commission’s enforcement and coordination practices, drawing particular attention to two case studies: the tax treatment of losses in cross-border situations and exit taxation. Following the analysis of enforcement and coordination in the field of direct taxation, the study argues the need and proposes potential solutions for (i) the developing of a more comprehensive procedural framework for the infringement procedure and non-binding regulatory acts; (ii) the strengthening of accountability mechanisms; and (iii) the enhancing of the effectiveness of their application.
Keywords: Direct taxation; EU Law; Enforcement; European Law; Exit tax; Good governance; Infringement procedure; Internal Market; Non-binding coordination; Soft law; Tax coordination; Tax integration; Tax treatment of losses; Taxation

Enjeux fonciers et développement "durable" au Mali - Chene-Sanogo, Alima (Université de Dijon, 2012)
Faire du Foncier un fait économique total, et du capital le moteur du développement, c’est donner un blanc-seing à la marchandisation de la terre. Faut-il vraiment que le Mali cède ses terres agricoles et ses ressources foncières pour accéder au développement? Pour quel développement ? Le développement exige-t-il le sacrifice de l’agriculture familiale paysanne et des méthodes traditionnelles séculaires de gestion du foncier ? Depuis son accession à la souveraineté nationale en 1960, le Mali, pays pauvre de l’Afrique au Sud du Sahara cherche à atteindre mais en vain un essor économique, social et industriel et cela par tous les moyens, à l’exception de la mise en place d’un modèle endogène de développement. Dans cette quête, il a dû souscrire au modèle de développement dominant qui n’est autre que celui capitaliste, fragilisé depuis toujours et présentement par les conséquences de ses limites à savoir la succession des crises alimentaire, sociale environnementale financière. Si ce revers du capitalisme a eu des effets sociaux importants dans les pays du sud, il a également conduit certains pays émergents et auteurs de capitaux à s’accaparer des ressources naturelles des pays les plus pauvres. Pris en tenaille entre la préservation de ses spécificités socio-écologiques sur le plan foncier et son envie d’atteindre le développement durable, le Mali voit dans la marchandisation des ressources foncières à grande échelle une véritable aubaine. Ainsi, il va adapter son cadre juridico-politique d’accès aux ressources foncières (au risque de décalage, d’incohérence et de flou entre ses stratégies politiques et la réalité foncière) afin d’attirer de nouveaux acteurs. Il prend par la même occasion le risque d’exposer son peuple aux conséquences prévisibles (la spoliation des droits fonciers coutumiers, l’accroissement de la pauvreté rurale et des inégalités, la destruction de l’agriculture familiale…) de ce passage sans transition à une économie mondialisée alors que les enjeux fonciers bien maîtrisés se révèlent être une véritable stratégie de gestion équilibrée de tout développement et surtout du développement durable. Making the land issue a total economic phenomenon and capital the driving force of development equates to giving free rein to the commodification of the land. Is it really necessary for Mali to sell off its agricultural land and its land resources to access development? For what development? Does development demand that family-run small farming operations and age-old, traditional land management methods be sacrificed? Ever since the country attained national sovereignty in 1960, Mali ‒ a poor country in sub-Saharan Africa ‒ has been seeking in vain to achieve rapid economic, social and industrial development by all the means available, with the exception of the deployment of an endogenous development model. In that quest, Mali has had to subscribe to the dominant development model which is none other than the capitalist model, made vulnerable as it always has been and still is at present by the consequences of its limitations, namely the succession of food, social, environmental and financial crises. If the downside of capitalism has had far-reaching social effects in the southern countries, it has also led certain emerging countries and providers of capital to grab the natural resources of the poorest countries. Caught between preserving its socioeconomic specificities in land terms and its desire to achieve sustainable development, Mali regards the large-scale commodification of its land resources as a real windfall. It is thus going to adapt its legal and political system of access to land resources ‒ at the risk of seeing a blurring of vision, discrepancy and inconsistency between its political strategies and the reality of the land issue ‒ in order to attract new stakeholders. In so doing, Mali runs the risk of exposing its people to the foreseeable consequences of the changeover without transition to a globalized economy, including notably the despoliation of customary law land rights, increased rural poverty and inequality, and the destruction of family-run farming operations, whereas proper control of the land issue is shown to be a true strategy for the balanced management of any development and above all of sustainable development.
Keywords: Accaparement des terres; Acteur(s) bien; Agricultural policy; Agriculture; Colonial; Colonisation intérieure; Communauté; Community; Coutumes; Customary laws; Customs; Development; Droit; Droit coutumier; Développement; Développement durable; Développement économique; Earth; Exploitations agricoles familiales – Mali; Land; Land grab; Mali; Propriété foncière – Droit – Mali; Économie de marché

Le concordat préventif en droit OHADA - Evelamenou, Kokou Serge (Université Paris Est, 2012)
Comme un organisme vivant, l'entreprise naît, vit, et peut être le siège de désordres divers, dont les plus graves sont susceptibles de provoquer sa disparition. Ce qui ne saurait laisser indifférent tout législateur soucieux de l'équilibre socioéconomique et de la sécurité des transactions. C'est ainsi que de nos jours, la finalité traditionnelle du droit de la faillite, à savoir, le désintéressement des créanciers, sans pour autant disparaître complètement, est passé au second plan, derrière le souci de la sauvegarde et de la continuité de l'exploitation commerciale. Divers instruments juridiques sont alors déployés dans le but d'éviter la cessation des paiements du débiteur qui connaît des difficultés.C'est dans ce contexte que s'inscrit le concordat préventif prévu par l'Acte Uniforme de l'OHADA, relatif au droit des procédures collectives d'apurement du passif. Il s'agit d'un instrument de nature hybride, mi-conventionnel, mi-judiciaire, accordé à l'issue d'une procédure dite de règlement préventif au débiteur qui, sans être en cessation des paiements, connaît une situation économique et financière difficile, mais non irrémédiablement compromise. C'est donc un accord librement négocié et arrêté entre le débiteur et certains de ces créanciers et auquel l'intervention du juge confère la force exécutoire. Toutefois, le dispositif mis en place par le législateur africain souffre de certaines carences de nature à l'empêcher d'atteindre son but de prévention et de résolution des difficultés des entreprises. L'une des causes de l'inefficacité du concordat préventif est l'imprécision du critère d'admissibilité, ce qui a pour effet une ouverture tardive du processus, qui, à son tour, influe négativement sur l'exécution du concordat une fois conclu et homologué. Il s'est dès lors avéré utile d'explorer de nouvelles pistes pouvant conduire à une plus grande efficacité en matière de sauvegarde des entreprises en difficulté dans l'espace OHADA. As a living organism, the company is born, lives, and may be the seat of various disorders which most serious may lead to its disappearance. That does not leave indifferent any legislator concerned about the socio-economic balance and transaction security. So nowadays, the traditional purpose of bankruptcy law, that is the creditors' satisfaction, without disappearing entirely, is relegated to the background, behind the concern for the preservation and continuity of commercial exploitation. Various legal instruments were deployed in order to avoid the bankruptcy of the debtor that is experiencing difficulties.It is in this context that the preventive arrangement with creditors under the Uniform Act of OHADA, on the right of collective procedures for settlement of liabilities. It is an instrument of hybrid nature, half conventional, half-judiciary, granted after a procedure known as preventive arrangement procedure, to a debtor who, without being insolvent, is experiencing economic and financial difficulties, which are not without remedy. This is an agreement freely negotiated and agreed between the debtor and some of his creditors, to which judicial intervention confers binding. However, the mechanism put in place by the Uniform Act of OHADA suffers some deficiencies such as to prevent it from reaching its goal of preventing and solving business problems. One reason for the ineffectiveness of the arrangement with creditors' procedure is the vagueness of the eligibility criterion, which has the effect of opening late in the process, which, in turn, adversely affects the performance of the concordat once concluded and approved. It is therefore proved useful to explore new avenues that can lead to greater efficiency in safeguarding firms in difficulty in the OHADA area.
Keywords: Bankruptcy; Cessation des paiements; Droit international privé; Défaut de paiement; Efficacité; Efficacy; Entreprises en difficulté; Faillite; Insolvency; OHADA; Prevention; Prévention

I sistemi di risoluzione stragiudiziale delle controversie in materia bancaria e finanziaria - Cannavo, Mauro (Università di Pisa, 2012)
Il presente elaborato mira ad analizzare le forme di tutela accordate in sede europea al “consumatore” si servizi finanziari, al fine di verificarne, da un lato, l’adeguatezza rispetto all’evoluzione normativa che ha interessato tale segmento del mercato (Capitolo I) e, dall’altro lato, le modalità e le tecniche di diffusione nell’ordinamento italiano (Capitolo II) e in quelli dei principali Paesi Europei (Capitolo III). L’indagine muove dal processo di integrazione comunitaria avviato nel 1999 con l’elaborazione del “Financial Service Action Plan”, mettendo in luce come tale azione stia progressivamente contribuendo, attraverso la predisposizione di nuove regole e principi, alla creazione di un “diritto privato europeo”. In tale contesto, infatti, lo spazio rappresentato dal mercato dei servizi finanziari è significativo e di eccezionale rilevanza. Si è osservato, infatti, come l’integrazione dei mercati finanziari – avviata dalle Istituzioni europee, tra l’altro, attraverso l’aggiornamento della normativa comunitaria sui servizi di investimento (direttiva MiFID) – abbia avviato, e progressivamente sostenga, la massima armonizzazione delle regole economiche e giuridiche applicabili alle relazioni con i clienti, anche attraverso l’introduzione di nuovi meccanismi di tutela dei consumatori, volti a preservare la parte “debole” del rapporto contrattuale dai fisiologici rischi connessi alla prestazione dei servizi finanziari. In tale contesto, si è evidenziato come l’omogeneizzazione delle regole dei mercati finanziari abbia comportato, da un lato, l’aumento del flusso di risparmio destinato agli investimenti cross-border, nonché il progressivo coinvolgimento dei consumatori nelle transazioni finanziarie ma, dall’altro lato, abbia contribuito ad esporre maggiormente gli stessi ai rischi connessi agli eventi di crisi che hanno interessato le economie a capitalismo avanzato (ad esempio, il default della banca d’affari Lehman Brother’s). L’esposizione della clientela a situazioni di instabilità, peraltro, è fortemente avvertita anche sul versante dei servizi bancari tradizionali, non soltanto in ragione della diffusione del modello di banca universale e multicanale, ma che per effetto dell’attesa internazionalizzazione dei player del mercato, conseguente al livellamento del relativo “campo da gioco”. Si è perciò sottolineato come la proliferazione delle controversie intermediario-cliente nei diversi segmenti del comparto bancario-finanziario abbia mostrato come il nuovo sistema di tutele introdotto dal legislatore comunitario non sia stato in grado, da solo, di garantire la massima protezione dei consumatori dai rischi connessi alla fruizione dei servizi finanziari. A tale proposito, ci si è interrogati – anche alla luce della copiosa letteratura nazionale ed europea in materia – riguardo ai rimedi esperibili per superare le criticità legate alle procedure giudiziali di risoluzione delle controversie transfrontaliere (i.e. la durata dei tempi processuali, ovvero il costo per accedere alla giustizia), giungendo ad individuare nei sistemi alternativi di risoluzione delle controversie (c.d. ADR) una valida alternativa rispetto alla tutela giudiziale ordinaria. Ancora nel corso del Capitolo I, si è dato conto di come tali meccanismi di mediazione e conciliazione – caldeggiati e, in parte, disciplinati dalle istituzioni comunitarie – potranno, da un lato, comportare la semplificazione e la deburocratizzazione degli apparati giudiziari e, dall’altro, offrire un ulteriore presidio di tutela per i cittadini europei, particolarmente esposti ai rischi connessi ad attività complesse come la prestazione dei servizi di investimento. Come evidenziato nel corso del Capitolo II, non sorprende che in un settore fisiologicamente esposto al rischio di contenzioso come il comparto dei servizi finanziari, le Istituzioni comunitarie abbiano introdotto e progressivamente sospinto la diffusione in Europa dei modelli di ADR, appunto come strumenti di risoluzione delle controversie alternativi agli ordinari rimedi di natura giudiziaria. E sulla spinta comunitaria, anche il legislatore italiano sta progressivamente introducendo nel nostro ordinamento nuove modalità e nuovi sistemi per la risoluzione stragiudiziale delle controversie insorte in sede di prestazione dei servizi finanziari: tra le prime, la disciplina della mediazione finalizzata alla conciliazione delle controversie in materia civile e commerciale (di cui al d.lgs. 4 marzo 2010, n. 28); tra i secondi, i due nuovi organismi di derivazione pubblica, rappresentati dall’Arbitro Bancario Finanziario attivo presso la Banca d’Italia e la Camera di Conciliazione e Arbitrato, costituita presso la Consob. Si è visto, quindi, che le esigenze di tutela della clientela hanno condotto negli ultimi anni all’emanazione di regole e principi, come la disciplina della trasparenza del 2003 (successivamente novellata nel 2009 e, da ultimo, nel 2011 per recepire le nuove regole in materia di contratti di credito ai consumatori) e le regole di funzionamento dei sistemi di risoluzione stragiudiziale delle controversie, che operano proprio a completamento del quadro delle iniziative di tutela della clientela bancaria e finanziaria, come strumenti di redress rapidi, economici ed efficaci. Sempre nel corso del Capitolo II, quindi, si analizzano le caratteristiche principali dell’organismo nazionale deputato alla risoluzione stragiudiziale delle controversie bancarie, costituito dall’Arbitro Bancario Finanziario, al fine di rappresentare la natura giuridica di tale meccanismo, il relativo ambito di applicazione territoriale ed oggettivo, nonché individuando i rimedi esperibili dagli intermediari avverso le decisioni pronunciate dall’ABF. L’indagine prosegue attraverso l’indicazione degli elementi essenziali della Camera di Conciliazione e Arbitrato, istituita presso la Consob al fine di redimere le controversie insorte in sede di prestazione dei servizi di investimento, anche attraverso un approfondito confronto con la natura giuridica e l’ambito di applicazione dell’ABF. Infine, nel Capitolo III dell’elaborato – dopo aver esaminato le principali ragioni poste alla base della diffusione degli strumenti ADR in Europa, le principali iniziative legislative (direttiva mediation) e di autoregolamentazione (reti EEJ-NET e FIN-NET) in materia – si offre un’analisi dei principali sistemi ADR attivi in Europa, attraverso una dettagliata indagine comparatistica che ha interessato gli ordinamenti francese, spagnolo, tedesco e inglese. La menzionata indagine, in particolare, ha messo in luce le principali differenze e le numerose analogie presenti tra i sistemi ADR attivi nell’Unione europea, principalmente con riguardo alla natura giuridica dei rispettivi organismi, alle funzioni svolte, alle condizioni di accesso ai sistemi, nonché alle caratteristiche delle relative decisioni.
Keywords: ABF; ADR; Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitrato; Arbitro; Banca; Cliente; Collegio; Conciliazione; Consob; Controversie; Finanziario; Intermediari; Intermediazione; MARD; Mediación; Mediation; Mediazione; Mediação; Médiation; Reclamo; Ricorso; Stragiudiziale

La protection du consommateur des services bancaires et des services d'assurance - Hammoud, May (Université Paris 2, 2012)
Une des conséquences de la crise économique et financière de 2008 réside dans des tentations incessantes et continues de récupérer la confiance ébranlée du consommateur vis-à-vis des professionnels du secteur des services financiers. Alors que la protection du consommateur constitue un thème fréquent en droit français -et récent en droit libanais- une telle recherche fait défaut en matière spécifique aux services bancaires et aux services des assurances en droit comparé. En effet, le sujet est souvent présenté sous des angles séparés de la protection du consommateur dans chacun des deux services, dans chacun des deux droits. Il en découle qu’un approfondissement global, mais non exhaustif, sur « la protection du consommateur des services bancaires et des services d’assurance » dans une perspective comparative entre les deux droits, français et libanais, nous permettrait de mieux connaître les caractéristiques d’une telle combinaison. Ainsi, une série de questions se pose : Quels sont les contours des protections octroyées à ces consommateurs ? Comment leurs intérêts collectifs et individuels sont-ils défendus par les gouvernements, les législateurs, les juges, et la société civile ? Quelles sont les conséquences juridiques d’une telle protection qui s’avère être parfois « irrationnelle » ? Cette recherche a donc pour finalité de tenter de répondre à toutes ces questions, à travers deux parties. Dans la première, il s’agit d’analyser la protection octroyée aux intérêts collectifs et individuels des consommateurs des services bancaires et d’assurance. Dans la seconde, l’attention sera portée sur la mise en oeuvre d’une protection curative, parfois « déraisonnable » des consommateurs des services bancaires et d’assurance.
Keywords: Assurance; Banking services; Banques; Consommateur; Consommateur (protection); Consumer; Droit français; Droit libanais; France; French law; Insurance services; Lebanese law; Lebanon; Liban; Professionals; Professionnels; Protection; Services bancaires; Services d'assurance; Études comparatives

Les normes internationales qui prescrivent l'existence ou l'inexistence d'une règle interne - Meunier, Hugo (Université Paris 2, 2012)
Cette thèse propose une théorie générale des normes internationales qui prescrivent l'existence ou l'inexistence d'une règle interne. Cette entreprise, qui est une première dans la doctrine de droit international, présente, à titre principal, deux intérêts. Premièrement, elle démontre que le concept de normes internationales prescrivant l'existence ou l'inexistence d'une règle interne permet de décrire une partie fondamentale du droit international positif, habituellement présentée au moyen d'autres concepts très connus, en particulier le principe de primauté ou de supériorité du droit international et le conflit ou la contrariété entre droit international et droit interne. Deuxièmement, en s'appuyant sur 250 instruments et 750 jugements, extraits principalement du droit des affaires, du droit de l'environnement, du droit des droits de l'homme, du droit pénal, du droit du travail et du droit de l'Union européenne, cette thèse prouve qu'il existe un régime commun à l'ensemble des normes internationales qui prescrivent l'existence ou l'inexistence d'une règle interne. This thesis establishes a general theory of international norms which prescribe the validity or the invalidity of an internal rule. This research, the first of its sort to be undertaken in international legal doctrine, follows two principal lines of enquiry. Firstly, it demonstrates that the concept of international norms which prescribe the validity or the invalidity of an internal rule provide a basis on which to describe a fundamental part of positive international law, usually presented by mean of well-know others concepts as the principle of primacy or superiority of the international law, and the conflict or contradiction between international law and internal law. Secondly, this thesis draws on more than 250 legal instruments and 750 judgments, relating principally to business law, environmental law, human-rights law, criminal law, labour law and European Union law, to illustrate the existence of a coherent regime governing all international norms prescribing the validity or the invalidity of an internal rule.
https://assasrecherche.u-paris2.fr/ori-oai-search/notice/view/2012PA020089
Keywords: Directives; Droit international et droit interne; Harmonisation; Harmonization; International law and internal law; International responsibility; Kelsen; Lois uniformes; Législation européenne; Primacy; Primauté; Responsabilité internationale; Standardization; Triepel; Unification internationale; Uniform law; Uniformisation

Regulação financeira, poder no mercado e crise financeira - Ribeiro, Ivan César (Universidade de São Paulo, 2012)
Os bancos nunca foram tão grandes como depois da Crise de 2008. No momento de maior pânico, logo após a quebra do Lehman Brothers, autoridades do mundo inteiro autorizaram fusões e aquisições antes vetadas. Era preciso garantir a estabilidade do sistema financeiro alegava-se e tentar preservar a concorrência nesse instante apenas aumentaria o pânico. O Brasil não ficou imune a esse movimento. Fusões como a do Itaú com o Unibanco e aquisições como a da Nossa Caixa pelo Banco do Brasil levaram o setor a um grau de concentração nunca visto antes. A discussão entre o Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE) e o Banco Central, sobre quem deve julgar tais concentrações, faz parecer que existe uma contradição entre a disciplina constitucional da defesa da concorrência e a garantia da segurança e estabilidade das instituições financeiras. O resultado é a proliferação de instituições hipertrofiadas, os megabancos, em prejuízo desses mesmos princípios da ordem concorrencial estabelecidos constitucionalmente. Os principais argumentos em favor dos megabancos seriam, primeiro, o de que as rendas derivadas de poder no mercado que estes auferem (o chamado valor de franquia) formaria um colchão que aumentaria a sua resistência no caso de choques como o de 2008. Em segundo lugar, sugere-se que esses bancos, ao crescerem, acumulariam ganhos de escala, de escopo e de eficiência custo. Este trabalho propõe que não existe nenhum antagonismo entre a defesa da concorrência e a regulação bancária tradicional, de cunho prudencial e sistêmico. Propõe ainda que o modelo dos megabancos coloca um grande risco para a sociedade, tratando-se na realidade de um movimento estratégico de grandes instituições para acumular mais poder no mercado. São dois os motivos pelos quais se defende que não existe nenhum ganho no crescimento dessas instituições. Em primeiro lugar, as economias de escala se esgotam muito cedo, proposição com amplo suporte teórico e empírico. Na previsão mais otimista, bancos com mais do que 25 bilhões de dólares em ativos já estão na área de deseconomias de escala. Tampouco existem economias de escopo que autorizem a concentração de atividades tão diversas como as de banco comercial e de investimento. Bancos que concentram muitas atividades são, na realidade, avaliados negativamente pelo mercado. Mesmo os ganhos de eficiência custo, resultantes de uma melhor gestão de instituições mal administradas, não tem suporte empírico relevante. Em segundo lugar, uma estrutura moderna do setor bancário pressupõe bancos especializados e concentrados nas áreas em que têm maior eficiência. São bancos menores, que dividem com os mercados financeiros e outros intermediários a tarefa de prover o crédito. A concorrência do mercado de capitais, de instituições não bancárias (como gestores de fundos e financeiras) e de instituições não financeiras (como redes de supermercados, correios e empresas comerciais) forçou esses bancos a fazer o descruzamento de subsídios e a abandonar as atividades em que eram menos eficientes. Os megabancos vão na contramão dessa modernização, negando os princípios da Ordem Concorrencial. A reação dessas instituições, entretanto, é contundente. Os bancos procuram o crescimento excessivo, de forma a criar as megainstituições, para colher ganhos que não vêm de uma operação mais eficiente. São ganhos provindos das inconsistências na atuação do regulador. Este trabalho propõe a extensão das doutrinas de comportamento estratégico, de forma a incluir três categorias novas de comportamentos adotados pelos megabancos: 1. Expansão Não-Eficiente de Participação no Mercado: Bancos operam muito além da escala eficiente para obter as vantagens da garantia de socorro aos grandes bancos (o too big to fail), para influenciar a regulação e aumentar lucros e, por fim, para explorar os acionistas não controladores. 2. Saturação Anticompetitiva de Mercados: Bancos acumulam produtos para além do recomendado pelos ganhos de escopo, e também agências além do que geraria ganhos de escala, para bloquear a entrada de novos concorrentes. Mostra-se neste trabalho como o excesso de agências e produtos funciona como uma barreira à entrada, o que explicaria essas expansões como um movimento preventivo. 3. Bloqueio de Modernização Pró-Competitiva: Como uma estrutura moderna do setor obriga uma redução do tamanho dos bancos e, também, uma redução da participação do setor bancário nas atividades de crédito, os bancos tentam bloquear a modernização. O bloqueio é feito através de práticas anticoncorrenciais já conhecidas, como o bloqueio ao acesso de bens essenciais (por exemplo, ao sistema de pagamentos) e as ações concertadas, entre outros. A resposta do regulador para esses comportamentos estratégicos seria a aplicação pura e simples das ferramentas do Direito Concorrencial. Este deve aplicar medidas ordenando a desconcentração de mercados e deve investigar e punir as práticas anticompetitivas. É uma atuação que difere, portanto, da regulação bancária tradicional, em que constantemente se consideram os aspectos prudenciais e sistêmicos. Isso ocorre porque, no caso desses comportamentos, o restabelecimento da livre concorrência é condição necessária e suficiente para garantir a segurança e a higidez dos mercados financeiros. Essa conclusão, aplicada ao Brasil, leva a que se deve proceder à desconcentração no setor, com a adoção de medidas compensatórias para a maioria das fusões recentemente aprovadas. Essas medidas encontram precedente significativo naquelas adotadas tanto na Europa quanto nos Estados Unidos durante a Crise de 2008. Finalmente, algumas das previsões das hipóteses desenvolvidas no trabalho são testadas empiricamente. Foi desenvolvido um modelo jurimétrico que mostra que mais competição resulta em maior estabilidade financeira. O modelo também confronta a abordagem da Nova Economia Institucional com a NeoEstruturalista, mostrando que esta última resulta em mais competição e maior estabilidade financeira.
Keywords: Bank Competition; Competencia; Competition law; Concorrência Bancária; Concurrence bancaire; Crise financière; Estrutura de Mercado; Financial System; Marché financier; Market Structure; Régulation financière; Sistema Financeiro; Système financier

L’État et les relations de travail au Togo - Panier, Élise (Université Bordeaux 4, 2012)
Dans un contexte où l’on parlerait volontiers de « non-droit » ou de « droit invalide », où l’on serait tenté d’établir une corrélation entre secteur formel ou informel de l’économie et effectivité ou ineffectivité du droit, les modes d’intervention juridique de l’État dans les relations de travail ainsi que leurs formalisations, apparaissent sous-tendus au Togo par des réalités aussi diverses que paradoxales. L’analyse des conditions de production et de mobilisation du droit du travail permet de dégager quelques caractéristiques propres au fonctionnement de ce dernier en tant que système normatif au Togo. L’État peut sembler à la fois omniprésent et absent, puissant et impuissant. Les conditions de production du droit d’apparence hétéronome comme de celui élaboré sous contrôle étatique, conduisent à s’interroger sur la validité de certaines dispositions. Le droit positif apparaît parfois produit sans véritable attention à la question, pourtant essentielle, de l’articulation de ses sources et, quelquefois, selon des voies imprévues. Au travers du prisme particulier de l’analyse des mobilisations du droit du travail, des thématiques apparaissent récurrentes ou marginales, selon que l’on se réfère aux politiques et discours officiels ou bien à la pratique des acteurs institutionnels et sociaux. La réception du droit des relations de travail par ces derniers dépend en réalité non seulement du contexte socio-économique mais aussi des pouvoirs et situations en cause. L’interprétation juridictionnelle témoigne elle-même d’originalité quand ce n’est pas d’invention du droit.
Keywords: Acteurs sociaux; Administration; Africa; Afrique; Courts; Droit du travail; Free Zone; Juridictions; Labour Relations; Labour law; Relations de travail; Relations professionnelles; Social Actors; State; Togo; Zone franche; Zones et ports francs; État

Execução extrajudicial para satisfação de crédito pecuniário com garantia imobiliária - Bresolin, Umberto Bara (Universidade de São Paulo, 2012)
A tese tem por objetivo demonstrar a legitimidade da execução extrajudicial dos créditos dotados de garantia imobiliária. O modelo de execução por quantia certa contra devedor solvente adotado pelo Código de Processo Civil brasileiro, altamente centralizado na figura do juiz, continua a padecer de falta de efetividade mesmo após as reformas. Tanto a atual perspectiva teórica da relação entre execução, jurisdição e Estado, quanto a perspectiva concreta do regramento de variados sistemas de execução colhidos no direito estrangeiro, permitem afirmar que deve ser superado o mito de que a execução deva ser sempre, necessária e exclusivamente, conduzida pelo juiz. Tais perspectivas revelam o fenômeno da minimização da participação do juiz no desempenho dos atos de execução, que se desdobra nas técnicas de desjudicialização da execução e da execução extrajudicial. As manifestações da primeira técnica ainda são tímidas no direito brasileiro, que, no entanto, é dotado de significativo modelo de execução extrajudicial para satisfação de créditos pecuniários dotados de garantia imobiliária, construído a partir das características comuns da execução extrajudicial hipotecária e da execução extrajudicial pertinente à alienação fiduciária de bem imóvel em garantia. Trata-se de instrumento de natureza típica de execução forçada, que opera por meio executivo sub-rogatório e conduz à expropriação do bem imóvel objeto da garantia, sem necessitar de emprego de força física. Não se vislumbra inconstitucionalidade no mecanismo. Os exames de seu procedimento (aspecto endógeno) e de sua interação com outros instrumentos de tutela exercitáveis perante o Poder Judiciário (aspectos exógenos) permitem concluir que tal modelo de execução extrajudicial é útil, adequado e equilibrado para tutelar o credor sem, de outro lado, violar direitos fundamentais do devedor; razão pela qual merece integrar, legitimamente, o arcabouço de instrumentos predispostos à satisfação coercitiva das crises de adimplemento de obrigações de pagamento de quantia. Le but de cette thèse est de démontrer la légitimité de lexécution extrajudiciaire des crédits dotés de garantie immobilière. Le modèle d'exécution par somme certaine contre un débiteur solvable adopté par le Code de Procédure Civile brésilien, très centralisé dans la figure du juge, continue à subir le manque d'effectivité, même après les réformes. L'actuelle perspective théorique de la relation entre l'exécution, la juridiction et l'État comme la perspective concrète du règlement de plusieurs systèmes dexécution pris dans le droit étranger, permettent daffirmer que lon doit surmonter le mythe que l'exécution doit toujours être nécessairement et exclusivement conduite par le juge. Telles perspectives révèlent le phenomène de la minimisation de la participation du juge dans la démarche des actes d'exécution, qui se déploie en techniques de déjudiciarisation de l'exécution et de l'exécution extrajudiciaire. Les manifestations de la première technique sont encore timides dans le droit brésilien, qui est cependant doté dun modèle remarquable d'exécution extrajudiciaire pour la satisfaction de crédits pécuniaires munis de garantie immobilière, construit à partir des caractéristiques communes de lexécution extrajudiciaire hypothécaire et de l'exécution extrajudiciaire pertinent à l'aliénation fiduciaire dun bien immeuble en garantie. Il sagit dun instrument de nature typique de lexécution forcée, opérant par un moyen exécutif subrogatoire et menant à lexpropriation du bien immeuble objet de garantie, sans avoir besoin de l'emploi de force physique. On nenvisage pas l'inconstitutionnalité dans la démarche. Les examens de la procédure (aspect endogène) et de son interaction avec dautres instruments de tutelle mis em oeuvre devant le Pouvoir Judiciaire (aspects exogènes) permettent quon conclut que tel modèle dexécution extrajudiciaire est utile, convenable et équilibré pour la tutelle du créancier sans par contre, violer les droits fondamentaux du débiteur; cest la raison par laquelle il mérite intégrer dune façon légitime, la structure dinstruments prédisposés à la satisfaction coércitive des crises daccomplissement d'obligations de paiement de somme.
Keywords: Alienação fiduciária; Aliénation fiduciaire; Crédito imobiliário; Déjuridiciarisation; Execução por título extrajudicial; Exécution extrajudiciaire; Hipoteca; Hypothèque; Processo de execução

La fonction de représentation extérieure commune des organisations d’intégration ouest africaines dans les négociations commerciales - Yougbaré, Robert (Université de Ouaga 2, 2012)
Le régionalisme est un phénomène qui a pris de l'ampleur dans le monde, en général, et sur le continent africain en particulier. L'Afrique découvre le phénomène en même temps qu'elle expérimente l'étatisme, la forme d'organisation sociopolitique sous laquelle le continent s'est émancipé de ses anciens colonisateurs. Des indépendances à nos jours, en dépit de sa constance, le phénomène a connu une redynamisation, qui l'a conduit à une certaine unité théorique. Face à la constance du phénomène, l'on est en droit de s'interroger sur sa logique (MATTI, 1999), sur sa raison d'être. En partant d'une approche sociologique des relations internationales, aucun phénomène, aucune organisation spécifique n'est le fruit d'un hasard : chaque institution répond à un besoin donné. C'est de cette hypothèse qu'est parti le présent projet de recherche, qui s'est assigné pour objectif d'expliquer la rationalité du régionalisme, en général, et de sa dimension extérieure, c'est-à-dire, l'unité de front face au monde qu'elle constitue, en particulier. Le besoin d'un front d'action collective dans les relations internationales est évident pour les Etats africains, en proie à une marginalisation croissante dans les relations internationales. L'Etat africain manque, à lui seul, des facteurs, notamment le facteur structurel, qui pourraient inverser la tendance. Il lui faut par conséquent, d'autres approches. Le régionalisme est l'une de celles-là. L'étude s'est focalisée sur le sous-continent ouest africain, pour les besoins de vérification empirique. Elle s'est également inscrite dans le cadre des relations commerciales internationales pour y analyser le potentiel d'action internationale des organisations d'intégration africaines. Dans ce cadre, au-delà de l'explication de la ratio legis de la fonction de représentation extérieure commune -la fonction qui consiste pour une organisation à unifier et / ou coordonner l'action extérieure de ses membres, l'étude a porté sur l'existence théorique des conditions juridiques d'exercice de la fonction par deux des principales organisations d'intégration de la sous-région que sont la Communauté Economique des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEDEAO) et l'Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest africaine (UEMOA). Il s'est révélé qu'en dépit de quelques incertitudes résiduelles que la pratique peut aisément lever, ces organisations s'inscrivent bien dans cette logique de servir d'interface à leurs membres pour une action collective efficace dans les relations commerciales internationales. Bien au-delà de l'investigation théorique, l'étude a scruté le terrain empirique, pour se rendre compte de l'exercice éventuel de la fonction dans la pratique des organisations ouest africaines. Elle a examiné les conditions de leur présence dans le système juridique commercial multilatéral (le système de l'OMC) et leur implication dans un dossier qui semblait constituer une porte d'entrée dans l'arène de la diplomatie commerciale multilatérale, en l'occurrence, le dossier du coton africain à l'OMC. Leur implication y a été, malheureusement, en deçà de leur possibilité d'action. Toujours est-il que, d'un point de vue empirique, l'étude a examiné la participation des deux organisations dans la négociation de l'Accord de partenariat économique (APE) Afrique de l'Ouest - Union européenne. Dans ce dossier, les organisations ouest africaines ont fait preuve d'un certain leadership, affichant ainsi leur détermination à assumer cette fonction de représentant de la région. Certes, les résultats sont encore incertains, mais un certain satisfecit se dégage dans le camp ouest africain, pour avoir résisté face à l'avalanche des négociateurs européens. Le seul point critique demeure dorénavant l'aménagement de la participation des Etats dans le mécanisme de représentation commune, de façon à ce que chacun y voit individuellement un instrument de sa politique extérieure, pour une durabilité du dispositif. Un affinement dans ce sens renforcera et rendra réelle, la fonction de représentation extérieure commune dans les mains des organisations ouest africaines. Regionalism is a growing phenomenon in the world in general, and particularly on the African continent. Africa experimented at the same time regionalism and the modern state. From independence to the present days, despite its constancy, the phenomenon has been reinvigorated, leading to a degree of theoretical unity. Faced with the constancy of the phenomenon, we are entitled to question its logic (MATTI, 1999), its raison d'être. From a sociological approach to international relations, no phenomenon or specific organisation arises by chance: each institution responds to a given social need. This is the starting point for the present research project, which has set itself the objective of explaining the rationality of regionalism in general, and of its external dimension, that to say, the blocs it constitutes regarding the rest of the world, in particular. The need for a collective action in international relations is obvious for African states, which are increasingly marginalised in international relations. The African state, left alone, lacks the factors, particularly the structural factor, that could reverse the trend. It therefore needs other approaches. Regionalism appears to be one of them. The study focused on the West African sub-region, for the purposes of empirical verification. It also looked at international trade relations in order to analyse the potential for international action of African integration organisations. In this context, in addition to explaining the ratio legis of the function of common external representation - the function that consists of an organisation unifying and/or coordinating the external action of its members - the study focused on the positivity of legal conditions for the exercise of this function by two of the main integration organisations in the sub-region, namely the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) It turned out that, despite a few residual uncertainties that can easily be resolved in practice, these organisations are very much in line with this logic of serving as an interface for their members to ensure effective collective action in international trade relations. In addition to theoretical research, the study also looked at empirical evidence of how West African organisations perform this function in practice. It examined the conditions of their presence in the multilateral trade legal system (the WTO system) and their involvement in an issue that seemed to constitute a gateway into the arena of multilateral trade diplomacy, in this case the African cotton issue at the WTO. Unfortunately, their involvement fell short of their potential. Still from an empirical point of view, the study examined the participation of the two organisations in the negotiation of the West Africa-European Union Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA). The West African organisations have shown a degree of leadership in these negotiations, demonstrating their determination to represent the region. Admittedly, the results are still uncertain, but there is a certain satisfaction in the West African camp for having withstood the avalanche of European negotiators. The only critical point from now on is the way in which the States participate in the common representation mechanism, so that each one sees it individually as an instrument of its foreign policy, to ensure the sustainability of the mechanism. Refining the mechanism in this way will strengthen and make real the function of common external representation in the hands of West African organisations.
Keywords: Afrique de l'Ouest; CEDEAO; Common trade policy; ECOWAS; External common representation; Intégration régionale; Négociations commerciales; Politiques commerciales communes; Regional integration; Représentation extérieure commune; Trade negociations; UEMOA; WAEMU; West Africa

Les actes de disposition sur les titres intermédiés - Leibenson, Joël Philippe Gérard (Université de Genève, 2012)
La présente thèse traite des actes de dispositions sur les titres intermédiés.
Keywords: Bankenrecht; Banques; Bucheffekten; Comptes de titres; Derivative Finanzinstrumente; Droit; Effektenhandel; Schweiz; Sicherstellung; Suisse; Titres intermédiés (droit financier); Valeurs mobilières; Verfügungsgeschäft; Wertpapier

La garantie des salaires en cas d’insolvabilité de l’employeur - Ondze, Stani (Université Paris 10, 2012)
Les créances du salarié n’ont pas la même nature que les autres créances dont l’employeur peut être débiteur. Elles ont une nature alimentaire qui justifie une protection exorbitante en cas de placement de l’employeur en procédure collective. Une garantie originale des créances salariales a été créée pour pallier l’insolvabilité de l’employeur. L’objet de cette thèse est de rechercher la nature de cette garantie et d’analyser sa dynamique. La garantie des salaires n’a pas la nature d’un privilège puisqu’elle n’est pas assise sur les biens mobiliers et immobiliers de l’entreprise, mais sur les cotisations y afférentes. Elle n’a pas non plus la nature d’une assurance sociale, car la sécurité sociale est fondée sur une logique d’universalité et recouvre des mécanismes multirisques, alors que la garantie des salaires ne bénéficie qu’aux salariés et ne couvre que le risque de non-paiement des salaires. La dynamique de cette garantie permet de montrer que son objet ne se limite pas seulement au salaire, il s’étend aux accessoires du salaire et aux dommages-intérêts notamment ceux liés à un licenciement sans cause réelle et sérieuse ou en cas d’irrégularité de procédure. L’extension du champ des créances garanties permet davantage la sauvegarde de l’entreprise que de l’emploi. Cette dynamique incite, dans une certaine mesure, à la destruction de l’emploi, car les ruptures du contrat de travail auxquelles résultent les créances garanties sont fermées dans les délais qui ne permettent pas la mise en œuvre effective des mesures de maintien de l’emploi. L’employeur est toutefois le responsable principal de l’indemnisation des salariés, car c’est lui le titulaire du pouvoir dans l’entreprise. L’AGS, association patronale, est un responsable supplétif, mais d’autres responsables alternatifs existent. Cette thèse s’achève par une évolution souhaitant la construction du droit social des entreprises en défaillance pour supprimer, sinon réduire les incohérences constatées dans la mise en mouvement de la garantie.
Keywords: Association pour la gestion du régime de garantie des créances des salariés (France); Case; Droit du travail; Employers; Employeur; Faillite; France; Garantie; Guarantee; Insolvabilité; Insolvency; Labour law; Licenciement; Licenciements; Responsabilité; Salaires; Salaries

Travail, création et propriétés - Lallement, Audrey (Université de Poitiers, 2012)
La question de la propriété des créations nées d’un rapport de travail relève du droit des biens, et spécialement de la propriété intellectuelle. Le statut de salarié ou d’agent public n’est certes pas indifférent à la titularité ou à l’exercice des droits. Mais c’est le droit des biens qui définit, à partir de l’objet et de ses utilités, le contenu et les limites de la propriété.Le modèle de l’appropriation du travail désigne l’investisseur comme propriétaire, le salarié bénéficiant lui d’un droit à rémunération et d’un statut protecteur. Au contraire, pour les créations, c’est la propriété qui garantit la rémunération et protège la personne du créateur. Les deux modèles s’opposent mais peuvent converger : ils font preuve, à des degrés distincts et relatifs, de personnalisme ; tous deux sont tournés vers l’exploitation car ces propriétés, puisqu’il faut tirer les conséquences de la qualification, ne sont pas des propriétés oisives. La spécificité des objets impose ici celle des régimes de propriété.Pour régler le sort des créations subordonnées, la propriété intellectuelle est tiraillée : le droit des brevets s’inspire du modèle d’appropriation du travail quand le droit d’auteur préfère celui de la création. Mais ces modèles se déclinent au pluriel : le droit positif propose en réalité un camaïeu d’applications. Des principes généraux transparaissent en toile de fond, permettant d’envisager l’harmonisation des régimes. Le droit comparé confirme la diversité des synthèses possibles entre les intérêts a priori divergents du créateur subordonné et de l’employeur exploitant, les réconciliant autour de l’organisation de l’exploitation et du statut de créateur subordonné.
Keywords: Compensation; Concept de propriété; Droit d'auteur; Droit à rémunération; Exploitation; Faveur à l’exploitation; Intellectual property; Ownership; Personalism; Personnalisme; Property; Propriedade intelectual; Propriété; Propriété industrielle; Propriété intellectuelle; Salariat; Titularité

La stratégie d'anticipation procédurale en matière civile - Deirmendjian, Élisabeth (Université de Toulon, 2012)
La stratégie d’anticipation procédurale en matière civile permet d’effectuer un choix approprié entre les différentes règles existantes en fonction du but poursuivi. L’anticipation du procès et la stratégie au cœur de l’action dessinent en creux le champ de la liberté individuelle laissée au justiciable dans le procès civil. En anticipant la survenance du litige ou en envisageant les modalités de résolution de ce dernier, la technique contractuelle fait de l’évitement du recours juridictionnel une stratégie d’anticipation. Une fois le litige né, le choix d’agir en justice suppose l’évaluation des chances de succès de l’action par rapport au résultat escompté. Seront parfois préférés les modes amiables de règlement des différends, voire le recours à un juge privé en la personne de l’arbitre. Mais si l’action est diligentée, le justiciable devra nécessairement soulever un certain nombre de questions nécessaires à l’élaboration de la stratégie qu’il retiendra pour son affaire. Pour réduire l’aléa judiciaire, plusieurs paramètres doivent être pris en compte tels que l’évolution du droit, de la jurisprudence, la réaction de l’adversaire ainsi que l’office du juge. L’efficacité de la stratégie d’anticipation varie selon le degré de prévisibilité de ces différents éléments qui forment l’objet de cette étude.
Keywords: Actions et défenses; Alternative dispute resolution methods; Aléa judiciaire; Arbitrage; Civil procedure; Clauses d'anticipation du litige; Extraneous element; Extranéité; Interpretation; Interprétation; Juge (attitude); Lawsuit assessment clauses; Legal dispute resolution methods; Legal risk; Legal security; Liberté procédurale; Loyauté procédurale; Mesures de justice prIvée; Modes amiables de règlement des différends; Modes juridictionnels de règlement des litiges; Office of Justice; Private justice measures; Procedural freedom; Procedural loyalty; Procedural strategy; Processus judiciaire; Procédure civile; Règlement de conflits; Sécurité juridique; Voies d'exécution; Voies de recours

Le Droit international privé des négociations précontractuelles - Piacitelli-Guedj, Aurelia (Université Paris 11, 2012)
La gestion de la période de l’avant-contrat s’avère délicate car elle constitue une période de risques. D’une part, vont être échangés, durant cette phase, des documents concernant l’entreprise et leur confidentialité ne sera pas protéger en cas d’échec des pourparlers. D’autre part, en cas de rupture après un temps important de discussions, les investissements en temps et en travaux d’études seront définitivement perdus. Par conséquent, les parties aux négociations vont chercher à conserver leur liberté contractuelle, tout en s’assurant du maintien de la participation de leur partenaire aux pourparlers. Or, les différents droits nationaux présentent des divergences particulièrement marquées dans l’appréhension de la période précontractuelle. Cette difficulté n’est pas effacée par le droit matériel uniforme qui reste trop lacunaire et nécessite le plus souvent l’intervention du droit national. Il s’agit de parvenir à un équilibre entre deux principes fondamentaux connus du droit des contrats : la liberté contractuelle et le principe de bonne foi pour sécuriser les tractations et garantir la prospérité du commerce international. Or, en matière de négociations internationales, le droit apparaît soit trop jeune, soit lacunaire. Ainsi, la question de la possibilité d’étendre la prorogation volontaire de compétence, par une clause attributive de juridiction ou une clause d’arbitrage, à la matière précontractuelle ne connaît pas de réponse évidente puisqu’elle reste subordonnée à l’existence d’un contrat, alors que sa présence fait généralement défaut en matière de contentieux précontractuel. De plus, la nouvelle règle de conflit de lois prévue par l’article 12 du Règlement Rome II n’a pas encore été appliquée et laisse donc des questions en suspens qui seront certainement soulevées en jurisprudence. Sa pertinence s’avère d'ailleurs discutable. Aussi est-il possible d'envisager des adaptations et des correctifs, mais également une réécriture par l’adoption d’une nouvelle règle de conflit de lois en faveur de la loi présentant les liens les plus étroits avec les négociations avec une présomption simple en faveur de la loi de la relation préexistante.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitration; Avant-contrats; Bonne foi; Conflict of laws; Conflit de juridictions; Conflit de lois; Culpa in contrahendo; Freedom of contract; Good faith; Jurisdiction clause; Liberté contractuelle; Négociations précontractuelles; Pre-contractual negotiations; Responsabilité pré-contractuelle

La réouverture du procès pénal : contribution à l'étude de l'efficacité des procédures actuelles de révision et de réexamen en droit pénal français - Schmandt, Claire-Annie (Université Lille 2, 2012)
Une condamnation pénale définitive ne peut en principe plus être remise en cause. La chose jugée doit en effet être tenue pour vraie. L’adage non bis in idem et les principes de l’autorité et de la force de la chose jugée semblent dès lors interdire de rouvrir le procès pénal. Toutefois, le législateur français prévoit deux procédures distinctes permettant de remettre en cause la condamnation prononcée : la révision et le réexamen. Les conditions de mise en œuvre de ces procédures et leurs spécificités en font des procédures très exceptionnelles. Par la présentation d’éléments nouveaux de fait pour la révision, et de droit pour le réexamen, le requérant peut dans certains cas prétendre à nouvelle étude de son affaire. Cependant cette réouverture ne pourra être décidée que par une juridiction ad hoc et sera de type différent selon le nouveau procès envisagé. De plus, l’issue de ce nouveau procès pourra permettre de maintenir la condamnation en dépit des nouveaux faits présentés ou reconnaître l’innocence du condamné. Final sentencing in a criminal trial cannot in principle be questioned any more. Indeed the adjudged case has to be considered as definitely settled. The non bis in idem Latin saw and the res judicata tenet thus seem to preclude the re-opening of a criminal trial. And yet, lawgivers put in place two distinct legal processes that enable French citizens to challenge their sentencing: reviewing and re-hearing. The conditions for carrying out these processes and their own specificities make these proceedings quite exceptional. Through the presentation of new evidence for reviewing, and because re-hearing can be considered as of right, convicted people may in some cases get a new trial. Nevertheless only an ad hoc jurisdiction can decide upon a new hearing and the latter will be of a different kind depending on the new trial at hand. Moreover, the upshot of this new trial will make it possible either to maintain the sentencing notwithstanding new evidence being presented to a new court or to declare the defendant not guilty.
Issue: 2012LIL20008
Keywords: Compensation; Contradictory incompatible decisions; Convention européenne des droits de l'homme; Criminal trial; Damages; Dead people found alive; Décisions contradictoires incompatibles; Défunt vivant; Erreur de droit; Erreur de fait; Erreur judiciaire; Error of law; European Convention on Human Rights; Factual mistake; False testimony; Faux témoignage; Indemnisation morale; Indemnisation pécuniaire; Miscarriage of justice; New evidence; Procès pénal; Re-examine; Reopening; Retributive damages; Review; Réouverture; Révision; Wrongful conviction; Élément nouveau

Users' entitlements under the fair dealing exceptions to copyright - Shay, Richard Michael (Stellenbosch University, 2012)
This thesis analyses current South African copyright law to ascertain the proper interpretation and application of the fair dealing provisions contained in the Copyright Act 98 of 1978. Copyright law ensures that authors’ works are not used without their consent, which they can grant subject to compensation or conditions attached to the use. Fair dealing exceptions allow the general public to use copyright works for certain purposes without the copyright owner’s consent and without paying compensation. These provisions are intended to balance copyright owners’ interests with the interest that members of the public have in using copyright works for socially beneficial purposes. These provisions typically allow the use of a copyright work for the purposes of research or private study, personal or private use, criticism and review, and news reporting. Unfortunately there is no South African case law concerning the fair dealing provisions, and the application of these exceptions remains unclear. This study aims to clarify the extent of application of the fair dealing exceptions to copyright infringement so that courts may be more willing to consider foreign and international law and in doing so develop South African intellectual property law. The social and economic policy considerations underlying the fair dealing exceptions are considered to determine their function. International conventions relating to copyright and neighbouring rights are examined, specifically the provisions allowing exceptions to copyright. The legislation and case law of Australia and the United Kingdom are analysed to determine the proper interpretation and application of these statutory defences. This knowledge is then used to inform South African law. The Copyright Act 98 of 1978 does not contain a fair dealing exception for parody and satire. Australian legislation does contain such an exception, and it is analysed in that context. An exception for parody is proposed for South African law, and the need for and application of this provision is considered. The constitutionality of the proposed exception is evaluated in terms of its impact on the constitutional property rights of copyright owners.
Keywords: Australia; Copyright law; Fair dealing; Fair use; Great Britain; Intellectual property; South Africa; Trademarks

L'exhérédation - Chuiton, Sandrine Le (Université Lille 2, 2012)
Malgré le tabou de l'argent, la transmission des biens d'une personne répond à une indéniable nécessité familiale, économique et sociologique. La liberté testamentaire grandissante, à peine restreinte par la nécessité de protéger le noyau dur familial, rend surprenante une démarche pourtant bien présente en pratique : l’exhérédation. Celle-ci est la privation, directe ou indirecte et quelle qu’en soit la forme, de l’émolument successoral par la seule volonté du de cujus, sans pouvoir porter atteinte au titre d’héritier. La dichotomie entre titre et émolument permet de révéler la véritable relation successorale entre disposant et successible. A l’absolutisme quasi-absolu de la volonté du de cujus correspond l’effet quasi-plénipotentiaire du titre d’héritier. Si le de cujus peut presque librement disposer des biens composant ou qui auraient dû composer sa succession, l’héritier, bien que ne disposant d’aucun droit à l’héritage, a la faculté d’en perturber le règlement, sous couvert d’en assurer la police et la gestion. Le titre d’héritier, dénué de tout ou partie de l’émolument et distingué de la propriété des biens transmis, doit cependant tout au plus être vu comme un intérêt à agir, non comme un quelconque élément directeur des opérations de liquidation successorale.
Keywords: Famille; Héritage (distribution); Héritier; Succession (distribution); Titre; Volonté; Émolument

La sanction de la violation du droit de la consommation dans les contrats de consommation - Douche-Doyette, Nathalie (Université de Lorraine, 2012)
La seconde moitié du XXème siècle a été marquée par l'avènement de la sociétéde consommation et, corrélativement, par l'apparition d'un droit nouveau dont l'objectif est de protéger les consommateurs : le droit de la consommation. Il se définit par sa finalité comme l'ensemble des règles dont l'objet est de protéger les intérêts des consommateurs et s'applique essentiellement dans les contrats de consommation. Aucun régime général de la sanction de la violation des dispositions consuméristes n'a été organisé par le législateur. Les sanctions prévues sont majoritairement des sanctions pénales, les sanctions civiles sont alors celles du droit commun des contrats.A partir du droit positif, l'étude cherche à construire un régime spécial de la sanction, commun à tous les contrats de consommation. L'étude est orientée vers la recherche de sanctions efficaces, qui permettent de renforcer l'effectivité de la règle de droit et la protection des consommateurs. Elle distingue nécessairement l' analyse de l'efficacité de la fonction réparatrice de la sanction, qui est conditionnée par la prise en compte de la situation de la victime du comportement sanctionné, et l'analyse de l'efficacité de la fonction dissuasive de la sanction qui est conditionnée par la prise en compte de la situation de l'auteur du comportement sanctionné.
Keywords: ABUSIVE CLAUSES; Clauses abusives; Concurrence déloyale; Consommateur (protection); Consumer contract; Consumer law; Contract interpretation; Sanctions; Contrats de consommation; Droit de la consommation; Interprétation des contrats; Lésion; Nullity of contracts; Nullité du contrat; Peines; Peines privées; Pratiques commerciales déloyales; Prejudice (resulting from a contractualimbalance); Protection des consommateurs; Protection of consumers; Sanctions; Unfair commercial practices

Les effets pervers du formalisme (études à partir du contrat d'auteur) - Noel, Sophie (Université Paris 2, 2012)
Le Code de la propriété intellectuelle est dédié à la protection des auteurs. Sur le terrain contractuel, cela se traduit par un formalisme important qui entoure la cession des droits patrimoniaux. Ainsi, le contrat d’auteur doit être rédigé par écrit, doit détailler le contenu du transfert, et doit préciser la rémunération de l’auteur. L’objectif du législateur, en recourant au formalisme, est de tenter de protéger l’auteur partie faible, de mieux l’informer, de restaurer un certain équilibre contractuel. Une étude de la matière révèle rapidement l’échec du formalisme en ce que le dispositif est inutile et inefficace. Pire, il crée nombre d’effets pervers, qui ne peuvent qu’inciter à douter du bien-fondé du choix du législateur. D’autant qu’il n’est pas possible en la matière de s’appuyer sur le rôle modérateur du juge qu’avait décrit Flour : en droit d’auteur, le juge est très exigeant quant au respect des dispositions formalistes et va même parfois au-delà de l’esprit des textes. Le juge n’assouplit pas le formalisme, il le rigidifie. Face à un droit d’auteur compliqué et exigeant, le professionnel, cocontractant de l’auteur et cessionnaire des droits, a souvent recours aux usages et se détourne ainsi du Code de la propriété intellectuelle. Ainsi, un droit parallèle des contrats d’auteur s’est progressivement mis en place. Devant l’échec du formalisme et sa mise à l’écart par la pratique, le législateur a dû réagir : il a choisi la voie de la réforme (très incomplète et imparfaite) en introduisant dans la loi quelques exceptions au formalisme. Le juge quant à lui semble finalement hésiter sur la démarche à suivre. A côté du mouvement très formaliste qui existe en jurisprudence, un autre courant, plus récent est à noter : certains juges décident de faire de l’interprétation du contrat la pièce maitresse de leur intervention pour faire reculer le formalisme. Ces magistrats, bien plus en phase avec la pensée de Flour, semblent nous indiquer la solution aux effets pervers du formalisme.
Keywords: Contrat d'auteur; Copyright; Droit d'auteur; Exceptions; Formalism; Formalisme; Formalités (droit); France; Intellectual property; Interpretation; Interprétation (droit); Judge; Juge; Law; Loi; Professional; Professionnel; Propriedade intelectual; Propriété intellectuelle; Relations écrivains-éditeurs; Usages; Uses

L'émergence du droit international des investissements : contribution des traités bilatéraux d’investissement et de la jurisprudence du CIRDI - Danic, Olivia (Université Paris 10, 2012)
La relation dialectique qui unit les traités bilatéraux d’investissement et la jurisprudence du Centre International de Règlement des Différends relatifs aux Investissements (CIRDI) a fait émerger un droit international des investissements. La rencontre de ces deux dynamiques a permis de dépasser leur caractère a priori isolé et fragmenté, pour aboutir à un véritable système juridique international, doté d’une structure, d’une logique et de principes propres. En effet, rien ne pouvait laisser envisager une telle évolution, le régime de l’investissement international se fondant sur une multitude de traités bilatéraux et sur une instance arbitrale ne faisant qu’héberger des tribunaux éphémères. Les mouvements de va-et-vient qui unissaient ces deux phénomènes ont permis de lui donner des normes quasi-universelles, mais aussi un véritable juge à la compétence extensive et surtout de lui insuffler l’unité, l’efficacité, la cohérence et la complétude, faisant de plus en plus ressembler le droit international des investissements à un véritable ordre juridique qui, même s’il relève du droit international, lui permet également d’évoluer. The relashionship between bilateral investment treaties and the case-law of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) has led to the emergence of international investment law. It seems surprising, at first, that these two distinct phenomena, being isolated and fragmented, would reach a certain degree of unity so that a real international legal order could appear, with its own structure, reasoning and principles. No one could foresee such an evolution, the regime of international investment being founded on a large number of bilateral treaties and on an international institution which only provides facilities for arbitration of international investment disputes. The unity of the system has been discovered through the back and forth movements between treaties and arbitration which gave rise to international investment law. This system has now almost universal norms, an international judge and satisfies the criteria of unity, efficiency, consistency and completeness, producing a real legal order functioning in accordance with its own logic. There is no doubt that this evolution will influence the course of international law.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitrage (droit); Arbitration; Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs); CIRDI; Centre international pour le réglement des différends relatifs aux investissements; Droit international; ICSID; International law; Investissements; Investissements étrangers (droit international); Investment; Investments; Jurisprudence; Legal order; Ordre juridique; Traité bilatéral d’investissement

Les aliments en droit privé - Voko, Nina Bénédicte (Université de Strasbourg, 2012)
L’étude des aliments en droit privé consiste, à analyser les diverses implications juridiques de cette notion. Dans le langage courant les aliments renvoient à la nourriture. Dans certaines branches du droit privé telles que le droit commercial ou le droit de la consommation, on retrouve la première acception. En droit de la famille, elle présente une spécificité car utilisée à la forme plurielle les « aliments » recouvrent tout ce qui est nécessaire à la vie. Il s’agit d’une définition générale, les aliments sont conçus comme étant le minimum essentiel à la subsistance. Dans la mesure où il n’existe pas de liste définie des éléments nécessaires à la vie, cette thèse tend à rechercher des critères de qualification juridique des aliments, à analyser les moyens d’acquisition de ceux-ci. Ceci révèle une notion polysémique et protéiforme selon la nature des besoins. De même, les obligations alimentaires instaurées par le législateur entre certains proches d’une part et une solidarité collective d’autre part, permettant à celui qui est dans le besoin d’acquérir des aliments, sont caractérisées par un régime juridique, particulièrement dérogatoire du droit commun. Cela démontre que sous l’apparente simplification de la notion d’aliments, il se cache un concept juridique permettant d’assurer une vie convenable aux proches et aux personnes dans le besoin dans le cadre de la solidarité collective.
Keywords: Aide alimentaire; Alimentary obligations; Aliments; Collective solidarity; Droit international privé; Droit privé français; Droit à l'alimentation; Family solidarity; French private law; International private law; Obligation alimentaire; Obligations alimentaires; Solidarité collective; Solidarité familiale; Voies d'exécution; Voies d'exécution (droit international)

Les Sanctions en droit du travail : Etude comparative entre le droit français et le droit malien du travail - Sangaré, Yacouba (CY Cergy Paris Université, 2012)
Le Mali étant une ancienne colonie française, il y a de fortes ressemblances entre les deux droits au niveau de la définition de sanctions applicables notamment la requalification du contrat de travail, la nullité du contrat de travail. Mais l'application des sanctions dans ces deux pays ne se fait pas de la même manière. Cela s'explique par des raisons sociales, culturelles et économiques. Pour illustrer les points de convergences et de divergences entre ces deux législations, il nous a été nécessaire d'analyser les sanctions civiles, administratives et pénales dans les deux pays sur la base de l'étude en entier du droit du travail français d'avant la réforme de la loi du 13 juillet 1973 portant sur le contrôle de la cause réelle et sérieuse du licenciement jusqu'à nos jours notamment la loi du 28 juin 2008 sur la modernisation du marché du travail avec l'exemple de l'article L.1237-11 portant la rupture conventionnelle du contrat de travailDe cette comparaison, il m'a paru pertinent de faire des suggestions pour améliorer le droit du travail malien à l'image du droit français tout en l'adaptant l'avant projet unique de l'O.H.A.D.A sur le droit du travail africain à cause du développement du marché économique et social du monde et de la place qu'y occupe en Afrique de l'Ouest. Par ce que notre code du travail date de 1992 et que depuis cette date aucune reforme importante n'a été opérée. My thesis relates to the study of the right Malian compared to the law the labour French. Mali being an old French colony, there are strong resemblances between the two rights to the level of the definition of applicable sanctions. But the application of the sanctions in these two countries is not made same manner. That is explained for corporate names, cultural and economic. To illustrate the points of convergences and divergences between these two rights, it was necessary to us to analyze the civil sanctions, administrative and penal in the two countries on the basis of in entirety of the law the labour French of before the reform of the law of bearing 13 July 1973 on the control of the real and serious cause of the dismissal until our days in particular the law of June 28 2008 studies on the modernization of the labour market with the example of the article L 1237-11 bearing conventional rupture of the contract of employmentOf this comparison, it appeared relevant to me to make suggestions to improve the law the labour Malian to the image of the French right all while adapting it preparatory project single of the O.H.A.D.A on the law the labour African because of the development of the economic and social market of the world and the place that y occupies in West Africa. By what our fair labor standards act goes back to 1992 and which since this date no reforms significant was not operated.
Keywords: Abus de droit; Abus de droit reparation; Abuse of rights; Administrative penalty; Attack to freedom; Atteinte à la liberté; Civil penalty; Contract of employment; Criminal penalty; Droit du travail; Labour law; Nullité contrat de travail; Reintegration-repair; Sanction administrative; Sanction civile; Sanction pénale

Les normes privées relatives à la qualité des produits : étude d’un phénomène juridique transnational - Sarrouf, Muriel (Université Paris 2, 2012)
Les normes privées intéressent le droit international à un double titre : se développant en marge du système interétatique classique, elles constituent l’un des visages d’une régulation privée transnationale émergente et soulèvent la question théorique de leur statut en droit international. Par ailleurs, leurs effets sur le commerce international (et particulièrement le fait qu’elles constituent un obstacle aux exportations des PED vers les marchés occidentaux), conduisent à s’interroger sur l’opportunité et les modalités de leur réglementation par le droit international des échanges. En dépit de leur diversité empirique qui rend difficile toute tentative de systématisation et de qualification juridique, nous considérons que la qualité des produits, qui constitue le fondement téléologique commun des normes privées, permet d’en justifier l’unité théorique et de les considérer comme un phénomène juridique à part entière. Nous démontrerons que les normes privées sont l’une des manifestations d’un droit transnational se développant en parallèle du droit interétatique « classique » et qu’elles jouissent par conséquent d’un statut juridique propre. De ce fait, leurs rapports avec la branche du droit international qu’elles intéressent le plus directement, le droit international des échanges, ne peuvent se limiter à l’approche classique de réglementation (ou approche « répressive », en ce qu’elle a pour seul but d’en limiter les effets restrictifs pour le commerce) mais doivent se concevoir dans une optique de coordination. The recent proliferation of private standards is not only of growing interest to economists who seek to evaluate its impact on trade flows; it is also relevant to international law, particularly to international economic law, in a double perspective. First, from the perspective of legal theory, the legal status of private standards has still to be determined. Second, from an empirical standpoint, private standards have the potential to negatively impact the access of developing countries to the markets of developed countries. This raises the question of the opportunity and modalities of submitting them to the disciplines of the WTO Agreements. This study demonstrates that private standards are one of the expressions of broader ‘transnational law’, a body of law that has been developing in parallel to ‘traditional’ state-centered international law. This implies that international law cannot merely consider private standards as an object to be disciplined; rather, the traditional ‘repressive’ approach should be rejected in favor of a more collaborative approach stressing the interrelations between the two bodies of norms as well as possible forms of coordination.
Keywords: Droit commercial (droit international); Droit transnational; Legal pluralism; Normes privées; OMC; Pluralisme juridique; Private standards; Qualité des produits; Transnational law; WTO

La faute de fonction en droit privé - Mangematin, Céline (Université Bordeaux 4, 2012)
A l’heure de la réforme du droit des obligations, il n’était pas inutile de revenir sur un phénomène remarqué du droit privé : l’émergence de la faute de fonction. Celle-ci interroge le privatiste quant à la possibilité de transposer dans sa matière une institution de droit administratif : la faute de service. Deux conditions doivent impérativement être remplies pour que la faute de fonction devienne une notion juridique opératoire.La première condition a pour objet de garantir que l’introduction de cette notion ne sera pas source d’insécurité juridique. Or, seule une conceptualisation de la faute de fonction pourrait permettre d’atteindre cet objectif. Celle-ci explique pourquoi la faute de fonction concerne les préposés et les dirigeants de personne morale : ces deux agents exercent communément une fonction pour le compte d’une entreprise. Ce point commun explique que leurs fautes de fonction correspondent aux mêmes critères de définition.La seconde condition a pour objet de vérifier que la faute de fonction peut être opérationnelle en droit de la responsabilité. Fondé sur la théorie du risque-profit et la théorie du risque anormal de l'entreprise, ce régime, articulé autour de la notion d’imputation, est particulièrement efficient en droit de la responsabilité civile où les fonctions de réparation et de sanction doivent être conciliées. En droit de la responsabilité pénale, droit sanctionnateur, la faute de fonction ne semble devoir s’exprimer que de façon très résiduelle.
Keywords: Benefit-risk theory; Civil liability; Criminal liability; Dépassement de fonction; Détournement de fonction; Excess of function; Faute (droit); Function creep; Imputation; Lien de préposition; Mandat social; Master-servant relationship; Responsabilité civile; Responsabilité pénale; Social mandate; Théorie du risque-profit

Les standards en droit international économique : Contribution à l'étude de la normativité internationale - Lagelle, Anaïs (Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2012)
The international economic law, often criticized as inefficient, or even nonexistent, has, nowadays, a renewal of its normativity. Indeed, the technique of legal standard allows international economic law to be efficient and to set limits to the action of all of its actors. In this frame, standards hold a significant place in the international economic law. On one side, this importance can be valued ratione personae, in the way that all the actors of international economic law contribute to a lasting establishment of the legal standard technique in the international economic law, promoting in this way the international economic law normativity. On the other side, it can be valued ratione materiae, since all the fields of the international economic law are marked by the legal standard technique. But the obvious importance of the standards existence isn’t so indisputably reflected in their role. In spite of the fact that standards have a real role to play in the implementation of the law, this role often appears as controversial. Standards, whose role is to be normative and regulating, are often depicted as detracting the coherence and the security of law. But, this assertion should be put in perspective because standards have to be considered, from now on, as the best norm to regulate the action of the international economic law subjects and to contribute of the international economic law normativity.
Keywords: Commerce (réglementation); Droit international économique; Flexibility; Flexibilité; Norm; Normativity; Normativité; Norme; Regulation; Règle de droit; Soft law; Standards; Standards juridiques

L'inefficacité de l'action civile en réparation des infractions au droit de la concurrence - Zambrano, M Guillaume (Université Montpellier 1, 2012)
e Livre Vert et le Livre Blanc de la Commission Européenne sur les actions en dommages-intérêts en cas d'infraction au droit communautaire de la concurrence ont constaté l'inefficacité de l'action en réparation et identifié certains obstacles. L'étude empirique remet partiellement en cause ce constat. Les actions en réparation du préjudice d'éviction engagées entre concurrents apparaissent raisonnablement efficace. Les réformes proposées en matière probatoire pour l'accès aux documents n'apporteraient aucun progrès sensible, pas plus que l'adoption d'un instrument non-contraignant sur la quantification du préjudice. En revanche, les actions en réparation du préjudice de surcoût engagées par les acheteurs directs ou indirects paraissent vouées à l'échec dans le cadre actuel de la responsabilité civile, en l'absence de recours collectif. La réflexion est engagée au niveau national et européen. Toutefois les options envisagées ne paraissent guère convaincantes. À partir des enseignements de l’expérience américaine en matière de class actions et actions parens patriae, il est proposé un mécanisme public de recours collectif basé sur une révision à droit constant de la politique de sanction des Autorités Nationales de Concurrence et de la Commission Européenne. Notamment s’agissant de l’Autorité française de la Concurrence - dans le cadre des limites légales de son pouvoir de sanction et du pouvoir d’appréciation qui lui est légalement reconnu – il serait possible selon les circonstances : soit de prononcer des injonctions de faire tendant à la création de fonds ad hoc d’indemnisation collective, soit d’affecter une partie du produit des amendes à l’indemnisation des consommateurs via un fonds à titre de peine privée, soit de conditionner le bénéfice du programme de clémence à l’indemnisation préalable des victimes de l’infraction. The Green Paper and the White Paper on damages actions for breach of EU competition law found them in state of total underdevelopment and identified some obstacles. Empirical study of french case law does not support entirely these findings. Exclusionary practices litigated between competitors show reasonable success. The reforms proposed by the European Commission concerning access to documents and quantification of damages would not bring any significant improvement. However, damages actions in compensation of overcharges brought by direct and indirect purchasers seem doomed to failure, in the absence of a collective action mechanism. Debate is storming at EU and national level, but the considered options appear unconvincing. It is proposed a public mechanism for collective redress. Within their existing powers, competition authorities should review the fine policy to achieve collective compensation as private penalty. This could be done either by : injunction ordering to create a trust or funds to the benefit of victims, or by partial distribution of administrative fines to victims as private penalty, or by deciding that compensation of victims is a condition of leniency.
Keywords: Actions de groupe; Amendes; Art. 101 or 102 TFEU; Art. 101 ou 102 TFUE; Autorité de la concurrence; Class actions; Commission européenne; Competition Appeal Tribunal; Competition law; Concurrence (droit); Concurrence déloyale; Damages actions; Disclosure; Discovery; Dommages; Droit de la concurrence; Fines and penalties; Leniency policy; National Competition Authorities (NCA); Politique de clémence; Politique de sanction; Private enforcement; Procédure civile; Recours collectifs; Responsabilité civile; Section 47A 47B Competition Act; Union européenne; article 1382 Code civil

Le droit alimentaire européen dans les échanges commerciaux entre l'Union européenne et les pays subsahariens - Nyama, Annie Laurence (Université Montpellier 1, 2012)
Les échanges commerciaux de denrées alimentaires entre l'Union européenne et les Etats Subsahariens sont en constante augmentation et sont encadrés par les grands principes du droit alimentaire européen, composante du droit de la consommation. Ces grands principes énoncent des règles d'information des consommateurs, de sécurité, de conformité et de traçabilité des produits alimentaires qui doivent être respectés par toutes les parties prenantes du secteur agroalimentaire et des ses filières. C'est donc une masse importante de règles internationales, communautaires européennes qui se combinent aux textes nationaux. Les exportateurs / importateurs au sein de la Communauté, et les professionnels des pays tiers, mettent en œuvre ces règles dans les contrats de vente internationales des denrées. Les problèmes de santé et de sécurité sont posés par les consommateurs inquiets de leur protection. Mais les producteurs seront attentifs à l'évolution des règles qui protègent les consommateurs car elles conditionnent les activités de production, de transformation de transport, de stockage et de commercialisation. Certes, l'Afrique subsaharienne occupe une place faible dans le commerce mondial, mais son importance dans les échanges avec le continent européen, reste un facteur d'encouragement de la production des produits africains commercialisables. A cet effet, les pays subsahariens ne peuvent plus se contenter d'une réglementation locale, inadaptée, bien lacunaire et peu effective, au regard de l'importance des solutions aux questions sanitaires alimentaires dans le cadre du commerce mondial. D'ailleurs les importateurs européens imposent, contractuellement, à leurs partenaires africains le respect des impératifs sanitaires européens sans lesquels ils ne pourraient mettre les aliments importés en circulation en Europe. La thèse met en évidence un impératif de modernisation des instruments juridiques et institutionnels en Afrique subsaharienne. La place que prennent désormais les normes, quelles qu'en soient les différentes variantes est, à cet égard, très instructive. Les normes permettent aux producteurs et exportateurs des pays en développement de raccourcir les opérations complexes de compréhension des textes impératifs et des principes techniques et managériaux très modernes.
Keywords: Commerce international; Consumer law; Droit alimentaire européen; Droit de la consommation; Echanges Nord-Sud; European food law; International Trade; North-South trade; Sanitary food safety; Sécurité sanitaire alimentaire

La responsabilité sociétale des entreprises et la médiation - Mattei, Laetitia (Université Paris 9, 2012)
Les crises actuelles, sous leurs multiples aspects, mettent en lumière la responsabilité des entreprises dans notre société, bousculant ainsi l'un des dogmes néolibéraux résumé par la célèbre formule de Milton Friedman (1970) : « La responsabilité sociétale de l’entreprise est d’accroître ses profits». C’est en réaction à ces crises et grâce au rôle actif de la société civile qui condamne désormais certaines pratiques, que le concept de responsabilité sociétale des entreprises (ci-après RSE) a émergé. L’enjeu est donc, aujourd’hui, de mettre en place un marché responsable entre l’entreprise et ses parties prenantes. Le législateur, par la loi Grenelle I, dispose que la médiation sera un des outils de mise en oeuvre de la RSE. Il en appelle donc au développement du droit processuel qu’est la médiation pour mettre en oeuvre ce droit substantiel qu’est la RSE. La médiation, à la fois préventive et curative, est donc un outil de mise en oeuvre de la RSE. Le couple RSE et médiation permet ainsi de combiner efficacité économique, respect social,sociétal et environnemental
Keywords: Company; Entreprise; Grenelle Environnement 2007; Législation; MARD; Mediación; Mediation; Mediação; Médiation; Paris; Parties prenantes; Parties prenantes (gestion d'entreprise) – France; Procédure (droit); Responsabilité; Responsabilité sociétale; Responsibility; Sociétal; Stakeholders

A Cooperação sul-sul como instrumento para o desenvolvimento: perspectivas para a República da Guiné-Bissau - Silva, Julinho Braz da (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2012)
O presente trabalho de pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar a origem e os fundamentos da Cooperação Internacional para o Desenvolvimento (CID), com ênfase na Cooperação Sul-Sul (CSS), no sentido de que esta possa atuar como instrumento potencializador do desenvolvimento nacional da República da Guiné-Bissau. Para tanto, o trabalho se estrutura em três capítulos onde se analisa interdisciplinarmente os fundamentos da CID e da CSS. Neste sentido, igualmente analisa o funcionamento da CID na República da Guiné-Bissau e indica uma proposta para o desenvolvimento da República da Guiné-Bissau a partir do Documento Estratégico Nacional para a Redução da Pobreza, do fortalecimento das instituições, das capacidades, da participação do setor privado e das oportunidades de uma parceria estratégica com a República Federativa do Brasil.
Keywords: Agências Governamentais; Cooperação Internacional; Cooperação Sul-Sul; Desenvolvimento; Relações Internacionais

La protection contre les clauses abusives du contrat d'assurance - Alkhalfan, Ismail (Université Montpellier 1, 2012)
Le contrat d'assurance est souvent donné comme un exemple du contrat d'adhésion. En fait, le contrat a été auparavant ; élaboré, rédigé, imprimé par l'assureur. Quant à l'assuré, il ne fait par la suite qu'adhérer à un contrat préétabli dont il n'a pas discuté les conditions. Il est donc nécessaire de protéger cet assuré contre les clauses abusives figurant dans son contrat. La protection contre les clauses abusives du contrat d'assurance provient de plusieurs sources. La source principale est le droit de la consommation et plus précisément l'article L. 132-1 du Code de la consommation. Cet article ne protège que l'assuré consommateur ou non professionnel. Quant aux autres sources, elles se trouvent dans le droit commun des contrats et les droits spéciaux applicables au contrat d'assurance. Si dans l'état actuel des textes, ces sources ne parlent pas d'une protection contre les clauses abusives stricto sensu, une proposition formulée en vue d'une réforme du droit des contrats, pourrait insérer une telle protection. Dans notre étude, nous analysons les différentes sources de la protection, en droit positif et droit prospectif, puis nous essayerons de proposer un texte qui garantira, à nos yeux, la meilleure protection de l'assuré contre les clauses abusives.
Keywords: Assurance; Clauses abusives; Consommateur (protection); Contrat d'assurance; Contrats d'adhésion; Insurance contract; Polices; Protection de l'assuré; Protection of insured; Unfair terms

The Influence of ICC Arbitral Decisions on Canadian Law: Comparative Study between Civil Law and Common Law Jurisdictions - Hedaraly, Saleha (Université de Montréal, 2012)
L’objectif de cette recherche est de démontrer que les décisions arbitrales de la Chambre de commerce internationale peuvent être considérées comme une source potentielle de droit au Canada. Il existe actuellement une incertitude quant au droit matériel utilisé en arbitrage international pour résoudre les différends commerciaux. Bien que l’utilisation de la lex mercatoria pour résoudre un litige soit une option, elle se heurte à de nombreuses incertitudes terminologiques et conceptuelles. L’utilisation d’une approche méthodologique de la lex mercatoria permettrait une classification de ses sources en deux branches: (1) le droit statutaire international et (2) le stare decisis des tribunaux d’arbitrage commercial international. Une telle approche méthodologique conférerait plus de certitude quant à l’application d’un droit uniforme. De plus, elle faciliterait l’étude de l’interlégalité entre les règles de la lex mercatoria et le droit matériel interne. Plus particulièrement, elle permet de comparer les similitudes et les différences des règles du droit matériel entre les décisions arbitrales internationales, le droit statutaire international et les juridictions canadiennes de common law et de droit civil. Cette comparaison rend possible une évaluation de l’influence potentielle des décisions arbitrales de la Chambre de commerce internationale sur le droit matériel canadien et si cette influence est plus importante en droit civil ou en common law. This paper’s objective is to demonstrate that the International Chamber of Commerce’s arbitral awards may be considered as a potential source of law in Canada. There currently exists an uncertainty as to the substantive law used in international commercial arbitration. While the use of lex mercatoria to solve commercial disputes is often referred to, several terminological and conceptual uncertainties undermine its credibility. The use of a methodological approach to lex mercatoria allows for a twofold classification of its sources through: (1) international legislation and (2) stare decisis from international arbitral tribunals. This methodological approach provides a greater certainty for the application of a uniform law which, in turn, allows for the study of interlegality between rules of lex mercatoria and substantive domestic law. Furthermore, this methodological approach facilitates the demonstration of the similarities and differences between international arbitral decisions, international legislation as well as Canadian common law and civil law jurisdictions. This comparative analysis will allow the study of the potential influence of the arbitral decisions of the International Chamber of Commerce on substantive Canadian law and whether this influence is more important in civil law or common law.
https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1866/12719/Hedaraly_Saleha_2012_memoire.pdf
Keywords: Approche méthodologique; Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitral decisions; Arbitration; CCI; Civil law; Common law; Droit civil; Droit commercial transnational; Décisions arbitrales; ICC; Interlegality; Interlégalité; Lex mercatoria; Methodological approach; Sentences arbitrales; Transnational commercial law

Du caractère public du procès pénal - Piot, Philippe (Université de Lorraine, 2012)
Indisponible
Keywords: Droit international; Droit interne; Publicité de l'audience; Publicité de la justice

Statutory regulation of forced sale of the home in South Africa - Steyn, Lienne (University of Pretoria, 2012)
The home of a debtor has never enjoyed specific statutory protection against forced sale in the individual debt enforcement and insolvency procedures in South Africa. In Jaftha v Schoeman and Others; Van Rooyen v Stoltz and Others (2005 (2) SA 140 (CC)) and Gundwana v Steko Development CC and Others (2011 (3) SA 608 (CC)), the Constitutional Court recognised that in the individual debt enforcement process execution against a debtor's home, even where it has been mortgaged in favour of a creditor, may constitute an unjustifiable infringement of the right to have access to adequate housing, provided by section 26 of the Constitution. The effect of these decisions is that, in every case in which a creditor seeks to execute against a person's home, a court must consider "all the relevant circumstances" to determine whether execution is justifiable, in terms of section 36 of the Constitution. The absence of a properly constructed framework, incorporating clear substantive and procedural requirements, within which these recently established principles must be applied, has led to divergent approaches in the courts and a lack of clarity regarding circumstances in which execution against a debtor's home will be permitted. Further, courts have not considered the impact of section 26 and other rights on the position where a debtor's home is realised by the trustee of an insolvent estate in terms of the Insolvency Act 24 of 1936. This has given rise to a number of unanswered questions as well as to a lack of predictability that potentially hold adverse consequences for bond finance, commerce, and the economy generally. The need to balance the competing interests emphasises the necessity for a coherent contextual framework within which forced sale of a debtor's home may occur. This thesis examines issues surrounding forced sale of a debtor's home in South Africa. It compares the position in other legal systems and suggests mechanisms and an appropriate method, or process, for inclusion in statutory provisions to regulate the forced sale of a debtor's home in both the individual debt enforcement and insolvency procedures in South Africa.
Keywords: Forced sale; Vente forcée

La prévention et le règlement amiable des difficultés des entreprises en droit comparé franco-marocain - Bachlouch, Saida (Université Paris-Est, 2012)
Les difficultés rencontrées par les entreprises peuvent prendre des proportions importantes etles conduire vers une cessation d’activité si elles ne sont pas traitées suffisamment tôt.Le législateur marocain, conscient de la nécessité de la sauvegarde des entreprises, s’estinspiré de la loi française du 1er mars 1984, afin de mettre en place un dispositif légalorganisant des procédures de prévention et du règlement amiable.Le principe de la prévention repose en premier lieu sur l’alerte interne et externe, permettantainsi une détection précoce des difficultés. Le but étant de favoriser un dialogue entre lesorganes de contrôle et les dirigeants pour mettre en oeuvre une action concertée.Le règlement amiable, mécanisme contractuel et confidentiel, permet aux dirigeants desentreprises de demander la désignation d’un conciliateur afin de négocier avec leurscréanciers un accord amiable en vue d’optimiser le redressement de leurs entreprises.Néanmoins, les enquêtes réalisées au Maroc ont montré la méconnaissance et le faible usagede ces mécanismes préventifs par les dirigeants d’entreprises, car ils sont inadaptés à leurcontexte économique, social et culturel. A l’exemple des réformes des procédures collectivesentreprises par le législateur français entre 1994 et 2008, une réforme approfondie de la loimarocaine relative à la prévention et au règlement amiable est nécessaire afin de les rendreplus efficaces et accessibles.
Keywords: Alerte; Amicable settlement; Companies difficulties; Difficultés des entreprises; Droit comparé; Entreprises en difficulté (droit); Plans de redressement; Prevention; Procédures collectives préventives; Prévention; Règlement amiable; Sauvegarde; Saving; Warning

Les garanties réelles dérogatoires du code monétaire et financier - Nader, Jad (Université de Strasbourg, 2012)
La construction des garanties réelles dans le Code monétaire et financier s’est faite sans approche coordonnée. Le législateur s’est limité à produire des réponses pragmatiques aux besoins des praticiens, dotant ces garanties d'une souplesse et d'une sécurité renforcées. Or, seul le caractère dérogatoire des mesures qui visent à renforcer la sécurité, face aux procédures collectives notamment, caractérise ce que nous identifions comme des garanties réelles dérogatoires tant des garanties réelles de droit commun que des autres garanties sur actifs financiers. Il convient alors d’en tirer les conséquences pour proposer une construction rationnelle d’une garantie réelle financière unique mais protéiforme. C’est l’entrée en vigueur de la directive 2002/47/CE et sa transposition en droit français qui invitent à envisager un remodelage des garanties sur actifs financiers. Une approche commune et unitaire inspirée par cette directive paraît inévitable pour la cohérence de la matière.
Keywords: Code monétaire et financier; Collateral; Directive 2002/47/CE; Financial and Monetary Code; Financial collateral arrangements; Financial guarantees; Garanties financières; Garanties réelles; Marché financier; Monnaie; Sûretés; Sûretés financières; Sûretés réelles

Les pays en développement et la brevetabilité des médicaments en matière de lutte contre le VIH/SIDA : étude de droit comparé sur les controverses actuelles concernant le rôle des brevets pharmaceutiques dans l'accès aux médicaments de traitement du VIH/SIDA des pays en voie de développement - Loum-Neeser, N'deye Fatou (Université de Strasbourg, 2012)
Dans les pays en développement (PED), les problèmes engendrés par le VIH/SIDA et l’inaccessibilité des antirétroviraux (ARV) s’avèrent être la cause de ravages extrêmement préoccupants à tous les niveaux (démographique, politique, social et économique). Dans le cadre de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC), et notamment de l’Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce (« Accord sur les ADPIC »), un nombre croissant de PED ont ou sont en train d’intégrer un standard international de protection des brevets de produits et de procédés pharmaceutiques à leur législation nationale. Cette intégration a eu et continue de jouer un rôle majeur dans la problématique de l’accès aux médicaments dans les PED. Les conditions et les effets du régime de protection des innovations suscitent de vifs débats entre les partisans d’une protection accrue des brevets et les défenseurs de l’accès aux médicaments essentiels. Une des principales motivations de notre travail de recherche est de fournir une étude permettant de trouver des solutions à la fois favorables à l’amélioration de l’accès aux médicaments et à la préservation de l’innovation. Le problème complexe de l’accès aux médicaments ARV dans les PED est influencé par la pluridisciplinarité et l’interdépendance de nombreux facteurs. Le système des brevets ne constitue pas « l’unique » solution au problème. Toutefois, il doit être plus sérieusement considéré dans sa fonction d’équilibrage entre l’intérêt privé et l’intérêt collectif. C’est un outil juridique précieux pour le développement économique et technologique des PED et la réalisation de l’intérêt commun contre la pandémie.
Keywords: ARV; ARVs; Access to Medicines; Accord sur les ADPIC; Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce (1994); Accords internationaux; Accès aux médicaments; Brevets pharmaceutiques; Compagnies pharmaceutiques; Compulsory licensing; Developing countries; Droit des brevets; Enjeux juridiques et commerciaux; Enjeux éthiques; Ethical Issues; Generic Drugs; HIV/AIDS; Importations parallèles; Intellectual property; International Agreements; Legal and Business Issues; Licences obligatoires; Médicaments anti-VIH – Brevets d'invention; Médicaments génériques; OMC; OMS; Organisation mondiale de la santé; Pandemic; Pandémie; Parallel Imports; Partenariats public-privé; Patent law; Pays en développement; Pharmaceutical Companies; Pharmaceutical Patents; Propriedade intelectual; Propriété intellectuelle; Public Health; Public-Private Partnerships; Santé publique; Spécialités pharmaceutiques; Statégies; Strategies; TRIPs Agreement; VIH/SIDA; WHO; WTO

The legal and institutional framework for the enforcement of online consumer arbitration awards: evidence from Australia and Sri Lanka - Kananke, Chinthaka Liyanage (La Trobe University, 2012)
Keywords: Australia; Commercial law; Conflict of laws; Consumer protection; Dispute resolution; Electronic commerce; Sri Lanka

Disability, discrimination and equal opportunities : a comparative labour law study - Harmse-Truter, Laurentia (University of Johannesburg, 2012)
This study aims to investigate the different ways in which the position of people with disabilities can be addressed. Antidiscrimination legislation can play a very important role. Efforts to create equal opportunities must, however, not be limited to legislative initiatives and policy declarations. There is an urgent need for education and training of this minority group. 7 Systematic efforts to heighten public awareness of civil rights and in particular the recognition of the rights of the disabled community are imperative. This study aims to bring home the truth that "disability rights are an idea and ideal whose time has come. ,, When addressing the issue of disability discrimination (or for that matter any kind of discrimination) several principles need to be addressed, the most important being the following: The meaning of the concept of "equality" needs to be established. The fact that all people are equal, does not necessarily mean that all people must be treated the same. When speaking about disability discrimination one must know who forms part of the protected class. For that reason the first issue that must be addressed is the definition of "disability": This leads to the next question, namely which individuals should be protected by anti-discrimination laws and should they benefit from affirmative action measures? What is meant by the term "discrimination"? Is it at all permissible to distinguish between groups of people and, if so, when and which standards are to be applied? What role can anti-discrimination legislation fulfil in the struggle for equality? When dealing with anti-discrimination legislation, what is required in order to prove discrimination and what remedies must be available to an aggrieved party? Normally, in case of criminal action proof is required beyond reasonable doubt and in case of civil action on the balance of probabilities. 10 Civil action offers more effective remedies, but should it be punitive in nature (by awarding damages to the aggrieved party) or non-punitive (by putting the aggrieved party in his/her "rightful place")? What sort of enforcement mechanism is needed? Is it a task for the ordinary tribunals or rather a special body created for that purpose? What defences should be available to an employer accused of discriminatory practices? Who should benefit from enforcement? Only the individual victim or all members of that group? Is anti-discrimination legislation sufficient or is something in addition called for? If positive measures are required, what form must these measures take? This study will address these questions specifically with relation to people with disabilities.The "equality principle" will first be studied. Thereafter the concept of "disability" will be defined. There is a movement away from a medical model of disability towards a social model that takes account of the disabling effects of attitudes and structural barriers on the position of disabled people. Then the concept of "discrimination" will be addressed. Discrimination has many different forms and can take place in different contexts In the following chapter possible solutions to the problem of disability discrimination will be raised. Thereafter follows an important comparative analysis of different jurisdictions on international, supra-national and national level. Different jurisdictions have reached different stages in addressing this problem. The factual analysis of each jurisdiction will include the existence of any anti-discrimination legislative measures, the scope of the protected class, applicable employment provisions, defences available to employers, and the success achieved in addressing the problem. The contentious issue of affirmative action measures will also be addressed. By drawing inferences from the comparative study, suggestions will be made for future developments in South Africa. The conclusion is reached that it is imperative for South Africa to draft disability anti-discrimination legislation that takes account of the needs of this minority group. Legislative initiatives, however, are not enough and must be supported by various programmes aimed at the disabled themselves and the community that they live in. Only then can human rights become a reality also for people with disabilities.
Keywords: Comparative law; Discrimination; Employment; Labour law; People with disabilities

The legal implications of harmonising labour laws in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region - Okharedia, Akhabue Anthony (University of South Africa, 2012)
The purpose of this research is to explore the need for, and the legal implications of, harmonising labour laws in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Chapter One highlights a number of factors that call for the harmonisation of labour laws in the SADC region and discusses some of the reasons why labour laws are not well developed in the region. The influence of globalisation on labour standards in southern Africa and the influence of regionalism on the harmonisation of labour laws are discussed at length. The inference that could be drawn from this discussion is that for a regionalisation process in southern Africa to be successful, there is an urgent need to harmonise the region’s labour law system. This thesis confirms that Southern Africa has many lessons to learn from the regional harmonisation of labour law in the European Economic Community and the current European Union. The implementation of international labour standards in southern Africa is investigated. The main areas examined include (1) freedom of association, (2) collective bargaining, (3) forced labour and (4) discrimination. The findings of this investigation show that there is no uniformity in the implementation of International Labour Organisation (ILO) standards in the SADC region and, therefore, it is recommended labour law should be harmonised in terms of ILO standards. In respect of the benefits to be derived from the harmonisation process, an empirical investigation was conducted in the SADC region and the following is recommended: the harmonisation of labour law in the SADC region will help with the implementation of ILO standards, protection of workers against the economic power of employers in the workplace and maintaining similar benefits for migrants in the region.
Keywords: Child labor; Collective bargaining; Compulsory labour; Discrimination in employment; Discrimination in the work environment; Droit du travail; Forced labour; Freedom of association; Harmonisation; International Labour Organization; International Labour Standards; Labour law; SADC

A proposal to guide future draft article provisions for a model harmonised international commercial arbitration law code (HICALC) in the Middle East and North Africa or a uniform Arab arbitration law - Ayad, Mary Boulos (Macquarie University, 2012)
MENA law codes are a well-crafted blend of civil and Islamic law in which civil law principles do not contravene with Islamic provisions. They were originally based on Sanhuri’s codes to varying degrees. Yet, common law principles derived either from English common law or Islamic customary usages are unidentified and thus ignored. Here, this lacuna is rectified through a comparative analysis of the primary data (eg, cases, statutes and arbitral award decisions), adding common law and uncodified Islamic custom to MENA law codes. The purpose of this comparative analysis is to allow common legal principles found at civil, common and Islamic law to be distilled in the service of creating a new harmonised international commercial arbitration law code (HICALC) or uniform Arab arbitration law (UAAL) for adoption in the MENA.1 These principles already form part or all of the legal systems in the MENA. They can be readily assimilated into a harmonised or uniform code. Would this new harmonised code lead to higher arbitral award enforcement in the MENA? According to the evidence the answer is yes. The author understands that at the present time the HICALC articles are ambitious and as such they are a beginning point and can initially be taken as a harmonised international commercial arbitration common rule (HICACR). A brief overview of the history of harmonisation is given. An assessment of the status of the laws and traditions of the MENA was carried out. A comparative analysis of the relevant differences and similarities of the case study countries (Egypt and the United Arab Emirates) was carried out to show the gaps in the laws and areas requiring reform. An analysis of enforcement of arbitral awards was carried out. The unique problems that ICA and IIA encounter in the MENA as derived from an analysis of cases and the laws therein are expounded in consideration of matters pertaining to enforcement. A comparative analysis of universal principles which must be included in a new code, including custom, was carried out. An analysis of the unique features and unique needs of the MENA was carried out in order to inform the Draft Article Provisions. An analysis of important international legal instruments dealing specifically with international arbitration and the gaps therein is given. The draft articles for a HICALC or uniform Arab arbitration law were derived as a result of these multiple layers of analysis. The matters of compétence de la compétence, expropriation, interest, public policy and sovereign immunity are highlighted as the most important areas requiring urgent reform. The results of this research are suggested Draft Article Provisions for a model Harmonised International Commercial Arbitration Law Code (HICALC) or a uniform Arab arbitration law. Future drafters may refer to and revise these articles for implementation. The synthesis of theory and practice addresses doctrinal matters that arise in international investment arbitrations and international commercial arbitration, with a focus on investor–State arbitrations. This synthesis provides a new theoretical conception of the jurisprudence of international arbitration, particularly in regard to the matters of res iudicata, precedent and expansion of arbitral tribunal powers and jurisdiction.
Keywords: Arab countries; Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitration Law; Arbitration and award; Commercial law; Commercial law (Islamic law); Common rule; Dispute resolution; HICACR; HICALC; Harmonised International Commercial Arbitration; International commercial arbitration; MENA law codes; Middle East; North Africa; UAAL; Uniform Arab arbitration law

Regole di comportamento e rimedi nella disciplina dell'intermediazione finanziaria - Teti, Antonio (Università di Pisa, 2012)
La tesi analizza, nel primo capitolo, le regole di condotta poste in capo all'intermediario finanziario. L'indagine ha ad oggetto, in primo luogo, la natura degli interessi coinvolti nella disciplina dell'intermediazione finanziaria, soffermandosi sul rapporto fiduciario che lega l'intermediario e l'investitore. Viene quindi sottoposta ad analisi la tecnica normativa cui si è fatto ricorso per disciplinare le regole di comportamento imposte all'intermediario e, quindi, il rapporto tra clausole generali e norme di dettaglio. La parte conclusiva del primo capitolo ha cura di indagare la natura giuridica della cosiddetta "Know your customer rule" ed il nesso di strumentalità tra la citata regola ed il principio di adeguatezza delle operazioni finanziarie; infine, viene analizzata la struttura delle operazioni contrattuali relative alle operazioni di investimento. Nel secondo capitolo, dopo una breve panoramica delle soluzioni accolte dalla giurisprudenza, viene condotta un'analisi avente ad oggetto il florilegio dei rimedi esperibili in caso di violazione delle regole di condotta da parte dell'intermediario, nel solco del principio di "non interferenza" tra regole di validità e regole di comportamento.
Keywords: Intermediazione finanziaria; Regole di comportamento

Los sindicatos de bloqueo en las sociedades anónimas - Moreno Utrilla, David (Universidad de Sevilla, 2012)
La Constitución Española reconoce y protege el derecho de la persona a asociarse para los más diversos fines y propósitos lícitos con independencia de la causa, lucrativa o no, de la agrupación de personas o de su calificación técnica como mercantil o civil. Esta libertad de asociación se reconoce sin que pueda desmerecerla la ausencia de personalidad jurídica de la realidad asociativa creada (asociaciones sin personalidad) o la concurrencia o no de una voluntad electora de un tipo legal (asociaciones o sociedades atípicas). Esa misma libertad de asociación se refleja en toda clase de uniones, desde aquellas que persiguen fines de carácter ideal no lucrativo, hasta las sociedades de capitales, tanto de responsabilidad limitada como anónimas , y dentro de las últimas, tanto en las sociedades cotizadas o públicas (public companies) de estructura abierta como en las sociedades privadas de estructura cerrada (closely held). En concreto, en el ámbito de las sociedades anónimas resulta especialmente relevante cómo los accionistas se agrupan cada día por los más diversos motivos, pero con la intención última de modular el estatuto normativo típico en el ámbito de las relaciones existentes entre ellos y entre éstos y la sociedad. En nuestro Derecho de sociedades vigente una de las cuestiones que ofrecen mayor interés práctico es la integración, y en ocasiones la superación, de la normativa reguladora de las diversas relaciones jurídicas que se establecen, como consecuencia de la creación y funcionamiento de una sociedad, por medio de la formación de vínculos entre los socios con el fin, desde el punto de vista funcional, de concretar, completar o modificar, en el marco de sus relaciones internas, las reglas legales y estatutarias que rigen a la sociedad. El campo de aplicación natural de esta práctica es el de las sociedades cerradas, privadas o familiares, en las que la relación de confianza entre los socios, el intuitus personae, sustituye o, al menos, modula el intuitus pecuniae típico de las sociedades abiertas . En estas sociedadescerradas los socios mediante los citados vínculos pretenden crear una estructura similar, en el plano orgánico, al de la sociedad colectiva dentro del tipo normativo de la anónima, que determine con pautas propias la organización y el funcionamiento de la sociedad al objeto de conseguir una configuración cerrada o personalista en una sociedad prevista inicialmente por el legislador para ser abierta o capitalista. Sin embargo, esta realidad asociativa no solo se produce en las sociedades cerradas, en las sociedades abiertas también se dan estas agrupaciones de socios con el fin de reforzar la situación de quienes las integran; ya sea para conseguir o consolidar situaciones de dominio por los sindicados, ya sea para defender o ejercitar sus derechos de minoría. En estos casos los socios pueden acudir legítimamente a la solución de establecer convenios extraestatutarios, estipulados al margen del contrato de sociedad, que, ajustados a sus necesidades, respondan a sus intereses específicos. Con este propósito quienes son parte de estos convenios (socios o no, administradores de la sociedad o pertenecientes a un grupo familiar) aspiran a integrar, modular e incluso corregir o derogar el régimen estatutario, y en ocasiones el régimen legal, de la sociedad a la que se refieren tales convenios. La doctrina ha caracterizado estos convenios como acuerdos, pactos o contratos parasociales. El término “parasocial” quiere decir al margen de la sociedad, ya que etimológicamente proviene de vocablo griego para, que significa “al margen de”, y del vocablo latino sociales, que significa “relativo a la sociedad”. Con esta expresión se identifican aquellos convenios o acuerdos que son firmados por todos o algunos de los accionistas de una sociedad y que no se incorporan a los estatutos de ésta, quedando en el ámbito privado de sus suscriptores. El origen de esta práctica extraestatutaria o parasocial se encuentra en la organización de las distintas relaciones entre los accionistas y, sobre todo, entre los accionistas de control ya que, en muchas ocasiones, es difícil regularlas en el ámbito estatutario como marco aplicable y susceptible de surtir efectos sobre la totalidad de los socios. Por ello esta posibilidad constituye un tema de actualidad para la doctrina, ya que son frecuentes los conflictos que se generan en la vida societaria por la variedad y complejidades tipológicas de estos acuerdos que, lógicamente, no están plenamente acomodados a las normas de derecho necesario desarrolladas por el legislador y objeto de interpretación por los Tribunales. Esta realidad societaria se ha visto realzada aún más, de una parte, con la reciente LSC que recoge la definición legal de pactos parasociales que dio, por primera vez en el ámbito de las sociedades cotizadas, la Ley 26/2003, de 17 de julio, por la que se modificaba la Ley 24/1988, de 28 de julio, del Mercado de Valores; y, de otra, con el Real Decreto 171/2007, por el que se regula la publicidad de los protocolos familiares, que considera el contenido de éstos como pacto parasocial, si bien esta norma no es de aplicación a las sociedades anónimas cotizadas. Como más adelante se verá, estos convenios parasociales o, también, extraestatutarios se encuentran amparados por la libre iniciativa privada y por la libertad de empresa, constituyendo una manifestación de la autonomía de gestión en el ejercicio de la actividad empresarial y de la libertad negocial que preside la actuación de los operadores económicos en el desarrollo de su actividad. Lo expuesto nos introduce en el ámbito de la sindicación de acciones, que puede ser definida como la asociación, afectación o unión de acciones (rectius, de socios o de accionistas) por un período de tiempo determinado, con el fin de facilitar la celebración, fuera del contrato de sociedad, de acuerdos o convenios entre todos o algunos de los accionistas destinados a concretar, completar o modificar la normativa legal y estatutaria que regula sus relaciones internas, obligándose, entre sí, frente a la propia sociedad o frente a terceros, a actuar de un modo determinado para la defensa de intereses comunes a todos ellos. En esta definición estarían incluidos, como categorías con entidad propia, tanto la sindicación de voto (también sindicato de voto: afectación de acciones con el fin de que sus titulares se obliguen a emitir los votos correspondientes a las mismas en el sentido acordado por el sindicato), como la sindicación de bloqueo (también sindicato de bloqueo: afectación de acciones con la finalidad de imponer a sus titulares determinadas obligaciones, restricciones o limitaciones a la transmisión de las mismas). A efectos sistemáticos, para una mejor comprensión del estudio que se pretende realizar a partir de ahora, los sindicatos de voto y bloqueo se considerarán como supuestos concretos de la sindicación de acciones y, en sentido general, como acuerdos o convenios parasociales.

L’aménagement de la force majeure dans le contrat : essai de théorie générale sur les clauses de force majeure dans les contrats internes et internationaux de longue durée - Ibara, Rochfelaire (Université de Poitiers, 2012)
La stipulation des clauses de force majeure dans les contrats internes et internationaux de longue durée procède de la liberté contractuelle et doit sa raison d'être dans la répulsivité des normes supplétives d'allocation des risques. La reconnaissance de leur licéité reste incertaine en raison des difficultés d'identification de leur technique et de leur nature juridique que la doctrine assimile à la quadrature du cercle en géométrie. Compte tenu de l'impact de l'aléa sur l'existence de l'objet et la valeur de l'obligation de garantie qui constitue l'essence des clauses de force majeure, une summa divisio peut être fondamentalement esquissée entre les clauses d'appréciation et d'attribution des risques de force majeure. Les unes sont assujetties à un aléa juridique et relèvent du régime des actes juridiques aléatoires. Les autres sont affectées par un aléa économique et procèdent du régime des actes juridiques commutatifs même si la jurisprudence les rattache indûment au régime des clauses de responsabilité. De lege ferenda, la rationalisation du régime des clauses de force majeure nécessite la codification du raisonnable en tant que principe directeur du droit interne des contrats afin d'entreprendre leur summa divisio en soumettant distributivement les clauses d'appréciation des risques au test qualitatif du raisonnable de conformité et les clauses d'attribution des risques au test quantitatif du raisonnable de modulation
Keywords: Abus de droit; Abuse of rights; Après-contrat; Breach of contract; Clauses de responsabilité; Conditions (droit); Contractual unreason; Contrats internationaux; Default remedies; Déraison dans le contrat; Equilibrium of the contract; Exclusion clauses; Extinction de l'obligation; Extinction des obligations; Extinguishment and liquidation of legal obligations; Force majeure; Impossibility doctrines; Responsabilité contractuelle; Résolution du contrat; Sanction de l’inexécution; Termination clauses; Équilibre contractuel

Les contrats conclus par voie électronique : étude comparée - Jaber, Abbas Youssef (Université Montpellier 1, 2012)
L'économie numérique se fonde sur la confiance. Les législations nationales, le droit européen, mais également l'avant projet de loi libanais Ecomleb, ont pris en compte l'importance de la confiance dans l'économie numérique. En effet, les législateurs sont intervenus afin de surmonter les obstacles qui empêchent la conclusion du contrat conclu par voie électronique. Dans cette étude, nous avons analysé les règles juridiques relatives au contrat électronique afin de trouver un certain nombre de cohérences entre les règles de droit commun et celles relatives au contrat électronique, en particulier dans la phase de formation du contrat, avec le contenu de l'offre et de l'acceptation en ligne. Le contrat conclu par voie électronique peut faire l'objet d'un litige international, concernant les règles de compétences de juridiction et les lois applicables, question également envisagée. Enfin, nous avons constaté que la valeur juridique du contrat conclu par voie électronique dépend en principe de la valeur juridique de l'écriture et de la signature électronique, alors que tel n'est pas le cas en droit libanais, malgré l'existence de plusieurs projets de lois en la matière. Numeric economics is based on confidence. National legislations, European law, as well as the project of Lebanese law Ecomleb, take into account the importance of confidence in numeric economics. Consequently, legislators have thrived to overcome the obstacles that may prohibit the conclusion of electronic legal contracts.In this study we have analyzed the legal regulations that govern electronic contracts in order to establish correlations with common law regulations. The contract formation phase, including the electronic offer content and acceptation, was particularly analyzed.In general, electronic contracts constitute an issue of great international controversy. Rules of competences of jurisdiction and the applicable laws are especially disputed.In conclusion, we have established that the legal value of electronic contracts depends to a great extent on the legal value of the electronic script and signature. Despite the presence of numerous projects concerning this subject in Lebanon, the established correlation does not apply.
Keywords: Acceptance; Acceptation; Approche comparée; Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Commerce électronique; Contrat électronique; Contrats électroniques; E-commerce; Electronic Evidence; Electronic contract; Electronic signature; Offer; Offre; Preuve électronique; Signature électronique

La place de la victime dans le procès pénal, étude de droit comparé : droit burkinabé sous l'éclairage du droit international - Zoungrana, Mamounata Agnès (Université de Strasbourg, 2012)
Le droit international reconnaît deux droits fondamentaux aux victimes : le recours devant un tribunal et la réparation de leurs préjudices. Le recours devant un tribunal se décline en plusieurs droits : le droit d’accéder à un tribunal, le droit à l’information, le droit à l’avocat, le droit à être entendu dans la procédure. Le droit international recommande en outre, aux États de prendre des mesures pour assurer la protection des victimes et leur prise en charge. Au plan international, la création de la Cour pénale internationale et des juridictions communautaires participent, considérablement à la mise en oeuvre des droits reconnus aux victimes. Au niveau national, il existe une divergence de point de vue des législations des États, concernant le statut de la victime dans le procès pénal. Les pays de la Common Law reconnaissent généralement la victime comme témoin au procès pénal. Tandis que les pays de droit continental lui reconnaissent la qualité de partie civile. Cependant, la mise en oeuvre des droits des victimes reste une préoccupation importante dans tous les cas. Cette étude comparative laisse apparaître clairement que la place de la victime en droit burkinabé ne correspond pas à la dynamique de l’évolution entamée au plan international sur ce sujet. En effet, le Burkina Faso s’est doté, au lendemain de son indépendance, d’un Code de procédure pénale largement inspiré du droit français. Cependant, l’absence d’une véritable politique pénale prenant en compte les intérêts des victimes d’infraction limite la participation de ces dernières au procès pénal. La réparation des préjudices subis par les victimes n’est pas effective car l’auteur n’a pas souvent les moyens de payer et il n’existe pas de système d’indemnisation publique.L’absence d’alternatives au procès pénal classique est un autre point de faiblesse de la justice burkinabé. On retient également, une insuffisance des mesures visant à protéger les victimes. Quant à l’aide aux victimes, elle n’est pas assurée du fait de l’absence d’un programme étatique visant la prise en charge de leurs besoins. Du côté du milieu associatif, des initiatives existent, mais n’atteignent pas vraiment la grande majorité des victimes. Face à cette situation,nous avons jugé essentiel de proposer diverses pistes de solutions, parmi lesquelles les suivantes : le renforcement des droits des victimes dans les procédures classiques, l’amélioration du droit à la réparation des victimes, le recours à des programmes de justice restauratrice et la mise en place de mesures d’aide aux victimes.
Keywords: Action civile; Burkina Faso; Civil action; Droit comparé; Droit coutumier; Droit international; Droit pénal; Personnes (droit international); Procès pénal; Procédure (droit); Victim; Victimes; Victimes d'infractions

Abuso de voto na recuperação judicial - Mariano, Alvaro Augusto Camilo (Universidade de São Paulo, 2012)
O presente trabalho trata do abuso de voto na assembleia geral de credores que decide sobre o plano de reorganização apresentado pelo devedor na recuperação judicial. O trabalho ressalta que a função social da empresa é objetivo também da falência, conforme disposto no art. 75 da Lei n.º 11.101/05. Assim, o voto contrário ao plano não pode ser considerado, de per se, abusivo. Para tratar do tema, examina-se antes a figura do abuso de direito na teoria geral (capítulo segundo) e o abuso de voto nas companhias (capítulo terceiro). Por fim o tema é analisado no âmbito da recuperação judicial.
Keywords: Abus de vote; Abuse of rights; Abuse of voting; Abuso do direito; Bankruptcy; Direito Societário; Faillite; Falência; Insolvabilité; Insolvency; Recouvrement judiciaire; Recuperação Judicial; Reorganization; Social function; Sociedade anônima; Sociedade comercial; Société Anonyme; Société commerciale; Voto

L'Influence de l'accueil de la sentence arbitrale par le juge algérien sur l'efficacité de l'arbitrage commercial international - Hocine, Farida (Université Mouloud Mammeri, 2012)
Keywords: Algérie; Arbitrage commercial; Arbitrage international; Arbitragem; Arbitraje; Arbitration; Efficacité de l'arbitrage; Juge algérien; Sentence arbitrale

Les sources de la représentation des salariés : contribution à l’étude des sources du droit - Dirringer, Josépha (Université Paris 10, 2012)
La représentation collective des salariés se caractérise par une pluralité de sources : internationales, européennes, étatiques et professionnelles. Leur identification permet d’établir une cartographie. Certaines ont pour objet de garantir les droits fondamentaux des salariés d’essence collective. D’autres participent plus directement à structurer le système de représentation collective des salariés. Cette cartographie renseigne ensuite sur leur importance respective à régir ce dernier domaine. Le développement du droit de l’Union européenne d’un côté et l’essor de la négociation collective de l’autre tendent ainsi à relativiser l’importance traditionnelle de la loi. De même, la promotion des normes négociées conduit corrélativement à un déclin des normes issues du pouvoir patronal. Leur articulation permet de comprendre les différents rapports qu’elles nouent entre elles. Elle met en évidence ce vers quoi est orientée l’articulation des sources de la représentation collective des salariés. Classiquement, cette articulation vise à garantir le droit des salariés à être représentés. De manière renouvelée, elle s’inscrit dans un processus de contractualisation et de décentralisation de la production normative. Le domaine de la représentation collective de salariés n’offre pas seulement une illustration particulière et vivante des mutations des sources du droit. Caractérisé par l’importance des normes de structure, il est un parfait observatoire pour appréhender le dynamisme de l’agencement des sources du droit et pour comprendre les mécanismes qui rendent possibles les déplacements d’une source à l’autre.
Keywords: Droit (sources); Droit du travail (droit européen); Droit syndical; Décentralisation administrative; Employeur et employé (droit); Labour law; Négociation collective; Négociations collectives; Personnel; Relations collectives de travail; Représentation des salariés; Représentation du personnel; Représentations de groupes; Sources du droit

A influência do direito da concorrência na proteção internacional dos direitos de propriedade intelectual: especial referência aos artigos 8.2 e 40 do acordo TRIPS - Padilha, Alexandre Garcia (Universidade de São Paulo, 2012)
A dissertação propõe-se a investigar os dispositivos do Acordo Sobre os Aspectos dos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual Relacionados com o Comércio Acordo TRIPS que se relacionam com o direito da concorrência, especialmente com relação a seus artigos 8.2 e 40, bem como analisar acerca da interface entre o direito de propriedade intelectual e o direito da concorrência. Os abusos dos direitos de propriedade intelectual e as práticas que limitam de maneira injustificável o comércio ou que afetam adversamente a transferência internacional de tecnologia são práticas e condutas relacionadas aos direitos de propriedade intelectual que estão indicadas no artigo 8.2 do Acordo TRIPS e são passíveis de ser objeto de análise do ponto de vista concorrencial, à medida que restringem a concorrência e a livre iniciativa e, consequentemente, podem ser necessárias medidas apropriadas para sua prevenção pelos membros da OMC, sobretudo aquelas determinadas pelo direito da concorrência. De forma a complementar o princípio previsto no artigo 8.2 do Acordo TRIPS, entre essas práticas e condutas, o artigo 40.1 do Acordo TRIPS expressamente menciona aquelas de licenciamento relativas aos direitos de propriedade intelectual que restringem a concorrência e que podem afetar adversamente o comércio e impedir a transferência e disseminação de tecnologia, sendo permitido ao país membro da Organização Mundial do Comércio OMC (art. 40.2 do Acordo TRIPS) especificar em sua legislação condições ou práticas de licenciamento que possam, em determinados casos, constituir um abuso dos direitos de propriedade intelectual que tenham efeitos adversos sobre a concorrência no mercado relevante, podendo adotar, de forma compatível com outras disposições do Acordo TRIPS, medidas apropriadas para evitar ou controlar tais práticas, que podem incluir, por exemplo, condições de licença exclusiva, condições que impeçam impugnações da validade e pacotes de licenças coercitivas. No primeiro capítulo, pretende-se expor breves comentários ao direito da propriedade intelectual, necessários à avaliação de sua interface com o direito da concorrência, diferenciando-se os principais conceitos e terminologias utilizados no direito da propriedade intelectual. Uma apresentação da forma pela qual o direito da propriedade intelectual e seus respectivos institutos, quais sejam, as invenções, modelos de utilidade, desenhos industriais, marcas, indicações geográficas, direitos autorais e direitos sui generis, tais como cultivares e topografia dos circuitos integrados, podem por esse direito ser protegidos. No segundo capítulo, propõe-se a analisar a interface entre o direito da propriedade intelectual e o direito concorrencial, com a pretensão de esclarecer de que forma algumas teorias econômicas relacionam-se com o direito da propriedade intelectual, buscando estudar a maneira que algumas práticas e condutas envolvendo o direito da propriedade intelectual podem afetar o direito da concorrência, isto é, de que forma essas práticas e condutas podem restringir a concorrência, seja por via de concentração, seja por via de cooperação econômica ou por via de condutas anticoncorrenciais. O estudo concorrencial das práticas e condutas envolvendo o direito da propriedade intelectual, por sua vez, restringe-se a identificar exemplos reunidos durante esta pesquisa de condutas que, per se ou pela regra da razão, afetam de forma direta ou indireta a concorrência e a livre iniciativa, com ênfase às experiências norte-americanas e europeias, tendo em vista o maior avanço do tema nesses sistemas e da sua influência no direito brasileiro. No terceiro e quarto capítulos, há a intenção de verificar de que forma o direito da concorrência se relaciona com a proteção internacional da propriedade intelectual. A forma de tratamento do direito da concorrência no Acordo TRIPS a partir das análises realizadas nos capítulos iniciais será estudada e analisada, expondo sua aplicabilidade e a forma pela qual pode ser interpretada, buscando identificar uma melhor maneira de utilizá-la, especialmente pelos países em desenvolvimento entre os quais, insere-se o Brasil , que por ventura se depararem com condutas ou práticas anticoncorrenciais envolvendo direitos da propriedade intelectual. No Brasil, tanto a Lei de Propriedade Intelectual como a Lei Antitruste preveem sanção para o abuso de poder econômico realizado por meio do uso de direitos de propriedade intelectual; entretanto, o desenvolvimento do tema ainda não é expressivo na doutrina brasileira com poucos estudos dedicados ao tema e praticamente inexistente no judiciário e autoridades responsáveis pela defesa da concorrência, o que torna de extrema utilidade o aprofundamento proposto.
Keywords: Competencia; Competition law; Concentração econômica; Concurrence (droit); Direito internacional; Droit international; Intellectual property; Propriedade intelectual; Propriété intellectuelle; TRIPs

Títulos e valores mobiliários escriturais: aspectos decorrentes de sua internacionalização - Pereira Filho, Valdir Carlos (Universidade de São Paulo, 2012)
A liquidação das operações internacionais com valores mobiliários suscita questões de grande relevância em decorrência das diferenças entre os sistemas jurídicos envolvidos e a pluralidade de participantes. O objetivo desta tese é analisar as normas jurídicas brasileiras em relação às estrangeiras relevantes, por força de operações transfronteiriças que tenham por objeto valores mobiliários escriturais, notadamente operações de compra e venda de ações, para verificar a situação do sistema jurídico brasileiro e sua estrutura de pós-negociação em relação a outros países. Haverá descrição e análise da estrutura de liquidação de operações domésticas e da estrutura envolvida em operação com componente estrangeiro. Como aspectos necessários para a compreensão do tema, abordam-se as consequências jurídicas decorrentes da imobilização e desmaterialização dos valores mobiliários e da interposição de intermediários entre o investidor final e o emissor dos valores mobiliários usual nas operações transfronteiriças. Todo o trabalho considera as tendências e esforços de harmonização das normas aplicáveis que vem ocorrendo no plano internacional, podendo-se verificar que as normas e estruturas brasileiras para liquidação de operações com valores mobiliários são sólidas, adequadas e precisam apenas de aprimoramentos pontuais para atingir os melhores padrões internacionais.
Keywords: Ações nominativas; Book entry shares; Central securities depository; Clearing; Comissão de Valores Mobiliários CVM; Cross-border transactions; Internationalisation; Legislative harmonization; Mercado de capitais; Securities; Settlement; Titre dématérialisé; Título de crédito; Valeurs mobilières

Le règlement préventif dans l'espace OHADA - Koto-Tcheka, Alexandra Betty (Université Montpellier 1; Université Omar Bongo, 2012)
L'espace OHADA bénéficie depuis 13 ans d'un Acte Uniforme portant organisation des procédures collectives, qui détermine le régime juridique d'une nouvelle procédure collective appelée le règlement préventif. Le règlement préventif est une procédure destinée à éviter la cessation des paiements. Il permet l'apurement du passif de l'entreprise au moyen d'un concordat préventif. Il est inspiré de la procédure de suspension des poursuites instituée par la loi française du 23 septembre 1967 que certains Etats africains avaient repris dans leurs législations sans modification et le règlement amiable de la loi française du 1er mars 1984. La présence de cette procédure quoique salutaire n'a malheureusement pas résolu le problème des difficultés des entreprises. La demande est souvent effectuée lorsque l'entreprise a dépassé le "seuil clinique" d'ouverture de la procédure. Les dispositions de l'article8 de l'AUPOCPAP en permettant la suspension immédiate des poursuites, favorise l'utilisation du règlement préventif à titre dilatoire. Raison pour laquelle, il devient urgent d'analyser son déroulement et son dénouement. L'étude fait ressortir que les conditions d'ouverture de cette procédure doivent être étendues afin de permettre aux agriculteurs, artisans, professionnels indépendants et secteur informel d'en bénéficier.
Keywords: Apurement du passif; Concordat préventif; Confirmation; Discharge; Entreprises en difficulté; Extinction du concordat; Homologation; Organes de la procédure; Organisation pour l'harmonisation en Afrique du droit des affaires; Preventive composition; Preventive composition's extinguishment; Procédures collectives; Proposition concordataire; Suspension des poursuites; Suspension of legal procceding; The instruments of the procedure

Contratos de construção de grandes obras - Carmo, Lie Uema do (Universidade de São Paulo, 2012)
A presente tese examina os contratos de construção de grandes obras e a complexidade do seu programa contratual. Contrato de construção em sentido amplo é aquele celebrado entre o proprietário ou dono da obra, como contratante, e uma pessoa física ou jurídica especializada em engenharia ou arquitetura, como contratada, a qual, em contrapartida ao preço, obriga-se à consecução de um ou mais dos seguintes objetos: elaboração do projeto de engenharia ou arquitetura, execução, supervisão, monitoramento e administração da obra, e ainda, se convencionado, prestação de assistência técnica e operação. O exame concentra-se nas construções das categorias industrial e de engenharia, que desenvolvem projetos de porte e enfrentam desafios técnicos, tecnológicos e financeiros elevados, tais como as obras de infraestrutura e de plantas industriais. Por contratos de construção de grandes obras entende-se um gênero (ou categoria) sob o qual pode subsumir-se uma variedade de contratos que tenham por objeto a prestação, mediata ou imediata, de uma obra. Incluem-se nesse gênero contratos típicos, como os de prestação de serviços de engenharia e arquitetura e o de empreitada, e ainda aqueles atípicos, como os de engineering, procurement and construction, project alliancing e project partnering, dentre outros. A tese identifica a estrutura jurídica e as principais características econômico-financeiras de contratos de construção de grandes obras e investiga as fontes da complexidade do seu programa contratual. Reconhecendo-se o contrato de construção de grandes obras como dotado de complexidade, argumenta-se que a complexidade contratual é relevante, com consequências jurídicas, econômicas e sociais que merecem reflexão.
Keywords: BTP; Construction; Construção civil; Contracts; Contrat; Contrato comercial; Contratos; EPC; Empreitada; Engineering; Large projects; Project alliancing; Project partnering

A falência e a preservação da empresa: compatibilidade? - Gardino, Adriana Valéria Pugliesi (Universidade de São Paulo, 2012)
O fenômeno da crise das empresas é universal. Acrescente-se a esse fato, que a globalização das relações empresariais é uma realidade a qual, a cada dia, vincula, sem encontrar fronteiras, um incontável feixe de negócios e contratos que movem a economia, promovendo a circulação de riquezas, bens e serviços. Desses dois fatos incontestáveis resulta a inafastável importância do tema escolhido para análise nesta tese: a falência. Os efeitos da crise da empresa espraiam-se ao redor de um extenso leque de interesses correlatos (trabalhadores, fornecedores, fisco, agentes financeiros e outros), justificando análise com a finalidde de aprofundar o tema e aprimorar o regramento do direito concursal. Assim, a análise desenvolvida nesta tese consiste em demonstrar que, sob a vigência da Lei brasileira n. 11.101/2005, o instituto da falência foi inteiramente renovado. A originalidade do trabalho (Nota1048), assim, repousa na circunstância de analisarse a falência sob a ótica do direito concursal moderno, inaugurado no sistema brasileiro pela Lei n. 11.101/05, e em como esse antigo instituto do direito concursal reformulou seus objetivos, resultando em um tratamento diferenciado das prioridades da empresa em crise cuja inviabilidade, ou algum outro percalço, impeça-a de valer-se do instituto da Recuperação. Com efeito, a nova disciplina jurídica em estudo evidencia uma ruptura com a tradição dos primórdios da falência, nascida no direito medievo como um procedimento liquidatório voltado precipuamente ao pagamento dos credores, no qual o devedor insolvente era considerado um verdadeiro réprobo social, pois a quebra em si mesma era considerada delito. A mudança que se faz sentir na falência resulta do fato de que o direito concursal brasileiro alargou seu foco de tutela (partindo da estrtita relação: devedor e credores), para centrar-se na empresa: esse feixe de negócios e contratos que movem a economia. Note-se, o estudo da letra dos artigos 47 e 75 do diploma concursal brasileiro evidencia que tanto a recuperação judicial quanto a falência estão informadas pelo mesmo princípio e diretriz, que é o da preservação da empresa. Essa aparente contradição faz nascer a seguinte indagação: em que medida existiria compatibilidade entre dois institutos cujas finalidades e funções parecem ser tão diferentes, a ponto de serem informados pelo mesmo princípio? Na pesquisa desenvolvida verifica-se que esse intrigante aspecto do direito concursal brasileiro não é uma resposta isolada, mas encontra eco em soluções similares em outros sistemas analisados. É verdade, cada sistema possui suas particularidades, amalgamadas à sua própria cultura, regime econômico, e tradição jurídica. Todavia, ainda assim, é possível neles identificar traços coincidentes e que têm origem no mesmo foco de tutela: garantir o aproveitamento das organizações empresariais, sempre que possível. Realmente, o direito brasileiro abandonou em definitivo a visão de caráter meramente procedimental da falência (como processo de execução coletiva) e foca a tutela nos efeitos da crise das empresas, disciplinando tanto a possibilidade de superação (com a recuperação judicial e extrajudicial), quanto os meios de liquidação (falência) que possam resultar no aproveitamento da organização empresarial. Assim, a falência, conquanto mantenha seu caráter de procedimento liquidatório, passa a ter também o objetivo de criar mecanismos de manutenção e otimização dos ativos organizados e preexistentes à quebra, sempre que possível. Esse novo objeto revela, como acima mencionado, a compatibilidade de manutenção da empresa, na falência. Desse modo, mesmo na falência a lei brasileira estabelece mecanismos de possível manutenção da organização econômica pré-estabelecida, pois o art. 75 da LRE fixa um novo objetivo do processo falimentar: A falência, ao promover o afastamento do devedor de suas atividades, visa a preservar e otimizar a utilização produtiva dos bens, ativos e recursos produtivos, inclusive os intangíveis, da empresa. Aliás, é esse mesmo fenômeno, embora com particularidade e distinções próprias de cada um dos sistemas analisados, que é identificado no direito concursal estrangeiro. Daí porque se torna possível afirmar que a falência — essa antiga conhecida do direito concursal, em particular no direito brasileiro, como fica pontuado no trabalho — ingressou em uma nova fase do direito concursal moderno. Pode-se dizer, assim, que a novidade da legislação concursal brasileira não está apenas na criação dos institutos recuperatórios, mas, encontra-se também na falência, pois muito além da introdução dos institutos de recuperação, foram atingidas as raízes da falência, na medida em que seu objetivo foi reformulado e disto resultaram modificações expressivas. A tese demonstra que a atualização do instituto da falência é de tal ordem que, sob sua égide, é possível não apenas estabelecer uma solução de pagamento dos credores (chegando à liquidação da devedora) mas, também, preservar a organização de bens pré-existentes. Portanto, o estudo desenvolve-se com a análise geral de alguns sistemas estrangeiros e, após, do sistema brasileiro com enfoque nos métodos encontrados pela Lei para tornar efetivo o princípio insculpido no art. 75, ou seja, de que o afastamento do devedor não será óbice à preservação e otimização da utilização produtiva dos bens da devedora, mas, ao contrário, estimula esta solução. Em decorrência da análise, questiona-se a adoção de um sistema dualista, no direito brasileiro, quanto aos procedimentos concursais pois havendo um único objetivo final (liquidar ou preservar), parece que não se justifica a mencionada dualidade. Realmente, a identidade de princípio que a lei brasileira adota tanto na Recuperação judicial quanto na falência (preservação da empresa), não justifica a existência de dualidade procedimental. Parece-nos, ao final da análise, que a unificação procedimental, do ponto de vista substancial, traria melhor aproveitamento dos atos processuais e maior celeridade; e, no plano sistemático, implicaria o fim da dicotomia quebra versus recuperação para busca de soluções para a crise das empresas. Enfim, há uma nova falência no direito brasileiro pelo modo como este instituto foi recepcionado na lei agora em vigor. Além disso, esse não é um movimento isolado do direito brasileiro, o que se demonstra com as referências feitas a outros sistemas. Portanto, a tese evidencia de modo incontroverso que a falência deixou de ser um mero método de pagamento de credores (execução coletiva) que resulta na liquidação do devedor, e passou a ser um modelo de quitação das obrigações compatível com a preservação da empresa, mediante manutenção da organização de bens preexistentes do devedor, para exploração por um novo empresário, sempre que possível.
Keywords: Concurso de credores; Direito falimentar; Estabelecimento comercial; Fallimento; Falência; Impresa; Preservazione dimpresa

Responsabilité en droit d’auteur des intermédiaires : de l'hébergeur aux plateformes interactives - Charlet, François (Université de Lausanne, 2012)
Keywords: Droit d'auteur; Droit d'auteur et informatique; Hébergeur (responsabilité); Intellectual property; Plateforme numérique (responsabilité); Propriété intellectuelle

Les contrats internationaux : étude comparative franco-thaïlandaise - Larpvanichar, Ratchaneekorn (Université Lille 2, 2012)
Le droit international privé français des contrats est très avancé, la richesse de la jurisprudence et la doctrine font une bonne preuve de l’évolution du droit français en la matière. Ses conceptions sont répandues et admises par d’autres États, européens en premier lieu, puis dans le monde entier. Le système de droit français et celui de droit communautaire sont complémentaires l’un et l’autre. Pour cette raison l’étude de droit international privé français ne peut plus être restreinte uniquement dans le cadre de droit international commun. Dès lors le droit international privé communautaire devrait aussi faire l’objet de cette étude. Quant au droit international privé des contrats thaïlandais, il est en cours de développement et a besoin de grande réformation urgent pour la coopération juridique dans l’ASEAN. L’étude comparative en cette matière permettrait donc de trouver la bonne solution et d’apprendre l’application de règles conflictuelles ainsi que d’autres mécanismes du droit international privé pour régler les problèmes dans l’ordre juridique thaï. Donc les questions de la loi applicable et le règlement des différends font l’objet principal de cette étude. The French system of Private International Law of Contract is highly developed, evidenced by a rich jurisprudence and doctrinal system. One of the leaders in the field, many of their legal concepts were widely accepted and adopted by other legal systems, first by European countries and then worldwide. However, because of their complementary and intertwined nature for each other, the French legal system cannot be studied apart from the European system. For this reason, this study covers not only an in depth examination of French Private International Law but also a general look at European Private International Law. The Thai system of Private International Law of Contracts, in comparison, is developing and needs significant legal reform, as soon as possible, in order to cooperate with other contracting States in ASEAN. Thus, this comparative study responds to the needs, and shows how to correctly apply the conflict of laws’ rules, including their exceptions, which could solve many problems occurring in the Thai legal system. Therefore questions on the applicable laws of contract and the settlement of disputes which derive from international contract law are objects of this study.
Keywords: Arbitrage commercial international; Choice of Foreign Law; Choice of Forum; Choice of Law; Choice of Transnational Law; Choix de la loi applicable au contrat; Choix de la loi étrangère; Choix de la norme non étatique; Conflict of Jurisdictions; Conflict of laws; Conflit de juridictions; Conflit de lois; Contrats; Contrats internationaux; Droit international privé; Droit international privé français; Droit international privé thaï; Forum shopping; France; Fraude à la loi; French Private International Law; Laws Applicable to Contracts; Lois de police; Lois de police thaïlandaises; Ordre public international; Overriding Mandatory Rules; Public Order; Recherche de la volonté; Thai Overriding Mandatory Rules; Thai Private International Law; Thaïlande

Desenho industrial: abuso de direito e o reflexo na concorrência do mercado de reposição - Silva, Alberto Luis Camelier da (Universidade de São Paulo, 2012)
O direito antitruste, atualmente ditado pela Lei 12.529 de 30 de novembro de 2011, e o direito da propriedade intelectual permeiam o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro buscando regrar condutas e procedimentos com vistas a tutelar, de um lado, a livre concorrência e, de outro, estimular a inovação e o desenvolvimento tecnológico do país. No exercício de ambos os direitos, muitas vezes observam-se conflitos, que aparentemente revelam uma contradição: a concessão de exclusividade de exploração de bens intangíveis, tais como patentes e desenhos industriais, conflita com a livre concorrência, sendo uma excludente da outra. Entretanto, essa contradição, como se verá, encontra-se superada. Em nosso sistema jurídico não há direitos absolutos que possam justificar a dominância pura e simples de um sobre o outro sem medir as consequências. O equilíbrio é buscado através da vedação legal aos abusos de direito, especialmente abusos de direito de propriedade intelectual e o exercício abusivo de poder econômico. Adicionalmente, a Constituição Federal subordina o uso da propriedade à sua função social. O presente estudo analisa as questões que envolvem esse aparente conflito e os abusos decorrentes do exercício desses direitos. O tema é introduzido com a análise da interface entre o direito da propriedade intelectual e o antitruste e as questões de direito dela decorrentes. A seguir, são analisados o abuso de direito, o abuso de poder econômico e o abuso de posição dominante, com destaque para o entendimento da existência de venda casada mesmo que o vínculo ocorra com diferimento no tempo. O estudo prossegue discorrendo sobre a livre iniciativa e a livre concorrência, bem como o instituto do desenho industrial e seu eventual uso abusivo. Também são analisados o mercado de reposição de peças e partes de produtos complexos e sua repercussão no Brasil e no exterior, e a posição do CADE sobre eventuais condutas anticompetitivas. A jurisprudência comentada ilustra as diversas posições doutrinárias acerca da matéria. O monopólio decorrente de direito de propriedade intelectual seria benéfico para a eficiência e regulação dos mercados, apesar de seus eventuais efeitos contra os interesses do consumidor? Este ensaio procura responder essa indagação, aprofundando o debate sobre o conflito entre o monopólio concedido por desenho industrial às peças de reposição de objetos complexos e a liberdade de escolha do consumidor. Oferece ainda uma proposta legislativa que visa assegurar o equilíbrio entre os direitos dos envolvidos. The antitrust law, currently under Law 12,529, of November 30, 2011, and the intellectual property law is within the Brazilian juridical ordination, seeking to rule conducts and procedures intended to protect the free competition, on one hand, and to stimulate the innovation and technological development of the country, on the other hand. In the performance of both rights, conflicts are many times observed, which apparently reveal a contradiction: the granting of exclusivity for the exploitation of intangible goods, such as patents and industrial designs, conflicts with the free competition, excluding one another. Said contradiction, however, has been overcome, as it will be noticed. Our juridical system encompasses no absolute rights liable to justify the pure and simple dominance of one on the other, without assessing the consequences. The balance is searched by means of the legal prevention of the abuses of right, especially the abuses of the intellectual property law and the abusive exercise of the economic power. In addition, the Federal Constitution subordinates the use of property to its social function. This study analyzes the issues involving this apparent conflict and the abuses resulting from the enforcement of said rights. The theme is introduced with the analysis of the interface between the intellectual property right and the antitrust one and the resulting legal issues. Then, the abuse of right, the abuse of economic power and the abuse of the dominant position are analysed, pointing out the understanding of the existence of a tying arrangement, even though the binding occurs with deferral in time. The study proceeds by analyzing the free initiative and the free competition, as well as the industrial design institute and its eventual abusive use. The parts reposition and parts of complex products and their repercussion in Brazil and overseas, the CADE´s position as to eventual anticompetitive conducts are also analyzed. The commented jurisprudence illustrates the several opinion of jurists on this matter. Would the monopoly resulting from the intellectual property right benefit the market efficiency and regulation, despite the eventual effects against the consumer interests ? This paper seeks to reply such a question, by deepening the debate on the conflicts between the monopoly granted by industrial design to spare parts of complex objects and the consumer´s free choice. It also offers a legislative proposal intended to ensure the balance between the involved parties´ rights.
Keywords: ABUSE OF THE DOMINANT POSITION; Abus de droit; Abuse of economic power; Abuse of rights; Abuso do poder econômico; Antitrust; Competencia; Competition law; Concurrence; Desenho industrial; Dessin industriel; Industrial design; Industrial property; Inovações tecnológicas; Intellectual property; Modèle industriel; Propriedade industrial; Propriété industrielle; Technological innovation; Tying arrangement

Transações entre partes relacionadas: um desafio regulatório complexo e multidisciplinar - Camargo, André Antunes Soares de (Universidade de São Paulo, 2012)
Transações entre partes relacionadas são cada vez mais discutidas por reguladores, agentes econômicos e pela academia, não só no Brasil. Tal decisão empresarial, muito comum em grupos de sociedade que buscam eficiências gerenciais, suscita preocupações crescentes pelo potencial de conflito de interesses que traz em seus termos e condições, podendo beneficiar injusta e até fraudulentamente controladores e administradores de determinadas sociedades. Uma devida regulação da matéria faz-se imprescindível no crescente e promissor mercado de capitais brasileiro. Estruturada em três capítulos, esta tese parte da discussão sobre grupos e as transações entre suas partes relacionadas com o objetivo de delimitar o seu escopo. Em seguida, trata da regulação da matéria no direito brasileiro, culminando com seu estudo empírico e multidisciplinar. Observa-se, nessa investigação, a multiplicidade e a descoordenação regulatória que existe sobre o assunto em nosso país, seja em razão das estratégias regulatórias existentes, seja pelas diversas soluções jurídicas adotadas. O tema demanda uma reflexão profunda para receber uma nova e adequada regulação, não podendo seus aspectos jurídicos, econômicos, sociológicos e estratégicos ser ignorados, mas considerados de forma complementar. Contribuições da governança corporativa, ética empresarial e contabilidade precisam ser igualmente incorporadas nessa análise integrada. Este trabalho chega a quatro conclusões: (a) compreender grupos e suas relações contratuais internas é cada vez mais complexo e multidisciplinar e sua regulação precisa ser bem pensada e adequada, sob pena de intervenção indevida, desnecessária e excessiva na liberdade de organização empresarial; (b) os conceitos que existem sobre o assunto são demasiadamente amplos, extrapolando relações societárias, ajudando a fomentar uma regulação genérica e descoordenada; (c) a regulação do tema sempre foi reativa a crises, com modelos e soluções jurídicas pontuais e não coordenados entre si, desprezando-se custos organizacionais e outros efeitos negativos internos e externos, em vez de serem claros e lógicos e envolverem uma política pública mais direcionada, considerando estudos empíricos e dados oficiais já disponíveis; e (d) a realidade do mercado de capitais brasileiro está em crescente mutação e possui características peculiares, razão pela qual qualquer regulação do tema não se deve simplesmente importar soluções estrangeiras.
Keywords: Acionista; Capital markets; Conflicts of interest; Conflit d'intérêts; Direito comercial; Direito empresarial; Groups; Marché des capitaux; Regulation; Related party transactions; Sociedade comercial

Abuso de posição dominante: condutas de exclusão em relações de distribuição - Corrêa, Mariana Villela (Universidade de São Paulo, 2012)
O objetivo do trabalho é estudar as situações em que práticas de distribuição tendentes à exclusão podem configurar ilícitos de abuso de posição dominante por parte de fornecedores de bens e serviços. Fornecedores de bens e serviços precisam identificar qual a forma mais eficiente de fazer que seus produtos cheguem até o consumidor final. Em determinadas circunstâncias, contudo, um fornecedor pode ocupar uma posição de domínio em determinados mercados e suas práticas de distribuição podem ter potenciais efeitos de exclusão, possivelmente causando efeitos indesejáveis sobre a concorrência. Ao longo do trabalho, buscamos contextualizar e compreender a ideia de exclusão, com recurso à análise do tratamento dado às condutas de exclusão por parte do direito antitruste dos Estados Unidos, do direito da concorrência comunitário europeu e do direito da concorrência brasileiro. Buscamos, ainda, traçar um panorama das principais linhas da teoria econômica que oferecem subsídios à compreensão da ideia de exclusão, bem como as contribuições específicas com referência ao tema. Examinamos, também, as principais práticas de distribuição tendentes à exclusão, que classificamos em tradicionais e não tradicionais, buscando compreender seus efeitos e motivações. Ao final, apresenta-se um diagnóstico e a conclusão. O tratamento das práticas de distribuição tendentes à exclusão deve encontrar um equilíbrio entre, de um lado, a repressão adequada dos abusos de posição dominante envolvendo relações de distribuição e, de outro, a preservação do incentivo para que fornecedores adotem formas eficientes, inovadoras e concorrenciais de estruturar seus sistemas de distribuição. The work seeks to examine situations in which distribution practices tending towards exclusion may characterize illicit acts of abuse of a dominant position by suppliers of goods and services. Suppliers of goods and services need to identify the most efficient way of getting their products to the end user. In certain circumstances, though, a supplier may occupy a dominant position in given markets, and its distribution practices may have effects of exclusion, possibly affecting competition unfavorably. Throughout the work, we attempt to contextualize and understand the idea of exclusion, using an analysis of the treatment given to exclusionary conducts under United States antitrust law, the competition law of the European community and Brazilian competition law. We also seek to sketch out an overview of the main lines of economic theory that assist in an understanding of the idea of exclusion, along with specific contributions making reference to the issue. We also examine the main distribution practices tending towards exclusion, which we classify into traditional and non-traditional, seeking to understand their effects and rationale. Lastly, a diagnosis and conclusion are presented. The treatment of distribution practices with a trend towards exclusion must strike a balance between, on the one hand, proper repression of abuses of a dominant position involving distribution relations and, on the other, the preservation of an incentive for suppliers to adopt efficient, innovative and competitive ways of structuring their distribution systems.
Abus de position dominante : conduite d'exclusion dans les relations de distribution
Keywords: Abuse of economic power; Competição econômica; Concorrência; Concurrence; Direito comercial; Economic law; Economic power; Política antitruste

Ato de preenchimento de orgão de administração: natureza jurídica da relação entre o administrador e a sociedade anônima - Sacramone, Marcelo Barbosa (Universidade de São Paulo, 2012)
Com o propósito de conceituar a natureza da relação jurídica entre o administrador e as sociedades anônimas, expõem-se, inicialmente, os centros institucionalizados de poder, suas formas de estruturação e funções desenvolvidas na companhia. Delimita-se, então, a quais desses núcleos de poder as atividades de direção, execução e supervisão ordinárias da atividade corporativa foram atribuídas pela Lei. Caracterizado o administrador, aprecia-se a qualidade na qual este age e produz determinados efeitos com seu comportamento. Para a definição dessa posição ocupada na companhia, afere-se a natureza da atribuição da personalidade jurídica ao ente coletivo e sua independência em face dos membros subjacentes. O vínculo criador dessa posição jurídica, entretanto, não possui fundamento teórico uníssono da doutrina estrangeira, tampouco é consenso entre os doutrinadores brasileiros. Aprecia-se, assim, a adequação dos principais argumentos de cada teoria frente ao ordenamento jurídico pátrio mediante a abordagem dos elementos estruturais do ato de preenchimento de órgão. A modalidade do referido ato é definida pela análise da natureza da eleição, mediante a apreciação da deliberação dos órgãos legitimados, da possibilidade de manifestar a vontade social diretamente a terceiros e de produzir efeitos determinados com autonomia, bem como da função integradora da aceitação, como condição de existência de um negócio jurídico bilateral ou de eficácia de um negócio jurídico unilateral. Por fim, confrontam-se as principais características dessa relação jurídica aos contratos de mandato, de prestação de serviço e de trabalho para possibilitar a verificação de sua adequação típica e a definição de um conceito ao ato de preenchimento de órgão de administração das sociedades anônimas. Aiming to create the concepts for the nature of the juridical relation between the officer and the joint-stock companies, this work initially exposes the institutionalized power centers, their structures composition and roles developed in the company. In the sequence, the essay outlines to which of those power nuclei the Law has ascribed the ordinary activities of direction, performance and supervision of the corporate activity. After the officer is characterized, the work analyzes the quality under which such officer acts and produces certain effects on his/her behavior. To define such position held with the company, it is verified the nature of the assigning the legal personality to the collective entity and its independence towards the underlying members. The bond creating such legal position, however, does not have unified theoretical ground in the foreign doctrine and neither is it a consensus among the Brazilian teachers. Hence, adequacy of each theorys main arguments is assessed against the countrys legal system by addressing the structural elements in the act of fulfilling the body. Modality of such act is defined by analysing the nature of the election, assessing deliberation of the empowered bodies, the possibility of manifesting the social will directly to third parties and to produce certain effects in autonomous manner, as well as the integration roles of the acceptance as a condition for existence of a bilateral juristic act or condition for efficacy of an unilateral juristic act. Finally the main characteristics of such legal relation are confronted with the power-ofattorney, service rendering and employment agreements to enable verification of their typical adequacy and definition of a concept to the act of fulfilling the administration body of the joint-stock companies.
Keywords: Acionista; Act of fulfilling; Administrateur; Administration; Conseil d'administration; Constitution; Joint-stock company; Legal nature; Negócio jurídico; Officers; Responsabilidade contratual; Sociedade anônima; Société Anonyme

Efetividade das estipulações voltadas à instituição dos meios multiportas de solução de litígios - Guerrero, Luis Fernando (Universidade de São Paulo, 2012)
Este estudo examina as estipulações voltadas à instituição de meios multiportas de solução de controvérsias, mecanismo responsável por materializar a vontade da partes em solucionar os seus conflitos via métodos alternativos ou adequados de solução de controvérsias, tendo relevante papel na materialização do escopo social do processo. Há uma clara dicotomia entre os denominados métodos de solução de controvérsias consensuais, nos quais a própria participação das partes levará à solução e à conformação do litígio e, de outro lado, os métodos adjudicatórios de solução de controvérsias, no qual haverá um terceiro imparcial escolhido pelas partes ou de acordo com mecanismos por elas estabelecido e que será responsável pela solução da controvérsia. Existem ainda métodos combinados ou mistos, em que são aglutinados elementos dos métodos denominados primários, quais sejam negociação, conciliação, mediação e arbitragem. Clara a diferença entre essas categorias de métodos de solução de controvérsias, deve-se analisar, ainda, se há alguma diferença no tocante à vinculação das partes a cada uma das mencionadas categorias de solução de controvérsias e, com grande importância, de que modo métodos consensuais podem interferir no surgimento e desenvolvimento de métodos adjudicatórios. Em relação à vinculação dos métodos de solução de controvérsias adjudicatórios, a grande referência no direito brasileiro é a arbitragem, que conta com legislação própria e deve muito de seu sucesso no atual estado dos métodos de solução de controvérsias no direito brasileiro a alterações relativas à sua vinculação e efetivação. Nitidamente, há uma inserção das cláusulas de solução de controvérsias, seja qual for o método utilizado no âmbito da ciência processual. A base de tais cláusulas é de direito privado, fundamentando-se em institutos bastante conhecidos: transação e compromisso que ganharam a categorização jurídica de contrato após o Código Civil de 2002. Do ponto de vista da adoção desses instrumentos jurídicos como veículos da utilização dos métodos de solução de controvérsias, são previstas técnicas diversas de uso. A primeira é extrajudicial, baseada na planificação de solução de conflitos, que pode ser feita pelas partes e seus advogados, e uma segunda, que é extrajudicial baseada no caseflow e no case management, nos quais o Judiciário assume o papel de coordenador e aplicador de tais métodos. A relação entre os métodos de solução de controvérsias ganha caráter dinâmico na medida em que determinados sistemas de solução de controvérsias são combinados para uma dada questão. Trata-se das chamadas cláusulas escalonadas que têm por escopo acompanhar a escalada de litigiosidade que possa surgir em determinada discussão jurídica, combinando métodos consensuais e adjudicatórios de solução de litígios. Em qualquer situação, de acordo com os termos dos arts. 158 e 466-B do Código de Processo Civil que podem analogamente ser comparados com os arts. 4.º e 7.º da Lei de Arbitragem, há a total vinculação das partes ao método de solução de controvérsias escolhido. Questão bastante tormentosa é a inserção e a inter-relação dos métodos de solução de controvérsias, especialmente com o processo civil e os efeitos que daí podem decorrer. Nesse aspecto, sendo um método consensual, as partes que a ele aderiram terá que realizá-lo antes da busca de um método adjudicatório de adesão voluntária, como é a arbitragem, ou um método adjudicatório inevitável, como é o Judiciário. Trata-se do efeito negativo das cláusulas ADR. Contudo, há que verificar que efeitos seriam gerados aos métodos adjudicatórios pela não realização de um método consensual precedente. Os métodos de solução de controvérsias poderiam ser encarados como pressupostos processuais, condições da ação ou questões prévias, promovendo diferentes resultados em um processo judicial ou arbitral. Há que se buscar a solução que melhor se adequar a um contexto de solução de controvérsias. Desta feita, os MASCs devem ser colocados como hipóteses suspensão dos processos arbitral ou judicial, suspensão essa que deve durar até a realização do referido método acordado anteriormente, garantindo-se a sua eficácia. No tocante a este ponto, o Estado tem um relevante papel político e legislativo de modo a incentivar a utilização de tais métodos e garantir-lhes a eficácia. Além disso, a parte que se furtar está sujeita a consequências contratuais que podem ser previstas, tais como a imposição de multas e cláusulas penais. Vislumbram-se também hipóteses de perda de uma chance, com o agravamento do litígio e prejuízos que podem advir do tolhimento da chance de um método de solução de controvérsias produzir um resultado. De qualquer modo, aquele que pretendia utilizar o método, para se valer dessas possíveis indenizações, tem o dever de mitigar o próprio dano como resultado da mesma cláusula geral de boa-fé que, ao reverso, obrigou o ex-adverso a utilizar o método e foi violada. Pode-se pensar nesse contexto, ainda, a possibilidade de métodos alternativos de solução de controvérsias serem estabelecidos por meio de cláusulas que prevejam a venda de excussão entre as partes ou mesmo medidas corporativas, tais como ocorrem na BM&F Bovespa, apenas de acordo com a manifestação de vontade das partes de adesão ao referido sistema, sendo uma prova da força e extensão do vínculo surgido de uma estipulação de solução de controvérsias, ainda que consensual. Há, de qualquer modo, uma execução por transformação em que a manifestação de vontade apresentada pelas partes pode ser efetivada pelo magistrado permitindo a utilização dos métodos de solução de controvérsias a partir do momento em que ocorreu a adesão das partes. Por fim, a confidencialidade que pode ser aplicada aos métodos de solução de controvérsias tem natureza contratual, não interferindo na eficácia das cláusulas ADR. This study examines the stipulations aimed to establishing alternative settled mechanism responsible for materializing the will of the parties to resolve their disputes through alternative or appropriate dispute settlement with a relevant role in the materialization of the social scope of the process. There is a clear dichotomy between the called consensual methods of dispute resolution in which the participation of the parties will lead to the solution and the conformation of the dispute and, on the other hand, the called adjudicatory methods in which an impartial third party will be chosen by parties or in accordance with mechanisms established by them and will be responsible for resolving the dispute. There are also mixed or combined methods, which contains elements of the primary methods, namely, negotiation, conciliation, mediation and arbitration. Differences between these categories of methods of dispute settlement shall be analyzed, even if there is any difference with respect the binding feature of those methods and, with great importance, so that consensual methods can interfere in the emergence and development of adjudicatory methods. In relation to binding adjudicatory methods of dispute settlement, the most important reference in Brazil is Arbitration. Its Law is responsible for it succed as a method of dispute resolution in the Brazil, specially for ten. changes to their binding feature and enforcement of its result, now recognized as a sentence. The legal basis of such clauses is private law and are based on well-known institutions: transaction and commitment that are a contractual legal categorie after the Civil Code. From the standpoint of using, these legal instruments are vehicles and are expected to use different techniques. The first rendition is based on planning for conflict resolution that can be made by the parties and their lawyers and a second which is based on caseflow and case management, in which the judiciary takes over the role to coordinate and implement these methods. The relationship between the methods of dispute settlement became dynamic when individual methods of dispute settlement are combined to a given question. These are the called staggered terms which seeks to track the escalation of litigation that may arise in a particular legal issue, combining both consensual and adjudicatory dispute resolution methods. In any event, in accordance with the terms of the arts. 158 and 466-B of the Civil Procedure Code that can similarly be compared with the arts. 4o and 7o of the Arbitration Act, there is the share of binding feature of the method of dispute resolution chosen. Question very stormy is the interrelationship of the insertion of dispute resolution methods, especially consensual and adjudicatory methodse. In this aspect, a method is agreed, the parties have to do it before the search for an adjudicatory method. This is the negative effect of ADR clauses. However, there it is found that the effects would be generated by methods Adjudicative not performing a method consesual precedent. The methods of dispute settlement may be seen as procedural requisites, conditions of action or issues prior action by promoting different results in a lawsuit or arbitration. We must seek the solution that best fits the context of a multi door dispute settlement. The conclusion is that the ADR methods should be placed as hypotheses of suspension for arbitration or judicial processes. That suspension should last until the completion of this method previously agreed, assuring its effectiveness. Concerning this point, the State has an important political and legislative role in order to encourage the use of such methods and guarantee their effectiveness. In addition, the part that is subject to evade contractual consequences that can be provided such as the imposition of fines and penalty clauses. In case of ADR clauses breach the lost of a chance theory shall applyo, with increased litigation and damages that may arise from the chance of stunting a method of dispute resolution to produce a result. Anyway, who intended to use the breach of the other party to take advantage of possible damages, has the duty to mitigate the loss itself as a result of the same general clause on good faith that, in reverse, enforces the former adverse to using the method and was violated. One might think in this context also the possibility of alternative methods of dispute settlement be established by means of clauses providing for the sale of excussion between the parties or even intracorporis issues such as occur in the BM&F Bovespa, only in accordance with the manifestation the will of the parties to accede to such a system, a testament to the strength and extent of the relationship arising from a stipulation of settlement of disputes, even if consensual. The intetion to use an alternative dispute resolution shall be given by the partíreis but in case of breach of this obligation the interested party can obtain an mandatory decision by the Judge indicating that the other party must attend the dispute resolution method. Finally, the confidentiality that can be applied to methods of dispute settlement is contractual in nature, not interfering with the enforcement of ADR clauses.
Keywords: ADR; Civil Procedure; Conciliação (processo civil); Direito processual civil; Dispute Resolution; Enforceability; Multidoor; Solução de conflito; Transação; Tutela jurisdicional

O dever de informar e sua aplicação ao contrato de seguro - Souza, Thelma de Mesquita Garcia e (Universidade de São Paulo, 2012)
Este estudo trata da informação que permeia os contratos e de sua aplicação ao contrato de seguro, da perspectiva do Direito e da Economia, ciências sociais que se complementam, porque aplicadas à mesma realidade, que será mais fielmente retratada se analisada sob ângulos diferentes, mas correlatos. Perquirindo a função da informação no contrato, constata que, se concernente a elemento essencial deste, a ele adere, passando a integrá-lo, o que determina sua importância nesse contexto e indica o regime jurídico que lhe deve ser aplicado. A investigação da distribuição da informação entre os contratantes e dos efeitos eventualmente nocivos da assimetria informacional, como o incentivo ao oportunismo, o aumento dos custos de transação e a obtenção de ganhos indevidos do contrato, induz à discussão dos critérios orientadores da disciplina jurídica da informação no âmbito contratual. A despeito da utilidade dos padrões para disciplinar condutas não alcançadas pelas regras, este estudo aponta que a boa-fé, em razão de suas idiossincrasias, não é padrão eficiente para reger a informação nos contratos, devendo ficar relegada à função residual. A aplicação do dever de informar com o objetivo de impor às partes transparência e veracidade conferiria mais objetividade e operacionalidade ao regime da informação nos contratos. Mas, a despeito da questionável eficiência da boa-fé como indutora da troca de informações entre as partes, foi o padrão de conduta escolhido pelo sistema jurídico para balizar a interação dos contratantes. Devido às peculiaridades do contrato de seguro, e à nocividade dos efeitos da assimetria informacional neste contexto, exige-se dos contratantes a máxima boa-fé. Se a regra é a máxima transparência e a absoluta veracidade, deverá ser restritiva a interpretação de eventuais exceções. Como a informação se prende ao cerne da operação econômica subjacente, afetando o cálculo do risco e a fixação do prêmio, e consequentemente, a mutualidade, diz respeito à função e à finalidade do instituto. Por isso, a interpretação condescendente de eventuais omissões ou distorções de informação relevante afrontaria o princípio da máxima boa-fé, que não pode ser mitigado, sob pena de comprometer o equilíbrio do contrato e afetar sua finalidade sócio-econômica. O estudo demonstrou a inadequação do tratamento da informação em relação ao substrato econômico do contrato de seguro, especialmente no que concerne à exigência de comprovação da má-fé nas omissões e distorções da verdade pelo segurado. Criticou também a aplicação dogmática da presunção da boa-fé, que reverte ao segurador o ônus da prova da má-fé do segurado, anulando o efeito sancionador da imposição do dever de informar. The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the importance of information in contract law, the disclosure duties and its application to insurance contracts, from legal and economic perspectives. Since Law and Economics are social sciences applied to the same environment and are mutually complementary, this bifocal approach leads to a more accurate portrait of reality seen from different but correlated points of view. The analysis of the role of information reveals that if it concerns the contract essential element, it becomes part of it and determines the legal rules that should be applied to it. The inquiry of information distribution patterns shows that it can eventually bring about detrimental effects which induce the discussion of the criteria underlying the legal regime of information in contract law. Asymmetric information can be harmful if it encourages opportunism, increases transaction costs and grants one party undue gains from the contract. In spite of the usefulness of standards to regulate conducts not reached by rules, this study shows that good faith, due to its idiosyncrasies, is not an efficient standard to govern information in contracts. Thus, it should be assigned a residual function. The application of the duty to inform with the purpose of imposing full disclosure and accuracy to the parties ensures more objectivity to the information regime in contracts. However, good faith was the standard chosen by the legal system to rule the parties interaction, despite its recognized inefficiency to induce information exchange among agents. Due to the particular features of the insurance contract, and to the harmful effects of informational asymmetry in this context, law imposes the parties a higher standard of good faith. If the legal standard is the utmost good faith, eventual exceptions to this pattern should be restrictively interpreted. Since information is connected with the economic mechanism of the insurance contract because it affects risk and premium evaluation, it is strictly related to the function and purpose of the contract. Therefore, condescending interpretation of nondisclosure, misrepresentation and fraud would violate the principle of utmost good faith. Its mitigation will affect the contract balance and its economic and social purposes. This dissertation demonstrates the inadequacy of the information legal regime, especially regarding the requirement of proving bad faith related to nondisclosure, misrepresentation or fraud. It also criticizes the dogmatic application of the presumption of good faith that lays upon the insurer the burden of proving bad faith of the insureds conduct, nullifying the sanctioning effect of the imposition of the duty to inform.
Keywords: Boa-fé; Contrato de seguro; Direito comercial; Duty to inform; Externalities; Information; Information asymmetry; Insurance contract; Insurance pool; Opportunism; Risk; Transaction costs; Uncertainty; Utmost good faith

Le cadre juridique des investissements miniers et pétroliers chinois en Afrique : instruments pour une lex mercatoria sino-africaine - Youmbi Fasseu, Frédérique (Université de Montréal, 2012)
L’intérêt principal de l’analyse du cadre des investissements miniers et pétroliers chinois en Afrique est la détermination du chantier juridique résultant de la cohabitation de deux cultures juridiques en vue de l’émergence d’une lex mercatoria dans les investissements sino-africains. Elle comprend deux parties principales. D’abord, l’étude se penche sur l’origine des fonds chinois investis sur le continent africain qui sont les fonds souverains. La problématique des fonds souverains est celle de savoir s’il s’agit d’instruments politiques ou financiers. Néanmoins, cette inquiétude ne freine pas la force opérationnelle grandissante des fonds souverains chinois sur le continent africain. Rentrant dans l’encadrement et le contenu du contrat proprement dit, l’analyse des figures contractuelles usitées dans l’industrie pétrolière et minière sino-africaine séparément dans les contextes chinois et africains révèle l’inadéquation des contrats et de la législation africaine aux besoins économiques et technologiques du continent. En outre, l’examen particulier des clauses de choix de la loi applicable et de règlement des différends dans les contextes chinois et africain permet de soulever quelques options possibles pour le contexte sino-africain. Ensuite, l’analyse se penche sur les mécanismes mis en place pour favoriser les investissements chinois miniers et pétroliers sur le continent africain avant de relever les conséquences dans les domaines sociaux et environnementaux desdits investissements. Il ressort donc que des avantages fiscaux et douaniers sont mis en place en faveur des investissements chinois en Afrique ainsi que des traités bilatéraux signés entre la Chine et de nombreux pays africains. Cependant, sur le plan social, l’on s’interroge sur la place accordée à la lutte contre la corruption et la promotion de la transparence dans l’industrie extractive africaine avec ses relations avec la Chine. L’on constate également que l’absence de transfert de technologie influe négativement sur le développement économique et technologique, la concurrence et l’emploi local du pays hôte. De même, la protection de l’environnement dans le contexte sino-africain semble être reléguée au dernier plan. L’environnement africain court donc le risque de connaître une crise comme celle de la chine causée par l’industrialisation du pays. La société civile nous apparaît donc au regard de ces effets peu glorieux des investissements chinois en Afrique dans les domaines miniers et pétroliers comme une troisième partie de cette relation qui devra être la médiatrice ou régulatrice entre les deux autres. The main objective of this analysis is to determine the juridical patterns of the Chinese and African legal cultures cohabitations, in order to pursue a Chinese-African lex mercatoria. The survey of Chinese mines and oil investments in Africa will be done in two principal parts. First, the study goes over the origin of the Chinese funds invested in Africa. Sovereign wealth funds in general causes questioning concerning their real purpose: are they financial or political instruments? Nevertheless, it is still obvious that this questioning does not stop Chinese sovereign wealth funds to continue to expand all over Africa. Also, going into the contracts and the legislation itself, the analysis of the contractual figures used in the mining and oil extractive industry individually in the Chinese and African context reveals the African contracts and legislation is not adequate to the continent’s economical and technological needs. Continuing into the particular analysis of the applicable law and the arbitration clauses in the Chinese and African context individually, it was possible to outpoint some options to the Chinese-African context. Secondly, the survey points out the mechanisms enabling Chinese investment into Africa and the consequences of these investments in the economical, social and environmental context. It was then pointed out that fiscal and customs mechanisms and also bilateral investment treaties signed in between China and numerous African countries favors Chinese investments in Africa. Still, the main social impact reveals some interrogations concerning the fight against corruption and promotion of transparency in Africa. Is the Chinese partnership considerate of this aspect? Moreover, the lack of technology transfer gets to negatively influence local competition and employment as well as economical and technological development. Also, environmental protection in the Chinese-African context seems to me sent far behind. Therefore, the African environment risks to face an environmental crisis just like China did because of the country’s industrialization. Civil society here, considering these less attractive impacts of Chinese investment in oil and mining sectors in Africa, appears to be a very useful third party with the role of mediation and regulation between the two others.
Keywords: China-Africa; Chine-Afrique; Fonds souverains; Investissements; Investments; Joint-venture; Lex mercatoria; Sovereign wealth fund

Financial liberalisation and economic growth in ECOWAS countries - Owusu, Erasmus Larbi (University of South Africa, 2012)
The thesis examines the comprehensive relationship between all aspects of financial liberalisation and economic growth in three countries from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Employing ARDL bounds test approach and real GDP per capita as growth indicator; the thesis finds support in favour of the McKinnon-Shaw hypothesis but also finds that the increases in the subsequent savings and investments have not been transmitted into economic growth in two of the studied countries. Moreover, the thesis also finds that stock market developments have negligible or negative impact on economic growth in two of the selected countries. The thesis concludes that in most cases, it is not financial liberalisation polices that affect economic growth in the selected ECOWAS countries, but rather increase in the productivity of labour, increase in the credit to the private sector, increase in foreign direct investments, increase in the capital stock and increase in government expenditure contrary to expectations. Interestingly, the thesis also finds that export has only negative effect on economic growth in all the selected ECOWAS countries. The thesis therefore, recommends that long-term export diversification programmes be implemented in the ECOWAS regions whilst further investigation is carried on the issue.
Keywords: ARDL-Bounds testing approach; Capital accounts liberalisation; Co-integration; ECOWAS; Economic Community of West African States; Economic growth; Economic stablization; Financial crises; Financial liberalisation; Ghana; Interest rates liberalisation; Ivory Coast; Monetary Policy; Nigeria; Stock market developments

Le licenciement pour motif personnel en France et au Sénégal : étude de droit comparé - N'doye, N'deye (Université de Strasbourg, 2012)
Le licenciement pour motif personnel, à la différence du licenciement pour motif économique, est intimement lié à la personne du salarié. Il constitue une notion essentielle en droit du travail, qu'on retrouve dans la plupart des États au monde, mais souvent, sous une terminologie différente. Face à ce constat, on serait tenté de se demander si laréglementation du licenciement pour motif personnel est réellement variable d'un pays à un autre. La réponse à cette question suppose une analyse comparée des législations de certains États. À ce titre, seuls la France et le Sénégal, deux États qui sont par ailleurs fortement liés par l'histoire, ont retenu notre attention. L'étude du droit du licenciement pour motif personnel en France et au Sénégal laisse entrevoir à la fois des similitudes et des divergences. Cette situation se justifierait d'ailleurs à plus d'un titre. En effet, parce que la France a constitué la puissance colonisatrice du Sénégal de 1854 jusqu'en 1960, le droit français a largement influencé le droit sénégalais et ce, depuis belle lurette. Mais, on ne peut s'empêcher de constater que cet impact a tendance à s'amenuiser de plus en plus. En effet, il apparait qu'à un moment donné, le législateur sénégalais a pris conscience du fait que l'idéal serait, non pas de mettre en place un droit du travail qui serait en grande partie calqué sur le droit de son ancienne puissance colonisatrice, mais plutôt d'élaborer un droit qui prendrait en compte les spécificités locales et les réalités nationales. Cette volonté du législateur est d'ailleurs visible aussi bien à travers l'ancien Code du travail sénégalais de 1961 qu'au niveau du nouveau Code de 1997. Le législateur de l'OHADA, de son coté, a su quelque peu freiner cette tendance. Une analyse minutieuse des dispositions de l'avant-projet d'acte uniforme portant sur le droit du travail laisse supposer un réel rapprochement avec le droit français actuel. Notre étude constitue donc l'occasion d'analyser cette évolution originale. De façon plus précise, elle permet, non seulement de recenser et d'expliquer les divergences notées au sein des droits français et sénégalais, mais aussi de mettre en exergue les innovations apportées par l'avant-projet d'acte uniforme de l'OHADA portant sur le droit du travail. The redundancy for personal reason, unlike the redundancy for economic reason,is intimately linked to the person of the employee. It is an essential concept inlabor law, found in most states in the world but often under different terminology. ln front of this report, wc wouId be tried to wonder if the regulations of the redundancy for personal reason are really variable from a country to another.The answer to this question requires a comparative analysis of the laws of certain states. For this reason, only France and Senegal, two States which are, in addition, strongly bound by the history, held our attention. The study of the law of dismissal for personal reason in France and in Senegal suggests both similarities and differences. This is justified also in more ways. Indeed, because France constituted the colonizing power of Senegal from 1854 to1960, French law largely influenced Senegalese law. But today, it seems that this impact tends to fade more and more. Indeed, it appears that at sorne point, Senegalese legislators realized that the ideal would be not to establish a labor law that is largely modeled on the Law of its old colonizing power but rather to develop a law that takes into account local and national realities. This assertion is also visible both through the Senegalese former Labour Code of 1961 than at the new Code of 1997. The OHADA legislator, for his part, has curb this trend. Careful analysis of the provisions of the preliminary Uniform Act on employment law suggests a real reconciliation with current French law. Our study is therefore an opportunity to analyze this original evolution. In a more precise way, it constitutes the occasion to count and explain the divergences noted within the French and Senegalese laws, but also to put forward the innovations brought by the OHADA Law.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Conseils de prud'hommes; Droit comparé; Droit du travail; France; Labour law; Licenciement; OHADA; Redundancy; Senegal; Sénégal; Transaction; Études comparatives

Essai sur les fonctions de l'information en droit des instruments financiers - Chacornac, Jérôme (Université Paris 2, 2012)
L’information constitue l’élément ou l’enjeu de nombreuses règles juridiques en droit financier. Ces règles imposent des obligations d’information aux émetteurs, aux intermédiaires financiers et aux investisseurs. Elles sanctionnent en outre les abus de marché en ce qu’ils constituent des atteintes aux qualités de l’information, et encadrent l’élaboration des opinions émises par les analystes financiers et les agences de notation. Dans un ensemble aussi hétérogène de règles, l’information reçoit diverses qualifications juridiques. La cohérence en la matière provient de la nécessité d’informer l’ensemble des acteurs du risque inhérent aux instruments financiers. L’information peut être étudiée à partir de ses fonctions intellectuelles, comme savoir communicable permettant de connaître le risque attaché aux instruments financiers. Alors que certaines données permettent de décrire le risque d’investissement, d’autres en servent l’appréciation dans la durée en vue de la réalisation de prédictions. Le droit positif évolue ainsi en s’appuyant sur ces deux fonctions intellectuelles de l’information : sa fonction descriptive et sa fonction prédictive. Cette analyse permet de renforcer l’intelligibilité d’un dispositif en évolution constante, qui suppose l’articulation du droit des sociétés, du droit des contrats et du droit répressif. Le droit des instruments financiers peut ainsi faire l’objet d’une analyse ordonnée à partir de l’information comme exigence permettant la prise d’un risque d’investissement. Information constitutes the element or the stake of many a legal rule in financial Law. These rules dictate disclosure obligations to issuers, financial intermediaries and investors. Furthermore, they sanction market abuses, insofar as they undermine the qualities of the information, and provide a legal framework for the elaboration process of opinions voiced by financial analysts and credit rating agencies. In such a heterogeneous body of rules, diverse legal qualifications are applicable to information. The conistency of the discipline lies in the necessity to inform the participants of the risk inherent to financial instruments. From its intellectual functions, information can be studied as transmittable intelligence permitting a better understanding of the risk financial instruments entail. While some data allows for the description of the investment risk, other data enables its assesment over time in order to realize predictions. Substantive law evolves by drawing on the two intellectual functions of information: its descriptive function and its predictive function. This analysis helps to reinforce the intellegibility of constantly evolving legislation, which implies the joint study of company law, contract law and criminal business law. The law of financial instruments can thus be the subject of an analysis stemming from information as a requirement to the taking an investment risk.
Keywords: ABUS DE MARCHE; Agences de notation; Divulgation d'informations; Droit financier; Emetteurs; Fonction; Information financière; Instruments financiers; Obligation d'information; Prestataires de services d'investissement

Le facteur humain dans la mise en oeuvre de la sécurité et de la sûreté maritimes : analyse de l'inscription de la Tunisie dans l'ordonnancement juridique international - Ismaili, Syrine (Université Lille 2, 2012)
La fréquence des accidents en mer et l'ampleur des dégâts de certains d'entre eux permettent de s'interroger sur l'efficacité des mesures de sécurité et de sûreté maritimes. En parallèle, l'importante participation du facteur humain dans la survenance de ces accidents devient une réalité de plus en plus acceptée. Les conditions de vie et de travail des marins à bord des navires, l'effectif, la durée de travail... sont autant d'éléments déterminants dans la survenance de l'erreur humaine. Ce sont, par conséquent, autant d'éléments à considérer dans la prévention des accidents, sans pour autant les dissocier du système organisationnel global. Pourtant, à travers le monde, les mesures législatives prenant en considération ces éléments sont rares et souffrent d'une application partielle et d'un manque considérable de contrôle à l'occasion des différentes inspections maritimes. Même si cette constatation varie d'un État maritime à un autre, la Tunisie n'y déroge pas. Des lacunes en la matière existent aussi bien au niveau de l'adoption des lois, que de leur application effective ou du contrôle leur étant réservé. Il conviendra d'en déceler les causes et d'essayer de les combler.
Keywords: Conditions de travail; Conditions de vie et de travail à bord; Droit international privé; Droit maritime; Environment; Environnement; Living and working conditions; Marin (marine marchande); Maritime safety; Maritime security; Navigation – Accidents; Navigation – Mesures de sécurité; Sécurité maritime; Sûreté maritime; Transports maritimes; Tunisia; Tunisie

Le statut juridique du fonctionnaire international sous l'angle des fonctionnaires de l'Organisation des Nations Unies et des fonctionnaires des Comunautés européeenes : contribution à l'actualité de la notion de "fonctionnaire international" - Ouedraogo, Bawindsomde Patrick (Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 2012)
Conçu dans la période postérieure aux guerres révolutionnaires européennes, renforcé à la veille des relations internationales contemporaines, le fonctionnaire international, plus qu’un concept, témoigne de la dynamique qui est née et qui caractérise les relations interétatiques. Mieux appréhendé par leurs interactions dans de multiples arènes (économie, consultations, études, diplomatie, politique, actions de terrains), les fonctionnaires internationaux sont définis par un nouveau type d’organisations par le biais desquelles ils incarnent et réalisent leurs buts. Ils caractérisent ainsi tant les agents des organisations internationales dites “traditionnelles” (Société des Nations, Organisation des Nations Unies, Organisation du Traité de l’Atlantique Nord, Union Africaine, Conseil de l’Europe) que celles “spécifiques” (Union Européenne, Communauté Economique des Etats d’Afrique de l’Ouest, La Communauté Andine des Nations, le Marché du Cône Sud). De cette situation, le concept unique de fonctionnaire international a évidemment émergé par la systématisation de plusieurs auteurs. Il ne pouvait en être autrement, ce par la convergence des statuts juridiques (en matière de règles relatives au recrutement, de privilèges et d’immunités fonctionnels, droits acquis) de ceux qu’on considère comme les piliers de l’organisation, notamment les agents de l’Union européenne et ceux de l’Organisation des Nations Unies. Toutefois, malgré cette première évidence, il est certain, et l’analyse comparative à laquelle cette étude s’élit en fournit les clefs, que le concept de fonctionnaire international unique ne soit pas approprié pour les agents que nous considérons archétypes de deux types d’organisations mues par des finalités complémentaires certes mais divergentes à plus d’un titre. A ces fins, l’étude de l’insertion institutionnelle des fonctionnaires et la loyauté, somme toute, cardinale qui en découle définitivement écarte toute prétention d’unité des fonctionnaires par l’érection d’un fonctionnaire extraétatique qui serait ce concept unifiant ces agents des gouvernants spéciaux. Created after the european revolutionary wars and reinforced in the run up of the contemporary international relations, the international civil servant more than a concept, testifies of dynamics that generated and which characterizes interstates relations. International civil servants are defined through new types of organizations they embody and through which they achieve their purposes. The different arenas in which they interact (economics, consultancies, studies, diplomacy, politics, and field actions) underline their function. They therefore represent both the agents of international organizations known as "traditional" (League of Nations, United Nations Organization, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, African Union, Council of Europe) as well as those of the “specific" ones (European Union, Economic Community of West African States, Andean Community of Nations, Common Market of Southern Cone). From this situation a single concept for the international civil servant as emerged through the systemization of several authors. It could not be any other way, because of the similarities in the legal status (relating to recruitment rules, functional privileges and immunities, acquired rights) of those considered as the pillars of the organizations, in particular between the European Union and the United Nations Organization’s agents. However, despite this first conclusion, the present study obviously shows through a comparative analysis that a single (common) concept of the international civil servant is not appropriated for the agents we considere as archetypes of two types of organizations driven by purposes that are complementary but different for more than one reason. For those purposes, the study of the institutional insertion of the civil servants and the loyalty that derives from it definitely eliminates the theory of a single concept for civil servants through the institution of an extrastate civil servant, a concept meant to unify these special rulers’ agents.
Keywords: Acquired rights; Analyse institutionnelle; Comparative law; Concept; Condition juridique; Contract; Contrat; Creative role of the judges; Droit comparé; Droits acquis; Extrastate civil servant; Fonctionnaire extratétatique; Fonctionnaire international; Fonctionnaires des Nations Unies; Fonctionnaires européens; Fonctionnaires internationaux; Immunités et privilèges; Institutional analysis; International civil servants; Legal status; Loyalty; Loyauté; Organisations internationales; Pouvoir prétorien des juges; Privileges and immunities; Privilèges et immunités; Statut; Statutes

La nationalité des sociétés en droit français - Bouderhem, Rabaï (Université de Bourgogne, 2012)
Le développement des relations économiques internationales et la construction d’un espace européen intégré tant d’un point de vue économique que politique a relancé le débat sur la nationalité des sociétés. La question n’est pas tant de savoir si les sociétés commerciales disposent d’une nationalité au même titre que les personnes physiques – les solutions en la matière sont depuis longtemps acceptées par la doctrine et la jurisprudence internationales – mais plutôt de déterminer comment cette notion a évolué et s’adapte aux contraintes d’une part, d’une économie de marché mondialisée et d’autre part, du droit de l’Union européenne qui bouleverse les solutions traditionnellement admises en matière de nationalité des sociétés dans les droits internes des Etats membres. Ainsi, les critères de rattachement juridique d’une société à un Etat déterminés par les règles de droit international privé de chaque Etat s’orientent inéluctablement vers le critère anglo-saxon de l’incorporation. L’apparition de nouvelles personnes morales de droit de l’UE comme la Société européenne (SE) ou la future Société privée européenne (SPE) posent également la question de la nationalité et de la loi applicable à ce type de groupement européen. Il en est de même s’agissant des groupes de sociétés dont une réglementation de leurs activités pourrait être relancée dans le cadre du droit de l’UE.
Keywords: Conflicts of jurisdictions; Conflicts of law; Conflit de juridictions; Conflits de juridictions; Conflits de lois; Control criterion; Cross-border transfer of company seats; Droit européen; Droit international et droit interne; Enjoyment of rights; European Union law; Freedom of establishment; Fusion; Group of companies; Head office; Incorporation; Law shopping; Legal connection; Lex societatis; Liberté d’établissement; Merger; Mobility; Nationality; Nationalité; Rattachement juridique; Recognition of foreign companies; Reconnaissance des sociétés étrangères; Sociétés; Sociétés (nationalité); Statutory office; Subsidiaries; Transfert international de siège; Union européenne (droit); Économie de marché

La répartition des compétences entre la loi et le réglement en droit fiscal sénégalais - Kebe, Abdou Aziz Daba (Université Cheikh Anta Diop, 2012)
Keywords: Compétence; Droit fiscal; Sénégal

La société unipersonnelle - Shyyab, Fuad (Université de Grenoble, 2012)
La présente contribution a pour objet d'effectuer une analyse critique de la société unipersonnelle. Une approche conceptuelle démontre qu'une théorie unitaire et cohérente de la notion de société suppose de réserver celle-ci à l'idée d'association entre deux ou plusieurs personnes. De même, en mettant l'accent sur l'utilité de la personnalité morale, celle-ci devrait être réservée aux groupements dotés d'un intérêt collectif. Dans la réalité, la société unipersonnelle n'est qu'une appellation légale consistant à introduire le patrimoine d'affectation d'une seule personne et cela sans fournir des justifications juridiques ou économiques validant sa responsabilité limitée. En outre, la société unipersonnelle n'est pas dépourvue de certaines conséquences négatives pour celui que l'on entend protéger, l'associé unique, alors qu'elle se révèle généralement peu efficace. La société unipersonnelle doit surtout être dénoncée comme une institution entraînant un divorce entre le droit et les faits. The present contribution is to carry out a critical study of single-member limited liability Company (Sole Proprietorship Company). A conceptual approach shows that a unitarian and coherent theory of the notion of société [company] suggests to reserve it to the idea of association between two or several persons. Also, focusing on the usefulness of the legal personality, it should be reserved for groups endowed with a collective interest. In the reality, the SMC (single-member Company) is a legal denomination consisting in introducing a special purpose patrimony (autonomous patrimony by appropriation) for a single person while the legal and economics bases of limited liability are not satisfied. Moreover, the SMC is not without certain negative consequences for the one that we intend to protect, the only partner (the sole owner), while it is generally proves irrelevant. Especially, the SMC must be denounced as an institution entailing a divorce between law and practice.
Keywords: Engagement unilatéral; Entreprise individuelle; France; Individual enterprise; Legal personality; Limited liability of Company; Notion de société; Notion of company; Patrimoine d'affectation; Personnalité morale; Responsabilité limitée; Sociétés unipersonnelles; Special purpose patrimony (autonomous patrimony by appropriation); Unilateral commitment

Le mythe de la souveraineté en droit international : la souveraineté des Etats à l'épreuve des mutations de l'ordre juridique international. - Bal, Lider (Université de Strasbourg, 2012)
La notion de souveraineté est souvent analysée, interprétée et critiquée sous un angle purement individualiste, comme appartenant à l'État. Toutefois, en raison de la pluralité des États qui caractérise le droit international, la souveraineté est une notion nécessairement pluraliste. L'analyse de la structure normative et institutionnelle de l'ordre juridique international montre effectivement que la souveraineté appartient à l'ensemble des États et signifie et assure leur statut privilégié dans cet ordre juridique. Dès lors, la souveraineté devient une qualité pour justifier les privilèges et les exclusivités des États par rapport aux autres entités de la scène internationale: tout dérive des États et tout doit nécessairement et obligatoirement passer par les États. Cependant, il existe un certain nombre de phénomènes qui affectent cette configuration état-centrique de l'ordre juridique international. Il s'agit notamment des phénomènes dits de la mondialisation qui font fi des divisions spatiales fondées sur l'organisation politique des États. Dans ce processus de mondialisation qui rend floues et in effectives les frontières étatiques, le rôle des États se trouve de plus en plus affaibli et remis en question. L'émergence de nouveaux acteurs représentatifs et des normativités alternatives est la manifestationde cette évolution qui va dans le sens d'un dépassement de la conception état-centrique du droit international et, par conséquent, d'une remise en question de la souveraineté des États.
Keywords: Communautés européennes; Droit international; European union; Globalization; International jurisdiction; International law; International norm; International organization; Intégration normative; Juridiction (droit international); Juridiction internationale; Legal pluralism; Mondialisation; NGO; Normative integration; Norme internationale; ONG; Organisation internationale; Organisations non gouvernementales; Pluralisme juridique; Responsabilité (droit international); Souveraineté; Sovereignty; State; Union européenne; État

Pratiques anticoncurrentielles et droit d'auteur - Beaudoin, Guillaume (Université Paris 10, 2012)
De tous les droits de propriété intellectuelle, le droit d’auteur était celui qui semblait le plus éloigné des préoccupations économiques des autorités de concurrence. Conçu à l’origine dans un souci de protection de la création littéraire et artistique, il apparaît aujourd’hui davantage comme un outil de puissance économique tourné vers la protection de l’investissement et, plus généralement, un vecteur de l’activité économique. C’est à ce titre que l’application des règles de concurrence à des pratiques mettant en cause l’exercice ou la gestion de droits d’auteur est désormais considérée comme incontournable. Cette application se doit cependant d’être mesurée. Elle bouscule parfois les principes de la propriété littéraire et artistique et conduit à s’interroger sur une définition plus appropriée des contours de la protection offerte par le droit d’auteur. En outre, la remise en cause, au nom du principe de libre concurrence, de pratiques par ailleurs conformes aux règles du droit d’auteur, n’est pas sans risque. Elle contribue à modeler les contours du droit d’auteur selon une conception propre au droit de la concurrence et peut tendre, parfois, vers un amenuisement des prérogatives des titulaires de droits ou un affaiblissement du niveau de leur protection. À terme, la création pourrait s’en trouver menacée. Il convient donc de rechercher, en toute hypothèse, un équilibre permettant de satisfaire aussi bien à l’exigence de concurrence sur les marchés qu’à l’impératif d’efficacité de la protection du droit d’auteur.
Keywords: Abus de position dominante; Abuse of a dominant position; Antitrust law; Competencia; Competition law; Concurrence; Concurrence (droit); Copyright-related rights; Droit d'auteur; Droits voisins; Ententes; Essential facilities; Intellectual property; Licences exclusives; Literary and artistic property; Pratiques anticoncurrentielles; Propriedade intelectual; Propriété intellectuelle; Propriété littéraire et artistique; Restrictions

La contribution des parties prenantes à l'intégration de normes environnementales en droit maritime - Citores, Antidia (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)
Le transport maritime a connu, ces trente dernières années, une forte croissance qui a des conséquences sur le milieu marin sensible aux pollutions. Le droit maritime s'inscrit généralement dans une démarche attentiste construite en réaction aux catastrophes écologiques successives, et liée à la nécessaire conciliation des intérêts économiques des armateurs et de l'urgence des enjeux environnementaux. Le poids économique du transport maritime influe fortement sur les schémas décisionnels des Etats qui, dans leur triple fonction d'Etat côtier, Etat du port et/ou Etat du pavillon, sont souvent amenés à construire des régimes de complaisance en matières fiscale, économique, sociale et environnementale. Des mesures pourraient être proposées pour établir un équilibre au sein de l'OMI, et restaurer un lien substantiel et transparent entre les Etats, les flottes et les armateurs. De fait, le droit maritime moderne laisse place à d'autres acteurs qui interviennent dans les modes de gouvernance présidant à l'édiction et l'application du droit, notamment à travers les outils du lobbying. L'ouverture plus large du processus normatif et des voies de sanction/réparation à l'ensemble des parties prenantes pourrait garantir une meilleure intégration de la norme environnementale dans le droit du transport maritime. Si le dialogue avec les collectivités locales est rendu complexe par leur statut, à la fois victimes, acteurs et entraves au droit, la place accrue des ONG, aujourd'hui limitée dans le cadre juridictionnel international, serait le gage de la réalisation de ces objectifs, et notamment d'une meilleure effectivité du droit.
Keywords: Action contentieuse; Collectivités locales; Droit de l’environnement (droit international); Droit international; Droit maritime; Environmental Law; Environnement; Etat; International Law; Legal action; Lobbying; Local authorities; Marine Pollution; Maritime Law; Non-Governmental Organization; Organisation Non Gouvernementales; Organisation maritime internationale; Organisations non gouvernementales – Environnement; Pollution marine; Shipping; State; Transport maritime

Le droit maritime et l'épreuve de ses sources - Bernard, Bleunvenn (Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 2012)
L’énoncé du sujet fixe le champ de la réflexion mais envisage aussi les principaux défis que cette réflexion devra prendre en compte. Le droit maritime : un champ fort étendu que l’orthodoxie universitaire (en dépit des entremêlements qu’impose assez souvent la pratique sur le terrain) distingue au sein des «questions juridiques portant sur l’univers océanique 1 », en le situant, dans la sphère du droit privé, comme étant «l’ensemble des règles juridiques spécifiques directement applicables aux activités que la mer détermine 2». Ce problème du champ reste au demeurant complexe. L’épreuve des sources. Les sources du droit maritime ont certes des particularités qui devront apparaître au fil de la réflexion mais c’est l’ensemble des sources du droit qui sont « mises à l’épreuve », aujourd’hui, par les profondes mutations du monde. D’où l’intérêt d’un préambule introductif pour établir des repères. Qu’est-ce que le droit? Une notion toute intuitive et spontanée mais qui pourtant divise les doctes. Une réalité diverse à l’échelle du monde et défiant le travail exhaustif de la définition, très cloisonnée mais par des cloisons mal étanches. Que sont les sources du droit ? La fons juris de Cicéron c’est une fontaine de droit, la réserve de droit formé (loi, coutume…) ; le dépôt disponible, un « mode d’expression » du droit. Ce n’est pas une origine du droit ni quelque force antérieure au droit formé : ce que l’évolution du mot source en langage usuel conduirait à suggérer par erreur. Une liste est alors adoptée dans un ordre que nuancera peu à peu la rencontre avec le droit maritime. Situées dans cette optique, les sources du droit maritime ont pour ancienne originalité d’être des sources lointaines, appartenant à l’internationalité de la mer. Le précédent schéma des sources en est pourtant conforté même si des interférences apparaissent entre les sources que l’on distingue, même si l’internationalité spontanée des origines a du mal à trouver son chemin dans l’affairisme mondialisé d’aujourd’hui. L’Européanisation des sources (et l’Union européenne n’étant donc pas une source du droit mais se donnant autorité sur les sources) est un élément décisif. Si la Communauté européenne fut au début timide à l’endroit du droit maritime, on en est aujourd’hui loin : l’Union européenne défiant parfois sur ce terrain-là les organismes spécialisés des Nations Unies. Sur le plan des sources, l’Union Européenne officialise le « droit souple » et bouleverse les hiérarchies : la simple jurisprudence de la Cour de Justice de l’Union Européenne ayant préséance sur les lois nationales. De quoi retoucher, déjà, l’originel schéma des sources. S’impose un large diagnostic, au terme des bouleversements du monde et du rôle de l’Union européenne: les sources du droit maritime sont troublées. Troublées par de fortes rivalités. La loi, du fait de ses insuffisances à l’échelle internationale, est confrontée aux pratiques normatives de plus en plus nombreuses des acteurs privés du droit maritime. A côté de la jurisprudence publique une jurisprudence arbitrale apparaît, qui se développe en tant que source du droit. Puis à côté de ce que l’on regardera comme un simple désordre des sources, apparaissent, au sein même de la source légale, des conflits entre conventions internationales. Face à ce diagnostic, les efforts thérapeutiques de la communauté maritime sont nombreux: la démarche thérapeutique s’effectuant au plan national autant que supranational. Mais en définitive le droit maritime affecté par l’épreuve de ses sources ne retrouvera sa stabilité et son harmonie qu’au prix d’un effort collectif visant à lui conserver son internationalité, son identité. La conclusion de la réflexion se propose, entre autres, de répartir les sources rencontrées dans les catégories d’un vocabulaire actuel, appelant aussi – mais il ne s’agit évidemment pas d’une autre « source » - un rapprochement entre la morale et le droit.
Keywords: Conflit des sources; Droit maritime; Droit maritime (sources); Mer (droit); Sources du droit

Les prestations financières en ligne - Bayssa, Fatima Zahra Boulaich (Université Paris 1, 2012)
A l'instar des autres secteurs du droit, le secteur financier a incontestablement subi de profondes transformations dues à l'évolution profonde et rapide des nouvelles technologies au cours de ces dernières décennies. L'activité bancaire et financière s'est fortement dématérialisée, et s'est trouvée facilitée, avec le recours grandissant à Internet qui est devenu le nouveau canal de commercialisation des services financiers. Le site Internet, support de cette commercialisation a permis, aussi bien la conclusion du contrat en ligne, que le règlement des conflits qui peuvent en découler, grâce à l'intervention des législateurs européen et français. Tout nouveau est désormais le cadre dans lequel s'inscrit l'offre des services financiers en ligne. Cette offre nouvelle a réussi à gagner, puis à renforcer la confiance des consommateurs, grâce à un dispositif sécuritaire efficace, parfaitement adapté au contexte électronique qui sécurise le paiement en ligne. Une nouvelle évolution se dessine avec l’évolution de plus en plus massive des téléphones mobiles, dans la mesure où demeure garantie la protection des données personnelles numériques.
Keywords: Banque sur Internet; Consommateur; Consumers; Données personnelles; Financial services; France; Internet; Monnaie électronique; Online payment; Paiement en ligne; Personal data; Protection de l'information (informatique); Security; Services financiers; Sécurité

Responsabilité civile et contrôle de la société - Grosbois, Etienne (Université de Caen Basse Normandie, 2012)
Les sociétés, commerciales ou civiles, font l’objet d’un contrôle très important. L’analyse détaillée des fonctions respectives des différents organes sociaux démontre qu’en réalité le contrôle-direction et le contrôle-surveillance se rejoignent en une définition unitaire du contrôle. Cette définition s’applique à tous les intervenants dans la vie sociale et permet d’écarter de toute responsabilité du fait du contrôle les personnes qui ne sont titulaires que d’un simple droit à l’information. Si le contrôle doit être conçu comme une seule et même opération, la question se pose alors du bien-fondé de la multitude de régimes de responsabilité qui pèse sur les titulaires d’une mission de contrôle. L’étude des conditions et du régime de leur responsabilité permet de constater que, par delà les divergences de régime, les conditions de mise en jeu de cette dernière : la faute, le dommage et le lien de causalité sont identiques, quel que soit son fondement. Il est alors permis de critiquer les inégalités de régimes de responsabilité pesant sur les contrôlaires et les contrôleurs et de proposer un retour à une certaine cohérence par une révision, somme toute peu difficile, de la responsabilité du fait du contrôle
Keywords: Administrateurs de sociétés; Banques; Circuits de distribution; Competencia; Competition law; Concurrence; Contrôle; Corporate law; Droit des sociétés; Droit du travail; Entreprises en difficulté (droit); Labour law; Marché financier; Responsabilité civile

Board Structure, Ownership Concentration and Intellectual Capital - Zhang, Meiyi (Victoria University of Wellington, 2012)
This thesis investigates the influence of board structure and ownership concentration on the level and value relevance of intellectual capital disclosure. This thesis is motivated by the limited post-IFRSs (International Financial Reporting Standards) adoption intellectual capital disclosure studies carried out in a less stringent regulatory environment of New Zealand, and limited research addressing the determinants of the level and value relevance of intellectual capital disclosure. Based on an application of agency theory, cost-benefit theory and value relevance approach, this thesis argues that firm-specific factors are expected to have a significant impact on the level and value relevance of intellectual capital disclosure. Within the agency theory, board structure and ownership concentration mitigate agency costs by enhancing the monitoring function of the board over managers’ opportunistic behaviour, which consequently influence the level of intellectual capital disclosure. In addition, as New Zealand has less tough rules in relation to board structure and ownership concentration, it is expected that these relationships will be more easily identified in the New Zealand context. Second, as most of the intellectual capital disclosure is voluntary, this disclosure is subject to a firm’s cost-benefit analysis. Cost-benefit theory suggests that a firm should not fully disclose its information unless the benefits outweigh the costs of the disclosure. Therefore, the level of intellectual capital disclosure is also influenced by the factors that determine the costs and benefits of the disclosure. Finally, this thesis adopts the value relevance approach to measure the quality of the disclosure. It is expected that the factorsassociated with the level of the disclosure also influence the value relevance of the intellectual capital disclosure. This thesis is based on a sample of 155 firms listed on the New Zealand Exchange covering a total of 519 firm-years over the period between 1 January 2008 and 31 August 2011. A self-developed disclosure index and multiple regression analysis are employed to test the hypothesised relationships. Overall, the results indicate that the average level of intellectual capital disclosed by New Zealand listed firms is low and the human capital component is the most frequently disclosed intellectual capital component. The results provide strong evidence that board structure characteristics, including board size and independence, have a significant positive impact on the level of intellectual capital disclosure. There is strong evidence for a non-linear relationship between ownership concentration and the level of intellectual capital disclosure, which is robust to various types of intellectual capital (i.e. human, relational and structural capital). The results show marginal evidence that board gender diversity has a positive impact on the level of intellectual capital disclosure. In terms of the value relevance of intellectual capital disclosure, only board size has a positive impact on the value relevance of the intellectual capital disclosure. In the individual component analysis, board independence is found to have a significant positive impact on the value relevance of the human and relational capital disclosures. This thesis provides the most recent evidence on the influence of board structure and ownership concentration on the level and value relevance of intellectual capital disclosure in a less stringent regulatory environment of New Zealand. These findings have important implications to regulators, and assist information users in the interpretation of the voluntary intellectual capital disclosure.

La fraude en assurance maladie cas du marché togolais : Constats et approches de solutions - Adjelli, Koffivi Donate (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

la reforme de l'article 13 du code CIMA : Une aubaine pour le marché camerounais des assurances? - Anoukaha Kwemene, Danièle (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

L'application de l'article13 nouveau et la couverture des engagements réglementés : Cas du marché Burkinabe - Aoufouli, Banabam (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

A regulatory framework for the trans–boundary transportation of dangerous goods in Southern Africa : an environmental perspective - Ashukem, Jean-Claude Nkwanyuo (North-West University, 2012)
The goal of this dissertation is to analyse the extent to which the South African legal framework governing the trans-boundary transportation of dangerous goods, provides for the regulation of environmental aspects in terms of dangerous goods transportation. The dissertation examines the role of regional and sub-regional laws in this regard in an effort to ascertain whether there is sufficient legal certainty and harmonisation of laws for environmental regulation. No specific law currently exists in South Africa regarding the regulation of dangerous goods transportation, rather the regulation of dangerous goods is effected by a multiplicity of laws. This state of affairs illustrates the difficulty that exists and may be associated with the enforcement of the regulation of dangerous goods transportation. Despite this, the multiple laws vividly elucidate the fact that there is a considerable degree of environmental protection vis-a-vis dangerous goods transportation premised on the fact that all environmental impacts could never be avoided or eliminated, but can be reduced to an extent.

L'impact de la piraterie internationale sur le transport maritime - Aubert, Orianne (Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille 3, 2012)

Impact d'une gestion optimale des sinistrés sur l'amélioration de la performance d'une compagnie d'assurances IARDT : Etude à partir de colina Sénégal - Awa, Abdoulaye (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Les NVOCC - Azzi, Philippe (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

Responsabilité et indemnisation des dommages de pollution par hydrocarbures : étude comparative entre le régime de l'Organisation Maritime Internationale et le régime américain - Bayetti, Chloé (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

Les enjeux de la couverture des risques agricoles dans l'espace CIMA : Cas de la RCA - Beanam, Marien Jackson (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Le tribunal maritime commercial - Beilleau, Thomas (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

Responsabilidad de los administradores por pérdidas - Bernabéu Escalera, Francisco Javier (Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2012)
Trabajo fin Curso de Experto. Tutor: Salvador González Martín. El incumplimiento del deber de instar la disolución cuando se incurran en las causas para ello según la normativa mercantil vigente, y en concreto, cuando las pérdidas dejen reducido el patrimonio neto por debajo del capital social (artículo 363.1.d LSC), es sancionado por la jurisprudencia con la responsabilidad solidaria de los administradores que, debiendo convocar la celebración de la Junta General que acuerde la disolución o habiendo sido el acuerdo contrario a la misma, no lo haga o no inste la disolución judicial de la sociedad desde el momento en que se tiene conocimiento o debió conocerse la situación de disolución. Se trata de una responsabilidad ex lege y cuasi-objetiva que no exige de otro incumplimiento que la inactividad en la convocatoria de la Junta general. En los siguientes apartados se realiza un breve estudio sobre las obligaciones de los administradores, asociadas a su deber de diligencia e información, y la relación existente entre el incumplimiento de dichas obligaciones y la responsabilidad solidaria de éstos por las deudas generadas con posterioridad a la situación de disolución.Finalmente, se incorpora una propuesta de análisis preliminar y periódico de la situación de la sociedad que el administrador debe realizar y un planteamiento práctico de la intervención del perito contable en la acreditación de la situación de desequilibrio patrimonial.

L'autorité de régulation des activités ferroviaires - Bernt, Pierre (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

Les intégrations économiques régionales à l'ère de l'OMC : l'évolution de l'article XXIV - Bhouri, Houda (Université Laval, 2012)
L'article XXIV constitue le fondement et le cadre juridique des accords commerciaux régionaux (ACR) sur la base duquel sont examinés les accords notifiés à l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC). Cet article est comme une exception au principe de la nation la plus favorisée, clé de voûte du système commercial multilatéral. L'article XXIV s'est au cours du temps, avéré être une disposition ambiguë et fluctuante. Ses imprécisions ont donné lieu à des interprétations divergentes. Ceci a engendré des controverses entre les Membres de l'OMC qui, malgré les efforts, n'ont pas réussi à résoudre ses lacunes. L'ambiguïté des critères de l'article XXIV a été exploitée par les États donnant lieu à une pléthore d'ACR dont la portée et le contenu sont loin d'être conformes à l'Article XXIV. Cette situation a créé une brèche dans les principes fondamentaux du système commercial multilatéral à cause de la discrimination que ces systèmes préférentiels engendrent au détriment des tierces parties. La première partie de cette thèse décrit la genèse de l'article XXIV et les objectifs que les fondateurs de l'accord Général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce (GATT) attendaient de la création d'intégrations économique plus poussées. Ces derniers n'ont pas prévu les abus dans son application, qui ont été tels qu'ils pouvaient mettre en péril l'intégrité du système commercial multilatéral. Cet état de fait déclencha une alarme appelant à une remise en question de tout le système. Malgré les efforts, l'article XXIV ne semble pas encore refléter une évolution décisive dans son application. De nombreux défauts intrinsèques et extrinsèques du système commercial multilatéral sont considérés dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, expliquant l'échec des tentatives d'amélioration. Il est clair qu'une évolution ne pourrait être notable que si elle était « endogène », exprimant une volonté commune des Membres. Ainsi, nous faisons des suggestions d'ordre autant formel que matériel, pouvant permettre à notre avis, d'apporter une contribution à l'amélioration de cette situation conflictuelle. Il reste néanmoins clair que la nature complexe et « dynamique » du problème rend toute évolution incertaine. Il faut rester vigilant afin que la situation évolue vers la réalisation de plus d'ouverture mais ne retourne pas vers une remise en cause du multilatéralisme.
Keywords: GATT; OMC; Organisation mondiale du commerce; Régionalisation économique; Tarifs douaniers; WTO

Hydrobases et hydravions : Comparaison entre la France et le Canada - Bourliere, Sophie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

Le pilotage maritime et portuaire en Allemagne : un des piliers de la sécurité maritime - Brunet, Hugues (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

La gestion des déchets des navires - Chamallard, Louise (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

Les systèmes de transports intelligents - Claver, Valérie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

L'impact de la réassurance sur l'équilibre du portefeuille d'une compagnie d'assurances : Cas de l'africaine des assurances - Comlan, Thierry (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Problématique du développement de l'assurance vie dans l'économie béninoise - Dako, Paulin (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

L'avènement de la microassurance dans la zone CIMA : Cas du Mali - Diallo, Adama (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

La prévention et la gestion des risques industriels : Cas d' AXA Sénégal - Diongue Massamba Moustapha, Sérigne (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Concept de couverture universelle en soins de santé. Etudes de faisabilité de l'assurance maladie universelle (AMU) : Cas du Tchad - Djaguenang, Malmé (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Analyse de la gestion technique et financière des compagnies d'assurances non -vie : Cas de CHANAS assurances S.A - Djalieu Nitcheu, Rouvel Justin (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

L'importance de l'assurance voyage sur le marché centrafricain : Cas de l'UAC-IARD - Doctor, Aude Guilaine (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

L'assurance maladie universelle face à la problématique de la gestion du risque maladie en zone CIMA : Cas du Bénin - Dossoumou, Paulin Chabi (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Cari hesap sözleşmesi - Durgut, Ramazan (İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2012)
Keywords: Banka hukuku; Banking law; Cari hesap sözleşmesi; Commercial law; Current account agreement; Faiz; Interest; Ticaret hukuku

Lex mercatoria in international arbitration theory and practice. Vol 1 - Elcin, Mert (European University Institute, 2012)
This dissertation suggests a new theory of lex mercatoria that takes into account the complex and spontaneous order of international commerce. Since the emphasis is put on the nature of this order, the concept of lex mercatoria is examined as an ex post governance mechanism resolving contractual disputes with a view to maintaining and restoring the order of international commerce, without focusing on the traditional distinction of the doctrine between national and non-national legal rules applicable to the substance of such disputes in explaining the concept. The aim is to reflect lex mercatoria’s subtle effect on the practice of international arbitration, and to provide an explanation of lex mercatoria as a solution to the problems of the institution of international arbitration in terms of uncertainty and unpredictability of awards, rather than representing it as a factor aggravating those problems. Lex mercatoria is defined as the law of adjudication of the disputes arising from international commercial contracts on the basis of a few substantive and procedural principles, under which the reasonable expectations of the parties to a particular contract become the single source of their contractual rights, obligations and risk allocations. The argument is that lex mercatoria can be applied to both the choice of law analyses and the substance of the disputes in international arbitration. In choice of law analyses, lex mercatoria addresses specific difficulties relating to the conflict of laws through a principled decision making, such as the applicable conflict rules, and the interpretation of the parties’ intentions as to the applicable substantive rules. In its substantive application, lex mercatoria deals with, either as lex contractus or as lex fori, the interpretation, supplementation and correction of the contract as well as the applicable national laws in accordance with the basic principles, on which the order of international commerce rests.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitration and award; Commercial law; Conflict of laws; Foreign trade regulation; Law merchant

Lex mercatoria in international arbitration theory and practice. Vol 2 - Elcin, Mert (European University Institute, 2012)
This dissertation suggests a new theory of lex mercatoria that takes into account the complex and spontaneous order of international commerce. Since the emphasis is put on the nature of this order, the concept of lex mercatoria is examined as an ex post governance mechanism resolving contractual disputes with a view to maintaining and restoring the order of international commerce, without focusing on the traditional distinction of the doctrine between national and non-national legal rules applicable to the substance of such disputes in explaining the concept. The aim is to reflect lex mercatoria’s subtle effect on the practice of international arbitration, and to provide an explanation of lex mercatoria as a solution to the problems of the institution of international arbitration in terms of uncertainty and unpredictability of awards, rather than representing it as a factor aggravating those problems. Lex mercatoria is defined as the law of adjudication of the disputes arising from international commercial contracts on the basis of a few substantive and procedural principles, under which the reasonable expectations of the parties to a particular contract become the single source of their contractual rights, obligations and risk allocations. The argument is that lex mercatoria can be applied to both the choice of law analyses and the substance of the disputes in international arbitration. In choice of law analyses, lex mercatoria addresses specific difficulties relating to the conflict of laws through a principled decision making, such as the applicable conflict rules, and the interpretation of the parties’ intentions as to the applicable substantive rules. In its substantive application, lex mercatoria deals with, either as lex contractus or as lex fori, the interpretation, supplementation and correction of the contract as well as the applicable national laws in accordance with the basic principles, on which the order of international commerce rests.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitration and award; Commercial law; Conflict of laws; Foreign trade regulation; Law merchant

L'assurance crédit-caution : Outil de compétitivité et de promotion des petites et moyennes entreprises - Faye, Alioune Diop (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

A consolidação da União Africana e o desenvolvimento sustentável: novos horizontes da integração econômica para viabilizar o mercado comum da África - Fernandes, Joel Aló (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2012)
O presente estudo envolve-se com o tema da União Africana. Na sua abordagem procura analisar a relação do mercado comum africano com o desenvolvimento sustentável, transitando interdisciplinarmente em vários campos de conhecimentos, com ênfase nas Relações Internacionais, Direito Internacional, Economia, Política e História. A investigação, nesse sentido, tem como hipótese a afirmação de que a consolidação do processo de integração política do continente poderá, em primeiro momento, apresentar-se como medida necessária à sua unificação, para que seja realizado, em um segundo momento, por meio da integração econômica, o tão almejado mercado comum africano e seu desenvolvimento sustentável. Tal abordagem abrange diversas variáveis, especialmente o fenômeno do regionalismo, a integração política e econômica e o desenvolvimento sustentável. O objetivo principal consiste em abordar o universo da criação, evolução e consolidação da União Africana e do desenvolvimento sustentável, como instrumentos de superação das dificuldades da integração política e econômica da África. O resultado da pesquisa positiva a confirmação da hipótese, reconhecendo de que a unificação política será fundamental ao processo de integração econômica, rumo ao estabelecimento do mercado comum africano e seu desenvolvimento sustentável. This study involves the themes of the African Union and the sustainable development. In its approach it seeks to analyze the relationship of the African common market with sustainable development, transiting across disciplines in various fields of knowledge, with an emphasis on International Relations, International Law, Economic Policy and History. The scientific research relates to consolidation of the African Union and the sustainable development, whose chance to work is expressed in the sense of asserting that the consolidation of the process for political integration of the African Union may be first, presented as a measure for political unification of Africa and then, follow in a second step, to materialize through economic integration, its targeted African common market and the sustainable development. Such an approach includes several variables, especially the phenomenon of regionalism, the political and economic integration and the sustainable development. The main objective is to address the universe of creation, evolution and consolidation of the African Union and sustainable development, as a means of overcoming the challenges of political and economic integration of Africa. The result of the positive research confirms and recognizes the fact that the materialization of the African Union will help in the process of political and economic unity toward establishment of a common market and its sustainable development.
https://core.ac.uk/works/18417619/

Le transport d'œuvres d'art - Forzy, Albane (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

La protection des navires marchands face aux actes de piraterie maritime - Gallais, Olivier (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

Le mémorandum de Paris : quel usage de la réglementation - Gouesigoux, Elisa (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

Les sanctions internationales et le commerce maritime - Gueit, Marie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

Milletlerarası unsurlu acente ilişkilerinden doğan kanunlar ihtilafı - Güner, Cemil (Selçuk Üniversitesi, 2012)
Milletlerarası ticarette, acenteler aracılığıyla yapılan ticarî işlemlerin önemli bir yeri vardır. Acenteler, tacirler ad ve hesabına sözleşme akdettikleri için, doğrudan temsil hükümleri doğmaktadır. Milletlerarası unsurlu acente ilişkisine uygulanacak hukuk ve bu statünün uygulama alanına giren meselelerin tespiti, kanunlar ihtilâfı hukukunda tartışmalı konulardan biridir. Bu çerçevede, acente ilişkisine uygulanacak hukuk, acente iç ve dış ilişkisi dikkate alınarak tespit edilmektedir. Acente iç ilişkisine uygulanacak hukuk, karşılaştırmalı hukukta ve Türk hukukunda akit statüsüne tâbi tutulmaktadır. Buna göre, acente ve temsil olunan, iç ilişkiye uygulanacak hukuku açıkça ya da zımnen serbestçe seçebilirler. Hukuk seçimi anlaşmasının yokluğunda ise, sözleşmeyle sıkı ilişkili hukuk esas alınır. Sözleşmeyle sıkı ilişkili hukukun tespitinde ise genellikle acentenin işyeri tercih edilmektedir.Acente dış ilişkisine uygulanacak hukuk ise, temsil statüsü olarak anılmaktadır. Buna göre, acente ilişkisinde temsil yetkisine uygulanacak hukuk bakımından, karşılaştırmalı hukukta ve Türk hukukunda, irade muhtariyeti reddedilmektedir. Ancak Avusturya hukuku, İspanyol hukuku ve La Haye Temsil Konvansiyonu'nda sınırlı hukuk seçimine imkân tanıyan düzenlemeler vardır. Milletlerarası acente ilişkisinin gereklerine uygun olarak, temsil olunanın seçtiği hukukun üçüncü kişi tarafından açıkça kabulü şartıyla böyle bir hukuk seçimi geçerli kabul edilebilmelidir. Acente dış ilişkisine uygulanacak hukukun, objektif kriterlere göre tespitinde ise, genellikle acentenin işyeri hukuku tercih edilmektedir. Ancak acentenin işyerinin olmaması ya da üçüncü kişinin bu işyerini bilmemesi hâllerinde, acentenin işyeri hukuku yerine temsil yetkisinin kullanıldığı yer hukukunun bu çerçevede ortaya çıkan ihtilâflara uygulanması kabul edilmektedir. The business transactions are made through agents have important role in the international trade. The direct agency relationship occurs through the agent. Because the agent serves with continuing authority to conclude contract on behalf of and in the name of its? principal. The law applicable to agency relationship with foreign element and finding of it?s application area?s topics are controversial in conflict of laws. In this context, the law applicable to agency relationship is determined according to internal side and external side of this relationship. The internal agency relationship is normally founded on the agency contract and, as such, is governed by the general principles of private international law applying to the contracts in comparative law and Turkish law. According to this, principal and agent may choose expressly or impliedly the law applicable to the internal agency relationship between them. If principal and agent have failed to indicate the law governing, it becomes necessary to determine the law with which the agency contract is most closely connected. In general, this maybe the law of the country in which the agent has his place of business.The law applicable to external agency relationship is known as the agency statute. According to this, the party autonomy has not been adopted as regards the agency statute in comparative law and Turkish law. But there are some exceptional regulations which adopt the resticted party autonomy. For example, Austrian law, Spanish law and, The 1978 Hague Convention on The Law Applicable to Agency allow party autonomy which is resticted. So, the law applicable to external agency relationship may be chosen in accordance with international agency relationship as long as third party expressly adoptes the law principal choices. While the law applicable to external agency relationship is determined in respect of objective criterias, in general, the agent?s place of business is prefered in comparative law like Turkish law. Nonetheless if there is no agent?s place of business or, the third party couldn?t know this place, this matter is governed by the law of place in which the agent act.
Keywords: Acenteler; Agents; Commercial law; Contracts; Hukuki uyuşmazlıklar; Incompatibility; International Law; International disputes; Labour disagrement; Legal disputes; Sözleşmeler; Ticaret; Ticaret hukuku; Trade; Uluslararası Hukuk; Uluslararası uyuşmazlıklar; Uyuşmazlık; İş uyuşmazlıkları

Innovation and Intellectual Property: Strategic IP Management and Economics of Technology - Holgersson, Marcus (Chalmers University of Technology, 2012)
Innovations and technological developments have been recognized for their central importance for economic success and growth at least since the 1930s. Intellectual property (IP) and intellectual property rights (IPRs), such as patents, trade secret rights, and copyrights, have during more recent decades caught increasing attention, and, mainly due to various developments at macro level, IP has become an important source of competitive advantage at micro level in many industries. This has led to an increased importance of strategic IP management, and the related research field has been growing since the late 1990s. This thesis aims to contribute to this growing field, and the first purpose of this thesis is to explore and explain strategic and innovation related IP management practices, and the managerial and economic consequences of such practices. Apart from the growing importance of IP management in general, an increased focus on open and collaborative approaches for creating innovations has led to a need for new and adapted IP management skills. The second purpose of this thesis is therefore to develop managerial and economic frameworks, models, and tools to be used in the intersection between IP management and open innovation practices. These purposes are addressed in a cover paper and six appended research papers of theoretical/conceptual as well as of empirical nature, being based on interviews, questionnaires, patent statistics, and document studies. In connection to the first purpose the results show that, while many small firms have problems with properly benefitting from the patent system, large firms have increasingly developed their IP strategies, especially their patent strategies. The purpose is then not only to appropriate monopolistic returns from innovations but also to govern various forms of open innovation. Large firms were found to in a first step increase their patenting (in terms of quantity), and in a second step focus more on selective, quality-oriented, and internationalized patenting. Additional results show that the internationalization leads to a convergence in managerial choices of output markets for patenting worldwide, in parallel with market and technology diversification. Further, a case from mobile telecommunications illustrates the role of IP management in the governance of open innovation systems. Finally, two cases from the automotive industry illustrate the IP-related problems that arise in connection to divestments and other types of disintegrations (‘IP disassembly problems’), and how IP management can mitigate them. This leads to the second purpose, related to the development of models, tools, and frameworks for IP management in relation to open innovation. First, the thesis provides a conceptual framework of innovation openness, especially pinpointing the role of IPRs. This framework emphasizes three key dimensions of innovation openness: resource distribution, technology governance, and technology accessibility. Second, a framework for managing the IP disassembly problem is presented, enabling increased exit opportunities and decreased transaction costs. Third, a method for determining fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory royalties in licensing collaborations is developed, applicable to multilateral licensing deals. It stands clear that contemporary IP management is not (and has never been) only about maximizing excludability. Strategic IP management must therefore be developed and integrated with technology and corporate management in order to foster success at the micro level of firms, and thereby also at macro level. Developments in IP management skills (e.g., sourcing, control, commercialization, licensing, valuation, pricing) and IP contracts will then most likely lead to increased efficiency of interorganizational technological relationships and quasi-integrated organizational forms, and thereby also to increased innovativeness and economic development.
ISBN 978-91-7385-761-1 Doktorsavhandlingar vid Chalmers tekniska högskola, Ny serie nr 3442 ISSN 0346-718X
Keywords: Adresse IP; Economie numérique; Intellectual property; Propriedade intelectual; Propriété intellectuelle

L'assurance et le financement de l'économie : Cas du Congo - Ibara, Gilbert (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Effectiveness of the Beneficial Ownership Test in Conduit Company Cases - Jain, Saurabh (Victoria University of Wellington, 2012)
Countries enter into double tax agreements with the economic objective of preventing double taxation of cross-border transactions. To achieve this objective, the contracting states agree reciprocally to restrict their substantive tax law. That is, a major policy of double tax agreements is to reduce double taxation of residents of states that are parties to the agreement. Residents of third states sometimes contrive to obtain treaty benefits typically by interposing a person or a conduit entity in one of the contracting states. In order to ensure that a resident of a contracting state who claims treaty benefits is entitled to them in substance, double tax agreements should be interpreted according to their substantive economic effect. Generally, double tax agreements follow the pattern of the OECD Model Tax Convention. The OECD Model Convention addresses the double taxation of dividends, interest and royalties, commonly collectively known as "passive income", in Articles 10, 11 and 12 respectively. These provisions usually operate by reducing withholding tax imposed by a source state on passive income that flows from the source state to a resident state. In order to prevent a resident of a third state from obtaining a source state withholding tax reduction by interposing a person or a conduit entity in the resident state, the OECD Model Convention requires the immediate recipient of passive income to be the "beneficial owner" of that income. That is, the OECD Model Convention requires the immediate recipient to be an owner in a substantive economic sense. Courts and commentators have difficulty in interpreting and applying the concept of beneficial ownership to conduit entities that are corporations, commonly referred to as "conduit companies". They have attributed the cause of the difficulty to the absence of a definition of the term "beneficial owner" in the OECD Model Convention. This thesis argues that the difficulty in applying the beneficial ownership concept to conduit companies has arisen not because of the absence of the meaning of the concept, but because logically and from an economic perspective the concept cannot be applied to companies in general, not to conduit companies in particular. The beneficial ownership test was meant to be a test of economic substance. From an economic perspective, the benefit or the burden of a contract entered by a company is economically enjoyed or borne by its shareholders. That is, in substance a company cannot be considered as owning income beneficially. From this consideration, it follows that conduit companies can never be considered entitled to treaty benefits. Nevertheless, the OECD Model Convention applies the beneficial ownership test to conduit companies pursuant to an assumption that at least in some cases conduit companies can be the beneficial owners of passive income. The Model Convention's assumption is based on the legal perspective that courts conventionally adopt. According to this legal perspective, companies hold income beneficially because they exist as separate legal entities from their shareholders. Courts find themselves battling these opposing perspectives when applying the beneficial ownership test to conduit companies. In order to make income tax law work efficiently, courts that are obliged to determine whether to honour claims to treaty benefits made by conduit companies have preferred to employ the legal perspective. Courts have justified this approach by adopting surrogate tests for the actual beneficial ownership test. Most of the surrogate tests do not relate to the concept of ownership at all. This thesis categorises the surrogate tests as "substantive business activity" and "dominion". By analysing reported cases, the thesis identifies deficiencies in these tests. One of the proposed outcomes of the thesis is to suggest an alternative approach for deciding conduit company cases. The thesis suggests that courts should consider an arrangement as a whole and investigate reasons for the existence of an immediate recipient of passive income in the specific corporate structure. The thesis also recommends amendments in the official commentary on Articles 10, 11 and 12 of the OECD Model convention in order to address the conceptual shortcomings inherent in those Articles.
Keywords: Double taxation; OECD Model Tax Convention; Tax law

Par conditio creditorum vs privilegium - Jiménez Mañas, Dionisio Bernardo (Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2012)
Trabajo fin Curso de Experto. Tutora: María Belén González Fernández. Este trabajo plantea la necesidad de que la Ley 22/2003, Concursal, incluya en el privilegio general de su artículo 91 los créditos reconocidos en resolución judicial firme y en el privilegio especial del artículo 90, al embargo anotado en un registro público. Nuestra legislación civil y la doctrina del Tribunal Supremo han construido un sólido edificio jurídico, protector del crédito y de la afección real, franqueable solo a través de la tercería y a salvo de la preferencia temporal, que la Ley Concursal ha venido a derruir, negando la tutela que por su naturaleza corresponde al crédito reconocido en una resolución judicial, y al embargo anotado en el registro en su ejecución. En consecuencia los jueces mercantiles, presionados además por la enorme afluencia de procesos concursales y la necesidad de allegar recursos, han cancelado las cargas anteriores y reintegrado los bienes a la masa activa en perjuicio del titular de la afección. Desde un punto de vista material, la situación creada atenta contra los derechos a la seguridad jurídica y a la tutela judicial efectiva recogidos en los artículos 9.3, 24.1 y 118 de la Constitución, y vacía de contenido los institutos de la afección y la firmeza. El Legislativo contribuyó al caos incumpliendo el mandato de la Disposición Final Trigésimo Tercera de la Ley Concursal, de tramitar con carácter urgente la Ley sobre Concurrencia y Prelación de Créditos, dejando sin resolver la falta de concordancia entre la Ley Concursal y su marco Civil. La reforma operada por la Ley 38/2011 no ha hecho más que agravar la situación, pues la nueva redacción del artículo 55.3 permite la cancelación de cargas anteriores en cualquier momento del proceso, en perjuicio del acreedor y a mayor gloria de la Administración, cuyas cargas no pueden cancelarse y del concursado, que siendo el principal responsable de la insolvencia, ve más cercano el convenio y más lejana la exigencia de las responsabilidades derivadas de una calificación culpable del concurso.

Réassurance et équilibre d'une compagnie d'assurances : Le cas de la prévoyance assurances S.A - Kane, Hamidine Amadou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Processus de formation des résultats et couverture des engagements règlementés d'une compagnie IARDT : Cas de colina Sénégal - Khol, Abdel Kader (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Mise en place d'une politique efficace de surveillance du portefeuille : Le cas de COLINA Côte d'ivoire - Kohou, Guéablé Fabrice Hermann (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

L'obligation d'information dans les sûretés personnnelles - Konaté, Mamadou (Université Paris 8, 2012)
En matière d’information dans les sûretés personnelles, le droit français connaît une très grande disparité entre le cautionnement, la garantie autonome et la lettre d’intention. Pour ce qui est du cautionnement, son souscripteur, lorsqu’il s’agit d’une personne physique, bénéficie de multiples obligations d’information, qu’il s’agisse du moment de la formation du contrat ou de celui de son exécution. Ces obligations d’information, procédant à la fois du législateur et de la jurisprudence, ont été inspirées par les caractéristiques accessoire et dangereuse du cautionnement. En effet, la caution, à partir du moment où elle prend le risque de se substituer à la défaillance éventuelle du débiteur cautionné, on s’aperçoit très aisément de l’intérêt pour elle d’être informée de la situation financière de celui-ci, ainsi que de l’évolution de la dette garantie, c'est-à-dire sa propre dette. S’agissant en revanche de la garantie autonome et de la lettre d’intention, aucune obligation d’information ne s’impose, quand bien même le signataire de tels documents serait une personne physique. Il est vrai qu’à la différence d’une caution, un garant autonome s’engage à payer une dette qui est déterminée indépendamment de l’obligation garantie. Du fait de l’indépendance de son engagement, le garant autonome n’a alors aucun intérêt à être informé de l’évolution de l’obligation de base. Pour des raisons différentes, le souscripteur d’une lettre d’intention n’a, lui non plus, aucun intérêt à être informé de l’évolution de la dette garantie. En effet, à la différence d’une caution ou d’un garant autonome, l’émetteur de la lettre d’intention n’a a priori aucune obligation de payer. Son engagement est de faire ou de ne pas faire. Pourtant, l’on ne peut ignorer que la garantie autonome et la lettre d’intention peuvent par hypothèses s’avérer plus dangereuses que le cautionnement. Aussi, la question n’a pu être éludée quant à la possible extension à leurs souscripteurs des obligations d’information données au profit de la caution. Il est certainement difficile de répondre à une telle interrogation. En effet, si l’argument a fortiori, reposant sur l’idée de danger, permettrait l’alignement de l’information du garant autonome et de l’auteur de la lettre d’intention sur le même régime que la caution, l’exigence d’interprétation restrictive des exceptions permet néanmoins de récuser un tel alignement. Á ce sujet, il est à noter que les textes relatifs à l’information de la caution visent exclusivement celle-ci. De surcroît, un tel alignement signifierait, sans conteste, la mort de la garantie autonome et de la lettre d’intention qui, on le sait, relevant principalement de la liberté contractuelle, s’adaptent difficilement à la rigueur qui accompagne les obligations d’information de la caution. In french legal system, the obligation to inform the guarantor depends on whether the guarantee involved is a surety bond, a standby letter of credit or a comfort letter. As to surety bond, the issuer, when it is a natural person, is due to be informed at any time of the contract. Since surety bond is a collateral and dangerous contract, the need for its issuer to be informed could easily be explained. On that subject, it should be borne in mind that standing surety for a debtor means paying his debts when he failed to do so. In others words, being surety means taking the risks to pay someone’s debts. Therefore one can easily figure out the need for a surety to be informed about the financial problems of the debtor and the evolution of the guaranteed debt. Unlike the surety, french laws makers require no legal information concerning the issuer of standby letter of credit or comfort letter, should the issuer be a natural person. The reasons relied up on the fact that, contrary to surety bond, standby letter of credit is not collateral contract. The issuer of such a letter agrees to pay a sum which is wholly different from the one relying on the main debtor. Because he is not paying the same thing as the main debtor, the issuer of standby letter of credit has no need to be informed about the evolution of the main debt. For different reasons the signatory of comfort letter has, either, no need being informed about the evolution of the guaranteed debt. On that subject, it should be noted that contrary to surety and issuer of standby letter of credit, subscriber of comfort letter has no payment obligation in principle. It is an obligation to do or not to do which is different from the obligation of payment. However we can not ignore that in some cases standby letter of credit or comfort letter could be more dangerous than surety. Thereupon the question has been asked to extend the scope of surety’s legal information so that it includes the others guarantors. This question is very difficult to answer. Though the even more so reasoning, relying on the idea of risk, permits the extension of surety’s informative measures to the others guarantors, the doctrine of strict interpretation of exceptions can be used as an opposing argument. On that subject, it should be noted that all the surety’s informative measures are drawn from legal texts that aim only surety. Furthermore, extending surety’s informative measures will simply be a death sentence to the others personal guarantees which rely mainly on the doctrine of free will of parties to a contract.
Keywords: Cautionnement; Divulgation d'informations; Garanties à première demande; Lettres de patronage; Sûretés

Combating insider trading in Kenya's capital markets: challenges and opportunities for reform - Kotonya, Anne (University of Nairobi, 2012)
The capital markets are expected to play a pivotal role in the attainment of Kenya's development blueprint 'vision 2030.' It is, therefore, essential that obstacles to the attainment of a fair and efficient market are examined and rooted out. This study investigates the limitations of the Capital Markets Act in combating insider trading. It also examines whether reforms would promote a fair and efficient capital market. The study makes use of existing literature as well as decided cases to investigate the inadequacies in the formulation of and provisions for inside information, material pricesensitive information, publication of information, possession of information and disclosure of information in the Capital Markets Act. This literature draws out key learnings from other jurisdictions and analyses how legislation in developed economies treats challenges to the enforcement of insider trading laws. The doctrinal analysis is triangulated with results of a survey of practical experiences of legal practitioners in applying the Capital Markets Act. The findings affirm the existence of conceptual difficulties in determining the elements of the crime of insider trading. As a consequence, it is concluded that the present formulation of insider trading law is inadequate. The study, therefore, makes suggestions for reforms to the provisions on insider trading in the Capital Markets Act.

L'optimisation de la bancassurance : Une réponse aux difficultés d'expansion de l'assurance vie au Cameroun - Kouam Kamdem, Nicker (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Le contrôle des intermédiaires d'assurances dans la zone CIMA : Cas du marché Togolais - Koukponou, Kodjo (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Revue de portefeuille dans le service transport : Cas d'AXA Gabon - Koumba, Stevie Cherile (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

L'article 13 nouveau du code CIMA et l'évolution d'une compagnie d'assurance : Cas de la générale des assurances du Bénin - Kponan, Codjo Guy (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

La gestion des recours relatifs aux sinistrés automobiles matériels : Cas de NSIA Côte d'Ivoire - Lekehi, Stéphane Armel (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Etat actuel du marché de l'assurance construction au Benin : Forces et faiblesses - Loko, Gbètikan Gontran (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Full protection and security in International Law - Magnusson, Finnur (Universität Wien, 2012)
The thesis covers one of the investment standards of international investment law, namely the full protection and security standard. In Part I, the study is introduced in terms of structure and substance. Chapter 1 provides a description of the scope of the research topic and a definition of its terms and structure. Chapter 2 covers the historical development of the full protection and security standard. Part II deals with three fundamental issues concerning the standard: sources, interpretation and content. Chapter 3 contains a discussion dealing with the various sources of the standard. Each source will be studied independently. Chapter 4 will address general issues with regard to interpretation, such as to what extent the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties influences the process of interpretation. Chapter 5 deals with the content of the standard of full protection and security, including conceptual issues relating to the substantive elements of which the standard consists. Moreover, the chapter will ask questions as to which underlying issues are needed to explore when a due diligence assessment is made in order to determine whether a state has fulfilled its obligations to provide protection and security. Part III deals with issues relating to the violations of the standard. In Chapter 6, the violations of the standard and their many manifestations will be analyzed. The chapter will address whether certain fact-based scenarios can be established in which the standard is most commonly violated. Finally, Chapter 7 contains a summary of findings.
Keywords: Arbitral Awards; Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs); Due diligence; Full protection standard; Full security standard; ICSID; International Investment Law; International law; Investment standards; Investments

Les régimes de responsabilité en matière portuaire en droit algérien - Mahsas, Soufyane (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

Impact de la réassurance sur le développement d'une compagnie d'assurance : Cas des assurances générales du Congo IARD - Mantsouka, Nadège (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Legal challenges of cross-border insolvencies in sub-saharan Africa with reference to Tanzania and Kenya: a framework for legislation and policies - Masoud, Benhajj Shaaban (Nottingham Trent University, 2012)
Although a substantial body of literature has developed in recent years in the area of cross-border insolvency, this scholarship has been dominated by scholars from the United States and Europe, so that a perspective from most of Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries is lacking. This study addresses this perspective. It makes an in-depth examination and discussion of the challenges that SSA countries face in reform and application of cross-border insolvency law given the ever-growing multinational trade and investment. The study focuses on the risk of failure of SSA legislative processes to properly address the potential challenges of cross-border insolvencies in a manner that is sensitive to the local contexts and which provides a balance with international insolvency benchmarks. It examines cross-border insolvency theories; the global drivers for convergence of insolvency law through global insolvency norms; and the implications for cross-border insolvency regulations arising from cross-border trade and investment arrangements, such as the bilateral investment treaties, before considering the state and future of the legislative frameworks of SSA countries.
Nottingham Trent Institutional Repository (IRep) https://core.ac.uk/works/7793942/
Keywords: Cross-border Insolvency; Insolvency; International insolvency

Opportunité de l'article 13 nouveau du code des assurances pour l'amélioration des prestations de l'assurer : cas de l'assurances au Bénin - Matha da, Yannick (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

L'application de l'article 13 nouveau du code CIMA et la couverture des engagements réglementés - Mazou Kobi, Brasnie Mesanges (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Le parc automobile de l'Etat : Cas du Tchad - Mbaiguedem, Narsem Lucky (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Organisation du travail des intermédiaires d'assurance au sein d'une compagnie d'assurance de la CIMA : Cas de la Cameroon insurance (CAMINSUR) - Mbia, Bibiane Francine (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Obstacles au développement de l'assurance automobile au Tchad - Mongar, Madjilem (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

l'impact de la réassurance sur le développement d'une compagnie d'assurance : Cas de NSIA Congo - Mpassi Makita, Armelin (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Pool TPV et prise en charge des victimes d'accidents de la circulation au Cameroun : Bilan et perspectives - Mvogo, Bernadette (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

La voie d'eau dans le développement de l'Europe - Nachtegale, Candice (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)

Performance d'une société d'assurance et formation en ressources humaines : Cas des assurances et réassurances du Congo (ARC) - Ndolo Mboussi, Serge Armand (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

The Business Trust and its role as an entity in the financial environment - Nel, Ebenhaéser Cornelis (Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012)
The trust figure in South Africa has undergone an interesting process of evolution during the last century – from a mere gratuity or private tax evasion tool to a proper family protection, business entity, investment, and structured finance vehicle. Its flexibility and multi-functionality positioned the trust as an ideal legal institution for many innovative ideas in the search for holistic business structures, economic empowerment transactions, general estate planning and risk protection initiatives, and ultimately, its application as financial instrument and structured finance entity. The development of both traditional and synthetic securitisation schemes in South Africa has been investigated, with some emphasis on the application of the special purpose institution, which may be in trust form. It is submitted that the application of the trust figure has developed without any significant contribution from the local legislator. A sound legal and regulatory framework is crucial for the creation of a strong future environment for legal and financial vehicles. The question is, however, whether the current South African legal framework for the application of the business trust, and also as a vehicle for financial instruments, is adequately sound and robust in light of the standards set in the international business and financial environment. It is submitted that the hybrid nature of the South African legal landscape is conducive for the development of sound legal systems in an ever-changing legal and economic reality. It is further submitted that in the development of proper legal frameworks, South Africa should position itself particularly in its context as a Southern African developing democracy. The South African trust development is compared with that of some foreign jurisdictions as well as with international conventions and treaties of relevance. Some recommendations for necessary changes are made and it is submitted that such future development of the trust figure should not take place haphazardly, but within the context of a structured regulatory model
NMU Archives and Exhibition Centre
Keywords: Asset-backed financing; Corporations; Taxation; Trusts and trustees

Gestion de rentabilité des contrats collectifs dans le portefeuille d'une compagnie d'assurance vie : Cas de colina vie ci - Nintin Kouamé, Marcel Olivier (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

La stabilisation des investissements pétroliers et miniers transnationaux : des contrats aux traités - Nkounkou, Euloge Anicet (Université Laval, 2012)
"En l'absence de Convention multilatérale adoptée par la Communauté internationale régissant le domaine de l'exploration et l'exploitation des ressources naturelles, cette thèse de doctorat contribue à identifier un nouvel encadrement juridique substantif et processuel international ayant une valeur stabilisatrice des investissements pétroliers et miniers transnationaux. En effet, le contrôle de l'exploitation des ressources naturelles a été de tout temps une préoccupation pour les États. Dans les années 60, il a fait l'objet des tensions entre pays du Nord et du Sud en prévision d'un Nouvel Ordre Économique Mondial. Ces tensions ont connu une issue avec l'adoption à l'ONU de certains instruments et résolutions qui plaçaient le domaine des ressources naturelles sous la souveraineté de chaque État. Le régime de stabilisation des contrats d'investissement pétroliers et miniers procédait alors par des garanties de protection gouvernementales, toutefois fréquemment remises en cause par les États en cas de nécessité. Ainsi, advenant un conflit, la protection des droits des compagnies extractives étrangères n'était recherchée qu'auprès des tribunaux de l'État partie au contrat, à défaut de recourir à la protection diplomatique qu'offre leur État de nationalité. Face aux risques politiques, les juristes internationalistes ont proposé un régime fondé sur des techniques contractuelles de stabilisation, de gel et d'intangibilité par lesquelles les États hôtes renoncent à l'exercice de leurs prérogatives souveraines. Ces dernières années, ce régime traditionnel a subi de profondes mutations attribuées notamment au passage du contrat de concession au contrat de partage de production ainsi qu'à la multiplication des traités de couverture des investissements dans un contexte géopolitique grâce à l'entrée en jeu des pays émergents comme la Chine, l'Inde, l'Afrique du sud et le Brésil. Face à ces mutations, le débat juridique sur la stabilisation s'est reposé en termes d'enjeux nouveaux qui justifient de vérifier en droit, l'hypothèse de l'émergence d'un nouvel encadrement du droit public international positif et procédural des investissements pétroliers et miniers transnationaux. L'étude de cette hypothèse adopte les modes contractuel et extracontractuel comme structure des deux parties de notre thèse à partir desquelles s'articulent les régimes classique et nouveau de stabilisation. La première partie, envisage la stabilisation par l'élection du droit international public au titre de lex contractus qui s'applique par référence ou par rattachement et par l'arbitrage conventionnel suivant lequel, la validité de l'engagement donnée par les pays fournisseurs dans le contrat participe à la levée de leurs prérogatives souveraines tenant à l'immunité de juridiction et d'exécution. La seconde, cherche à mettre en évidence l'émergence d'un nouvel encadrement de stabilisation des investissements pétroliers et miniers à l'abri de la protection diplomatique, au sein duquel participe un double corpus international. Un corps de règles substantives de traitement et de protection dont l'application pourrait garantir une stabilisation efficace. Un autre corps de règles régissant la procédure internationale de résolution des litiges pétroliers et miniers transnationaux statuant sur la distribution des compétences domestiques et dénationalisées. Dans ce cadre, les compagnies d'énergie et leurs actionnaires acquièrent une capacité processuelle dans l'ordre international. Il envisage enfin, l'application du principe d'exclusivité des recours dénationalisés comme solution au conflit de juridictions et de décisions."
Keywords: Arbitrage international; Investissements étrangers; Minerais (droit); Pétrole (droit); Ressources naturelles; Énergie (consommation)

O direito de retenção do empreiteiro na empreitada de construção de imóveis - Nunes, Fernando Jorge da Costa Mota (Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 2012)
Keywords: Construction immobilière; Contrat; Droit de rétention; Immeuble (construction)

A legal analysis of the application of articles I and III of the GATT 1994 on the economic development of ECOWAS member states - Ogbonna, Joseph Ifeanyichukwu (Brunel University, 2012)
This dissertation examines the tension inherent in the relationship between the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) as Member States Parties of the GATT/WTO and the GATT/WTO regime. It focuses specifically on the tension triggered off by the requirements of Article I – the Most-Favoured-Nation principle (MFN) and Article III – the National Treatment principle (NT) GATT 1994. It shows that while the non-discrimination principles are meant to promote trade liberalisation and economic growth, they produce the opposite effect in developing and least developed countries like ECOWAS and aggravate the tension between those countries and the WTO. It argues that the MFN is used to deny market access to the developing countries by exposing them to stiff but unequal competitive conditions and the NT to deny national governments the policy space to protect and promote national industries, employment and economic growth. It challenges the general assumption that the MFN and the NT are good and in the interest of all the WTO Members and rather identifies them as lynch-pins of economic development in the ECOWAS region. It also shows, contrary to the assumption of non-participation, how the ECOWAS High Contracting Parties are adapting their trading systems and harmonising their laws to the key provisions of Articles I and III of the GATT. It shows that the principles of non-discrimination are the outcome of the standard-setting procedures legally formulated as the SPS and TBT Agreements which favour the developed countries and how the Dispute Settlement Body has rejected the ‘aims-and-effect’ approach, taken a literal approach, overly emphasising trade liberalisation to the neglect of market access and economic development. This dissertation concludes that it is pre-mature for ECOWAS to assume Articles I and III obligations and recommends using the provisions of Article XXIV to build up effective influence through regional organisations and incrementally uniting to transform the GATT.This study is funded by the Brunel Law School
Keywords: ECOWAS; GATT; Tension; WTO; World Trade Organisation

Le blanchiment capitaux en assurance - Ouedraogo, Anonganéba Abel (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

L'organisation du travail des intermédiaires d'assurance au sein d'une compagnie d'assurance de la CIMA : Cas de l'UGAN-IARD - Ousseini, Illiassou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Sermaye azaltımı ve vergisel sonuçlarının analizi - Öztürki, İlham (Gazi Üniversitesi, 2012)
Ekonomi, finans ve hukuk bilimleri açısından farklı anlamlara gelen sermaye, başta pay sahipleri ve ortaklık alacaklıları olmak üzere, ileride pay sahibi olması muhtemel kişileri, ortaklıkla ilişki halinde olan diğer gerçek ve tüzel kişileri ve şirketlerin vergi mükellefi olması nedeniyle de devleti yakından ilgilendiren bir kavramdır. İktisadi faaliyetlerin yürütülmesinde hayati önemi haiz sermayenin çeşitli ekonomik nedenlerle ihtiyari ya da sermaye kaybında olduğu gibi zorunlu nedenlerle azaltılması mümkündür.Sermaye azaltımı müessesesi Türk Ticaret Kanunu'nun (TTK) 473, 474 ve 475'inci maddelerinde düzenlenmiştir. Sermayenin şirket alacaklıları için güvence oluşturma fonksiyonu dikkate alınarak, özü itibariyle bir esas sözleşme değişikliği mahiyetinde olan sermaye azaltımı diğer esas sözleşme değişikliklerinden farklı birtakım düzenlemelere ve sıkı kurallara tabi tutulmuştur.Ülkemizde uzun yıllar süren enflasyonist etkiler ve ağır işleyen maliyetli bir süreç gerektirmesi nedeniyle yaygınlık kazanamayan yapının; enflasyon oranlarındaki düşme eğilimine ve sermaye azaltımı sonucunu doğurabilecek şirket bölünmelerinin TTK ile yasal alt yapıya kavuşturulmasına paralel olarak eskiye oranla daha sık kullanılması beklenmektedir. Bu itibarla sermaye azaltımı müessesesinin, uygulamada yaygınlık kazanması öncesinde vergisel sonuçlarıyla birlikte ele alınması, irdelenmesi, tereddüt ve belirsizliklerden arındırılmış daha etkin işleyen esnek bir yapıya kavuşturulması önem arz etmektedir.Vergi kanunlarımızda sermaye azaltımının vergilendirilmesi hususunda açık bir hüküm bulunmamasına rağmen, uygulamada sermaye azaltımı neticesinde ortaklara yapılan ödemelerin kâr payı olarak nitelendirilmesinin ve kâr paylarının tabi olduğu vergilendirme rejimi kapsamında vergilendirilmesinin anayasal bir ilke olan vergilerin kanuniliği ilkesine uygunluğu tartışmalıdır.Bu çalışmada, ticaret hukuku, sermaye piyasası hukuku ve vergi hukuku bileşenleri dikkate alınarak eski ve yeni ticaret kanunu, vergi kanunları ve vergilendirme ilkeleri, sermaye piyasası mevzuatı, konuya ilişkin yargı kararları, vergi uygulamaları bir arada değerlendirilerek sermaye azaltımı müessesesi ve bunun vergilendirilmesi incelenmiş, başta sermaye azaltımının vergilendirilmesine ilişkin açık bir kanun hükmünün bulunmamasından kaynaklananlar olmak üzere uygulamada karşılaşılan sorunlara değinilerek bunların çözümüne yönelik öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Capital is defined differently in economics, finance and law and it is a subject of interest to various natural and legal persons such as shareholders, creditors, possible future shareholders and other stakeholders of the firm. Firms being tax payers, firms? capital is also a subject of interest to the state. Capital can be reduced voluntarily due to various economic reasons, or as a mandatory process in case of a loss of capital.In the Turkish legislation, capital reduction is regulated in Articles 473, 474, and 475 of the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC). Taking into consideration the protective role of capital for the creditors, capital reduction, which is in essence, a change in the Articles of Incorporation, is regulated with stricter rules than other changes to the Articles of Incorporation.Capital reduction has not been widely used in Turkey, due to the long lasting high inflation periods, and the process being slow and costly. Currently, with substantially lowered inflation rates, and the newly introduced changes to the TCC, setting the rules for corporate spin offs, which might result in capital reductions, the process is expected to be used much more frequently than before. Consequently, before it becomes widely used, it is important to analyze the process of capital reduction together with its tax impacts, and to suggest any revisions to the existing process, for eliminating any uncertainties and making the process more effective.Although there is no explicit provision in our tax laws related to the taxation of capital reduction, in practice, when there is a payment to the shareholders due to capital reduction, for tax purposes this payment is treated as dividend and taxed accordingly. However, it is debatable that this practice is in line with the constitutional principle that taxes can only be levied through laws.This study analyses capital reduction and issues related to its taxation, taking into consideration their relevance to commercial law and capital market law. Thus, the analysis collectively evaluates the provisions in the old and the new Commercial Codes, Tax Codes, Capital Market Legislation, related court decisions and taxation practices, identifies and suggests solutions to the problems encountered in practice, which mainly arise due to the fact that there is no explicit provision in the tax laws for taxation of capital reduction.
Keywords: Capital decrease; Dividend; Kar dağıtımı; Kar payı; Profit distribution; Sermaye azaltma; Tax responsibility; Tax system; Taxation; Vergi sistemi; Vergi sorumluluğu; Vergilendirme

Essays in corporate restructuring, reputation and law - Polo, Andrea (Oxford University, 2012)
This dissertation consists of three essays which examine topics at the intersection of law and finance. The first essay investigates the role of regulatory sanctions and reputational damage in financial markets. We study the impact of the announcement of enforcement of financial and securities regulation by the UK’s financial regulators on the market price of penalized firms. We find that reputational sanctions are very real: their stock price impact is on average almost 9 times larger than the financial penalties imposed. Furthermore, reputational losses are confined to misconduct that directly affects parties who trade with the firm (such as customers and investors). In the second essay we analyze the costs and benefits associated with secured creditor control in bankruptcy. We do it by studying the highly contested practice of UK pre-packs, where a deal to sell the business is agreed before publicly entering into bankruptcy. Contrary to widespread criticism that this procedure leads to collusion, we find no evidence of exploitation of conflict of interests and we find that it preserves the value of the business and maximizes recovery in circumstances in which a public announcement of bankruptcy would destroy value. In small businesses where secured creditors are concentrated the benefits of their control seem to outweigh the costs. Finally, in the last essay we examine whether mandatory shareholder voting prevents wealth destruction in corporate acquisitions. We study the UK setting where all large transactions must have shareholder approval. We observe that such Class 1 transactions always get consent. Nevertheless, there is a striking difference between the performance of acquirers between Class 1 and other transactions. The finding is most pronounced for transactions in a narrow neighbourhood of the size threshold, and is robust to a large set of controls for confounding effects.

Conciliation des contraintes techniques et commerciales dans la production et la gestion des contrats d'assurances non vie : Cas du marché burkinabe - Rabo, Hadarai (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Problématique de la prise en charge par les assureurs des victimes d'accidents automobile : Cas de l'africaine des assurances de Guinée Equatoriale (AAGE) - Roku, Letycia Gaetjens (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Les contrats épargne, évolution et perspectives : Cas de l'union générale des assurances du Niger (UGAN-vie) - Salha, Maâzou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

La gouvernance d'entreprise d'assurance en zone CIMA : Cas de l'union des assurances du Togo (UAT-IARD) - Savi, Kokuvi Afeleté (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

La gouvernance d'entreprise en zone CIMA : Cas de l'union des assurances du Togo (UAT-IARD) - Savi, Laurent (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

La fraude sur le marché IARD Burkinabe : Analyse du phénomène et propositions de solutions - Sie, Ange Raymond Hien (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

A alienação de estabelecimento comercial no âmbito do processo de insolvência - Sousa, Juliana Ribeiro de (Universidade do Minho, 2012)
A presente investigação tem como objectivo concretizar o estudo do Estabelecimento Comercial e do seu papel no Processo de Insolvência, nomeadamente pelo aprofundar das particularidades substantivas e adjectivas da alienação do Estabelecimento Comercial no âmbito do Processo de Insolvência. Até á data a doutrina portuguesa tem apenas tratado estas questões de forma separada, isto é, os doutrinadores na área do Direito Comercial trabalharam e trabalham toda a questão relacionada com o Estabelecimento Comercial e a doutrina processualista tem investigado as questões atinentes ao Processo de Insolvência. Ainda ninguém trabalhou estas matérias numa perspectiva de confluência e complementaridade. Pretende-se com o presente, aprofundar questões como a possibilidade de se admitir a alienação de Estabelecimento Comercial como medida de Recuperação de uma empresa, assim como no âmbito da Liquidação, no sentido de saber se os Administradores de Insolvência deverão privilegiar a alienação do Estabelecimento Comercial no seu todo em detrimento da venda "loteada". Visto que a letra da lei não é explícita quando determina que a venda do estabelecimento no âmbito do processo de insolvência se realize como um todo, e sendo o objectivo da venda do estabelecimento como um todo a manutenção do aviamento da empresa, pretende-se aferir o que é efectivamente alienado na consideração da empresa como um todo, de maneira a que o aviamento não se perca, seja num âmbito de liquidação ou de recuperação. The present investigation was made in order to realize the study of the commercial establishment and his role in the insolvency proceedings (or bankruptcy), specifically studying carefully the peculiarities, substantives and adjectives, of the alienation of the commercial establishment in the insolvency proceedings. Until now, the Portuguese doctrine as only deal with these questions individually, this mean, the renowned legal scholars in the Commercial Law worked and work all the questions related to the commercial establishment and the procedural doctrine as investigated the questions related to the insolvency proceedings. No one worked these subjects in a confluence and harmony perspective. We intend with the present, study carefully situations related with the possibility of admitting the alienation of the commercial establishment was a measure of reconstruction of a company, as well as in the liquidation proceedings, by knowing if the insolvency administrators should favour the commercial establishment alienation as a whole rather than a subdivided alienation. Because the letter of the Law does not specifies when says that the alienation of the commercial establishment in the insolvency proceedings should take place as a whole, and being the objective of the commercial establishment sale as a whole to provide the maintaining of the goodwill of the company, the intention is to evaluate what is effectively sold in the consideration of the company as a whole, in a manner that de goodwill won’t be loose, in a reconstruction or a liquidation proceeding.

Public assets financing in Nigeria : the imperatives for legal reforms to unlock domestic financial resources and foreign capital for infrastructure development - Soyeju, Olufemi Olugbemiga (University of Pretoria, 2012)
Infrastructure is one of the main parameters of economic growth and a country‘s competitiveness depends on the provision and maintenance of efficient and productive infrastructure assets. However, Nigeria, like most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa has the lowest quantity and poorest quality of stocks of infrastructure assets in the world and this phenomenally poor infrastructure has remained an impediment to development in the country. Decades of sub-optimal investment, poor maintenance culture and the fact that the required infrastructure investments could not be accommodated within the available fiscal space as a result of budgetary constraints have all contributed to the Nigeria‘s infrastructure deficit. The immediate outcome of this however is that the available infrastructure assets across the Nigerian landscape are in decrepit state and absurdly inadequate. Besides, the present demand for basic infrastructure services has grown astronomically out-stripping the supply capacity of the existing ones. Closing the infrastructure financing gap will however require increased investment by private investors through creative financing in an enabling legal and financial environment. Outside the budgetary constraints, the absence of efficient maintenance and management of infrastructure assets and quality service delivery by the public sector are some of the reasons why procurement of public infrastructure stocks by government through the traditional approach is no longer plausible and hence, the general appeal of the public-private partnership framework. However, despite all the potentials, the public private partnership technique in Nigeria has not made an appreciable impact in closing the infrastructure gaps due to lack of access to long-term financing. It is against this back-drop that this study has sought to investigate how reforms of the legal and financial infrastructure could widen access to financing through innovative financial resource mobilization in scaling-up infrastructure development and service delivery to the teeming Nigeria population. Therefore, the central thesis of this study is that the inadequacy of appropriate laws and inefficient financial system are partly responsible for the huge financing gaps in the Nigeria‘s infrastructure market and with the legal and financial reforms, an enabling legal and financial environment that would open up space for resource mobilization through innovative financing techniques and sources will be created thereby widening access to long-term financing and increasing the appetite for private investment in the nation‘s public infrastructure assets and services. So, the overarching objective of this thesis is to explore how legal and financial system reforms can facilitate the development of financial models and instruments that can help mobilize financial resources to fund infrastructure and bridge the huge infrastructure financing gaps in Nigeria in a sustainable fashion. Given the infrastructure poverty that constrains economic growth and development in Nigeria, the outcomes of this proposed study would help inform the need for the legal and financial system reforms to unlock resources in addressing the problems of financing gaps in infrastructure projects development in Nigeria. Besides, such outcomes based on the Nigerian experience in infrastructure financing and development may be turned into valuable knowledge for policy –making and further research in Nigeria. Copyright
https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/24525
Keywords: Foreign capital; Infrastructure; Legal reform; Nigeria; Public assets

la contribution des sociétés d'assurance à la relance économique post-crise : Cas de la Côte d'Ivoire - Tah Dessa, Jean-Jacques (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Appréciation et application des normes prudentielles dans une entreprise d'assurance : Cas des assurances Lafia SA - Traore, Mahamadou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Acordos comerciais internacionais anticontrafração: implicações jurídico-normativas ao sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual - Trindade, Rangel Oliveira (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2012)
O surgimento de novos acordos comerciais internacionais anticontrafação (ACIAs) no sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual suscitou questionamentos sobre possíveis problemas ao seu equilíbrio jurídico-normativo. Mesmo a contrafação se constituindo em um problema a ser combatido, a retirada das discussões do âmbito multilateral, a fim de criar normas de propriedade intelectual mais rígidas e que não consideram a complexidade do problema, é um expediente lesivo aos países em desenvolvimento. Desta forma, o presente trabalho objetiva examinar o sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual em face de tais acordos comerciais internacionais, como o Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) e o Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA), a serem implementados por alguns países signatários. O estudo estruturou-se em três capítulos. No primeiro abordou-se o sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual por meio de sua tutela jurídica internacional, de aspectos não multilaterais e de foros internacionais de discussão sobre propriedade intelectual, e o problema da contrafação. O segundo capítulo examina os acordos comerciais internacionais anticontrafação (ACTA, TPPA) e suas discussões jurídico-políticas, com inserção nos elementos arguidos para a anticontrafação, e estudo dos aspectos relevantes destes ACIAs, passada a primeira década do TRIPs. O terceiro capítulo identifica as implicações jurídico-normativas dos acordos comerciais anticontrafação ao sistema internacional, com limites e tentativas à resolução da contrafação, que é complexa. Para o presente estudo foram utilizados o método de abordagem dedutivo, o método de procedimento monográfico e a técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica. Em sede de considerações finais, conclui-se que, uma vez configurados impactos jurídico-normativos negativos nos ACIAs ao sistema de PI e ao desenvolvimento, a existência de limites à expansão de normas aos direitos de propriedade intelectual e a resolução do problema da contrafação, por meio de alternativas, são fundamentais; tendo como fim uma agenda positiva multilateral para a propriedade intelectual é que se manterá e melhorará o equilíbrio do sistema internacional de PI, sopesando interesses sociais e econômicos.

Understanding fiduciary duties: conflict of interest and proper exercise of judgment in private law - Valsan, Remus (McGill University, 2012)
This dissertation analyses the content and justification of the notion of fiduciary duties in private law relations. The thesis promotes the following understanding of fiduciary duties: in a legal relation where one party undertakes to act in the interests of another, and acquires decision-making authority over the other's interests, such party undertakes a core duty to exercise his best judgement in the other's interests. The core judgement duty requires a fiduciary to exercise judgement based on relevant considerations. While what constitutes a relevant consideration can be determined objectively, the weight to be ascribed to each relevant factor is left at the fiduciary's subjective appreciation.Due to the existence of this core duty, the law imposes a set of proscriptive duties. The proscriptive duties require a fiduciary to manage situations of conflict of interest. Their purpose is prophylactic: they aim to prevent self-interest (or another duty to exercise proper judgement) from affecting the reliability of fiduciary's judgement in a conscious or subconscious way. The proscriptive duties protect the core duty to exercise judgement and, as a result, the beneficiary's right to a proper exercise of judgement by the fiduciary.
https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/wd376141g
Keywords: Conflict of interest; Fiduciary duties; Judgment; Private law

Le respect de la propriété intellectuelle d'autrui dans la vente internationale de marchandises : une approche de la Convention de Vienne coordonnée avec le droit de la propriété intellectuelle - Verville, Sophie (Université Laval, 2012)
Le respect de la propriété intellectuelle d'autrui dans la vente internationale de marchandises ; Une approche de la Convention de Vienne coordonnée avec le droit de la propriété intellectuelle L'article 42 de la Convention de Vienne impose au vendeur de livrer la marchandise libre de tout droit ou prétention de tiers fondé sur la propriété intellectuelle. L'obligation s'inscrit dans une logique de protection des facultés de revente et d'utilisation sur les territoires envisagés. Ses conditions d'entrée enjeu requièrent cependant l'analyse de ce que chaque contractant connaissait ou ne pouvait ignorer au sujet de la propriété intellectuelle du tiers. Ce passage de la Convention connaît des interprétations variées. Le courant jurisprudentiel dominant tend à retenir l'imputabilité systématique de l'acheteur professionnel tandis que le courant doctrinal dominant impose une rigueur beaucoup plus stricte au vendeur. Afin de contribuer à une interprétation plus uniforme et prévisible de l'article 42, le projet s'attache à le replacer sur la trame plus générale du commerce international, où le droit de la propriété intellectuelle pose des obstacles aux mouvements transfrontaliers des marchandises. L'article 42 est d'abord comparé avec la théorie de l'épuisement des droits, qui prévoit la fin d'une emprise du droit intellectuel sur les supports de création. Le mécanisme de l'article 42 est ensuite mis en parallèle avec les moyens qui sont accessibles aux parties à la vente pour prévenir le problème d'interférence avec les droits intellectuels. À la lumière des modes limités de publicité des droits intellectuels et de la complexité des régimes conçus pour protéger les créations, il appert que ce domaine ne permet pas de prévenir efficacement les risques pouvant contrecarrer la vente. La solution proposée par la Convention de Vienne est enfin confrontée aux principes généraux dont elle s'inspire. Ceux-ci disposent de présomptions d'égalité et de compétence à l'égard des opérateurs, lesquelles ne peuvent être repoussées que par une démonstration de déséquilibre substantiel. Le cas échéant, l'équilibre peut être rétabli par l'intensification des obligations d'information et de coopération sur les épaules du contractant qualifié au bénéfice du plus faible. Il ressort de la démarche que l'équilibre contractuel qui sous-tend l'article 42 se fonde sur une répartition particulière de la prévention. La spécificité des droits intellectuels le requiert. Le respect de ces droits dans la vente internationale revient donc généralement aux deux contractants.
Keywords: Distribution (Économie politique); Intellectual property; Propriedade intelectual; Propriété intellectuelle; Vente internationale

Le dispositif répressif mis en place dans le marché des assurances de la zone CIMA - Wachou, Alvine Gainnang (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Mise en place d'un dispositif de contrôle interne et impact sur la solvabilité des compagnies d'assurances : Cas de la CAREN - Yacouba, Kader (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

Application de l'article 13 nouveau sur le marché togolais : Cas de NSIA Assurance - Yele, Tomfèi (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2012)

La priorité chronologique reconnue à l'arbitre en droit maritime français, particularisme ou universalisme ? Le principe dit de compétence-compétence - Yildiz, Irfan (Aix-Marseille Université, 2012)
L’abandon progressif du contrôle de l’opposabilité de la clause d’arbitrage au destinataire par la juridiction étatique au profit de l’arbitre sur le fondement de l’aspect négatif du principe de compétence-compétence a donné lieu à de nombreux critiques. Certains auteurs l’ont approuvé, valorisant une application rigide de l’effet négatif du principe, tandis que d’autres l’ont critiqué solidement. Ainsi, il est légitimement permis de s’interroger sur les excès de l’effet négatif du principe de compétence-compétence et le bien-fondé de l’abandon du contrôle de l’opposabilité à l’arbitre par les juges étatiques. Pour ce faire, nous allons, dans un premier temps, examiner le droit accordé à l’arbitre d’être juge de sa propre compétence de manière prioritaire, plus précisément le principe de compétence-compétence (Chapitre I). Ensuite, nous allons nous interroger sur l’extension de la clause d’arbitrage au destinataire au regard du principe de compétence-compétence, qui est considéré de remettre en cause ce principe (Chapitre II).
Keywords: Arbitre droit maritime; Compétence-compétence; Transport maritime

Corporate Governance and the Relationship between Default Risk and the Earning Response Coefficient - Zakaria, Nor Balkish (Victoria University of Wellington, 2012)
This study examines the effect of corporate governance on the relationship between default risk and the earnings response coefficient (ERC). Using a sample of 2,004 firm-years comprising 334 firms listed on the Bursa Malaysia over a six year period from 2002 to 2007, this study tests whether corporate governance mitigates the effect of default risk on ERC while controlling for the established determinants of ERC — beta, growth, earnings persistence and size. Using reverse regression, the study confirms that beta is negatively related to ERC and that growth, earnings persistence and size are positively related to ERC. Default risk is found to be negatively related to ERC thus confirming that beta is only a partial measure of risk relevant to ERC. Corporate governance — as indicated by audit quality, audit committee expertise and independence, and board independence and board shareholding — mitigates the negative effect of default risk on ERC. The results of the study hold both for the pooled sample of 2,004 firm-year observations and on a year by year basis for the 334 firms in the sample. The results are also found to be robust to various sensitivity tests including to alternative measures of the variables. The study thus provides systematic and comprehensive additional evidence on the determinants of ERC. Of itself this is an important contribution to the literature but especially so given that the evidence comes from Malaysia — an emerging economy — whereas the existing empirical literature relates mainly to developed countries.
Keywords: Corporate governance; Default risk; Earnings response coefficient

Les contrats de location financière dans les procédures collectives d'apurement du passif en droits français et allemand comparés - Franck, Laëtitia (Université Nancy 2, 2011)
Les entreprises financent de plus en plus leurs biens d'équipement au moyen de contrats de location financière. Ce financement ne nécessite pas de fonds propres de la part de l'entreprise et permet aux établissements de crédit de conserver la propriété du bien. Celle-ci constitue une garantie considérable en cas de défaillance du locataire, situation à laquelle les établissements de crédit sont de plus en plus souvent confrontés. Toutefois, dans ce cas, les intérêts du bailleur financier s'opposent à l'intérêt collectif dans la mesure où les outils de production sont souvent indispensables au maintien de l'activité, nécessaire à la sauvegarde de l'entreprise tout comme au bon déroulement des opérations de liquidation. Cette thèse examine, dans une approche comparative franco-allemande, la conciliation des intérêts en présence. L'analyse est effectuée à travers l'étude des trois rôles du bailleur financier dans la procédure collective ouverte contre le locataire : cocontractant, créancier et propriétaire. Elle constate tout d'abord la nécessité de pouvoir maintenir le contrat de location financière après l'ouverture de la procédure malgré les inexécutions antérieures du débiteur. Elle envisage ensuite les conditions du paiement du bailleur financier. Enfin, elle présente les conditions de la restitution du bien au bailleur financier ainsi que les conditions de la levée de l'option d'achat. Cette étude fait ressortir la complexité du système français par rapport au système allemand pour des résultats pratiques similaires.
Keywords: Allemagne; Crédit-bail; Droit comparé; Droit des procédures collectives; Entreprises en difficulté (droit); France; Location financière

L'obligation d'information dans les contrats du commerce électronique - Mahi-Disdet, Djamila (Université d'Avignon, 2011)
L’information des opérateurs, professionnels ou non, est l’outil le plus important de la confiance dans l’économie numérique et les textes européens et nationaux se sont multipliés pour l’assurer de manière de plus en plus complète. L’étude s’attachera à inventorier selon les sources (droit commun, code de la consommation, législations spéciales) et classer les différentes obligations d’information en proposant diverses typologies selon leur nature, leur objet (la chose et le prix, la durée, les modalités) et leur rôle dans le processus contractuel (information précontractuelle, information sur la formalisation du contrat, la rétractation). Elle évoquera les difficultés liées à la combinaison des règles spéciales et des règles de droit commun (contradictions, variations, chevauchements). Dans le silence des textes spéciaux, elle traitera enfin des sanctions du non-respect de l’obligation d’information selon qu’il met en cause, ou non, la validité du consentement (nullité du contrat, inopposabilité).
Keywords: Commerce électronique; Confiance des consommateurs; Consommateur (protection); Contenu de l’obligation d’information; Contrat à distance; Contrats électroniques; Culpa in contrahendo; Cyberconsommateur; Information précontractuelle; Loi LCEN; Obligation d’information

L'avant-contrat en droit des contrats d'auteur - Poitevin, Claire (Université d'Avignon, 2011)
L’étude de l'avant-contrat en droit des contrats d'auteur est celle de la période précédant le contrat d'auteur, période de l'avant-contrat et des avant-contrats pouvant jalonner celle-ci. Cette étude s'intéresse à l'articulation, dans la période précédant la conclusion du contrat, entre les règles du droit commun et les règles du droit des contrats d'auteur auxquelles sera soumis le contrat préparé. Il apparait que la période de l'avant-contrat est, au delà de l'influence indirecte qu'exerce le droit d'auteur sur la justification d'un renforcement de certains devoirs, entièrement soumise au droit commun. L'avant-contrat précédant le contrat d'auteur est ainsi régulé par le droit commun. Le droit spécial des contrats d'auteur n'est cependant pas absent de la période de l'avant-contrat. Il intervient dans cette période en encadrant les avant-contrats pouvant être conclus par l'auteur, délimitant un cadre à l'intérieur duquel pourront s'épanouir ces contrats préparatoires. Les avant-contrats apparaissent alors comme le vecteur de l'infiltration des règles du droit des contrats d'auteur dans la période de l'avant-contrat.
Keywords: Avant-contrat; Contrat d’auteur; Droits d’auteur; Pacte de préférence; Promesse; Promesse (droit); Période précontractuelle

Le mineur délinquant face au service public pénitentiaire - Beddiar, Nadia (Université Lille 2, 2011)
L'administration pénitentiaire française connaît, depuis plusieurs années, d'importantes mutations vis-à-vis de ses missions, qui tendent vers une externalisation et de son personnel. L’amélioration de la réinsertion des détenus est devenue un impératif majeur, surtout en ce qui concerne les mineurs incarcérés, en vue de réduire les risques de récidive. Il s'agit d'expliquer et de qualifier ces changements correspondants à un besoins d'adaptation de cette administration envers l'évolution de la population carcérale, tout en améliorant ses relations avec les autres organismes publics (le ministère de l'éducation nationale notamment) afin de confirmer la politique de décloisonnement et de partenariat, suivie par l'administration pénitentiaire. Cette étude tentera également de dresser un premier bilan concernant les efforts fournis par cette administration publique dans le cadre particulier des établissements pénitentiaires pour mineurs. The correctional institution is experiencing a profound process of modernization under the influence of European and constitutional law, which tends to assign to it all the characteristics of a public service and significantly adds to the law of enforcement of sentences. This normative development, under the control of an administrative judge, has introduced the basis of a genuine legal status for minors as coerced users of this public service. Efforts carried out by the penitentiary administration in the aim of establishing detention rules that apply and are adjusted to the different categories of prison population, and particularly to minors, are changing the traditional/classic conception of the prison’s missions. The specificity of detention rules, as confirmed by the creation of detention facilities for minors and the search for a legal status for the minor inmate, is endorsed by the opening up of the penitentiary administration and the building of partnerships with other institutional actors. The mobilization of new resources constitutes a fundamental axe in the preparation of the social rehabilitation of minors, in their own best interest and benefit. The issues around the correctional framing in the objective to define the administrative status of the minor inmate lead to double angled analysis: the fixing of the foundations of prison law applicable to minors, and the application of this law which illustrates the need for an adaptation of the penitentiary action when it comes to minors.