The directors’ fiduciary duty to act in the best interests of the company: the possible developments of common law by statute and how they affect human rights - Nomadwayi, Bakhulule (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2018)
This research traces the developments of the directors’ fiduciary duty to act in the best interests of the company and looks at how these developments affect human rights and interests of stakeholders. The main focus of the study is on the human rights impact of this duty. Initially, this duty was only regulated in terms of common law which proved to be problematic. The problem with common law lies within the definition of ‘best interests of the company’, which not only exclude the interests of other stakeholders but also has the potential to bring about violation of human rights, particularly the rights to equality, dignity and fair labour practice. At common law best interests of the company means interests of the company itself and its shareholders. The common law only protects the company and its shareholders, while excluding the rights and interests of stakeholders. The common law duty to in the best interests of the company is not in line with our contemporary law because it ignores human rights. The neglect of human rights by this duty renders it inconsistent with the values contained in the Constitution. Furthermore, the exclusion of stakeholders’ rights by this duty cannot be justified because stakeholders play an important part in safeguarding the stability and continued existence of the companies. The fiduciary duty to act in company’s best interests is now contained in the Companies Act of 2008. Inclusion of this duty in the Act enables our courts to interpret it in a manner that protects human rights and which takes into account interests of other stakeholders. Section 7 (a) of the Act provides that among other goals of the Act is the promotion of compliance with the Bill of Rights when applying the company law. The impact of section 7 is that it imposes an indirect duty on directors to consider the human rights impact of their decisions. Section 158 of the Act enables the courts to “develop common law as it is necessary to improve the realisation and enjoyment of rights established by the Companies Act of 2008.” Given this recognition of the Bill of Rights by the Companies Act, it’s of vital importance that our courts should interpret and apply the duty to act in the best interests of the company in manner that is consistent with the Constitution. Directors are now obliged to pay attention to the human rights impact of their decisions.
Keywords: Best interests of the company; CSR; Corporate Social Responsibility; Fiduciary duty

L'application de la garantie responsabilité civile dans le temps: reprise du passé et garantie subséquente : Cas de allianz Sénégal assurances - Nzaly, Nicolas (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Assurance automobile et pouvoirs publics en république du Congo - Ossere, Stève (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Transformation digitale d'une société d'assurance vie, vision et processus opérationnel : Cas d'allianz Côte d'ivoire assurance vie - Ouattara, Adams (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Les normes du régime prudentiel solvabilité II : Quels défis pour leurs mise en place dans les compagnies d'assurance non viez de la zone CIMA ? - Ouedraogo, Mohamed (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Est-il judicieux de séparer l'industrie des assurances de celle des banques ? : Cas du Togo - Panissi, Hodabalo (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Reckless and fraudulent trading by a company and the business judgment rule as a defence for directors - Peter, Lunga Cosmo (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2018)
Abstract available in pdf.
Keywords: Business judgment rule; Company directors; Corporate governance; Fiduciary duties; Fraudulent trading; Good faith; Personal liability

La sécurisation de l'emprunt par l'assurance-crédit - Poungom, Louis Chamabe (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Digitalisation dans le secteur des assurances en zone CIMA : Enjeux et perspectives, cas de la SONAR-vie (Burkina Faso) - Ramde, Donatien (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Analysing and comparing the impact of misrepresentation and non-disclosure on the validity of a contract: similarities, differences and remedies - Ramphal, Kayra (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2018)
This dissertation explores the concepts of non-disclosure and misrepresentation in South African law. The principal focus surrounds the effect non-disclosure as a form of misrepresentation has on the liability of contracting parties. In order to explore this effectively, the study explores the concept of duty of disclosure, and whether such a duty exists in South African law. Instances when a duty to disclose arises are explained, such as positive steps taken to conceal facts, the seller having sole knowledge of the material fact, an omission or misleading language, and a change in circumstances. Similarly to the English law duty of disclosure in relation to information in contracts uberrimae fidei, the similar South African law concept in insurance or agency contracts known as ‘utmost good faith’, is discussed and explored. The study determines whether such a concept should be a mandatory requirement in pre-contractual negotiations. Additionally, this study explores the various avenues of relief that are available to those who have fallen victim to misrepresentation. This results in an analysis of the effectiveness and success of the current traditional methods of claiming and quantifying damages that are adopted by South African legislature and the judiciary. The discussion then explores the proposed alternate method which aims to combine a claim into one of delict and that of contractual liability, or on the other hand institute a claim solely based on contractual liability. Lastly, this study explores the effect the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 has had on contractual agreements, remedies and penalties, and how this ground-breaking legislation has altered the approach previously adopted by the common law and whether it has done enough to protect consumers.
Keywords: Contracting parties; Contracts; Duty to disclose; Liability; Misrepresentation; Non-disclosure

The interconnection between express choice of forum and tacit choice of law. A comparative analysis between common-law and civil-law jurisdictions - Roux, Keegan (University of Johannesburg, 2018)
Keywords: Commercial law; Conflict of laws; Contracts (International law)

The link between reckless credit and emolument attachment orders - Singh, Nishtha (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2018)
South Africa has experienced significant levels of reckless credit thus leading to over-indebtedness of consumers. Furthermore, research conducted in 2008 and 2013 by the University of Pretoria indicated that there were abuses prevalent in emolument attachment orders (EAOs). An interesting aspect of the research was that credit providers were particularly interested in employed consumers, as their wages or salaries were deemed to be a form of security. The aim of this dissertation is to examine the link between reckless credit and EAOs. The main research problem revolves around the fact that credit providers do not conduct thorough pre-agreement assessments and have a tendency to subscribe to the tick box approach to compliance. Moreover, these pre-agreement assessments do not make provision for the inclusion of external market factors, which is essential to safeguard consumers against economic events. This dissertation argues that, at the point when reckless credit is granted, it is inevitable that default will occur thus leading to the culmination of an EAO. In this regard, the case of University of Stellenbosch Legal Aid Clinic and Others v Minister of Justice and Correctional Services and Others; Association of Debt Recovery Agents NPC v University of Stellenbosch Legal Aid Clinic and Others; Mavava Trading 279 (Pty) Ltd and Others v University of Stellenbosch Legal Aid Clinic and Others (CCT127/15) [2016] ZACC 32 is important. The judgement illustrates how vulnerable consumers fell prey to unscrupulous credit providers who then took advantage of their salaries. An important aspect about the judgement was that section 65J of the Magistrates Court Act has now been amended through a joint interpretative mechanism of severance and reading in. The Constitutional Court’s order now requires judicial supervision in the EAO process, whereby a magistrate issues the EAO. This dissertation examines the effect of this and how EAOs are currently regulated. It also discusses whether judicial supervision is the solution to ameliorating the law on EAOs. Qualitative research methods were utilised such as legislation, case law, textbooks and journal articles. While there are no statistics to prove the link, anecdotal evidence proves the link between reckless credit and EAOs.
Keywords: Credit market; Emolument Attachment Orders; Protection of Personal Information Act; Reckless Credit

Restraint of trade clauses: does the enforcement thereof promote anti-competitive behaviour in South African law? - Sithole, Mthokozisi Wesley Nhlakanipho (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2018)
No abstract available.
Keywords: Anti-competitive behaviour; Business agreements; Competencia; Competition law; Employment agreements; Restraint of trade; Trade clause

A discussion of the success and failures of business rescue as a remedy for ailing companies - Sobantu, Vuyo (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2018)
Companies are constantly facing risks, including financial constraints, which may contribute to companies being unable to trade in the manner desired. Unfortunately, companies that find themselves in this predicament have, in reality, been without a remedy from as early as statutory provisions regulating company law were promulgated in 1926. Judicial management, as a remedy, is notorious for being an outright failure, but the current Companies Act 71 of 2008 introduced the remedy of business rescue for financially distressed companies. The scrutiny and spotlight on the new remedy turns on whether it can be truly accessible for the companies in question and what significant changes it has made to favour financially distressed companies. This mini dissertation will aim to discuss whether the remedy of business rescue has been a success or failure.
Keywords: Ailing companies; Business rescue; Companies Act 61 of 1973; Companies Act 71 of 2008; Judicial management; South African company law; Winding up

A critical analysis on simulated transactions - Tshabalala, Alwanduxolo Thembalihle (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2018)
No abstract provided.
Keywords: Simulated transactions; Tax avoidance; Tax evasion; Taxation

Rôle et fonctionnement de la réassurance sur le développement d'une compagnie d'assurance IARDT : Cas de SUNU assurance Centrafrique - Wembe Ngbokpo, Valentin (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

The effects of business rescue on the companies’ stakeholders : a comparative analysis between business rescue and judicial management - Xaba, Ntombikhona Thandeka (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2018)
Upon the recognition that the implementation of the judicial management process would not be the success that it was anticipated it would be, it became apparent that there was need for a system of corporate rescue appropriate to the needs of a modern South African economy. The legislature then introduced a new business rescue regime when the Companies Act 71 of 20082 (the Act) came into effect in the South African law. This new Act remarkably changed corporate law. One of the central features of the Act is the introduction of business rescue- a procedure which provides for the rehabilitation of financially distressed companies in a manner that seeks to balance the rights of all stakeholders. These provisions are said to be the appropriate method for modern South African economy and they differently affect the stakeholders of a company. This thesis will be discussing the different rights given to affected persons in the new Companies Act and examine how the provisions of business rescue affect different stakeholders of the company and compare such effects with those experienced under judicial management, specifically in light of the improvements of the positions of the stakeholders. Although the new business rescue is a remarkable improvement from the old judicial management system, there is still room for improvement.
Keywords: Business rescue; Companies Act 71 of 2008; Company stakeholders; Judicial management; South African company law

Gestion de fonds de pension par les sociétés d'assurance vie dans un pays membre de la CIMA; cas de la Côte d'Ivoire : Contraintes et perspectives - Yao Koffi, Ernest (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Le financement des éoliennes - Yildirim, Meryem Elçin (Aix-Marseille Université, 2018)

Pratique de l'expertise en assurance et la protection des assurés : Cas de SUNU assurances IARD Cameroun - Yorsam, Ariel Jean Christophe Manhouli (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2018)

Privatisation des Aéroports en France - Zenine, Nadjib-Slim (Aix-Marseille Université, 2018)

A critical discussion of the directors’ duties and business judgement rule - Zondi, Sphesihle Brilliant (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2018)
No abstract available.
Keywords: Companies Act 71 of 2008; Directors; Judgement rule; South Africa

Treatment of corporate groups in insolvency under EU law - Sicignano, Luca (LUISS Guido Carli, 2017)
L’analisi svolta in questo lavoro ha ad oggetto le procedure adottabili in caso di fallimento, quando esse coinvolgono società costituite in gruppi di impresa. È una questione non recente che ha tuttavia avuto la sua consacrazione nel panorama internazionale solo negli ultimi anni. La grande crisi finanziaria del 2008 ha fatto sorgere la necessità di emanare nuove specifiche regole. Pertanto, l’obiettivo che questo lavoro si propone, è di analizzare tali regole, sia iure condito che iure condendo, per consentire al lettore di avere una panoramica chiara su come l’insolvenza di gruppo possa essere trattata.

A tranferência do risco no contrato de venda internacional de mercadorias em trânsito no âmbito da Convenção de Viena de 1980 - Damião, Ana Raquel Modesto (Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2017)
International trade has had an increasing impact on the national economies of states. For this reason, some international institutions have sought to standardise rules on the international sale of goods. The Convention, which stands out from these rules, is the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, opened for signature in Vienna on 11th April, 1980, known as the Vienna Convention (CISG). The transfer of risk is one of the most sensitive issues in international trade. Therefore, it would seem apt to observe the legal regime of the transfer of risk contained in the various provisions of this international instrument. To understand the rules of the transfer of risk, it is necessary to observe the notion of contract for the international sale and the obligations of the parties involved in the international contract. In addition, it should be noted that, in most situations, the contract for the international sale is related to the transport of goods. With this framework, the study of this essay focuses on the analysis of article 68 of the Vienna Convention. So, this dissertation deals with the question of determining the exact moment of the transfer of risk in the contract of international sale of goods in transit under the Vienna Convention. O comércio internacional tem tido cada vez mais impacto nas economias nacionais dos Estados. Por esse motivo, algumas organizações internacionais têm procurado uniformizar as regras relativas à compra e venda internacional de mercadorias. A Convenção, que se destaca dessas regras, é a Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre os Contratos de Compra e Venda Internacional de Mercadorias, aberta à assinatura em Viena a 11 de abril de 1980, conhecida como Convenção de Viena. A transferência do risco apresenta-se como uma das temáticas mais delicadas do comércio internacional. Portanto, afigura-se como útil a observação do regime jurídico da transferência do risco contido nas diversas disposições deste instrumento internacional. Para compreender as regras da transferência do risco, é necessário observar a noção de contrato de compra e venda internacional e as obrigações das partes do contrato internacional. Além disso, há que perceber que, na generalidade das situações, o contrato de compra e venda internacional está relacionado com o transporte de mercadorias. Com este enquadramento, o estudo deste trabalho centra-se na análise do artigo 68.º da Convenção de Viena. Assim, a presente dissertação debruça-se sobre a questão de determinar qual é o momento exato da transferência do risco no contrato de compra e venda internacional de mercadorias em trânsito no âmbito da Convenção de Viena.
Keywords: Convenção de Viena; Goods in transit; International sale; Mercadorias em trânsito; Transfer of risk; Transferência do risco; Venda internacional; Vienna Convention

L'équilibre contractuel - Muggeo, Marine-Alice (Université de Toulon, 2017)
Ces dernière années, le concept d'équilibre contractuel est devenu omniprésent dans notre droit et se retrouve dans quasiment toutes les disciplines du droit. L'équilibre contractuel n'a donc eu de cesse de se renforcer (Titre 1) dans diverses disciplines, car le droit des contrats est une matière transversale. On retrouve donc cette notion autant dans les contrats spéciaux que dans le droit commun des contrats. Ainsi une fois étudié, cet équilibre se retrouve dans les différentes phases de construction et d'exécution du contrat (Titre 2). C'est une partie qu'il faut appréhender car cela nous permet de comprendre où se retrouve l'équilibre dans le contrat. Et constater que c'est une notion centrale qui se retrouve dans l'ensemble des phases pré-contractuelles et contractuelles.
Keywords: Contrats d'affaires; Contrats informatiques; Contrats spéciaux; Crédit consommation; Droit des contrats; Honoraires avocats; Sécurité juridique

La Consolidation des comptes selon le SCF et les normes IAS/IFRS - Ayad, Bourbonienne; Kadid, Mohamed Redha (Ecole supérieure de Commerce, 2017)
Face à l’évolution des marchés économiques et financiers, les entreprises essayent de se développer, pour relever les défis contre la concurrence par la création des filiales et la fondation, pour créer des groupes commerciales et industrielles pour partager le risque et optimisé les dépenses fiscales. La consolidation des comptes est l'action d'établir des comptes uniques pour l'ensemble du groupe, afin de mieux en apprécier la réalité économique. Leur objectif majeur est de dépasser les limites des comptes individuels de chaque société pour refléter l'activité d'une société et de ses filiales. Dans notre mémoire on a consacré une partie théorique pour l’identification du périmètre et méthodes de consolidation ainsi que la présentation des différentes étapes principales composant le processus d’élaboration des comptes consolidés. Il serait utile de citer l’exemple de GEMA qui est un groupe Algérien, ce groupe établie la notion précédemment décrite, à travers laquelle a pu présenter des comptes et des états financiers consolidés. Ces états sont d’une telle conformité à la réglementation Algérienne généralement et aux SCF spécialement.

A sociedade unipessoal de direito angolano : contributo para a compreensão do seu regime jurídico - Salvador, Gorki (Universidade de Lisboa, 2017)
A presente investigação tem como objecto a Sociedade Unipessoal de Direito angolano. Com o desenvolvimento da mesma, ambicionamos prestar um contributo para a compreensão do regime jurídico positivo da unipessoalidade no Ordenamento Jurídico angolano. É um facto que o reconhecimento legislativo da Sociedade Unipessoal representa o acompanhamento, pelo Direito, da evolução da realidade económica, estabelecendo-se assim a necessária correspondência entre a realidade e o Direito. É do mesmo modo um facto que a Sociedade Unipessoal contraria a dogmática básica do Direito Societário, assente na ideia de que sociedade é uma realidade de que apenas uma pluralidade de indivíduos pode fazer recurso, ao ponto de se considerar a sociedade constituída por uma única pessoa uma autêntica contradictio in terminis. Portanto, o reconhecimento da unipessoalidade societária como uma situação ordinária, para além de acrescentar valores próprios ao ordenamento jurídico-societário, levanta uma série de questões que vão desde a contradição terminológica aos problemas concretos que apenas se levantam na presença da sociedade unipessoal ou que nelas se levantam com mais acuidade. A análise problemática de algumas perplexidades que se levantam no âmbito da Sociedade unipessoal ocupa as páginas do presente estudo.
Keywords: Angola; Direito das sociedades; Sociedade unipessoal

O exercício abusivo do direito de propriedade intelectual como infração à ordem econômica - Somensi, Ludmila (Universidade de São Paulo, 2017)
O presente trabalho busca analisar o exercício abusivo do direito de propriedade intelectual como infração à ordem econômica no direito brasileiro. A importância desse estudo se dá pela ausência de parâmetros e etapas de análise definidos para tais situações no Brasil, diferentemente do que ocorre em outros países, como Estados Unidos e os países membros da União Europeia, além da relevância da inovação para a sociedade e para o país. O caso brasileiro das autopeças, em curso perante o Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica - Cade situa o estudo. A conclusão que se busca é a eleição de parâmetros e etapas que devem ser observados pela autoridade de concorrência brasileira na análise de um exercício abusivo de direito de propriedade intelectual como infração à ordem econômica e, especificamente, se tais parâmetros foram observados e investigados no caso das autopeças, considerando o exposto no último parecer opinativo do Cade. Para tanto, estuda-se a identificação de uma infração à ordem econômica e sua particularidade quanto a um direito de propriedade intelectual, tarefa bastante sensível, tendo em vista que é inerente ao direito de propriedade intelectual limitar a atuação de terceiros, enquanto o direito da concorrência evita a limitação à concorrência. Assim, verifica-se que esta exclusão de terceiros em relação ao objeto tutelado pelo direito de propriedade intelectual não significa uma limitação à livre iniciativa e, consequentemente, à livre concorrência, princípios visados pelo direito da concorrência, de tal forma que um direito de propriedade intelectual devidamente exercido não deve ser objeto de preocupação do direito da concorrência. Nesse sentido, estuda-se a função que determina a criação e o devido exercício de um direito de propriedade intelectual, para que seja verificado seu abuso, pressuposto da caracterização de uma infração ao direito da concorrência pelo exercício de um direito de propriedade intelectual. A decisão no caso europeu Microsoft auxilia este estudo tendo em vista que a autoridade de concorrência europeia elenca e comprova este e outros requisitos que devem ser investigados para a caracterização de uma infração à ordem econômica no direito brasileiro.
Keywords: Abuse of rights; Abuso do direito; Auto parts case; Competencia; Competition law; Concorrência desleal; Intellectual property; Microsoft case; Misuse violation to the economic order; Ordem econômica; Propriedade intelectual

Dissenting Opinions in International Commercial Arbitrations - Mohanty, Gautam (Central European University, 2017)
A dissenting opinion with reference to International Commercial Arbitrations elementarily denotes the expression of disagreement by an Arbitrator in relation to both the reasoning and the result of the award granted by the majority of the Tribunal. Though still at a nascent stage, the practice of delivering dissenting opinions is one which needs to be duly noted and taken into due consideration because of the incidental and collateral questions that it nurtures. Fundamentally, a dissenting opinion raises concerns related to the effect, the nature and the rectitude of such opinions. One such collateral question is the enforceability of such dissenting opinions and the repercussions that follow in the context of an arbitral award delivered by the majority. In addition to the above raised question, through this thesis the author will also address other questions such as whether the act of delivering a dissenting opinion is an indicator of the increased sense of maturity of arbitrators in international commercial arbitration? Whether the dissenting opinion possesses any precedential value to the arbitration cases arriving prospectively? and How do such opinions contribute to the development of arbitration jurisprudence. Moreover, through this thesis the author will also attempt from a comparative perspective to examine and make an incisive analysis of the governing rules of arbitration across various arbitration regimes such as ICSID, LCIA which already have a wellestablished arbitration jurisprudence.

Sociedade criada de facto e sociedade de facto no direito da OHADA : estudo comparativo jurisprudencial entre o direito brasileiro e português - Silva, Osvaldo Júlio da (Universidade de Lisboa, 2017)
A presente dissertação de Mestrado visa analisar e apresentar uma reflexão mais abrangente e aprofundada sobre a problemática inerente às sociedades criadas de facto e sociedades de facto no Direito da OHADA, nunca antes tratada pela doutrina nacional e (ou pela doutrina da OHADA) especializada, cujo resultado final esperamos poder contribuir, em certa medida, para o reforço da segurança jurídica e judiciária nos Estado-Membros da OHADA. As sociedades criadas de facto e sociedades de facto podem perturbar (e, efetivamente, perturbam) o exercício legítimo de atividades comerciais, uma vez que geram a insegurança jurídica e judiciária para investidores e para o comércio em geral. Com efeito, trata-se de realidades societárias, por vezes, constituídas e dissolvidas à margem do quadro legal vigente. À luz do artigo 98.º do Ato Uniforme Relativo as Sociedades Comerciais (AUS), todas as sociedades comerciais adquirem a personalidade jurídica a partir da sua matrícula no Registo do Comércio e do Crédito Mobiliário. Por isso, a maior parte da doutrina tem perdido demasiado tempo e energia na exegese deste preceito, deduzindo nele o efeito constitutivo do registo. Porém, temos para nós que a génese da sociedade reside na vontade das partes, tendo o registo o efeito principal de atribuição de um privilégio comercial de limitação da responsabilidade. Todavia, o registo não deixa de ser condicionante da plenitude da personalidade. A sociedade resulta de um contrato e não, necessariamente, do mero facto. This Master's thesis aims at analyzing and providing with a broadly and in-depth reflection on the problems connected to the partnership by estoppel and partnership de facto in OHADA Law, never before analyzed by national doctrine and (or OHADA doctrine). The final outcome of which we hope will contribute, at certain point, to the strengthening of legal and judicial certainty in the Member States of OHADA. Partnership de facto and partnership by estoppel may disturb (and, indeed, disrupt) the legitimate exercise of commercial activities, since they create legal and judicial uncertainty for investors and for trade in general. In fact, these corporate realities are sometimes constituted and dissolved out of the legal framework in force. Pursuant to the OHADA Uniform Act Relating to Commercial Companies and Economic Interest Group (UACC/EIG), registration is mandatory and companies only have legal personality as from the date of registration of the By-laws with the Registry of Companies. Thus, most of the doctrine has spent too much time and energy in the exegesis of this precept, deducing in it the constitutive effect of the register. As far as we are able to judge, the genesis of society lies in the will of the parties, and registration has the main effect of conferring a commercial privilege on limiting liability. However, it does not cease to be a condition of the fullness of personality. The company results from a contract and not necessarily from the mere fact.
Keywords: Direito comercial; OHADA; Sociedade comercial

Les sûretés négatives - Ndiaye, Paul Babou (Université Assane Seck de Ziguinchor, 2017)
Keywords: Clause d’inaliénabilité; Clauses de sûretés; Créances; Droits réels; Inexécution contractuelle; Negative pledge clauses; Sûreté négative; Sûretés

Le temps de la mode et la PI : protection des créations dans le domaine de l’habillement par les outils de la PI ou non sous le prisme de leur caractère éphémère et de leur propension à être copiées. - Machut, Gladys (Université Lille 2 Droit et Santé, 2017)
Keywords: Brevets d'invention; Contrefaçon; Droit; Intellectual property; Mode; Propriedade intelectual; Propriété industrielle; Propriété intellectuelle

E-commerce et protection des données à caractère personnel : vers un renforcement de la protection des données à caractère personnel des consommateurs dans le cadre des opérations de e-commerce. - Maikuchel, Marine (Université Lille 2 Droit et Santé, 2017)
Keywords: Commerce électronique; E-commerce; Propriété industrielle; Protection de l'information (informatique); Protection des données

Reunião prévia no contexto do acordo de acionistas de controle - Abreu, Renata Silva Franco de (Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, 2017)
O presente estudo se propõe a analisar a reunião prévia, no contexto de acordo de acionistas de controle e voto em bloco, tendo em vista o direto societário atual, a fim de se verificar como este tema é tratado pela doutrina e como se reflete na prática das companhias brasileiras. Tomou-se por base a metodologia de abordagem descritiva e explicativa. Primeiramente, faz-se necessário discorrer sobre o acordo de acionistas, diferenciar o acordo de acionistas de controle e o acordo de acionistas de voto, bem como tratar sobre a legalidade destes acordos. Em seguida, analisa-se o instituto do voto em bloco, no contexto do acordo de controle; como o controle pode ser exercido por meio do voto em bloco; e os deveres decorrentes deste exercício de controle pelo bloco dos acionistas signatários de acordo de controle. Por fim, segue-se com a análise da reunião prévia, como meio para exercício de controle por meio do bloco decorrente do acordo de acionistas de controle. São tratados os principais temas relacionados à reunião prévia, quais sejam, formalidades deste órgão; como este órgão deve ser representado tendo em vista que não possui poder de representação propriamente dito; os temas sobre os quais as reuniões prévias não podem dispor; a importância na inovação da autotutela para tornar o acordo de acionistas mais efetivo; e a controvérsia acerca da vinculação da administração ao acordo de controle.

Risque de guerre - Barat, Louis (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

L'impact et les réponses d'un aéroport régional face à l'arrivée d'une ligne à grande vitesse - Benzoubair, Yannis (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

L'anticipation des conflits sociaux chez le transporteur ferroviaire de passagers - Boutaleb, Lylia (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

Les NTIC dans le parcours passager : Quel futur pour l'expérience client en aéroport ? - Brillaud, Alexandre (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

La protección jurídica de las invenciones en materia de biotecnología a través del régimen de patentes - Bueno González, Antonio (Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2017)
Trabajo Fin de Máster en Biotecnología Avanzada. Director/Tutor: Eugenio Olmedo Peralta. En este trabajo, tras analizar la normativa vigente en materia de propiedad industrial, así como su evolución histórica, se han expuesto los principales aspectos de la regulación actual de las creaciones biotecnológicas. Éstas poseen ciertas singularidades respecto a las invenciones convencionales al estar constituidas total o parcialmente por materia biológica, lo que les hace requerir de un régimen de protección especial, o al menos el realizar ciertas adaptaciones respecto de la normativa básica de patentes, puesto que ésta se creó en su origen considerando invenciones de carácter eminentemente técnico surgidas en la revolución industrial. Esta tarea se ha llevado a cabo con el objetivo de considerar las posibles soluciones existentes para solventar las carencias de la normativa y ofrecer una protección adecuada a las invenciones biotecnológicas, tal que proporcione una justa remuneración al inventor, fomentando a su vez el desarrollo tecnológico. También se han expuesto las principales características del régimen de las obtenciones vegetales, creado para dar protección a las variedades vegetales desarrolladas. De esta manera, se han abarcado la mayoría de los supuestos de protección legal de creaciones de base biológica, ya sean invenciones patentables o variedades vegetales, profundizando más en las primeras. Así, tras realizar una revisión bibliográfica de las principales aportaciones realizadas en la materia y de la legislación al respecto, contemplando las principales dificultades y singularidades que las creaciones basadas en materia viva presentan en cuanto a su protección jurídica, se puede afirmar que, hoy por hoy, el método de protección mediante patentes es el más adecuado para las invenciones biotecnológicas. Ello es debido a la gran experiencia acumulada que se tiene con este sistema, el cual se ha ido adaptando a este tipo de invenciones a lo largo de los años, siendo el que mejor recompensa proporciona al inventor y el que posee una mayor importancia económica, actuando como un agente dinamizador e impulsor del desarrollo tecnológico. Pese a esto, no se puede ignorar la necesidad de ir adaptando día a día la legislación a la vanguardia de la técnica, intentando proporcionar soluciones equitativas para la sociedad en general, respetando los derechos humanos y ciertos principios éticos, y a su vez intentando fomentar el desarrollo tecnológico, en áreas como la biotecnología, tan necesario para solventar numerosos problemas de nuestra sociedad contemporánea.
Keywords: Brevet; Intellectual property; Propriedad industrial; Propriedad intelectual; Propriedade intelectual; Propriété industrielle; Propriété intellectuelle

La mise en place d'un cadre coercitif face aux passagers indisciplinés - Camus, Agathe (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

Aviation d'affaires : Business models innovants et conséquences sur le marché - Cano, Olivier (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

Les enjeux de la réglementation sociale applicable au secteur ferroviaire - Catherin, Cécile (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

La acción social de responsabilidad - Cerezuela Moraleja, Alejandro (Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2017)
Trabajo Fin de Curso de Experto Universitario en Derecho Societario (2016/17). Tutora: Dra. Patricia Márquez Lobillo. Ante la conducta por la que el administrador social causa un daño al patrimonio de la sociedad, la Ley de Sociedades de Capital ofrece un mecanismo por el cual poder exigirle la reparación del daño, mediante la acción social de responsabilidad, que podrá ser ejercida por la sociedad, los socios o terceros, con la finalidad de restablecer el patrimonio social. Este trabajo nace con la intención de ofrecer un enfoque práctico para el ejercicio de la acción, estudiando los elementos necesarios que han de cumplirse en cada uno de los legitimados para poder ejercitarla eficazmente y cómo actuar frente a la acción por quien no esté de acuerdo a su ejercicio. Para todo ello se apoya el trabajo en la jurisprudencia más actual y relevante en cada supuesto.

Les « navires autonomes ». Enjeux et impacts d'une navigation sans équipage dans le monde maritime - Chesneau, Anaïs (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)
Les navires sans équipage sont une innovation dans l’industrie du transport maritime. Technologiquement viables, ils sont en passe de révolutionner le secteur en promettant une rentabilité accrue, et un impact environnemental moindre. Certaines incertitudes persistent cependant. D’une part, le droit maritime international n’est pas adapté à leur exploitation et nécessite d’être modifié ; d’autre part, leur fiabilité n’est pas démontrée, et les assureurs restent en position d’attente face à l’incertitude des risques et la question de la navigabilité des navires sans équipage.
Keywords: Droit maritime; Navigation; Navigation sans équipage; Navire autonome; Navire intelligent; Équipage

L'impact des sociétés de réclamation sur l'indemnisation des passagers en cas d'irrégularité d'exploitation - Cotoni, Lou (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

La livraison : étude de droit comparé entre transport maritime et routier - Couturier, Loic (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

La saisie de soutes - Dagonneau, Catherine (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)
La saisie de soutes est une figure originale du droit maritime. En tant qu’ « élément du navire », les soutes sont susceptibles de faire l’objet d’une saisie indépendamment du navire. Elles constituent ainsi un gage pour les créanciers dénués de « créance maritime » ou de privilège maritime. En période d’instabilité économique, la saisie de soutes est indispensable à la confiance des fournisseurs de navires. Cependant, depuis l’arrêt Saint Pierre de 1998 et l’analyse qui en a été faite par les auteurs, la saisie conservatoire de soutes a quasiment disparu des prétoires. Elle a aujourd'hui vocation à être remplacée par la saisie-revendication, instrument de recouvrement efficace même en cas de faillite du débiteur.
Keywords: Alternative à la saisie de navire; Moyen de pression; Saisie conservatoire; Saisie de soutes; Saisie revendicative

La menace du modèle commercial low-cost long-courrier de Norwegian Airlines pour les compagnies majors européennes - Dahel, Jessim (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

Etude sur les correspondants de clubs de protection - Dalmas, Julien (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

An investigation into the relationship between the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (UPICC) and the UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG) - Daniel, Jason (University of Johannesburg, 2017)
LL.M. (International Commercial Law) Please refer to full text to view abstract
Keywords: Commercial law; Conflict of laws; Contracts (International law); International Institute for the Unification of Private Law; UNIDROIT principles of international commercial contracts 2010; United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1980 April 11)

La lettre de garantie chez un courtier en assurances maritimes - Delaubier, Clara (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)
La lettre de garantie P&I est un instrument né de la pratique, qui permet de sécuriser une créance maritime, tout en permettant aux transactions commerciales sous-jacentes au voyage maritime, de perdurer. Sa force réside dans le fait qu’elle fasse converger des intérêts pourtant opposés, à savoir les intérêts cargaison d’une part et les intérêts corps d’autre part, en répondant aux exigences de rapidité et de fluidité qu’impose le commerce maritime mondial. Sa négociation, au même titre que son exécution, impliqueront l’intervention d’une multitude d’acteurs, qui défendront donc des intérêts variés mais qui auront tous comme objectif de résoudre leur litige par la voie amiable. La lettre de garantie, en tant qu’instrument du commerce maritime, reflète également les rapports de force existant entre les intérêts en jeux et permet de mettre en lumière la bataille de compétences, opposant principalement l’Angleterre à la France. Cette étude a donc pour but d’analyser les différentes implications légales et pratiques de ce formidable instrument.
Keywords: Action directe; Compétence; Correspondant P&I; Courtier en assurances maritimes; Créance maritime; Lettre de garantie P&I; Responsabilité du transporteur; Transport maritime

Abordage maritime et fluvial : responsabilité et traitement assurantiel - Fallot, Victoire (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

Etude sur la réduction de la sinistralité en matière de transport routier de marchandises - Fassy, Florian (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

Análisis de los contratos de leasing, renting y factoring - Gallardo Rial, José Luis (Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2017)
Trabajo Fin de Curso de Experto Universitario en Derecho Bancario (2015/16). Directora/Tutora: Dra. Dª María Belén González Fernández. El presente trabajo tiene por objeto el estudio, análisis y conocimiento de tres de los diferentes tipos de contratos de arrendamiento financiero existentes y más usados en la actualidad: Leasing, renting y factoring. Se ha analizado de manera independiente y pormenorizada cada uno de ellos, individualizando sus características y funcionamiento a efectos de diferenciarlos y clasificarlos para concretar los casos en los que resultan de utilidad.
Keywords: Affacturage; Crédit-bail

Accident de Germanwings Symptomatologie d'un métier en évolution et intégration des risques - Gavriil, Lydia (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

Special and differential treatment provisions within the World Trade Organization : the pursuit of development for developing countries - Hiine, Karabo (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2017)
Abstract not available.
Keywords: Differential Treatment Provisions; Multilateral system; Special Treatment Provisions; Trade liberalization; WTO; World Trade Organization

La faute nautique - Jebrayel, Anthony (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)
La faute nautique est l’acte ou négligence du capitaine, marin, pilote, ou préposé du transporteur de marchandises dans la navigation ou dans l’administration du navire. Il s’agit d’un cas excepté, c’est-à-dire qu’elle est de nature à exonérer le transporteur de la responsabilité afférente aux pertes ou dommages à la marchandise, vis-à-vis de l’ayant-droits : chargeur, destinataire ou assureur subrogé. Le présent mémoire s’attache à faire le constat suivant : autour du globe, l’approche qui en est faite par le droit – ensembles législation, doctrine, et jurisprudence – est très étroite. Aussi bien le domaine que les effets de l’exonération pour faute nautique sont ainsi restreints ; les deux étant amoindris par la preuve d’un manquement du transporteur maritime - la faute dans les soins devant être apportés à la cargaison, ou la faute dans la mise en état de navigabilité du navire. L’abordage à faute commune ainsi que l’institution de l’avarie commune peuvent néanmoins générer des situations où l’on constate que la faute nautique joue pleinement. Si l’évolution actuelle du droit maritime semble devoir écarter la faute nautique, comme l’en atteste l’adoption récente des Règles de Hambourg, puis des Règles de Rotterdam, il reste que le cas excepté peut aujourd’hui être invoqué dans la plupart des transports, étant donné la large application de la Convention de Bruxelles du 25 août 1924. Aussi, cette spécificité de la matière maritime mérite certainement une plus grande considération, et l’auteur plaide en ce sens pour une approche moderne et plus cohérente de l’exonération pour faute nautique.
Keywords: Avaries communes; Cas exceptés; Connaissement; Droit maritime; Faute nautique; Responsabilité; Règles de La Haye; Règles de La Haye-Visby; Transporteur maritime

Alternative Dispute Resolution in Oil and Gas Contracts Law: An Analysis - Kareem, Kareem Kawa (Near East University, 2017)
The industry of oil and gas is not peculiar to question anymore, inferable from the global condition as well as its various dimensions. While trying to complete an agreement procedure, it would barely be clear to expect the thing that could happen in the emergence of a debate. Hazard moving and fragmented contracting lie at the heart of the organization relationship innate in the obtainment and financing of extensive scale undertakings, such as power plants, oil and gas pipelines, and condensed natural gas facilities. An examination of gas bonds gives exact proof of the hazard moving results of legally binding inadequacy. This thesis is a basic examination of the discipline we call the law of oil and gas. A number of the imperfections connected with this "specific" status. Jurisprudential with its "uncommon" status. Jurisprudential imperfections have created as courts leave from essential contract, property, or tort law in quest for natural resources ideas. The marvel isn’t restricted to natural resources law but instead can occur in any "law of" setting. This article delineates the issues connected with oil and gas law by dissecting legal ways to deal with perceiving and applying "inferred agreements" under the oil and gas rent. By contrasting the experience and results under the oil and gas lead to the result under an agreement law investigation, it is conceivable to assess whether a specific "oil and gas" govern is vital or prudent. In the past quarter-century, huge changes have happened in the ways legal advisors approach strife. There have been uncommon endeavors to create systems went for more proficient, not so much expensive, but rather more fulfilling determination of contention, including more broad and suitable utilization of intercession and other " alternative dispute resolution " (ADR) approaches. This review analyzes what is known and not considered about the development and effect of ADR in government and state courts, in the business division, and in work and shopper settings. The investigation inspects the relationship amongst ADR and court trial, additionally underlines the more extensive employments of and method of reasoning for intercession and different process decisions. This study concentrates on the oil and gas contract with question by ADR.

Recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments : proposals for OHADA - Kazadi, Nshingu (University of Johannesburg, 2017)
LL.M. (International Commercial Law) Please refer to full text to view abstract

La diversité des aires marines protégées françaises - Lavigne, Nicolas (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

L'ubérisation du transport de dernier kilomètre le phénomène appliqué à l'activité de coursier à vélo - Lemire, Charlotte (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

Les effets de l'affretement aérien dans le dévoloppement économique des régions - Marziali, Nicolas (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

A critical analysis of the fiduciary duties of directors and evaluation of the development of these duties in terms of the common law and statutory law - Mdunge, Mzwendoda Smiso Patson (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2017)
Corporate law is based on the premise that directors are fiduciaries of their companies. This is an unbending duty which has to be adhered to at all cost by individuals appointed as directors of a company. Previously the director’s duties were governed by the common law which often relied on the interpretation of the courts on a case by case basis. Therefore the courts would often arrive at different conclusions based on a similar set of facts. The advent of the 2008 Companies Act (Act 71 of 2008)1 brought about a major evolution in South African company law by partially codifying the fiduciary duties of the directors. Understanding fiduciary duties of a director is of significant importance in the modern democracy based on the fact that directors engage on the international spectrum. Company directors have discretionary power which may be abused if they are not familiar with the fiduciary duties. This study seeks to comprehend fully the fiduciary duties of a director of a company. These are the duty to act bona fide, the duty to act for a proper purpose, the duty to avoid conflicts of interest and the duty not to use a corporate opportunity and information for personal profit. This task will be undertaken both in terms of the common law as well as statute (Companies Act 2008 Act). The study will delineate the fundamental consequences of partial codification of these duties and set out the current legal position of the common law which operates in tandem with the statute. In addition, it will deal with whether the common law provisions are still applicable side by side with the statutes. The duties of a company director represent a subject that is not merely academic in nature, but one that is of vital importance in our ever changing commercial world. More and more people are appointed as company directors every day and often they do not know or understand the implications of what they have agreed to.
Keywords: Common law; Companies Act 71 of 2008; Corporate law; Duties of directors; Duty to act in good faith; Fiduciary duties

La navigation maritime dans l'Arctique russe - Mukhina, Anastassiya (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

Contractual regulation : infusing the law of contract with constitutional values - Ndlebe, Zithulele Fikile (University of Johannesburg, 2017)
The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa is the supreme law in the land. Thus, all law is subject to the Constitution and this inevitably includes the law of contract. The South African law of contract has been inherited from common law, namely Roman–Dutch law and has been applicable in South Africa to date. The Constitution states that the common law should be developed when it is not in line with the provisions of the Constitution. The values underpinning the Constitution are human dignity equality and freedom and these values must therefore be reflected in contractual relations. The common law principle of pacta sunt servanda, which means that agreements must be kept, at times this principle yields unjust and unreasonable results. The strict adherence to pacta sunt servanda has led to difficulties. The unenforceability of these contract terms has been shown in reported case law to stem from standard term contracts, unequal bargaining power and from persons who contract out of necessity. This dissertation concludes that South African law of contract and the current legal treatment of balancing contract law with constitutional values is unsatisfactory. The Bill on the Control of Unreasonableness, Unconscionableness, or Oppressiveness in Contracts or Terms which was tabled in 1998 should be revised and legislated, so as to regulate contracts and infuse the law of contract with the constitutional values of human dignity, equality and freedom.

Les mécanismes de financement de l'économie sociale et solidaire en Afrique Subsaharienne Application au Congo-Brazzaville et au Sénégal - Ngouala Mongo, Belda; Thiao, Marie Hélène (Université Mouloud Mammeri, 2017)
L’Economie Sociale et Solidaire (ESS) est une nouvelle économie née des inégalités qu’ont connues les sociétés prolétaires mais qui de nos jours demeure une alternative pour lutter contre les conséquences désastreuses de l’économie capitalistique et de la mondialisation. Son principe de base étant de placer l’Homme au cœur de ses diverses activités et organisations, lui permet ainsi de promouvoir la solidarité, une gestion participative, etc. Cependant, elle doit faire face à des problèmes et surtout de financement. C’est dans ce contexte que nous nous interrogeons sur une question de grande actualité aussi en Afrique Sub-saharienne (AfSS) et particulièrement au Congo Brazzaville et au Sénégal à savoir : les mécanismes de financement de l’économie social et solidaire. L’objectif pour nous, est d’étudier les éléments qui forment, cadrent et financent l’ESS en AfSS et particulièrement au Congo-Brazzaville et au Sénégal et de vérifier si les dispositifs existants répondent-ils aux valeurs et principes de l’ESS t-elle que connu aujourd’hui dans le monde. De ce fait, et à partir de nos recherches, nous orientons notre travail sur : le Cadre théorique de cette ESS et ses pratiques en AfSS ; son cadre juridique et dynamique et enfin son rôle et système de financement dans l’activité économique au Congo-Brazzaville et au Sénégal. Ce qui nous a permis d’ailleurs de comprendre que l’ESS est un concept ancien dont les valeurs et pratiques ont toujours existés en AfSS. Qu’elle repose sur des dispositifs juridiques et des réseaux de promotion. Et que malgré quelques insuffisances notoires, les dispositifs financiers mis en place dans ces deux pays en particulier ont permis le développement et la modernisation des pratiques et organisations de l’ESS

A responsabilidade social corporativa face aos danos ambientais sob a perspectiva do direito internacional - Nunes, Bárbara Nogueira (Universidade Federal Fluminense, 2017)
A governança global é um fenômeno relativamente novo na ordem internacional. A responsabilidade social corporativa surge como um mecanismo da governança global no que tange à responsabilização das sociedades que assumem atribuição cada vez mais relevante diante do mundo globalizado. Os danos ambientais comumente são fruto da ausência de instrumentos efetivos de responsabilidade. O descarte de resíduos sólidos nos oceanos há tempos vem acontecendo e prejudica o meio ambiente marinho vinculado às águas brasileiras. A comunidade internacional enfrenta o descarte de resíduos em águas internacionais basicamente por meio da elaboração de uma legislação que objetiva regulamentar o despejo de resíduos nos oceanos. Assim, cabe investigar se há uma efetiva resposta ao enfrentamento do problema em termos da logística jurídica atualmente utilizada e sua fiscalização pela comunidade internacional. Parte-se da hipótese de que os instrumentos legais em vigor não se apresentam como uma solução estanque ao problema ante a argumentação da soberania dos Estados que leva a não observância das normas internacionais e a não responsabilização dos infratores. Um mecanismo mais eficaz em termos de regulamentação e de fiscalização, aliado à conscientização e educação ambiental são exigências que se fazem necessárias para combater os efeitos dessa prática que ecoa um dano permanente ao meio ambiente marinho. A metodologia utilizada neste trabalho dar-se-á através da análise teórica sobre o fenômeno a partir de doutrina selecionada que trata das construções conceituais que abordam o tema.
Keywords: Challenges; Comunidade internacional; Corporate Social Responsibility; Dano ambiental; Desafios; Descarte de resíduos; Gerenciamento de resíduo; Global governance; Governança global; Internation; Ocean dumping; Poluição ambiental por resíduo industrial; Responsabilidade social corporativa; Responsabilidade social da empresa; Solid environmental damage; Sólidos danos ambientais; Waste disposal

The impact of leadership styles on organizational performance - Nzimande, Sandile Jerome (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2017)
Many contemporary private and public enterprises have been hit by scandals and underperformance which have been linked to organizational leadership. This study therefore sought to establish the impact of leadership styles on organizational performance. Leadership and organizational performance crises that have rocked institutions such as Eskom, the South African Broadcasting Corporation and the South African Airways, Steinhoff, Enron and others necessitated the study. The study focused on MBA year three students (class of 2017) at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. The assumption has been that since these are masters’ students, they have once been exposed to various leadership styles, some of them are leaders, all have studied leadership styles and therefore likely to understand how these styles impact on organizational performance. This is a quantitative study. The total population was 140 students of which a total of 100 were targeted. Simple random sampling was used. Most of the participants revealed that there is a significant link between leadership styles and organizational performance. They unanimously agreed that there is definitely a noteworthy relationship between leadership styles and the organizational performance. The respondents also revealed that transformational leadership style is the most complimentary leadership style to organizational performance followed by strategic and open leadership styles respectively. Participants agreed that toxic leadership style and autocratic leadership style are undermining the organizational performance. It is therefore recommended that organizations ensure continuous checks on leadership in order to ensure that available leadership can assist in the realization of organizational goals. In addition, it is also recommended for organizations to assess the "type" of a leader in terms of leadership styles before he/she is promoted to take leadership roles in the organization in order to make proper placements. This will allow the organization to assess whether that type of a leader is suitable for the organization. Future research is needed on how models can be developed on how to make proper placements to leadership levels/roles. Research should also focus on how leadership styles dovetail with other organizational efforts that are meant to boost organizational performance.
Keywords: Leadership styles; Organizational performance; Private enterprises; Public enterprises

Strategies adopted by Commercial Banks in Kenya in Response to the Law Capping Interest Rates - Ragor, Rodgers Kiptoo (University of Nairobi, 2017)
The ability of an organization to adjust its operation in light of the evolving changes in their operating environment determines the sustainability of the business unit in both the short and long term. The objective of the study was to determine the response strategies adopted by Kenyan commercial banks in response to the interest capping laws. A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. The population of the study was 42 commercial banks operating in Kenya. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire that was both closed and open ended. Data was analysed using the descriptive statistics. The study found that banks have employed adaptation strategies through working with other partners in the banking sector to leverage their synergy and concentrate on areas that enhance competitive advantage. The research findings also reinforced the need for the banks to work together as a sector and attempt and change the laws that inhibit their operations through lobby groups in parliament and other forums. The study also show that there exists a link between firms‟ strategic activities and their strategic responses and therefore, bank managers should diversify their product range especially to the youth who are apt in using the mobile technology to access services and improve the bank level of efficiency and effectiveness in their operations. The study recommends that the commercial banks ought to conform to the regulations to attract customers while the Central Bank as a regulator should likewise be sensitive to the operating environment and should be flexible in setting the rules in order to attract investment and support the growth in the banking industry. The Interest capping law is still at its infancy stage in Kenya and thus there is room for further research as the full impact of the law is realized in the long term.

Enjeu social et activité aéroprtuaire, du risque à l'opportunité - Sarr, Adama (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)

The compatability of the restatement second of the conflict of laws and South African private international law with Article 2(2) of the Hague Principles on Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts - Seckel, Ashely Zwelinhle (University of Johannesburg, 2017)
Please refer to full text to view abstract. LL.M. (International Commercial Law)

Le contrat de charter des navires de grande plaisance - Thierry, Jean-Baptiste (Aix-Marseille Université, 2017)
L’affrètement est un élément incontournable du droit maritime. L’outil que représente le contrat d’affrètement, bien que légalement encadrée, a été notamment forgé et standardisé par les professionnels qui ont su tirer pleinement profit de la liberté contractuelle qu’offrait ce mode d’exploitation. C’est grâce à cette liberté accordé aux parties que l’affrètement a été choisi pour exploiter les navires de grande plaisance. Cependant, malgré que le régime d’affrètement soit adapté à ce type de navigation, la prestation découlant de la mise à disposition d’un yacht doit faire face à de nombreux enjeux fiscaux, juridiques et sociaux qui obligent l’industrie si particulière du yachting à réagir en conséquence et se tourner vers d’autres mode d’exploitation tel que le contrat de croisière.
Keywords: Contrat de charter; Grande plaisance; Navire; Navire de grande plaisance

Il nuovo arbitrato nel diritto del lavoro a seguito della riforma del "Collegato Lavoro" - Mangini, Giulia (Università di Pisa, 2016)
L' elaborato si propone l' obiettivo di analizzare le nuove tipologie arbitrali introdotte dalla legge n. 183/2010 e le loro probabilità di successo nell'ordinamento italiano. Per far ciò, prima di concentrarmi sulla attuale disciplina, ho proceduto ad una ricognizione storica dell' istituto arbitrale e dell' impianto normativo su cui il legislatore del 2010 è intervenuto. Infine ho svolto un' analisi di diritto comparato, prendendo a riferimento gli ordinamenti di USA ed Inghilterra e verificando come lì l' arbitrato ed in generale i metodi ADR, vengono utilizzati.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitrato; Collegato lavoro; Diritto di lavoro; Droit du travail; Labour law; Travaux connexes

Analyse des causes des impayés dans le processus d'octroi de crédit dans les institutions de microfinance au Cameroun : cas de la Bourse d'Epargne et de Crédit (BEC) - Voukeng, Ghislain-Blaise (Université de Liège, 2016)
Microfinance institutions are specialized in the financing of economic activities of small sizes. They have a social role to target many excluded from the traditional financial system, including poor households, sole proprietorships, small and medium enterprises and mutual aid associations by offering to them suitable financial services (Kobou et al. 2009). In doing so, they are perceived by the vast majority of public opinion internationally as a useful lever for poverty reduction. They must nevertheless obtain sufficient economic and financial results to ensure their viability and sustainability. But in recent decades, there is a certain fragility of MFIs with cases of cascading bankruptcy in Cameroon, where one of the major causes of this bankruptcy remains the unpaid. This study examines the causes of the unpaid loan in the microcredit process in second category of microfinance institutions in Cameroon through the specific case of the "Bourse d’Epargne et de Credit" (BEC). To do this, a multi-variables analysis based on logistic regression method was performed on 195 individuals who have benefited the credit based on six factors, including the sex of the applicant (male or female), the socio professional category of applicant (trader, employee, and very small business-man), the credit period, the number of times an individual has benefited a credit, interest expenses borne by the applicant and the time to study and reply one credit demand. After analysis and discussion, it emerges that: the very small business-man, credit duration, the number of times an individual has benefited the loan; the interest charges borne by the customer are risk factors that increase the level of unpaid with a significant level of 5%. Other factors of the professional category (trader and employee); the credit applicant customer's gender (male or female) and the time to study and reply to a credit demand are factors that have low risk for unpaid. These factors are considered as protective factors of unpaid, also at the significant level of 5%. In addition, it also shows that certain portion of the target where credit is granted is unsuited to the context of the institution's objectives; there is a managerial problem in the structure in question.
Keywords: Credit; Microfinance institution; Risk; Sustainability; Unpaid loan

Desafios da harmonização do direito do comércio internacional - Boscolo, Ana Teresa de Abreu Coutinho (Universidade de São Paulo, 2016)
Trata-se de estudo sobre desafios existentes para a harmonização do direito do comércio internacional, entendendo-se harmonização de forma ampla, como busca da harmonia dos instrumentos e regras do comércio internacional. Dessa forma, o estudo trata tanto de questões de unificação quanto de harmonização do direito do comércio internacional. A harmonização, em sentido específico, deve ser entendida como a utilização de um instrumento como modelo ou fonte de inspiração para a elaboração ou interpretação de outros instrumentos ou dos direitos nacionais. A unificação, por sua vez, é entendida como o resultado da aplicação de um instrumento único de modo que o aplicador que a realizou seja indiferente. Nesse sentido, os desafios estão nos fatores que impedem o preenchimento dos requisitos que levam à unificação e à harmonização, quais sejam: elaboração dos instrumentos, entrada em vigor dos tratados, incorporação dos modelos aos direitos nacionais, aplicação dos instrumentos pelos aplicadores (árbitros e juízes), o que inclui questões relativas a regras de conflito de leis, normas imperativas e ordem pública, relação entre os instrumentos quando da sua elaboração e quando da sua aplicação.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Comércio internacional; Conflict of laws; Direito internacional privado; Harmonization; Harmonização; International commerce; Unification; Unificação

La réforme du droit des contrats et la prise en compte de l’erreur en droit de la distribution - Rodriguez, Marion (Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 2016)
Cette étude porte sur les modifications apportées par l’ordonnance du 10 février 2016 et notamment l’impact qu’elles devraient impliquer sur la théorie de l’erreur en tant que vice du consentement, entraînant un défaut dans les conditions de validité du contrat (article 1128 nouveau du Code civil). Sur cette seule notion, le changement est éloquent. Le Code civil actuel ne contient que deux dispositions relatives à l’erreur (article 1109 et 1110) et une jurisprudence foisonnante qui en détermine les contours alors que la réforme en prévoit dorénavant six (articles nouveaux 1130, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135 et 1136). Cette modification quantitative a pour objectif de préciser les contours d’une notion dont le champ d’application est fortement discuté tant par les praticiens du droit que par les professionnels. Dans ce domaine du contrat de franchise, les difficultés liées à la prise en compte de l’erreur sur la rentabilité, c’est-à-dire du potentiel de chiffre d’affaires dégagé par l’exploitation d’un commerce, réside dans la nécessaire mise en balance des intérêts de chacune des parties. Nombreux ont été les franchisés à arguer d’une erreur sur la rentabilité ayant entraîné un vice de leur consentement au moment de la conclusion du contrat, afin de se délier d’un réseau de franchise jugé non rentable. Cependant, l’annulation du contrat ne peut revêtir la forme d’une épée de Damoclès au-dessus du franchiseur. Il est essentiel de trouver un équilibre afin de pouvoir, à la fois, protéger l’intégrité du consentement du franchisé et apporter une stabilité aux relations valablement conclues. À partir de ces multiples constatations, cette étude tentera d’appréhender la difficulté du droit positif et de l’ordonnance portant réforme du droit des contrats à élargir le champ d’application de l’erreur. En ce sens, la nouvelle définition de l’erreur sera-t-elle de nature à sonner le glas de la construction prétorienne reconnaissant l’erreur sur la rentabilité économique de l’activité entreprise comme source de nullité du contrat de franchise ? Afin d’y parvenir, l’analyse du renouvellement de la qualification de l’erreur (Partie 1) devrait permettre d’appréhender les raisons pour lesquelles la reconnaissance de l’erreur sur la rentabilité dite « objective » constitue un instrument au service de l’intégrité du consentement du franchisé (Partie 2).
Keywords: Droit de la distribution; Droit des contrats; Théorie de l'erreur

La réglementation du travail domestique au Bénin et les apports de la convention 189 de l'OIT - Ahonoukoun, Loren Violette (Université du Québec à Montréal, 2016)
L'étude que nous avons menée aborde la question de la protection juridique des travailleuses domestiques au Bénin. Les travailleuses domestiques au Bénin sont essentiellement de jeunes adolescentes appelées vidomegons issues de milieux sociaux défavorisés qui sont mises au travail très tôt afin de pourvoir aux besoins de leurs familles restées dans les milieux ruraux. Nos recherches nous ont permis de mettre à jour l'insuffisance et le caractère discriminatoire de la réglementation actuelle du travail domestique. Ceci implique qu'il faut revoir la réglementation actuelle afin de protéger ces jeunes travailleuses confinées dans les maisons loin des regards extérieurs qui sont bien souvent confrontées à toutes sortes d'abus. Toutefois, l'adoption par l'OIT en 2011 d'un ensemble de normes qualifiées d'historiques qui vise la protection des travailleuses domestiques a suscité une mobilisation importante et d'importants espoirs au Bénin. Il s'agit de la Convention 189 : Travail décent pour les travailleuses et travailleurs domestiques et de la Recommandation 201. Ces instruments intègrent les travailleuses domestiques dans la réglementation internationale du droit du travail. Ce mémoire propose d'examiner les potentiels apports de cette Convention pour la protection des droits des travailleuses domestiques au Bénin. Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous défendons notamment l'hypothèse que la ratification de la Convention 189 pourrait grandement contribuer à l'amélioration des conditions de vie et de travail des travailleuses domestiques. Nous espérons modestement, que ce travail puisse contribuer à favoriser la mobilisation en faveur de la ratification, par le gouvernement du Bénin, de la Convention 189.
Keywords: Bénin; Conditions de travail; Convention 189; Discrimination; Droit international; Employées de maison; Mobilisation; Organisation internationale du travail; Recommandation (n° 201); Recommandation 201; Travail domestique; Travailleuses domestiques; Vidomègons

Le transport maritime en mer baltique : exemple d'une coopération régionale - Audibert, Élian (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

Efficacité de la gestion comptabilité; un levier pour améliorer les performances techniques d'une compagnie d'assurance IARD : Cas de SAHAM assurance Benin - Avoce, Noudéssèwa Modeste (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

State interference through domestic courts in international commercial arbitration - Badenhorst, Casper Hendrik Jacobus (University of Johannesburg, 2016)
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; International and municipal law; International commercial arbitration

Bilan et perspective de la mise en œuvre des dispositions de l'article 13 nouveau du code CIMA au Burkina Faso : Cas de la générale des assurances - Badini, Roland Rat-Néré (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Les dommages causés aux câbles sous-marins - Bivaud, Alexis (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

Les Obligations des Parties au Contrat de Construction navale - Blanco, Rafael (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

Comment développer la bancassurance dans le business d'une compagnie d'assurances IARD en zone CIMA? : Cas de SUNU assurance IARD-Centrafrique - Bombard Moundjoutende, Gaétan Cyrille (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Le contrat d’assurance transport maritime de marchandises en Tunisie : reproduction du modèle français - Bousselmi, Rafik (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

Le contrat d'assurance transport maritime de marchandises en Tunisie : reproduction du modèle français - Bousselmi, Rafik (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

Incidences et difficultés pratiques dans l'indemnisation des préjudices corporels d'acidents de circulation selon les nouvelles dispositions du code CIMA : cas de la CNART - Diallo, Anssoumane (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Micro assurance et rentabilité : Modèle et outils de gestion pour un système pérenne au Tchad - Djounfoune, Elodie (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Assurance crédit-caution, facteur d'émergence économique - Djuidje Kamdem, Isabelle Mélissa (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

L'enlèvement des épaves - Dubs, Marine (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

Mercenariat et piraterie : vers une privatisation de la protection des navires - El Adraoui, Ayoub (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

Le Japon et la chasse à la baleine dans l'antarctique : Licéité, légitimité et résistances - Gallardo, Joséphine (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

Cláusulas abusivas en los contratos de préstamo hipotecario. Especial referencia a las denominadas "cláusulas suelo" - García-Serón Atencia, Paloma (Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2016)
Trabajo Fin de Curso de Experto Universitario en Derecho Bancario (2014/15). Directora/Tutora: Patricia Márquez Lobillo. El objeto de este trabajo es el examen de la evolución jurídica de las cláusulas abusivas, y en especial de las cláusulas suelo, desde las primeras cuestiones prejudiciales planteadas sobre su legalidad y la posible consideración de abusivas y en consecuencia, nula. He elegido esta temática puesto que se están produciendo muchas modificaciones normativas, doctrinales y jurisprudenciales respecto de las cláusulas que forman parte de los préstamos con garantía hipotecaria. Por ello se ha convertido en un tema de rabiosa actualidad y de continua controversia en Juzgados y Tribunales, por lo que entiendo que es más que necesaria organizar todos los pronunciamientos que se han hecho respecto de estas cláusulas para entender cuándo son consideradas abusivas y por ende, nulas. En primer lugar, he iniciado el proyecto clarificando el concepto de cláusula suelo, seguido de toda la normativa que regula la protección del consumidor así como la trasposición de las Directivas Europeas. Una vez aclarados los conceptos, he analizado la primera sentencia del Tribunal Supremo que se pronunció respecto de la cláusula suelo. En un primer término, me he centrado en explicar los antecedentes de hecho que hicieron llegar al Alto Tribunal a fijar doctrina respecto de las cláusulas suelo. Posteriormente, he analizado la legitimación activa de la asociación de consumidores AUSBANC, que fueron los que promovieron una acción colectiva de cesación de condiciones generales de contratación, en la que solicitaba la declaración de nulidad por tener carácter abusivo, de las condiciones generales de contratación consistentes en las cláusulas de los contratos de préstamo hipotecario a interés variable que establecen un tipo mínimo de interés o un tipo mínimo de referencia solicitando la condena de las demandadas a eliminar dichas condiciones generales de contratación y abstenerse de utilizarlas en el futuro. Seguidamente, he seguido examinando la Sentencia de 9 de mayo de 2013 en cuanto a que es considerada como condición general de la contratación y configuradora del precio del préstamo hipotecario. Así mismo, he explicado la problemática existente en cuanto a la apreciación de oficio de las cláusulas abusivas por parte del órgano jurisdiccional en la normativa española. Particularmente, me he detenido para explicar el doble control de transparencia, que fija la Sentencia de 9 mayo de 2013, que deben superar las cláusulas suelos para ser considerada legales. Respecto de la sentencia de 9 de mayo de 2013, he concluido explicando las dudas respecto de la devolución de las cantidades que no aclaro el Tribunal Supremo en su fallo. De ahí que desde entonces, la interpretación de los Juzgados y Tribunales (jurisprudencia menor) ha sido variada. En vista de ello, el Tribunal Supremo se ha pronunciado de nuevo para aclarar que, cuando en aplicación de la doctrina fijada en su sentencia del Pleno de 9 de mayo de 2013, se declare abusiva y, por tanto, nula una cláusula suelo inserta en un contrato de préstamo con tipo de interés variable, procederá la restitución al prestatario de los intereses que hubiese pagado en aplicación de dicha cláusula a partir del 9 de mayo de 2013. Sin embargo, a pesar de que se ha fijado la irretroactividad de la devolución de las cantidades, existe un voto particular que discrepa el criterio seguido por el Tribunal Supremo en esta sentencia de 25 de marzo de 2015. En vista de las advertencias por parte del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea así como de la importancia de la Sentencia de 9 de mayo de 2013, España se ha visto obligada a modificar su legislación en trasposición de las Directivas Europeas. En particular, respecto de las cláusulas suelo hay que destacar la importancia de la aprobación de la Ley 1/2013, de 14 de mayo, de medidas para reforzar la protección a los deudores hipotecarios, reestructuración de deuda y alquiler social. Además, en este trabajo se ha pretendido reflejar las dudas que continúan existiendo y que desembocan y probablemente, seguirán desembocando en el futuro en nuevas resoluciones sobre este asunto.

La prérogative de l'arbitre de relever un moyen d'office - Gaucher, Natalia (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

Les incidences de la réforme de l'article 13 du code CIMA sur la souscription et la gestion des contrats d'assurances : cas de SAHAM assurances Côte d'Ivoire - Gnangoran, Aman Damien (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

La déconstruction des navires - Guillou, Benoît (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

Temps de conduite en matière routière : approche juridique - Guiral, Florian (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

Le système de contrôle de gestion comme outil de pilotage des sociétés d'assurance de la zone CIMA : Etude de cas de l'africaine des assurances du Bénin - Hounga, Adjimon Achille (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

The Interface Between Competition Law and Intellectual Property Law in Kenya - Jerobon, Rotich Caroline (University of Nairobi, 2016)
The interaction between competition law and intellectual property law has often attracted divergent views from scholars and practitioners of each respective sphere of law. Whereas some argue that the two are in conflict with each other and cannot be reconciled. The aforementioned tension between competition law and intellectual property law has been traced to the objectives of each. On the one hand, intellectual property rights confer upon their owners an exclusive right to behave in a particular way while on the other hand competition law strives to keep markets open. Other scholars have argued that, in real sense and practice, the two are actually not in conflict but rather that they complement each other. The question then becomes, is there really an irreconcilable difference between the two areas of law? This paper seeks to establish how the two aspects of law interact and seeks to propose that there be created a balance to alleviate the perceived conflict between the two. This paper will identify the areas in which the balance can be struck. It will also seek to establish how the Kenyan legislative framework as well as the courts has dealt with the conflict. It will proceed from understanding the goals and objective of both intellectual property law and competition law. This will provide the backdrop against which the alleged conflict originates from. A comparative study with other developed jurisdictions will be undertaken so as to advise on the route that should be taken by Kenya on the interface and a conclusion drawn on how the two areas relate and recommendations drawn from the issues identified in the study made.
Keywords: Competencia; Competition law; Intellectual property

La exclusión del socio en la sociedad de responsabilidad limitada - Jiménez Asencio, Juan Manuel (Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2016)
Trabajo Fin de Curso de Experto Universitario en Derecho Societario (2014/15). Tutora: Patricia Benavides Velasco. El objetivo del presente trabajo no es más que exponer una síntesis, lo más completa posible, de la materia que nos ocupa, a saber, la exclusión del socio en sociedades de capital, específicamente, en la Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada. Se ha pretendido mostrar las distintas perspectivas doctrinales, jurisprudenciales o de otra índole que, a nuestro juicio, hemos considerado más relevantes, posicionándonos argumentativamente junto a aquellas que creemos más acordes con lo que predica la legislación reguladora de la figura estudiada. Se trata de ofrecer una visión global y reflexiva del instituto de la exclusión, tocando todos los aspectos que inciden directamente en ella – al menos eso hemos procurado - , y haciendo especial hincapié en sus causas - punto esencial sobre el que gira la institución - , todo ello sin perjuicio de las humildes opiniones aportadas y reflexiones que pudiéramos plantear, de cuyo riesgo no abjuramos todavía. El resto queda en manos de nuestro lector.

Fiabilité des portefeuilles des compagnies d'assurances non vie à l'épreuve du courtage : Cas du marché ivoirien - Kouadio Beh, Paulin (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Outils de contrôle et de surveillance du portefeuille d'une compagnie de réassurance en zone CIMA : Cas de NCA-RE - Kouadio, Arnaud Stéphane (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

La compétence des tribunaux français dans le contentieux du travail maritime - Lecadre, Fanny (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

La réassurance vie : Cas de la STAR vie - Ledjibigue, Dono (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Le rôle de la micro finance dans la réduction de la pauvreté dans les pays en voie de développement : cas du Tchad - Levy, Nanque; Mahamat, Haroun Abba (Université Mouloud Mammeri, 2016)
La micro finance vise à permettre aux exclus de système bancaire d’accéder à des services financiers adaptés à leurs besoins, en premier lieu des microcrédits. Mais elle offre aussi la possibilité d’épargner des parts montants, et aussi des systèmes plus développées tels que les services de transferts de fonds et de proposer des instruments de paiement.
Keywords: Développement; Finance; Micro finance; Pauvreté; Produit financier

Les incidences de la modification de l'article 308 du code CIMAsur les activités d'assurances et de réassurance - Libresco K., Ellolia Sandrine (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Análisis jurisprudencial entorno a la impugnación por nulidad en la partición de la herencia - Margallo Toral, Manuel (Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2016)
Trabajo Fin de Máster en Derecho Ambiental (2014/15). La partición hereditaria, como cualquier otro acto jurídico puede adolecer de algún defecto o de la ausencia de presupuesto que perturbe sus efectos, pudiendo proceder los coherederos a la evicción y saneamiento de los bienes adjudicados, ex art. 1069 C.C. La sección Cuarta del Capítulo VI del Título III del Libro III de nuestro C. Civil, se ocupa de la “Rescisión de la Partición”, desde el art. 1073 al 1081, tan solo se dedican 9 artículos y de éstos sólo el art 1081, hace referencia a un caso de partición nula. Lo cierto es que el C. Civil no tiene tasadas las causas de ineficacia y nos remite a los principios generales sobre la invalidez de los negocios jurídicos. No hay unas reglas concretas de aplicación cuando surge un vicio o defecto que invalide la partición, con lo cual iremos analizando jurisprudencialmente diferentes posiciones.

Le "Forward Freight Agreement" - Martin, Camille (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

Optimisation de la réassurance dans une compagnie d'assurance : Cas Ogar vie - Metou Bekale, Guy Darren (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

The resolution of jurisdictional conflicts under the common law and in the European Union - Mlambe, Richard Mike (University of Johannesburg, 2016)
The resolution of jurisdictional conflicts is one of the main functions of private international law. It provided rules to be applied when the courts of more than one country are seized of the same case in international litigation. In determining what that rule should be, regard must be had to the interest of all the relevant entities, namely, the parties to international cases and the courts dealing with such cases. The need to strike a balance is even more urgent in international commercial litigation where the outcome of the case normally has significant economic consequences. From this background, a study has been conducted of two major private international law regimes regarding their approaches to the resolution of jurisdictional conflicts, namely, the common‐law and the European Union (EU). This study is an inquiry into the suitability of each approach in the resolution of jurisdictional conflicts in international commercial cases. It is the view of the present author that each approach has advantages and disadvantages. The common‐law through the doctrine of forum non conveniens shows a greater ability to prevent forum shopping and to prevent injustices in specific cases. However, it is highly unpredictable. On the other hand, the EU approach through the lis pendens rule succeeds in ensuring predictability and certainty in the resolution of jurisdictional conflicts which is very crucial in international commercial litigation. However, its rigidity and inflexibility leads to the determination of international commercial cases by courts that are ill‐suited, thereby giving some room for forum shopping. It is therefore recommended that the two approaches should learn from each other so that their handling of international commercial cases is in line with the special nature of international commercial litigation. The common‐law approach should be made more predictable and the EU approach should allow the courts in the EU to determine which court is best suited to deal with an international commercial case.

The implications of Lagoon Beach Hotel (Pty) v Lehane 2016 (3) SA 143 (SCA) for the South African cross-border insolvency dispensation - Moolman, Shirande (University of Pretoria, 2016)
This mini-dissertation explores the implications of Lagoon Beach Hotel (Pty) Limited v Lehane 2016 (3) SA 143 (SCA) for the South African cross-border insolvency dispensation, as this case deals with the various problems that arise in cross-border insolvency. As a result of these problems and a certain amount of uncertainty when it comes to dealing with cross-border insolvency issues, many investors are reluctant to invest cross-border. This is due to the fact that multiple countries, each with their own laws concerning cross-border insolvency, are involved. Thankfully, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law has provided a set of guidelines in this regard, namely the Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency. Although South Africa has enacted the Cross-Border Insolvency Act 42 of 2000, and most of the provisions provided for in the Model law have been included in the legislation, the Act still remains inoperative. Throughout this dissertation the Lagoon Beach case will therefore be critically analysed. The analysis will start off with a discussion of the common law, as it is currently the legal position in South Africa. Thereafter a detailed analysis will be conducted of the various orders of court of the Lagoon Beach case and how the courts differed or agreed in their approach. Finally, the Lagoon Beach case will be discussed in light of the Act and the issues in the case will be solved hypothetically by applying the Act to the problems discussed throughout the dissertation.

Problématique du pilotage des opérations de microassurance en zone CIMA : Cas d'allianz Côte d'Ivoire assurances vie - N' cho Monnin, D. Jean (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

The transfer of ownership of movables in the context of international contracts of sale with specific reference to reservation of title clauses : a comparative study - Neibecker, Nadine (University of Johannesburg, 2016)
Please refer to full text to view abstract LL.M. (International Commercial Law)

Maîtrise des risques opérationnels liés au processus de gestion des sinistrés : cas de SAHAM assurance Cameroun - Nguidjol, Jean Félix (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Contribution du réseau indirect dans le chiffre d'affaires et son influence dans le développement des compagnies d'assurance au Congo : Cas de NSIA Congo - Nzaba Mabiala, Guy Palmer (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Pratique de la réassurance et capacité financière des compagnies d'assurances face aux nouvelles contraintes réglementaires : Cas du marché camerounais - Omoko Nkouekoua, Christian (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

L'apport d'un réassureur dans le développement de l'industrie de l'assurance en zone CIMA : Cas de la SCG-Ré - Ondo, Igor Mba (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Designing justice: a critical analysis of intellectual property rights within the fashion industry - Parbhoo, Sade (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2016)
Designers are those individuals within our society with a desire and drive to create. In general designers can be found in all facets of industry and good designers (and ultimately good designs) are the very backbone upon a successful business is built. Designers are required to marry practical knowledge with artistic ability and we are reliant on their skills and to turn abstract ideas into formal designs for everything from the groceries we purchase, the cars we drive and of course, the clothes we wear. Whilst there is no definitive delineation of what a fashion design is, generally fashion designs relate to the creation of designs that focus on clothing, apparel and accessories. The style and functionality of the end products rest firmly within particular time frames, economic and socio-cultural environments within which particular designers find themselves. Accordingly the fashion design industry is never one that stagnates but rather is one that is constantly evolving. In South Africa, the fashion industry is blossoming. As an emerging economy, it is important to create opportunities and not barriers for entry into particular sectors for emerging entrepreneurs. The entire fabric of the fashion industry has certainly changed over time and these changes have brought an increased focus on issues of copying and counterfeiting. It is the contention of some in the industry that there is a need for stricter protection of the actual design in and of itself. Using intellectual property rights as a means of protecting fashion designs is very fitting as every new design begins with an idea, which then evolves, though a process of creative engagement and application of skill and labour to become the final original end product. Designers seeking to protect their designs would need to consider the provisions of the Copyright Act, the Designs Act and the Trade Marks Act. These Acts may in some instances provide a means for protect the actual design incidentally, i.e. by protecting the designer‟s rights in relation to reputation and goodwill associated with the goods whilst in others may afford protection to the design itself. The focus of this research will be a discussion of the legal mechanisms available to fashion designers in South Africa for the protection of their designs using their intellectual property rights and an assessment of whether the fashion industry is in need a stronger intellectual property regime than the current one.
Keywords: Design protection; Fashion industry; Intellectual property; Ownership; Retail trade; South Africa

La définition des risques de guerre et assimilés en assurance maritime et transports et l'adaptation du marché - Patuano, Marine (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

La pratique de la sélection et de la tarification des risques en assurance décès emprunteurs : Cas d'Allianz Burkina assurance vie - Rouamba, Pêgdwendé Dénis (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Gestion des sinistrés à payer (SAP) en assurance dommages dans la zone CIMA : Analyse des facteurs d'accumulation et approche de solutions pour leur réduction - Sagna, Messan (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Formation of Contract for the International Sales of Goods - Saleem, Saman Othman (Near East University, 2016)
The Convention for the International Sale of Goods called the Vienna Conference 1980 is an astute international statute that regulates the sale of goods globally. It has been ratified by about 83 countries of the world and countries that have not ratified it have at a point or the other made reference to it. Major economic players apart from England have ratified and have their courts pronounce on the CISG. The Convention provides for the well known elements of contract and also allows for the usage of standard user terms, for example, general terms known or related to certain goods. It is imperial to state that there are also certain regional statutes that are similar to the CISG although with varying differences. It is important to also mention that the CISG also has its lacunae and defects such as allowance for exemption, contents and so on. The CISG has been pronounced upon by courts across the world and has been seen to be highly justiciable.
Keywords: CISG; Convention; English Law; Iraq; United Nations

Le contrat de logistique, un véritable imbroglio juridique - Schoeler, Etienne (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

Affected persons in business rescue proceedings : has a balance been struck? - Silangwe, Thandeka (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2016)
Abstract not available.
Keywords: Buisness enterprises; Business failures; Corporate turnarounds; South Africa

la démarche gestion actif passif dans les compagnies d'assurance de la zone CIMA : cas de SUNU assurance IARD Togo - Siliadin, Komivi Pomégnon (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

An analysis of the impact of the sanitary and phytosanitary agreement on market access : case study on the SA/EU citrus dispute and AGOA dispute - Singh, Shikira (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2016)
Abstract not available.
Keywords: AGOA; African Growth and Opportunity Act; Cooperation Agreement; Market access; Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement; Trade Development; Trade barrier; WTO; World Trade Organization

la couverture de la responsabilité civile scolaire dans un Etat de la CIMA : cas du Niger - Soumana Hamidou, Abdoul Kader (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

La fiscalité applicable à l'activité d'une compagnie d'assurances IARD : cas d' AXA Sénégal - Sy, Mactar (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

La gestion actif-passif d'une compagnie d'assurance non vie : Cas de la compagnie d'assurances et de réassurances Sabu Nyumansa - Traoré, Mahamadou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Les placements des sociétés d'assurance du Mali : Caractéristiques et rendement - Traoré, Mamadou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Risques et responsabilité civile en matière d'installation pétrolière offshore - Troussier, Julie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2016)

The non-cooperative respondent in international arbitration proceedings : a comparative survey and evaluation of the leading arbitration rules - Venter, Johanlene (University of Johannesburg, 2016)
International arbitration has become accepted worldwide as the principal and, under certain circumstances the preferred method, of resolving international disputes between states, individuals, and corporations in almost every aspect of international trade, commerce, and investment. In general terms, it is expected that an international arbitration procedure is a much speedier method of dispute resolution than formal court proceedings. Although international arbitration holds many benefits for prospective users, there are some difficulties that may arise along the way. An increasingly frequent complaint concerns delays, particularly unconscionable delays and deliberate delaying tactics caused by the parties (i.e. claimant, respondent and/or the arbitrator) which frustrates the process. Arbitration derives from the consent between contracting parties. This implies that the contracting parties gave their consent that a dispute arising from the contract may be resolved by way of arbitration. This will also explain why default by any of the parties is prima facie inconsistent with the consensual nature of arbitration. It is suggested that default during international arbitration is most likely to occur and does not receive the same treatment as the equivalent in the context of formal state court proceedings. Essentially, the objective of this study is to articulate what the claimant can and should do during the arbitral process if and when the respondent is non-cooperative and obstructive in the arbitral process in an attempt to delay and/or destroy the procedure. This study also considers how tribunals should behave in order to promote fairness and the most efficient form of dispute resolution. The research method applied during this study is to conduct a comparative survey and evaluation of the leading arbitration rules available in order to establish what measures are put in place to overcome or mitigate the effects caused by the non-cooperative respondent.
Keywords: Commercial law; International commercial arbitration

Passation de marché et assurances - Yadd, Mass Papa (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

La gestion des sinistrés dans une compagnie IARD - Zahe Ibrahim, Aboubacar (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

Conciliation des contraintes de gestion technique financière et commerciale en assurance vie dans la zone CIMA : cas de l'union des assurances du Burkina-vie (UAB-vie) - Zongo, Pacome Williams Charlemagne (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2016)

دور المحكم في الخصومة التحكيمية - حمودي, سمية (جامعة الوادي university el-oued, 2016)
تناولت هذه الدراسة أهم عنصر من عناصر عملية التحكيم، ألا وهو دور المحكم في خصومة التحكيم، وذلك من خلال معرفة شروط وإجراءات اختاره ومركزه القانوني وسلطاته والتزاماته . و قد بدأت الدراسة بمقدمة تضمنت العناصر الرئيسية للبحث وتناولنا ف الفصل الأول التعريف بالمحكم من خلال بيان معناه وتميزه عن القاضي والخبير والمصالح والوكيل، كذلك بيان الشروط الواجب توافرها في المحكم، كما تم توضيح المركز القانوني للمحكم في خصومة التحكم وكذا بيان طرق تشكيل هيئة التحكيم. كما تناولنا سلطات المحكم، سواء كانت ناشئة عن اتفاق التحكيم، أم المخولة له بموجب القانون، وبيان الالتزامات المرمية على عاتقه أثناء مباشرته لمهمته، وكل ذلك من خلال الفصل الثاني. ومن أهم النتائج التي خلصت إليها الدراسة، هي أن المحكم يتمتع بسلطات واسعة في خصومة التحكيم، إلا أن هذه السلطات الواسعة ليست مطلقة بلا قيود، وإنما يفرض على المحكم عدة التزامات منذ قبوله مهمة التحكيم وحتى صدور الحكم الفاصل في النزاع مرورا بالتزاماته أثناء سير الاجراءات مع مراعاة احترام المبادئ الأساسية للتقاضي. Cette étude portait sur l'élément le plus important du processus d'arbitrage, à savoir le rôle d'arbitre dans l'arbitrage des différends, et grâce à la connaissance des conditions et des procédures choisies statut juridique, pouvoirs et obligations. L'étude a commencé par une introduction comprenait les principaux éléments de la recherche et nous traitée dans le premier arbitre de définition de chapitre à travers les moyens de déclaration et de le distinguer du juge et expert, des intérêts et de l'agent, ainsi que la déclaration des conditions à remplir par l'arbitre, a également clarifier le statut juridique d'un arbitre dans le contrôle des différends, ainsi qu'une description des moyens de la formation du tribunal. Comme nous approchions les autorités de l'arbitre, que ce soit en raison de la convention d'arbitrage, ou qui lui sont conférés en vertu de la loi, et la déclaration des obligations jetées sur lui-même pendant l'exécution de leur mission, et tout au long du deuxième trimestre. Parmi les résultats les plus importants de l'étude, il est que l'arbitre dispose de larges pouvoirs à l'arbitrage des différends, mais ces larges pouvoirs est pas absolue, sans restrictions, mais a imposé à l'arbitre plusieurs engagements depuis accepter la tâche d'arbitrage et jusqu'à la délivrance de l'arbitre décisif dans le conflit par ses obligations au cours de la procédure, avec en tenant compte du respect des principes de base du litige
Keywords: Arbitrage des différends; Arbitration; Arbitre; Obligations de l'arbitre; Pouvoirs de l'arbitre; Statut juridique; Tribunal arbitral; التزامات المحكم; الخصومة التحكيمية; المحكم; المركز القانوني; سلطات و; هيئة التحكيم

The suitability of the CISG and OHADA for small and medium-sized enterprises engaging in international trade in West and Central Africa - Donfack, Narcisse Gaetan Zebaze (University of South Africa, 2015)
It is universally acknowledged that international trade and cooperation have become key drivers of SMEs. Indeed, the success of SMEs in the sales sector depends upon their capacity to conquer the foreign market and compete with larger companies. Many SMEs today, in particular those in Central and West Africa, are very much aware of this reality. However, because of differences between domestic laws and their maladjustment, many African SMEs still struggle to enter the international market and compete with larger companies. It is therefore obvious that any SMEs that want to succeed in international commerce today will be called upon to confront different regulations, whether domestic, regional or international, which are often shaped according to the realities and expectations of a particular environment. The challenge today is to regulate and harmonise these different legal systems, in order to render the law identical in numerous jurisdictions. This process of unifying the law internationally, in particular the law of sale, started in 1920 and culminated in 1988, with the implementation of the CISG. This Convention, which has become the primary law for international sales contracts, endeavours to deal with this problem of differences in law between states on a global scale, by attempting to achieve a synthesis between different legislations, such as civil law, common law, socialist law, and the law regarding industrialised and Third World countries. Even though the CISG appears to be a compromise between different legal systems, the fact remains that it is not yet applicable in many countries, especially those in Central and West Africa, which are mostly still ruled by domestic and regional law, namely the OHADA. The purpose of this study is to attempt to analyse and compare the OHADA’s Uniform Act Relating to Commercial Law to the CISG, in order to identify similarities and differences between the two, and to determine, with regard to the operating mode and structure of SMEs in West and Central Africa, which one of the two legislations is more appropriate.
Keywords: CISG; Cameroon Civil Code; Cameroon contract law; Comparative law; Formation of a contract; Incoterms; International sales law; Internationalisation; OHADA law; Obligations of the buyer; Obligations of the seller; SMEs; Sales of goods; Termination of a contract

L'Arbitrato nelle controversie Societarie - Faggioni, Giulia (Università di Pisa, 2015)
L'applicabilità della disciplina arbitrale nelle controversie societarie.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitrato; Controvversie; Società

L'arbitrage impliquant les personnes publiques : tendances et perspectives - Pierre, Jeanet (Université de Montréal, 2015)
Cette étude aborde la problématique de la participation des personnes morales de droit public à l’arbitrage à l’occasion des litiges relatifs aux relations qu’elles entretiennent avec les personnes privées étrangères. Par opportunisme économique, un certain nombre de pays développés et en développement se montrent tout à fait favorables à ce que l’État se soumette au contentieux arbitral. Dans d’autres pays, tels qu’en Amérique latine et dans le monde arabe, il se manifeste des tendances nettement hostiles gravitant entre l’interdiction totale et une adhésion conditionnelle de l’État à l’arbitrage. Deux écoles s’affrontent, celle des privatistes qui considèrent l’arbitre international comme le juge naturel du milieu des affaires, face à celle des étatistes qui postulent que les juridictions étatiques demeurent les seules habiles à connaitre souverainement des litiges opposants les personnes publiques à leur interlocuteur privé. Les raisons qui sous-tendent l’assouplissement de certains gouvernements vers un élan libéral de l’arbitrage en droit public, résultent du phénomène globalisant de l’économie qui tend à réduire à néant les règles internes des États dans le cadre du nouvel ordre économique mondial. Par contre, les conséquences sociales, financières et juridiques des sentences arbitrales portent certains gouvernements à adopter une position réfractaire à l’arbitrage mettant en cause les entités publiques. Ils brandissent le droit à l’autodétermination des peuples pour éviter le bradage de leurs ressources au détriment des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels de leurs populations, et ce, en dépit du fait que l’investissement direct étranger joue un rôle considérable dans le développement des pays en émergence. Notre défi ultime dans ce travail est d’explorer les diverses avenues permettant d’atteindre un juste équilibre entre les intérêts publics et la protection des investissements privés. Ceci exige un changement de paradigme qui prendra en compte les dimensions plurielles que constitue le contentieux investisseurs-États. This study investigates the difficulties that arise when legal disputes between public bodies and foreign private entities are resolved through arbitration. For economic expediency, some Western states and developing countries are quite open to the idea of resolving legal disputes by submitting to arbitration proceedings. Other countries, such as Latin America and the Arab world, have a clearly hostile approach to state participation in arbitration proceedings, ranging from total prohibition to conditional submission. There is a clash between two schools of thought: the privatist approach that considers international arbitration to be the business community’s natural forum, as opposed to the statist approach according to which only state courts are qualified to consider legal disputes between public bodies and private entities. The underlying reasons for the increased flexibility of certain governments in favor of a liberal move towards public law arbitration are a result of the globalizing effect of the economy, which tends to decimate domestic state laws within the framework of the new global economic order. On the other hand, the social, financial and legal consequences of arbitration awards render some governments resistant to arbitration involving public entities. They brandish the right to self-determination of peoples to guard against the depletion of their resources to the detriment of the economic, social and cultural rights of their populations. This is despite the fact that foreign direct investment plays a considerable role in the development of emerging countries. The ultimate aim of this study is to explore different avenues for striking a fair balance between public interests and the protection of private investments. This requires a paradigmatic change so as to take into account the multiple dimensions of legal disputes between the state and investors.
Keywords: Arbitrabilité subjective; Arbitrage; Arbitrage international; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitration and investment treaties; Contentieux investisseur-État; International Arbitration; International responsability of States; Investissements; Investments; Investor-state legal disputes; Responsabilités internationales des États; Subjective arbitrability; Traités d'investissements

Passivity rule: a comparison between European Union, United States and China - Casamassima, Stefano (LUISS Guido Carli, 2015)
Passivity rule: origin and reasons. Adoption of the European directive 25/2004 and its provisions. The adoption of the European directive by major member states and passivity rule in USA and China. The economic implications of passivity rule. Possible future developments.

Choice of the UNIDROIT Principles of international commercial contracts - Meer, Tiana Van der (University of Johannesburg, 2015)
LL.M. (International Commercial Law) The principle of party autonomy is a fundamental characteristic of private international law. The contracting parties’ freedom of choice regarding the law governing their contract is one which optimises the fundamental principle of party autonomy. It is generally accepted that a choice of a governing law by the parties should be respected by adjudicating bodies such as domestic courts and arbitral tribunals. It would often benefit contracting parties to choose a neutral legal system so that there will be a “fair playing field” in case a dispute arises between them. However, some domestic legal systems and regional, supranational and international commercial instruments limit the choice of law to that of a recognised domestic legal system. Accordingly, choosing the UNIDROIT Principles on International Commercial Contracts as governing law will, in most cases, not be a viable option for the parties concerned. Such a limitation on the choice of a governing law does not promote the fundamental principle of party autonomy, which is characteristic of private international law. Parties to an international commercial contract should be able to choose a non-state system of law to govern their contract. The UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts provide a comprehensive, complete and easily obtainable system of law compiled by legal experts in the various fields which form part of international commercial law. It follows a via media system of law with regards to Civil Law and Common Law legal systems. This paper will discuss the principle of party autonomy, as well as the possibility of a choice of non-state law, in particular the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, as the law governing an international commercial contract. The choice of law will be discussed with reference to the position taken in domestic courts as well as that in international arbitration. To review the impact and success of the UNIDROIT Principles in the realm of international commercial contracting, various international commercial instruments will be discussed.

The potential impact of the Hague principles on choice of law in international commercial contracts in the BRICS countries - Reddi, Saranya (University of Johannesburg, 2015)
LL.M. (International Commercial Law) Please refer to full text to view abstract
Keywords: BRIC countries; Commercial law; Conflict of laws; Contracts (International law)

A comparison of Kenyan and South African law on security by means of movables - Koli, Natasha Mwende (University of South Africa, 2015)
This study compares the legal principles applicable in both South Africa and Kenya in the creation of security by means of movables. It identifies the forms of security that can be created in the two jurisdictions. The main focus will be on the creation, publicity, priority of security interest and enforcement of the said interests. The research will in addition establish the challenges (if any) that are encountered when creating security by means of movables in Kenya and identify practical solutions that can be adopted in order to improve the creation of security by means of movables in Kenya.
Keywords: ACCESS TO FINANCE; Creation of security; Kenyan law; Lenders and security; Movable property; Secured transactions; Security; Security by means of movables; South African law

Entreprise en difficulté et statut coopératif - Michelin, Laura (Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 2015)
La notion d'entreprise en difficulté est une notion particulièrement large recouvrant tout à la fois le domaine des procédures collectives mais également les mesures préventives. La coopérative, elle, correspond à une typologie de société dotée d'un statut spécifique où se côtoient des valeurs et des principes tout à fait atypiques (principe de double qualité, principe de démocratie, …). Lorsque les coopératives sont confrontées à des difficultés, elles sont soumises au droit des entreprises en difficulté dans son entière acception. Pour autant, leurs principes directeurs auront des incidences sur le déroulé de cette procédure que nous nous proposons d'analyser dans ces travaux. Nous évoquerons donc les divers principes coopératifs et leurs incidences lors des différentes étapes de la mise en place de procédure collective ou de procédure amiable. L'analyse de ces spécificités se fera par le biais d'une mise en confrontation de trois droits : le droit coopératif, le droit des sociétés et le droit des entreprises en difficulté. Il nous sera amené de constater que, bien que non formalisées par le législateur, les spécificités des coopératives en difficulté sont, dans la pratique, indéniables.
Keywords: Corporate law; Droit coopératif; Droit des entreprises en difficulté; Droit des sociétés; Entreprise en difficulté; Procédure amiable; Procédure collective

Il riconoscimento e l'esecuzione dei lodi e delle misure cautelari arbitrali - Della Longa, Martina (Università di Pisa, 2015)
Il lavoro si propone di analizzare le fonti internazionali che disciplinano l'esecuzione ed il riconoscimento dei lodi stranieri, e analogamente la disciplina prevista in tema di adozione, da parte degli arbitri, di provvedimenti cautelari. In relazione a questo è stata poi condotta una rassegna sommaria delle discipline accolte dai vari ordinamenti nazionali.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitration (international law); Arbitrato internazionale; Lodo misure cautelari arbitrato internazionale

Arbitro o giudice? Translatio iudicii e principio consensualistico nell'arbitrato societario - Francesconi, Giulia (Università di Pisa, 2015)
Questo progetto di tesi si pone come obiettivo di analizzare il percorso normativo e giurisprudenziale che ha preceduto la fondamentale sentenza della Consulta n 223/2013, con cui è stata dichiarata l’incostituzionalità dell’art 819 ter, 2° comma c.p.c. Con tale sentenza, la Consulta apre finalmente la strada alla possibilità di translatio iudicii nei rapporti tra arbitrato e giurisdizione statale, salvaguardando così la posizione dell’attore che, presentando la sua domanda, erri nell’individuazione dell’autorità competente. Questa rivoluzione giurisprudenziale tiene conto dell’evoluzione sia dottrinale che giurisprudenziale che si è avuta attorno, in primis, alla natura dell’istituto arbitrale, e in secondo luogo relativamente ai rapporti tra i due tipi di giurisdizione: statale e privata. Dal punto di vista dottrinale sono state proposte diverse teorie sull’inquadramento dell’arbitrato: come giurisdizione privata, in cui il lodo è un atto di autonomia privata, la teoria processualistica, considera il lodo come negozio di puro diritto privato che produce immediati effetti procedurali, per la teoria intermedia invece, il lodo costituisce la sintesi di una parte prettamente privatistica, unita al decreto di esecutorietà di tipo giurisdizionale. Dal punto di vista giurisprudenziale, devono sicuramente essere menzionate le sentenze che hanno dichiarato l’incostituzionalità dell’art 30 della Legge istitutiva dei TAR, nella parte in cui non permetteva la translatio iudicii nei rapporti tra giudici appartenenti alle medesime giurisdizioni. La Cassazione, è intervenuta nel 2002 con la sentenza 22002 per affermare, almeno, una translatio unilaterale nei rapporti tra giudice e arbitro, ma non viceversa. La vera svolta si ebbe grazie ai ricorsi, poi riuniti, presentati, da una parte dall’ arbitro di Bologna e dall’altra dal Tribunale di Catania che avevano sollevato questione di incostituzionalità dell’art 819 ter, 2 comma cpc. La riforma per il processo civile introdotta con il D.L 132/2014, relativa alle misure per la degiurisdizionalizzazione e riduzione dell’arbitrato, ha accolto le conclusioni cui è giunta la Consulta, inserendo la possibilità della translatio nel primo articolo della legge, dando vita ad una nuova forma di arbitrato, detto “deflattivo”, allo scopo di porre rimedio al congestionamento dei processi civili. Nuova forma di arbitrato è stata introdotta, in ambito societario, anche dal d.lgs. 5/2003, con l’intenzione di creare un istituto che incentivasse le società, non tutte, prevedendo infatti la legge stringenti limiti sia soggettivi che oggettivi, a ricorrere allo strumento dell’arbitrato. Questo decreto ha portato con sé non poche critiche e dibattiti, essendo in discussione se tale arbitrato societario costituisse o meno una forma alternativa rispetto all’arbitrato comune o se piuttosto fosse da considerarsi, in via esclusiva, l’unico tipo di arbitrato accessibile per le società.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitrato; Arbitrato deflattivo; Giurisdizione; Lodo societario; Translatio iudicii

Il principio del contraddittorio nell'arbitrato - Mammone, Giovanna Denise (Università di Pisa, 2015)
L’elaborato, attraverso il caleidoscopio di una prospettiva d’indagine comparatistica e diacronica, ha ad oggetto lo studio del principio del contraddittorio nell’ arbitrato. Si divide in tre parti. La prima parte fornisce un’ analisi circa la portata assiologica del principio in esame, alla luce del rapporto tra disposizioni codicistiche, principi costituzionali e regole sovranazionali. Particolare attenzione è stata riservata alla riforma costituzionale sul “giusto processo”, analizzando le principali opinioni dottrinali che in tale contesto sono emerse e le implicazioni che tale garanzia costituzionale pone in relazione alle sentenze di “terza via”. Nella seconda parte si passa ad analizzare il rapporto tra contraddittorio e arbitrato rituale. Lo studio chiarisce dapprima la dimensione del contraddittorio fra il principio della libertà delle forme e i principi di ordine pubblico processuale. Nel dinamismo delle riforme che si sono succedute in materia, l’accento è poi posto sui singoli aspetti emersi in dottrina e giurisprudenza. Nella terza parte è contenuta l’analisi dell’estensione del principio del contraddittorio all’ arbitrato irrituale. Dal momento che a un differente inquadramento dell’istituto corrisponde una differente disciplina dei principi che lo regolano, si è provveduto ad una breve rassegna delle differenti ricostruzioni che di esso sono state date nel corso degli anni da dottrina e giurisprudenza a partire dalla sentenza della Corte di Cassazione torinese del 27 dicembre 1904, la quale, per la prima volta in modo esplicito, ha riconosciuto la validità dei compromessi e dei lodi privati emessi senza il rispetto delle forme previste in tema di arbitrato regolato dal codice di procedura civile. Attraverso una lettura sistematica dell’art. 808-ter c.p.c. è infine emersa la portata innovativa che, all’ interno del panorama legislativo del nostro ordinamento, la disposizione presenta in quanto avente ad oggetto l’arbitrato contrattuale come istituto generale. L’accento critico è qui posto, in particolare, su quei punti che nonostante l’importante intervento legislativo risultano poco limpidi, prestando il fianco a letture contrastanti. Nella stesura del presente lavoro si è preso gradualmente coscienza dell’innegabile rilevanza che il principio del contraddittorio riveste nell’ arbitrato, in quanto strumento volto, nel rispetto delle garanzie delle parti, alla continua ricerca delle modalità mediante le quali possa prodursi la decisione più “giusta” possibile. Familiarizzare con l’intima natura dell’arbitrato in quanto «omaggio alla volontà e alla buona volontà dei litiganti, un nobile e consapevole sacrificio della sovranità, detentrice della giurisdizione, alla libertà», ha permesso, inoltre, il ragguaglio di tematiche di teoria generale strettamente legate al tema trattato.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitrato; Contraddittorio

Cross border insolvency: new trends - Napolitano, Andrea (LUISS Guido Carli, 2015)
The EU regulation no. 1346/2000. The proposal for a modification of the regulation. New trends.

How to copy a song with impunity : a legal perspective on copyright infringement cases for musical works - Rogowski, Adrian (Stellenbosch University, 2015)
Music has, and continues to play, an important role in society. It is therefore natural that more music composers enter the scene to capitalize upon this role that music has in society. It is however becoming more common place for music composers to start copying each other, either directly or indirectly. Fortunately, copyright laws have been developed to further protect the rights enjoyed by copyright holders, such as music composers, and these laws essentially protect the composers from the unlawful reproduction of their original music. Copying is, to some degree, inevitable, therefore, the question asked by this paper is to what extent is someone entitled to ‘copy’ from another person without it amounting to copyright infringement. In determining if there is copyright infringement, two tests must be applied and satisfied, namely, the causal connection test, and the substantial similarity test. Causal connection is usually met by establishing whether the alleged infringer had access to the original work. The substantial similarity test is the focus of this paper. The courts rely on this test to determine if that part which was reproduced from the original work is of substance i.e. if it is a part of the work which attributes uniqueness and quality to the original song. Of course, this test is notoriously difficult to understand and apply, hence the need for this paper to address the question on when there is substantial similarity in two works. This paper is of benefit to academics, authors (musicians) and lawyers, as not only is the substantial similarity test discussed from a theoretical point of view, but the question of when something is substantially similar is answered from a pragmatic point of view. It is hoped that this paper is used as a guideline in understanding and applying the substantial similarity test in music copyright infringement cases.
Keywords: Copyright; Copyright infringement; Music; Musical compositions

Reconsidering Distributions: A Critical Analysis of the Regulation of Distributions to Shareholders in the Companies Act of 2008, with Special Reference to the Solvency and Liquidity Requirement - Van der Merwe, Constant Pieter (Stellenbosch University, 2015)
The Companies Act 71 of 2008 introduces a completely new system for the regulation of distributions by a company to its shareholders. The preferred method for protecting the interests of creditors in distributions is now based on a solvency and liquidity test. Regrettably, the provisions setting out the requirements for distributions on the one hand and the solvency and liquidity test on the other have been poorly drafted. This thesis first explains and then applies an innovative interpretation theory to these provisions with a view to piecing together coherent content. The thesis finds that creative interpretations will not suffice in various places, meaning that substantive revision is required. The thesis concludes with brief amendment proposals and accompanying commentary.
Keywords: Business enterprises; Companies; Companies Act, 2008; Companies régulations; Company insolvency; Company liquidity; Insolvency; Régulations; Shareholders; South Africa

L'étendue de la compétence ratione materiae du juge étatique dans le règlement des différends nés de l'exécution d'un contrat complexe - Djemba Kandjo, Joseph (Université de Montréal, 2015)
Les arrêts sur l’affaire Beaudoin c. Université de Sherbrooke (Cour Supérieure et Cour d’Appel du Québec 2008-2010) ont porté sur l’intensité de l’obligation de consultation insérée dans l’accord de partenariat de recherche. Ce type de partenariat est souvent créé par un accord et peut prendre plusieurs formes. La plupart d’entre elles sont méconnues par le droit, c’est pourquoi la doctrine les considère comme étant des entreprises complexes puisque le choix des partenaires est souvent guidé par le souci d’échapper au formalisme qu’imposent les règles étatiques. Cependant, les pratiques connues dans le secteur d’activité des associés et les accords qui les lient sont souvent les seules règles qu’ils suivent. En cas de conflit, ils recourent généralement à un tiers expert pour régler leur litige, la saisine des tribunaux ne se faisant qu’exceptionnellement. Dans cette cause, les contractions entre les deux décisions ont soulevé quelques interrogations : d’une part, sur la capacité des tribunaux à trancher des conflits qui peuvent naître au cours de l’exécution de ce type de contrat, et d’autre part sur la compatibilité des règles matérielles applicables au fond par les juges lorsque les parties ne sont liées que par la lex contractus et les usages reconnus dans leur secteur d’activité. Cette étude tente donc d’identifier la forme de partenariat en cause afin de mesurer l’étendue de la compétence ratione materiae du juge dans la résolution des conflits nés d’un contrat complexe (PARTIE I), et d’examiner l’opportunité de recourir aux modes alternatifs de résolution des litiges (PARTIE II). The decision in the case Beaudoin v. Université de Sherbrooke (Superior Court and Quebec's Court of Appeal 2008-2010) examines the extent of the obligation to consult in a research partnership agreement. This kind of partnership is often created through agreements and can take several forms. The majority of those are unknown to the law; this is why the doctrine considers them to be complex enterprises, since the choice of the partner is often guided by the will to curtail the formalism imposed by State rules. Familiar practices used in the relevant field and the agreements which link them are often the only rules they respect. In case of dispute, they generally seek a third party expert to settle the dispute and only exceptionally resort to national courts. In this specific case, the contractions present the decision raise some important questions: on one hand, the capacity of the courts to solve conflicts which arise from the execution or interpretation of this sort of partnership, and on the other hand the compatibility of material rules applicable to the subject matter by judges to parties often bound by lex contractus and the usages applicable in their field of activity. This study tries to identify the form of partnership applicable in this case in order to measure the extent of the ratione materiae competence of the judge in the settlement of a dispute arising from the execution of a complex contract (PART I), and to examine the possibility of recurring to alternative forms of dispute settlement for disputes of this nature (PART II).
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitrator; Arbitre; Commercial; Commerciaux; Compétence; Différend; Dispute; Joint-venture; Judge; Juge; Lex; Material; Matérielle; Mercatoria; Political Science; Usages

Il processo di mediazione - Natali, Virginia (Università di Pisa, 2015)
La tesi ha l'obiettivo di sottolineare come il legislatore abbia, attraverso interventi normativi successivi, arricchito sempre di più il procedimento di mediazione, grazie all'utilizzo di istituti tipicamente processuali. Partendo dalla valutazione dei presupposti tipici dell'istituto, si descrivono gli aspetti fondamentali della ritualità della nuova mediazione civile e commerciale, grazie anche ad una personale analisi di alcuni regolamenti di procedura elaborati dagli organismi di mediazione. Infine, l'attenzione si sposta, seppur in modo sommario, sulla disciplina della negoziazione assistita, esempio ancor più forte di procedimentalizzazione di uno strumento alternativo per la risoluzione delle controversie.
Keywords: Giusto processo in mediazione; MARD; Mediación; Mediation; Mediazione; Mediação; Médiation; Procedimento di mediazione; Procedimento e processo; Procédure de médiation; Procédure et procès; Procédure régulière en médiation

Le passager clandestin dans le transport maritime de marchandises - Alonzo, Amélie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

Le Port Autonome de Strasbourg - Bartek, Anne-Marie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

Les limites et les avantages des procédures d'engagement - Boilard, Jeanne (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

L'archéologie sous marine en France - De Salvo, Alessia (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

Sermaye şirketlerinde azınlık hakları Türk ve OHADA hukuklarının karşılaştırılması - Emedi̇ Useni̇, Ahmed (İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi, 2015)
Tüm sermaye şirketlerinde, "sermaye" niteleyicisinin de belirttiği üzere, hissedarların şirket borçlarına karşı sorumluluğu, hissedarların şirkete hisse katılım değerleriyle sınırlı olduğu prensibi kabul edilir. Aynı şekilde, hissedarların ticari kararlardaki ağırlığı aynı sınırlama prensibine bağlı olarak belirlenir. Ticari şirketler hakkındaki Türk yasalarında ve Afrika Ticaret Kanunu Uyum Örgütünün (Organisation pour l'harmonisation en Afrique des droits des affaires, OHADA) yasalarında, sermaye şirketlerinde, "hissedarların sorumluluk ve ağırlığı prensiplerinin" sıkı bir şekilde korunduğunu gözlemleriz. Hissedarların genel olağan ve olağanüstü kurulları, genellikle, şirketin günlük yönetimini aşan kararları alma yetkisine sahiptir. Bu kararlar kesin belirlenmiş bir çoğunluğa göre alınır. Sermaye şirketlerinin günlük yönetimi alanında kalan bütün kararlar, bahsi geçen şirketlerin ticari katılım oranlarına göre – aslında hissedarlardakileri gelen – şirketlerin yönetim organlarının yetkilerinden kaynaklanır. Sermaye şirketlerinde, genel kurullar veya yönetim organları tarafından alınan, tüm kararlar, bu şirket hissedarları bahse geçen kurullara veya organlara katılmalarsalar bile, tüm şirket hissedarları için geçerli, uygulanabilir veya muhalefet edilebilirlerdir. Bu durum göz önüne alındığında şöyle bir çıkarımda bulunabiliriz: bu tür şirketlerde, hisselerin çoğunluğunu elinde bulunduran hissedarlar, bu şirketleri idare etme yetkisini de aynı zamanda elinde bulundurmaktadırlar. Birçok aynı durumda, çoğunluk hissedarları ve azınlık hissedarları arasındaki menfaat çatışmalarını gözlemleyebiliriz. Oybirliği veya nitelikli çoğunluk gerektiren kararlar dışında, çoğunluk hissedarları, olağan ve olağanüstü kurallarda tüm yetkiyi ellerinde bulundurmaktadır. Aynı şekilde, sermaye şirketlerinin yönetim organlarında, çoğunluk hissedarları her zaman yöneticileri tayin etmektedir. Bu koşullarda, kararların alınmasında, çoğunluğun azınlığın menfaatlerinin göz önüne aldığı durumlarla karşılaşmak pek olanaklı değildir. Bu nedenle, çoğunluğun karşılıklı menfaatleri ve azınlığın menfaatleri arasındaki denge sorunu, genellikle çoğunluğa karşı azınlığın haklarının ve menfaatlerinin korunması sorunuyla bir tutulmayı hak etmektedir. Özellikle, çoğunluğu kontrol etmek yoluyla suiistimalleri önlemek veya hissedarlar arasındaki çatışmaları azaltmak için, azınlığa bazı haklar ve yetkiler vermek suretiyle azınlığı korumak esastır. Ancak, bu hak ve yetkilerin kapsamı "çoğunluk tarafından yönetim prensibi" ile sınırlandırılmalıdır. Bu çalışma kapsamında, OHADA ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin ticaret hukukunda yer aldığı şekliyle, sermaye şirketlerinde azınlığın korunması hakkındaki uygulanan yolları analiz ettik. Bununla beraber, azınlık hissedarlarının korunması hakkında statü düzenlemelerini analiz edebilmek için, OHADA ve Türk hukukundaki, bazı sermaye şirketlerinin esas sözleşmelerini örnek olarak aldık. Hissedarlar, bu sözleşmelerde, yasalarda öngörülen düzenlemelerden daha iyi düzenlemeleri öngörme olasılığına sahip olmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmanın sonuçlarının, Afrikalı ve Türk hukukçular için olduğu kadar OHADA'ya üye ülkelerden Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'ne yatırım yapmak isteyen herkes için yararlı olacağı inancındayız. Dans les sociétés commerciales des capitaux, il existe le principe de délimitation des responsabilités des actionnaires par rapport aux dettes sociales et aux prises de décisions sociales. En lisant attentivement la législation turque sur les sociétés commerciales et la législation de l'Organisation pour l'harmonisation en Afrique des droits des affaires « Ohada» en sigle, nous observons également l'existence de ce principe de délimitation des responsabilités et de poids des actionnaires dans les sociétés commerciales des capitaux prévues dans toutes les deux législations. En Droit de l'Ohada tout comme en Droit Turc des sociétés commerciales, les assemblées générales des actionnaires dans les sociétés des capitaux, disposent de la compétence de prendre les décisions sur la politique générale et qui dépassent la gestion quotidienne des sociétés. Les décisions des assemblées générales sont prises, selon la majorité bien déterminée au cas par cas. Tandis que, les organes de gestion de ces sociétés, disposent des compétences pour décider sur la gestion quotidienne desdites sociétés. Toutes les décisions prises tant par les assemblées générales des actionnaires que par les organes de gestion des sociétés commerciales des capitaux, demeurent valables et opposables à tous les actionnaires sociaux; même à l'égard des actionnaires qui n'y ont pas participé. Au regard de cette observation, il nous est logique d'affirmer que dans les sociétés des capitaux, ce sont les actionnaires majoritaires qui disposent logiquement tous les pouvoirs de décider sur les sorts sociaux. Dans pareilles conditions, nous pouvons observer que les conflits d'intérêts entre les actionnaires majoritaires et ceux minoritaires, sont inévitables. Sauf pour les décisions qui nécessitent l'unanimité ou celles qui requièrent une majorité qualifiée, les actionnaires majoritaires détiennent tous les pouvoirs des décisions dans les assemblées et même dans les organes de gestion car, ce sont toujours les actionnaires majoritaires qui désignent les dirigeants de ces sociétés en fonctions de leurs poids sociaux. Il est ainsi peu probable que la majorité prenne en considération les intérêts de la minorité dans la prise des décisions. Pour cette raison, la question d'établir l'équilibre entre les intérêts respectifs des actionnaires majoritaires et ceux des minoritaires, mérite d'être assimilée en général à la question de la protection des droits et intérêts de la minorité contre la majorité. Plus précisément, il est indispensable de protéger la minorité en lui accordant certains droits et pouvoirs pour qu'elle puisse contrôler la majorité aux fins de prévenir les abus ou de limiter les conflits entre les actionnaires. Cependant, l'étendue de ces droits et de ces pouvoirs mérite d'être limitée par le principe de la gestion sociale par la majorité. Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous avons analysé la manière dont les actionnaires minoritaires sont protégés dans les législations de l'Ohada et turque. En plus, nous avons approfondi notre étude avec les analyses des dispositions statutaires y relatives d'une dizaine des sociétés commerciales des capitaux de deux Droits concernés car, les actionnaires disposent légalement le pouvoir d'en prévoir meilleur que ce qui était prévu par les législateurs. Nous sommes convaincus que les résultats de cette étude, seront théoriquement bénéfiques pour les juristes qui s'intéressent aux Droits turc et de l'Ohada et pratiquement importants pour toute personne qui souhaite investir tant dans la République de Turquie que dans l'un des dix-sept (17) pays membres de l'Ohada.
Keywords: Afrika Ticaret Kanunu Uyum Örgütü; Azınlık hakları; Capital companies; Companies; Company law; Minority rights; Organization for the Harmonization of African Business Law; Sermaye şirketleri; Turkish Law; Türk Hukuku; Şirketler; Şirketler hukuku

The effectiveness of the e-commerce legal framework in selected African countries - Esanwa, Maryam Adetokunbo (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2015)
Abstract not available.
Keywords: Africa; E-commerce; Electronic commerce; Information technology

La saisie conservatoire des navires : Droit bulgare et droit français - Gechev, Siméon (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

A critical appraisal of the misapplications of black economic empowerment and the common misperceptions that surround it - Govender, Prenisha (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2015)
Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment is a regulatory framework, which is unique to South Africa. This dissertation reflects upon the evolution of Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment programme, from the commencement of apartheid to date. Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment was implemented by government, with the objective of resolving the injustices created by the apartheid regime. Government seeks to achieve this objective by integrating the historically disadvantaged individuals within South Africa into the mainstream of the economy. However, the reality is that the implementation of the Black Economic Empowerment programme has not been entirely successful. This dissertation is a critical analysis of the application of Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment and related legislation. It aims to highlight the challenges faced by government in enforcing the Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment programme, with a particular focus on the following issues: fronting, misrepresentations and common misperceptions. This dissertation begins by reflecting upon the historical context of South Africa toward democratization, secondly it analyses the current applicable legislation and explores the current issues. This research shows that Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment is essentially a work in progress programme as there is much room for improvement. Scholars have established that companies and other entities regularly circumvent the Act. Furthermore, many individuals misunderstand the programme and its purpose. The research concludes Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment does have potential for success. In considering the approach taken by Malaysia, it is established that the key to overcome these major issues is education.
Keywords: Affirmative action programs; Blacks Economic conditions; Business enterprises; Employee empowerment

Intercités : quelle réalité, quel avenir - Guiavarch, Josselin (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

La responsabilité de l'organisateur de croisière - Kara, Ilke (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

Acentenin ücret hakkı - Kizilay, Aygül (Kocaeli Üniversitesi, 2015)
6102 sayılı TTK acentelik alanında önemli yenilikler getirmiştir. Yeni kanun 6762 sayılı Kanunda yer almayan bazı kurumlara yer vermiş, eski kanun döneminde uygulamada sorunlara yol açan bazı hükümler ise gözden geçirilmiştir. Acentelik sözleşmesi tam iki tarafa borç yükleyen sözleşme olduğundan, acentenin gördüğü iş için her zaman bir ücret talep etme hakkı bulunmaktadır. Acentenin en önemli hakkı olan ücret hakkı, müvekkilin karşı edimi olarak kendisini gösterir. Ücret hakkını düzenleyen hükümler arasında ücrete hak kazandıran işlemler ve ücrete hak kazanma zamanı ile ilgili hükümler yeniden ele alınmıştır. Bunlarla birlikte ücret hakkıyla ilgili olarak acenteye çok geniş bir bilgi alma ve defter kayıtlarını isteme ve inceleme hakkı tanınmıştır. Çalışma "Giriş" ve "Sonuç" bölümleri haricinde üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde acente kavramı ve bu kavramı oluşturan unsurlar incelenmiştir. Ayrıca acentenin hak ve borçlarına değinilmiştir.Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde, acentenin en temel hakkı olan ücret hakkı incelenmiş olup; üçüncü bölümde ise, 6102 sayılı TTK ile getirilen düzenlemeler ve değişiklikler, 6762 sayılı TTK ile karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınmıştır. Ücret hakkına ilişkin bu değişiklikler, acentelik sözleşmesi sona erdikten sonra acentenin ücret talep edebileceği haller; ücrete hak kazanma anındaki ve ücretin muaccel olacağı andaki değişiklikler; ücret hakkında acentenin belge ve bilgi isteme hakkının emredici olarak düzenlenmesi olarak özetlenebilir. Law no. 6102 Turkısh Commercial Code brings advances at provisions about agency .The new Code brings new provions comparing with Law no. 6762 Turkısh Commercial Code. Furthermore, it resolves some issues existing in the period of 6762 Turkısh Commercial Code. Agency contract is a bilateral contract. Therefore the rights of the agent, constitutes theobligations of the principal. The commission right is also obligation of the principal. The provisions about commission right are reargued out, including transactions which bearing commission and time of entitlement of commission This thesis is consist of three chapters excluding the "introduction" and the "conclusion" parts. In first chapter, the notion of the agent and the elements of this notion are discussed. Moreover, rights and obligations of agent are examined. In chapter two, the principal right of agent, commission right is discussed. In chapter three, commission right is examined comparing with the provisions of Law no. 6102 Turkısh Commercial Code and Law no. 6762 Turkısh Commercial Code. Amendments about commission right are time of entitlement of commission , time of commission becoming payable. Furthermore , in some cases, an agent shall be entitled to commission on commercial transactions concluded after the agency contract has terminated. Lastly, an agent shall be entitled to demand that he be provided with all the information, and in particular an extract from the books, which is available to his principal and which he needs in order to check the amount of the commission due to him. Provision about demanding information is statutory.
Keywords: Acenteler; Agents; Commissions; Kanunlar 6762 sayılı; Komisyonlar; Laws 6762 numbered; Turkish Commercial Code; Turkish commercial law; Türk Ticaret Kanunu; Türk ticaret hukuku; Wage policies; Wage systems; Ücret politikaları; Ücret sistemleri

L'émergence d'une politique maritime européenne : contributions de la politique commune de la pêche au succès d'une politique maritime intégrée - Laignelot, Godefroy (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

La compétitivité de l'hypothèque maritime dans le cadre du financement de navires - Laporte, Sophie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)
S'interroger sur l'attractivité de l'hypothèque maritime en France suppose de la mettre en contact avec le mortgagede droit anglais (Partie I). Dès lors, à l'issue de l'étude de l'hypothèque conviendra-t-il de s'interroger sur l'opération de fiducie-sûreté appliquée au financement de navire (Partie II).

La faute inexcusable du transporteur maritime de marchandises et la limitation de sa responsabilité - Ligataj, Arjola (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

Harmonising investment laws in the OHADA space - Mugangu, Marie Providence Ntagulwa (University of Cape Town, 2015)
The Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa (OHADA) was established for the purpose of restoring legal and judicial security in the region to attract more investment. The OHADA Treaty included certain areas of business law within its ambit but omitted investment law. There are several laws on investment in the region at the national, regional and sub-regional level that regulate the treatment of foreign investments such as CEMAC and UEMOA investment charters. Moreover OHADA states sign BITs to protect foreign investments. The relationship between the different sub regional laws on investment and OHADA is not yet clear but case law suggests that CEMAC and UEMOA courts recognise the supremacy of OHADA law and their lack of competence to hear matters regulated under OHADA. The standards of protection granted by OHADA states in BITs are very high thus taxing on them. This thesis suggests that OHADA states should either qualify these standards of protection or replace them with more specific provisions. The OHADA system of arbitration cannot effectively settle investment disputes arising out of a BIT leaving international arbitration systems such as ICSID as the best alternative to resolve investment disputes arising out of BITs.
Keywords: International Trade; International Trade Law; Investments

Avoidance of a contract under the CISG - Otenga, Emongo Jean-Marc (University of Johannesburg, 2015)
Keywords: CISG; Commercial law; Contracts (International law); United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1980 April 11)

La concurrence interportuaire en Europe et en Méditerranée : entre alliances et rivalités - Piccione, François (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

Le Code polaire - Queinnec, Alexandre (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

Aspectos de la problemática del siniestro en la Ley de contrato de seguros. Visión del asegurado. Propuestas ante la ley mercantil - Sanz Luengo, Arturo (Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2015)
En mi trabajo trato de demostrar que la Ley del Contrato de Seguro (LCS) favorece al asegurador y no al asegurado. Este desequilibrio estaría motivado porque el asegurador dispone de: conocimientos técnicos y jurídicos; medios económicos y tiempo, ya que, quien sufre las consecuencias del siniestro y necesita ser resarcido es el asegurado. Considero que el conocimiento de la LCS es insuficiente si no se mencionan los artículos: del Código Civil, Código de Comercio, Ley de Condiciones Generales de Contratación, Ley General para la Defensa de Consumidores y Usuarios y la Ley de Propiedad Horizontal relacionados. Se debería tener en cuenta, que la mayoría de las pólizas de seguros son contratos de adhesión y, ayudaría a entender el contrato, si se mencionaran los artículos de las Leyes mencionadas que pudiesen ser de aplicación. No ayudan precisamente los condicionados prolijos, carentes de claridad donde no se reseñan las cláusulas lesivas.

Le groupage de marchandise - Sénès, Aurélien (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

L'utilisation des forces armées privées en mer - Siran, Nathacha (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

Alliances maritimes et autres formes de coopérations stratégiques entre les compagnies maritimes : évolution et avenir - Vanderpotte, Alicia (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

Les armes historiques immergés : menace sous les mers - Ventoruzzo, Marion (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

Le suivi des marchandises : un enjeu commun pour le transport et l'assurance ? - Viard, Lorraine (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

Les parcs éoliens offshore en France - Viti, Alix (Aix-Marseille Université, 2015)

A comment on debt relief options for insolvent consumer debtors in South Africa - Xulu, Anele Innocentia Nombuso (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2015)
The paper will be focused on examining the debt relief options available for consumer debtors in South Africa. This paper will look at the relationship between the National Credit Act 34 of 2005 and the Insolvency Act 24 of 1936. Further, it will examine the relationship between the provisions of section 74 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 32 of 1944. The paper will conclude by looking at debt relief options available for consumer debtors in the United States of America and in England and Wales and will make comparative comments and recommendations on how we can adopt some provisions into our own insolvency system.
Keywords: Consumer credit; Debt relief; Debtor and creditor; Insolvency; Insolvency Act; National Credit Act; South Africa

L'arbitrato internazionale. La questione della legge applicabile - Lombardi, Francesca (Università di Pisa, 2014)
la tesi tratta dell'arbitrato internazionale, partendo dall'analisi delle varie definizioni presenti nelle Convenzioni Internazionali e analizzando il procedimento arbitrale in questione si passa alla trattazione della questione relativa alla legge applicabile a tale tipo di arbitrato; sia a livello procedurale che a livello sostanziale.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitrato internazionale; Legge applicabile; Legge applicabile all'arbitrato internazionale; Procedimento arbitrale internazionale

The transfer of movables in the international commercial context – a comparison of German and South African law - Lengyel, Martin (University of Johannesburg, 2014)
L.LM. (International Commercial Law) Please refer to full text to view abstract
Keywords: Contracts (International law); Germany; International Commercial Law; Law of property; Property; South Africa

Análise comparativa de modelos de governação corporativa no sector bancário moçambicano: os casos dos 3 maiores bancos - Mucheca, Elisa Vicente; Costa, Jeremias Cardoso Da (Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, 2014)
This paper aims to identify corporate governance models adopted by commercial banks in Mozambique. Firstly, it reviews the literature on Corporate Governance evolution, concept, models and practices at international level. It then makes an approach to internal control systems, some corporate governance arrangements such as Board of Directors, audit committees, internal and external auditing. The paper goes ahead to identifying the corporate governance practices both at country and banking sector levels. An explanatory analysis was applied as the research method covering three major commercial in terms of business volume, net profit and liquid assets. In order to gather information pertaining Corporate Governance models as well as on internal control systems, a questionnaire was sent to some commercial banks’ senior managers and to Banco de Moçambique as the monetary and supervisory authority of the credit institutions and financial societies in the country. Virtual and documental source were reviewed to assess the problem. The paper’s main finding is that commercial banks in Mozambique adopt the Anglo-Saxon model in which the Board of Directors is comprised of two types of directors, board committees and an array of information disclosure. Based on the main finding it was recommended a review and update by the competent authorities of the Aviso 11/GGBM/99 that prescribes internal control rules to be observed by credit institutions and financial societies in Mozambique. This paper aims to identify corporate governance models adopted by commercial banks in Mozambique. Firstly, it reviews the literature on Corporate Governance evolution, concept, models and practices at international level. It then makes an approach to internal control systems, some corporate governance arrangements such as Board of Directors, audit committees, internal and external auditing. The paper goes ahead to identifying the corporate governance practices both at country and banking sector levels. An explanatory analysis was applied as the research method covering three major commercial in terms of business volume, net profit and liquid assets.In order to gather information pertaining Corporate Governance models as well as on internal control systems, a questionnaire was sent to some commercial banks’ senior managers and to Banco de Moçambique as the monetary and supervisory authority of the credit institutions and financial societies in the country. Virtual and documental source were reviewed to assess the problem.The paper’s main finding is that commercial banks in Mozambique adopt the Anglo-Saxonmodel in which the Board of Directors is comprised of two types of directors, board committees and an array of information disclosure. Based on the main finding it was recommended a review and update by the competent authorities of the Aviso 11/GGBM/99 that prescribes internal control rules to be observed by credit institutions and financial societies in Mozambique
Keywords: Bancos comerciais; Controlo interno; Governação corporativa; Moçambique

Les mesures anti paradis fiscaux concernant les personnes morales - Sellier, Mathilde (Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 2014)
La milliardaire New-Yorkaise, Leona Hemsley, disait à l’époque « Les impôts, c’est pour les petites gens ». Cette phrase prend tout son sens concernant les paradis fiscaux. Comment, dans un contexte de crise économique actuelle, les acteurs politiques et économiques peuvent-ils négliger ce fléau et ne pas en faire leur priorité. Si l’on en croit les chiffres actuels, les français détiennent environ 350 milliards d’euros offshore. Ce recours aux paradis fiscaux ne cesse de s’accroître avec le temps, malgré différentes conventions signées entre plusieurs États, voulant mettre fin à ces techniques d’évasion fiscale. Mais face à un tel échec, la question est alors de savoir comment agir et surtout, de quelle manière agir afin de dissuader et d’empêcher l’évasion des capitaux vers des pays à fiscalité plus légère et soumise au secret bancaire. Il s’agira ici d’étudier les techniques employées afin d’éviter l’imposition du fisc français. Cette étude passera notamment par le constat de mesures de luttes trop peu dissuasives engendrant un manque à gagner énorme pour les pays victimes de l’évasion fiscale, participant ainsi à l’enrichissement colossale des fraudeurs. Le but ici n’est pas de juger la politique inefficace des différents pays à l’égard des paradis fiscaux mais de mesurer l’ampleur des pertes engendrées et d’imaginer des mesures de lutte efficaces afin d’agir de manière irréversible contre ces évadés fiscaux. Cela passera notamment par une inévitable coopération entre les différents États qui feront de la lutte contre les paradis fiscaux leur priorité. En effet, il s’agira par exemple d’envisager des mesures d’embargo contre certains paradis fiscaux dans le but d’obtenir des informations jusqu’ici secrètes et de faire cesser leurs activités. Une confrontation entre les mesures actuelles et celles à venir en France mais aussi en Grande Bretagne et aux États-Unis apparaît alors indispensable pour mener à bien cette guerre. Il n’en reste pas moins que cette guerre, pour être gagnée, doit inévitablement passer par une plus grande contrainte, une lutte contre les sociétés-écrans ainsi qu’une plus grande vérification. Ces mesures ne devant pas être envisagées seules mais cumulativement.
Keywords: Droit comparé; Droit des affaires; Fraude fiscale; Paradis fiscaux

Proposal for a regulation on a common European sales law - Ciceri, Eliane (LUISS Guido Carli, 2014)
Historical development. Five W of CESL. Common European sales law.

L’hardship clause nei principi UNIDROIT - Milazzo, Federica (LUISS Guido Carli, 2014)
Il contratto commerciale internazionale. La clausola hardship. Analisi comparata dell’hardship nei vari ordinamenti.

Alle origini della mediazione - Donati, Viola (Università di Pisa, 2014)
L’esigenza di alleggerire il carico dei tribunali mediante forme di soluzione diverse e alternative al processo giurisdizionale trae le sue origini da esperienze culturali remote: l’arte della composizione del conflitto rappresenta un'attività di cui l’uomo si è fin da subito dovuto occupare, per lo meno dal momento in cui ha cominciato a vivere all’interno di una comunità, proprio perché si tratta di un’attività che sfiora tutti gli aspetti della vita sociale. La mediazione ha origini antichissime, infatti la necessità di sviluppare nei secoli procedure alle quali ricorrere per garantire un'ordinata convivenza e armonia sociale risale già all'antica Roma del V secolo A.C.: la prima delle XII Tavole (il più antico diritto scritto dell’antichità romana), richiama il tentativo di compromesso da esperirsi davanti al pretore con cui le parti in lite trovano un accordo sull’oggetto del contendere, nel qual caso il giudice è tenuto a consacrarlo con l’emanazione della sentenza mentre in caso di mancato raggiungimento di un accordo allora si sarebbero adite le vie giudiziali instaurando il processo. Le origini della mediazione trovano fondamento in tempi antichi anche in Paesi dell’estremo oriente ed in particolare in Cina dove la mediazione fu lo strumento principale nella risoluzione delle dispute: Confucio sosteneva che il modo migliore per dirimere una disputa fosse la persuasione morale e il raggiungimento di un accordo, piuttosto che la coercizione del Sovrano. L’idea stessa di “compromesso” è profondamente radicata nella cultura cinese, infatti non tener in alcun conto gli interessi dell’altra parte è considerato particolarmente deplorevole sul piano etico-giuridico ed il pensiero confuciano è promotore della mediazione, tanto che l’istituto continua tuttora ad essere praticato nella Repubblica Popolare Cinese. In tempi più recenti, dopo l’unificazione del Regno d’Italia e la conseguente stesura del codice di procedura civile del 1865, il legislatore ha dedicato ampio spazio alla composizione bonaria delle controversie, disciplinando la conciliazione nel titolo preliminare all'art.1, dando vita così alla figura professionale del giudice conciliatore: caratteristiche essenziali del procedimento consistevano nella compresenza della funzione conciliativa con quella giurisdizionale nel giudice conciliatore, la municipalità del giudice stesso e infine la completa assenza di formalità (il rito si svolgeva verbalmente) per consentire a tutti un facile accesso alla procedura. Se invece apriamo il Codice di procedura vigente, per trovare un accenno alla conciliazione bisogna aspettare l'art. 320, e questa sfiducia a cui è andata in contro la figura del giudice conciliatore è arrivata fino ai nostri giorni. Negli USA la mediazione fu introdotta come sistema volontario (nelle controversie sindacali tra le compagnie ferroviarie e i loro dipendenti) nel 1887, con la legge sul commercio tra gli Stati (Intestate Commerce Act), e a partire dalla fine degli anni ’60 trovò un applicazione sempre maggiore. Ma la svolta fondamentale si ebbe nel 1998, in occasione della modifica del Titolo 28° della Carta dei Diritti e nell'Alternative Dispute Resolution Act, che consacrarono il successo della cultura alternativa della gestione del conflitto nella società americana. Oggi il ricorso agli A.D.R. ha portato ad una riduzione del contenzioso giudiziario di quasi il 90%. Visto l’esito positivo avutosi oltreoceano, nell’aprile del 2002 la Commissione Europea ha presentato un Libro Verde relativo ai modi alternativi di risoluzione delle controversie in materia civile e commerciale per promuovere l’utilizzo della mediazione, ed in seguito alla Direttiva n. 2008/52/CE il governo italiano ha emanato il D.lgs. 28/2010 al fine di coordinare le disposizioni vigenti in materia di mediazione e conciliazione in ambito civile e commerciale, solo che appena due anni dopo, il 6 dicembre 2012, la Corte costituzionale ha dichiarato l'illegittimità del decreto per eccesso di delega legislativa, così che il governo Letta ha cercato di disciplinare nuovamente l'istituto con la Legge n.98/2013, sebbene stavolta la mediazione sia stata prevista come temporanea perché contemplata come obbligatoria per i soli quattro anni successivi alla sua entrata in vigore, a metà dei quali il ministero di giustizia avvierà un monitoraggio per valutare se la sperimentazione della procedura di mediazione ha funzionato. Speriamo che intanto la “cultura della mediazione” cominci a diffondersi anche in Italia.
Keywords: ADR; Conciliation; Conciliazione; MARC; MARD; Mediación; Mediation; Mediazione; Mediação; Médiation

النقابة بين الشراكة الإجتماعية والنضال المطلبي - جعفور, ليندة; بوعزيز, ليندة (جامعة مولود معمري, 2014)
النقابة منظمة مهنیة هدفها حمایة حقوق العمال و ترقیتها ، بوسیلتین الأولى سلمیة تتمثل في الش ا ركة الإجتماعیة والتفاوض الجماعي، أما الثانیة مطلبیة حیث یستعمل العمال كل وسائل الضغط المتاحة على المستوى الوطني والدولي ، في حالة عدم الإستجابة لمطالبهم. Résumé . Le syndicat est une organisation professionnelle, qui a pour objectif la protection et la promotion des droits des travailleurs , par deux voie la première est celle du partenariat social, et de négociation collective , et la deuxième est revendicative ou les travailleurs utilisent tous les moyens de pression a l’échelle nationale et internationale, dans le cas ou leurs revendications non satisfaites.
Keywords: Grève; Lutte ouvrière; Négociation collective; Partenariat social; Syndicat; الإضراب; التفاوض الجماعي; الشراكة الإجتماعية; النضال المطلبي; النقابة

The strategic importance of regional economic integration to multinational companies (MNCs) : a study of South African MNCs' operations in the SADC - Egu, Mathew Eleojo (University of South Africa, 2014)
Though the strategic importance of regional economic integration to multinational companies (MNC) has been researched extensively internationally, this concept has not been studied in South Africa. In fact, there is a growing nostalgia that with the South African Development Community (SADC) moving towards its set macroeconomic convergence targets; regional economic integration eventually leads to macroeconomic stabilisation. This ultimately becomes the root of growth in a region that has been severely affected by globalisation, financial crises, increasing government debt and budget deficit problems. This study, hence, tries to find out how the critical decisions of South African MNCs are made when operating within regional markets. Consequently, statistical econometric models were developed to test time-series data from 1980-2011 using the best (most efficient) linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) ordinary least square regression technique. An analysis was then done to investigate how South African firms have been able to gain maximum benefits by adopting the SADC as its major trading bloc in Africa. The study’s findings showed that the major barriers that impede MNCs of South African origin from penetrating these markets were custom duties, direct and indirect tariffs. It was observed that this would only be reduced by regional integration. Determined to critically interrogate the problems detailed in this research, three hypotheses were tested, analysed and subsequent interpretation of the findings revealed that South African MNCs contribute positively to regional economic growth and investment in the SADC. Furthermore, the study found out that although these factors were important, they were not the only variables that stimulated the competitiveness of South African MNCs in the SADC region. The literature review sections of this study found that the adoption of strategic management initiatives by MNCs improved the operation of transnational companies in South Africa. A comparison between the value of South African MNCs, as well as, other explanatory variables, and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of both South Africa and the SADC using time series data for the period 1980-2011 indicated that there was a positive relationship between the contribution of MNCs to South Africa’s economy and the GDP of both South Africa and the SADC. This proved that there is a significant link between MNC growth and national/regional productivity. In conclusion, the study established that the findings of the literature review were theoretically in sync with the empirical analysis. Also, the outcome of this study concurred with the findings of similar research. In essence, regional trade arrangements are an increasingly important element of the global trade environment, of which the move by South Africa’s MNCs to operate in the SADC market was a positive one. Finally, the study found out that for these firms to be successful in the international business arena, business management decisions need to be made, only after a detailed strategic analysis of the significance of regional economic integration is considered. This integrative framework certainly determines the operational efficiency, survival and profitability of most MNCs that operate within the region.
Keywords: FDI; Foreign direct investment; Macroeconomic convergence; Macroeconomic stability; Mergers & acquisitions; Multinational companies; Regional Economic Community; Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs); SADC; South Africa Development Community; Strategic management

La fiscalité des aides interentreprises - Andriamanantenasoa, Andotiana (Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 2014)
Les entreprises ont une place importante dans l’économie française, pourtant la notion d’« entreprise » n’a jamais été définie par le législateur. Une entreprise peut être une structure privée ou publique. Elle a le choix entre diverses formes juridiques, mais quelle que soit son activité, sa taille, son régime d’imposition, une entreprise doit se préserver et doit toujours agir dans son propre intérêt. C’est cet « intérêt » de l’entreprise que l’Administration fiscale s’évertue à contrôler dans les opérations qu’elle effectue. Or, cette notion est elle-même difficile à appréhender. En la matière, les débats doctrinaux sont venus nourrir une jurisprudence peu abondante. Les règles relatives de la fiscalité des aides interentreprises ne distinguent pas selon qu’elles soient consenties entre sociétés sur le territoire français, ou qu’elles soient transfrontalières. Toutefois, les enjeux des aides interentreprises en matière internationale sont incontestablement différents de ceux des aides interentreprises nationales. Ce mémoire traite d’abord de la question du régime général de la fiscalité des aides interentreprises, pour ensuite étudier l’encadrement particulier des aides interentreprises transfrontalières.
Keywords: Aides interentreprises; Droit des affaires; Fiscalité des entreprises

Le divorce du chef d'entreprise individuelle marié sous le régime de la communauté des biens réduite aux acquêts - Salla, Ndèye Aminata (Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 2014)
L’étude de ce mémoire porte sur le divorce du chef d’entreprise individuelle marié sous le régime légal de la communauté de biens réduite aux acquêts. Si l'entreprise correspond à une réalité économique, très souvent, on va évoquer le régime de la notion et les éléments qui la composent sans jamais au préalable définir ce qu’est une entreprise du point de vue juridique. Elle semble pouvoir être définie comme une structure sans personnalité juridique, composée d'un ensemble de biens et de personnes permettant la réalisation d'opérations qui caractérisent une activité professionnelle. Mais l'entreprise n'est pas pour autant dépourvue de valeur et celle-ci, au regard des régimes matrimoniaux, est forcément propre ou commune. Le choix de la forme juridique se fera entre l'immatriculation sous forme d'entreprise individuelle, ou sous forme de société. Le divorce entraîne de nombreuses conséquences tant patrimoniales qu’extrapatrimoniales. L’entreprise, et plus particulièrement celle exploitée sous forme individuelle, n’échappe pas à cet événement. Or, les conséquences financières d’un divorce peuvent se révéler tout aussi dévastatrices que celles d’une procédure collective (redressement judiciaire, liquidation judiciaire) non seulement pour l’entreprise elle-même mais, avant tout, pour le dirigeant, pour son conjoint et ses collaborateurs. Il s’agira d’expliquer dans un premier temps que le sort de l’entreprise individuelle dépend de sa nature. À savoir si elle est un bien est propre au chef d’entreprise ou un actif de communauté. À un moment où la communauté n'existera plus, comment sera gérée l’entreprise le temps de procéder au partage ? Le sort des biens non encore partagés et des revenus qu’ils génèrent est en effet source d’interrogations; Par ailleurs, il peut s’avérer que le conjoint du chef d’entreprise individuelle participait avant le divorce à l’exploitation de l’entreprise. Comment seront évalués et partagés les biens dans ces conditions ou chacun des deux protagonistes a intérêt à se voir attribuer l’entreprise au moment du partage ? Quelles sont les conséquences d'un divorce sur la pérennité de l'entreprise ? Pour répondre à ces questions, les analyses juridiques et financières dont le champ d’investigation est l’entreprise familiale au sein de laquelle l’époux entrepreneur exerce son activité professionnelle sont indispensables.
Keywords: Communauté de biens; Divorce; Droit des affaires; Entreprise

The compatibility of Australian and South African private international law with the Hague Principles on Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts - Adams, Faadhil (University of Johannesburg, 2014)
In 2006 the governing body of the Hague Conference on Private International Law furnished the Secretariat with a mandate to conduct a series of feasibility studies on the development of an instrument, relating to the choice of law in international contracts. The outcome of these studies was largely successful, finding that there was a need for an instrument of this nature and additionally it would be welcomed by the international legal community. In 2009 the Permanent Bureau of the Hague Conference on Private International Law was invited to form a Working Group (WG) to draft a soft-law instrument affirming party autonomy in international contracts on an international level. The Hague Principles on Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts (P) was, thus, born. The P were drafted by a panel of experts representing the majority of the world’s legal systems. The working group commentary (WGC will be used to refer to the commentary, whilst WG will be used to refer to refer to the working group itself) which provided the discussions in respect of, and the reasoning behind, the principles has been invaluable in writing this dissertation. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the compatibility of Australian and South African law with the P. One of the aims of the P mentioned specifically in the preamble is that these principles are to be used by countries as a model with which to develop their own rules of private international law. A study of the current law as it stands in comparison to the P marks the first step in this exercise, through finding where the law differs we can begin to bridge the disparity between a specific country’s legal system and that of the P. Should the P become an important part of the private international law discourse comparative studies such as this will become common-place. The fact that the principles were drafted as a soft-law instrument is in line with the growing world trend. The flexibility that is achieved through the use of a soft-law instrument may lead to greater legal certainty down the road as contracting parties and international lawyers alike become more familiar with the principles. This familiarity may lead to consensus among experts from around the world and eventually invite the prospect of a binding instrument being drafted
Keywords: Australia; Conflict of laws; Contracts; Contracts (International law); South Africa

La résolution du contrat de vente en droit OHADA : d’une réforme à l’autre - Ebata, Rodrigue N. (Université de Montréal, 2014)
La présente étude examine une des difficultés que soulève la résolution du contrat de vente en droit africain des affaires. L'Organisation pour l'Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA) créée par le Traité du 17 octobre 1993 organise les règles communautaires relatives à la résolution du contrat de vente. Le Livre VIII de l’Acte uniforme OHADA portant sur le Droit commercial Général a été adopté le 15 décembre 2010 et a abrogé l’Acte du 17 avril 1997. Selon l’article 281 de l’Acte uniforme, la résolution du contrat de vente ne survient que lors de l’inexécution totale ou partielle de l’obligation du cocontractant. Notre étude visera à évaluer les conséquences dans le droit de la vente OHADA de la substitution du critère de privation substantielle par celui de la gravité du comportement du débiteur justifiant une résolution unilatérale du contrat. Cette nouvelle position du droit de la vente OHADA se démarque dans une certaine mesure du droit matériel uniforme et rejoint un courant adapté aux impératifs socioéconomiques du commerce tant régional qu’international. En outre la partie lésée devra déterminer la gravité du comportement du débiteur au risque de voir sa demande sanctionnée pour défaut de droit et donner lieu à des dommages intérêts à l’autre partie. En effet, avec pour optique la nécessité de sauvegarder le contrat au nom du principe favor contractus, comment le juge détermine a posteriori si la gravité du comportement du cocontractant est suffisante pour anéantir le contrat? Ce nouveau critère de la gravité du comportement du cocontractant en droit de la vente OHADA vient supplanter le critère de la privation substantielle et fait cohabiter la traditionnelle résolution judiciaire avec celle de la résolution unilatérale dont les contours demeurent incertains. Les cas d’ouvertures liés à la résolution du contrat de vente OHADA pour inexécution des obligations fondamentales ou accessoires seront passés au crible de même que leurs effets sur les parties. Dans une approche comparatiste avec la Convention de Vienne et les règles de codifications privés telles que les Principes UNIDROIT ou du Droit Européen des Contrats il y a lieu de s’interroger sur la mise en œuvre et les conséquences de la résolution du contrat de vente OHADA par l’inexécution de l’obligation d’une des parties due à un manquement essentiel d’une part et à la gravité du comportement du débiteur d’autre part. The Treaty on Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa signed on October 17th, 1993 created the Organisation for Harmonisation of Business law in Africa (OHBLA).OHBLA organises common rules on resolution of sales contracts. The Book VIII of the Uniform act on General Commercial Law adopted on December 15th, 2010 replaces the previous act of April 17th, 1997. According to article 281 of this uniform act, contract resolution only occurs when there is a partial or total non execution of one party’s obligation. The present study is going to examine one of the difficulties that exist in the resolution of sales contracts in African business law. Our study will consist in evaluating the consequences of substitution of the substantial privation criteria by the seriousness of the debtor’s behaviour in OHBLA sales law. This substitution justifies a unilateral contract termination. This new OHBLA law position somehow distinguish itself from material uniform law and joins a new position socioeconomically more adapted to regional and even international business. Moreover, the prejudiced party will have to determine the gravity of the debtor’s behaviour risking to be punished for lack of motives and according damages to the other party. In fact, in order to save the contract by all means according to the favor contractus principle, how will the judge subsequently determine if the debtor’s behaviour gravity is enough to breach the contract? This new criterion of the gravity of a contracting party’s behaviour comes in replacement of the substantial privation criteria and enhances the cohabitation of the traditional judiciary termination and the unilateral cancellation which is still uncertainly defined. Cases related to contract resolution caused by non-execution of mandatory or accessory obligations in OHBLA law will be carefully examined as well as their effects on contracting parties. In a comparative approach with the Vienna Convention and private codifications such as UNIDROIT principles or European contract law, we will wonder about the use and the consequences of resolution of sales contract in OHBLA law caused by non-execution a mandatory obligation on one part and the gravity of one party’s behaviour on the other part.
Keywords: African law; Business law; CISG; CVIM; Commerce international; Commercial law; Contract; Contrat; Contrats internationaux; Droit africain; International business; International sales; OHADA; OHBLA; Resolution; Résolution; Sales; Sales law; UNIDROIT; Vente; Vente internationale

La résolution en ligne des conflits de consommation à l'aune de l'accès à la justice - Iavarone-Turcotte, Cléa (Université de Montréal, 2014)
Dans son sens le plus courant, mais aussi le plus étroit, la résolution des conflits en ligne (RCL) réfère à la migration, vers Internet, des modes alternatifs de règlement des conflits. Notre mémoire se concentre sur la transposition, en ligne, des seuls modes amiables de règlement des différends, dont font notamment partie la négociation et la médiation. La question guidant notre étude consiste à savoir si la résolution en ligne permet d’accroître l’accès du consommateur québécois à la justice. La première partie répond par l’affirmative, en démontrant en quoi la RCL permet de surmonter plusieurs obstacles à la fois objectifs et subjectifs auxquels se heurte le consommateur québécois souhaitant obtenir justice. Nous y présentons également certaines critiques récurrentes en matière de RCL et y répondons. Si cette première partie aborde essentiellement la question du pourquoi il est opportun de recourir au règlement électronique des litiges de consommation dans une perspective d’accès à la justice, la seconde s’intéresse à celle du comment. Notre hypothèse est que si le recours à la RCL est souhaitable pour améliorer l’accès du consommateur québécois à la justice, ce mode de règlement ne pourra véritablement porter ses fruits que s’il est encadré par l’État. Nous démontrons ainsi l’opportunité d’une intervention étatique en matière de règlement en ligne des différends de consommation. Selon nous, seule l’institutionnalisation de la RCL permettra de lever, en partie du moins, les barrières qui ont freiné, jusqu’à maintenant, le déploiement à grande échelle de ce procédé de règlement novateur. According to its most common, but also most narrow definition, Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) refers to the electronic form of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). Our master’s thesis focuses on the online version of consensual dispute resolution processes, among which negotiation and mediation are found. The question underlying our research is the following: does ODR increase Quebec consumers’ access to justice? The first part of our study gives a positive answer to this question, by demonstrating how ODR can tackle many obstacles, both objective and subjective, to Quebec consumers’ access to justice. It also provides answers to the most frequent criticisms of ODR. This first part essentially addresses the question of why ODR can enhance consumers’ access to justice, while the second part focuses on the how. Our hypothesis is that ODR’s numerous advantages with regards to consumers’ access to justice will only truly materialize in practice if the government intervenes to regulate this dispute resolution method. We therefore demonstrate the opportunity of a State involvement in the field of consumer ODR. In our opinion, institutionalizing ODR will lift, partially at least, barriers that have hindered, to this day, the large-scale deployment of this innovative dispute resolution process.
Keywords: ACCESS TO JUSTICE; ADR; Accès à la justice; Consommateur; Consumer; Consumer disputes; Contrôle étatique; Cyberjustice; Différends de consommation; Government control; Internet; ODR; Online Dispute Resolution; Regulation; Role of the State; Réglementation; Résolution des conflits en ligne; Rôle de l’État; Technologie; Technology

Cessão da garantia bancária autónoma: uma reflexão à luz do direito santomense - Jesus, Waldemar Eduardo (Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2014)
La cession de la garantie bancaire autonome, est sans doute un aspect de la plus grande pertinence pour le cessionnaire d'un crédit accordé, c’est un autre moyen que le commerce, «máxime», le commerce international met à ses exploitantes ou ses operateurs pour obtenir de la liquidité. Nous espérons avec ce travail, d'analyser l'applicabilité de la garantie bancaire autonome, en partant du principe selon lequel en cas de transfert de crédit, les respectives garanties et autres accessoires également se transmettent. Basé sur la doctrine internationale, notamment italienne et portugaise, nous avons l'intention de parvenir à une solution que permet une application correcte de l'institut concerné, dans le cadre droit Santoméen, c'est à dire, c'est qui permet au cessionnaire d'une créance de protéger, effectivement, ses intérêts légitimes. A cessão da garantia bancária autónoma é, sem dúvida, um aspeto da maior relevância para o cessionário de um determinado crédito pois, é mais um meio que o comércio, «máxime», o comércio internacional dispõe aos seus operadores para obter a liquidez. Pretendemos com o presente trabalho, analisar a aplicabilidade à garantia bancária autónoma do princípio segundo o qual, em caso de transmissão de um crédito as respetivas garantias e outros acessórios também se transmitem. Com base na doutrina internacional, sobretudo italiana e portuguesa, pretendemos chegar uma solução que permita boa aplicação do instituto em causa na ordem jurídica santomense, isto é, que permita ao cessionário de um crédito salvaguardar, efetivamente, os seus legítimos interesses.
Keywords: Cession; Cessão; Crédit; Crédito; Garantia bancária autónoma; Garantie bancaire autonome; L’ordre juridique Santoméen; Ordem jurídica santomense

Addressing the legal issues of an innovative start-up company - Samoylov, Vlad (Victoria University of Wellington, 2014)
Before examining the substance of the law it is necessary to discuss the contrast between law and practice. It is important to keep in mind that the letter of the law is sometimes not what is done in practice. This realisation is often referred to as the “law and society perspective.” Advocates of this perspective treat legal doctrine as more than just a closed system because they recognise that there are other external influences at play. Beyond the law, people are also influenced by other factors such as social roles, morals, religion and culture. For example, university researchers have an external incentive mechanism outside of IP law. Such researchers frequently prefer to publish their results and discoveries in academic journals rather than file for patents. A patent cannot be granted where there has been a publication. However the researchers are motivated by other incentives such as access to research funds and the attainment of professorship. The Law and Society perspective highlights the fact that the formal processes, which are provided for by the law are at times substituted by informal customs and understandings. An information technology (IT) firm that contributed to this paper by participating in an interview (Interviewee A), provided a good example of such an occurrence. Rather than use any of the formal IP modes of protection which are discussed in the following sections of this paper, ‘Interviewee A’ uses a very unorthodox strategy to protect their IP. They said: “we rely on employment contracts, code of conduct, and especially personal ethics and behaviour to protect our IP. We therefore have a company culture that encourages teamwork and cooperation”.
Keywords: Intellectual property; Product safety standards

Mediation advocacy - Shaw, Annabel (Victoria University of Wellington, 2014)
Mediation has been a part of New Zealand’s employment statutory framework in one form or another for over a century, and has been the first port of call for employment disputes under the current Employment Relations Act for nearly 15 years.¹ I have been working as a mediator in this context for almost seven years in more than 1,000 mediations. Lawyers are playing a significant part in the field of mediation, with a large number representing clients in this forum on a regular basis. In an evaluation of 100 of my mediations over a ten-month period, 85% of parties were legally represented. This rate is consistent with anecdotal reporting across the employment mediation service. Lawyer representation in mediation is not unique to the employment context. There are various mediation schemes provided for under many New Zealand statutes as well as a wide raft of non-statutory mediation occurring in numerous settings. In my experience as a mediator with human rights and leaky building mediations, as well as working as a lawyer in a large commercial law firm, I am aware lawyers are representing clients in many other areas of mediation as well. Although there is a significant amount of mediation occurring and a large number of lawyers regularly appearing in mediation, my experience is that the majority of lawyers act in mediation as if they were in litigation and take an adversarial approach. My thesis is that lawyers have not adapted effectively to mediation and taken on the role of mediation advocacy. This paper explores the topic by first describing, in Part II, what I observe as lawyers’ adversarial approach in mediation. It then looks at other research to assess whether this experience is reflective of a wider issue. It finds there is evidence to support my observations. Part III analyses why lawyers are operating in an adversarial way in mediation and proposes several reasons this may be the case. Part IV puts forward what I propose is appropriate mediation advocacy. It sets out the knowledge, roles and skills required from lawyers when representing clients in mediation. Part V suggests what might be done to assist a shift away from the common, adversarial approach to effective mediation advocacy. This paper is written within the context of employment mediation in New Zealand. However, it draws on research from different jurisdictions and areas of practice so the conclusions it comes to may have more general application. The topic is not whether lawyers should be in mediation. I am not arguing that lawyers do not have a part to play in mediation. A lawyer well versed in mediation advocacy can play a highly effective part in the process. Leonard Riskin, one of the key authors on the topic of lawyers in mediation, expresses this even more strongly, saying he believes lawyers’ involvement is fundamental to mediation’s success.² Further, this paper is focused on lawyers representing parties in mediation and does not consider lawyers as mediators.
Keywords: Advocacy; Dispute resolution; Employment disputes; Lawyers; Mediation

Conflictos de jurisdicción : juez del concurso vs administración pública - Aguilar Moya, Rocío Isabel (Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2014)
Trabajo de Curso de Experto Universitario en Derecho Concursal (2013). Tutor: Elena Narváez Valdivia. El principio de universalidad ha supuesto la atribución de competencia y jurisdicción al Juez del Concurso de todo aquello que tenga incidencia en el patrimonio del deudor, ello implica que materias que en un principio son competencia de otros órganos administrativos o jurisdiccionales, pasen a formar parte del ámbito de competencia del Juez del Concurso. El presente trabajo tiene como principal finalidad dar a conocer algunos ejemplos de Conflictos de Jurisdicción, señalando que preceptos tanto de la Ley Concursal como de la normativa administrativa, en la mayoria de los casos la Ley General Tributaria, entran en conflicto y cúal es el criterio seguido por el Tribunal de Conflctos de Jurisdiccion. Cabe señalar que algunos de estos casos ya han sido resueltos desde el año 2006, pero que todavía se siguen planteando en la práctica diaria. La investigación de dicha temática parte del concepto general de jurisdicción, del ámbito de jurisdicción y competencia de los Jueces de lo Mercantil; pasando por los mecanismos de resolución de conflictos existentes en nuestro ordenamiento, su tipología, ya sean conflictos de jurisdicción positivos o negativos, procedimiento y órgano competente para su resolución. Finaliza con varios ejemplos de cuestiones prácticas que hacen surgir a día de hoy este tipo de conflictos en los que veremos como en algunos supuestos la normativa administrativa tiene que ceder a los principios rectores del procedimiento concursal, lo que ha supuesto que se haya producido una disminución de ciertos privilegios tradicionales que ostentaba la Administración Pública.

Le contrat de prestations logistiques - Albiol, Morgane (Aix-Marseille Université, 2014)

Le contrôle du respect de la convention du travail maritime en France - Alonso, Loana (Aix-Marseille Université, 2014)

La place du courtage et son incidence sur le marché gabonais de l'assurance - Andeme Owono, Michelle Julie (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)

Analyse de l'audit interne dans une compagnies d'assurance : Cas du GTAC2A-IARDT - Ayitey, Amah Mokpokpo (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2014)