Introduction au droit maritime japonais - Imassi, Marie (Aix-Marseille Université, 2020)

Protection of Intellectual Property Rights in International Trade - Indradewi, Anak Agung Sagung Ngurah (International Journal of Social Sciences, 2020)
That intellectual property is the creation of ideas in the form of new discoveries, literary works, and works of art, symbols, names and images used in trade. Of course, intellectual property is closely related to the world of commerce because its emergence is triggered by the desires of the members of the World Intellectual Property Organization who want to protect their economies in the era of free trade. In this case how the form of protection of intellectual property rights in the perspective of international trade, it can be seen that basically the laws and or regulations in every country in the world are different and each country has the right to implement its own legal rules in the jurisdiction of their country.
Keywords: Intellectual property; Intellectual property rights; International Trade; Legal rules

Le bon grain et l’ivraie : l’appréciation de la contrefaçon des droits de brevet et de marque par le juge togolais - Johnson-Ansah, Ampah (Revue francophone de la propriété intellectuelle, 2020)
Le juge togolais a rendu une intéressante décision sur la contrefaçon en cas de cumul des droits, notamment de brevet et de marque, sur un produit. D’un côté, quant à l’appréciation de la contrefaçon de brevet d’invention, ne constitue pas une contrefaçon, la mise sur le marché d’une invention dont le mécanisme a une double fonction distincte de l’unique fonction de l’invention protégée. De l’autre, l’apposition de la marque d’autrui sur les emballages et l’étiquette du prix d’un produit constitue un comportement gênant et troublant susceptible de donner lieu à une réparation du dommage subi par le propriétaire de la marque. La portée de la décision dépasse de loin les seules conséquences de la contrefaçon. Elle implique également que, la propriété intellectuelle étant fille de la liberté de commerce et de l’industrie, l’appréciation de la contrefaçon ne puisse oblitérer l’aspect concurrentiel de ces droits. La liberté de commerce et de l’industrie peut donc aussi bien intervenir pour soutenir les titulaires de droit de propriété intellectuelle que pour encadrer leurs pratiques.
Keywords: Brevet; Contrefaçon; Copyright infringement; Intellectual property; Marque; Patent; Togo; Trademark

Gestion optimale des sinistrés et amélioration des performances d'une compagnie de réassurance : cas de la NCA Re - Kade Azo, Ines Flora (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

La conversion des procédures collectives - Kalieu Elongo, Yvette Rachel (Revue Burkinabè de Droit, 2020)

Analyse et appréciation technique d'un programme de réassurance non vie - Kandanga, Takpa (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

L’exécution forcée des décisions de la Cour commune de justice et d’arbitrage et des sentences arbitrales impliquant le droit de l’OHADA - Kangambega, Élisabeth L. (Revue Burkinabè de Droit, 2020)

The effectiveness of the adopted OECD transfer pricing dispute resolution mechanisms in an African context - Kekana, Nelson Doctor (University of Pretoria, 2020)
With the developments happening globally that are aimed at curbing base erosion and profit shifting by multinationals, improving the resolution of transfer pricing disputes has been identified as one of the key issues. This thesis investigates the challenges uniquely faced by African countries that militate against the use of the OECD transfer pricing dispute resolution mechanisms. The thesis starts by reflecting on the effect of transfer pricing manipulation by multinational enterprises in Africa in particular. Transfer pricing manipulation is one of the causes of the so-called tax gap, which is, the gap between anticipated and actual revenue collection. The aggression by revenue authorities against transfer pricing manipulation in order to close this gap has triggered a lot of transfer pricing adjustments. These adjustments have resulted in multiple transfer pricing disputes. In the analysis of the adopted OECD dispute resolution mechanisms, the thesis focuses on the effectiveness of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP), the advance pricing arrangement (APA) and the mandatory binding arbitration (MBA). It identifies the problems that result in the failure of or the delay in the resolution of many transfer pricing disputes by analysing the domestic frameworks that exist in four African countries namely: South Africa, Kenya, Uganda and Ghana. The thesis identifies problems such as the absence of a tax treaty network within the African continent, the use of underdeveloped double tax agreements and the lack of commitment from African countries to subscribe to and ratify multilateral conventions. These problems delay or stifle the resolution of tax treaty disputes. They also cause uncertainty for taxpayers and lead to continued tax avoidance by multinational enterprises that essentially avoid paying tax in African countries where the economic activities of these enterprises take place. The thesis also identifies the importance of other OECD supporting tools such as the exchange of tax information in the resolution of transfer pricing disputes. It focuses on tools such as country by country reports, the master file, the local file and simultaneous tax examination as covered by the Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters. The thesis contributes to the resolution of the identified problems with transfer pricing dispute resolution in Africa by recommending certain improvements that can be effected. These recommendations entail, regarding the MAP, the expansion of tax treaty networks by African countries and the establishment of a Tax Treaty Dispute Resolution Committee by ATAF. Regarding the APA, it is recommended that African countries should sign the multilateral instrument (MLI) and make use of advance tax rulings (ATRs) as alternatives. With respect to the MBA, this thesis recommends that African countries should use optional arbitration by effectively using article 25(4) of the OECD Model tax convention (MTC). It also recommends that African countries must enhance their tax transparency by ratifying multilateral conventions that seek to address international tax co-operation and to improve compliance with transfer pricing documentation requirements in order to make the resolution of transfer pricing disputes more effective.
Keywords: Dispute resolution; Model Tax Convention; OECD; Transfer pricing

Leçons de la pandémie de Covid-19 : la systématisation des clauses de force majeure et d'assurance perte d'exploitation ? - Kenfack, Hugues (Recueil Dalloz, 2020)

Problématique de l'émergence du marché d'assurance de la zone CIMA : Cas du marché centrafricain de l'assurance - Koenimbaye, Donatien Fred (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

La violence économique dans l’espace OHADA - Koïta, Yacouba-Sylla (Revue internationale de droit économique, 2020)

Les défis et enjeux des compagnies d'assurances face à la digitalisation : Cas de SAAR-TCHAD - Kolotou Hamid, Issa (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

La gestion de sinistrés automobiles comme facteur de performance d'une entreprise IARDT : Cas de nouvelles sociétés interafricaines du Mali (NSIA Mali) - Konate, Nouhoum (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

L'obligation de domiciliation de l'assurance des facultés à l'importation au Burkina Faso : Etat actuel des lieux et perspectives - Konda, Ousmane (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Amélioration de la politique de souscription des affaires facultatives dans la branche maritime et transports d'une société de réassurance : Cas de continental Re-Bureau d'Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire) - Kotia, Valéry Florent (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Valeur client, un atout indispensable pour accéder à la disposition de leader du marché : cas d'allianz Côte d'Ivoire assurance vie - Kouame M'bra, Jean-Marie (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

la problématique des recours inter compagnies en assurance automobile : cas de SAHAM assurance Mali - Kouyate Mahamadou, Siaka (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

The law applicable to liability arising from the use of selfdriving cars in the wake of the Fourth Industrial Revolution : a global comparative analysis - Kyeremateng, Joshua Godwin (University of Johannesburg, 2020)
This study explores the liability associated with the use of autonomous vehicles. With the increase in efforts by automobile industries to manufacture driverless cars, the issue of liability occupies the front seat of the discussion. A major benefit of autonomous and connected vehicles is their potential to ameliorate, if not eradicate, avoidable accidents on roads. Currently, it is estimated that 90% of road accidents are caused by human error. The epoch of driverless vehicles, where the narrative will drastically change, is upon us. This means a shift away from human liability to machine liability, since these technologies have in-built algorithms to ensure autonomous decisions by the vehicle. Product liability becomes crucial in the wake of driverless cars. The gradual and ultimate shift of liability from the traditional human driver to the machine ‘driver’ coupled with the cross-border sale of driverless vehicles provide justification for scholarly attention. Accidents may now be attributed to technological error and not human mistake. Conflict of law issues become central in instances where manufacturers and users live in different parts of the world... LL.M. (International Commercial Law)
Keywords: Automated vehicles; Commercial law; International law; Products liability

Algeria and the African Union - between security and economic integration: a neofunctionalist and regionalist reading - Lamri, Amel (Canterbuy Christ Church University, 2020)
This thesis investigates the process of integration in the African Union (AU), and the reasons behind the slow progress of the AU to achieve the goal of deeper economic integration. In the research I explore the role of an AU member state in the process of African integration: Algeria. The research scrutinises the development of Algerian foreign policy towards the AU and highlights any changes in the Algerian FP attitudes and the reasons behind these changes. Similarly, the research unveils the reality of the decision-making process in this country, and the different agents that influence it. To achieve the main goals of the research, different theoretical choices were elaborated. This resulted in researching European integration theories; Neofunctionalism was, then, selected to study the Algerian development in the making of its foreign policy in general and towards the African Union specifically. Some concepts within the Neofunctionalist thinking were used including the principle of the shift of loyalties, the socialisation process, the spillover system, and the role of interest groups in the process of integration. Moreover, the theory of Regionalism was used to examine the process of integration in the AU discovering new reasons that led to the slow development of economic integration in Africa. Consequently, the research highlights the current obstacles and challenges that have hindered the process of economic integration in the AU, including the poverty of most of the AU member states, the limited financial budget of the Union and the instability of the majority of African countries. Furthermore, the research unveiled the lack of political will towards AU economic integration plans. Hence, this contribution extends beyond the traditional models of explanation, and discusses the situation in AU member states (in this case Algeria) and points to other factors as well such as the weakness of the lobbyist activities and business groups in Algeria specifically and Africa more generally. The thesis, then, focusses on Algeria’s supportive and active status in the AU security sector, highlighting how Algeria has been successful in pushing its own security and antiterrorism agenda to the AU level, thereby demonstrating that integration into the AU is possible, if it is backed by influential member states, and wider coalitions can be built to promote integration and cooperation.
Keywords: Africa Union; Algeria; Intégration régionale

La pratique du risk management dans les compagnies de réassurance de la zone CIMA : cas de la société commerciale gabonaise de réassurance (SCG-Ré) - Lembe Nanda, Grâce Ornélia (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

la gestion de la branche maladie au sein de SAAR Sénégal : Etat des lieux et perspectives - Leye, Youssoupha (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

An Empirical Analysis of Private Equity Investment Affecting Enterprise Value - Li, Jianhong (Université de Genève, 2020)
The lack of long-term and stable financial support for SMEs is the fundamental reason why enterprises cannot develop for a long time. At present, the situation of financing difficulties for SMEs is becoming more and more serious. Private equity (PE) investment has emerged as an important financing method. Private equity investment, while broadening the financing channels of SME capital markets, brings advanced management experience to enterprises, which helps enterprises to develop rapidly and effectively. According to the statistics of the Zero2IPO Research Center, the active investment institutions in China's equity market have grown from more than 200 in 2000 to more than 14,000 in 2018, with a total asset under management over RMB 9 trillion. Great progress has been realized in the scale and development of the industry. In addition, with the launch of the GEM in 2009, PE investment industry met new opportunities of development and became popular. At present, the development of China's PE investment business is still at an early stage. Neither relevant policies, laws and regulations nor supporting mechanisms are mature enough. Therefore, researches on China's PE investment business needs to be carried out. In this context, more and more scholars are beginning to focus on the field of PE investment. This paper focuses on whether PE investments can fundamentally increase the enterprise value. The basic theory is sorted out to serve as the theoretical basis for this study. Through a systematic analysis, this paper draws out 4paths of PE investment affecting enterprises, which are the influence on technological innovation, corporate governance activities, dividend distribution decision and earnings management, respectively. And through empirical analysis, it finds the empirical basis of the impact of PE investment on enterprise value, and investigates how PE investments affect enterprise value based on the difference in investment characteristics such as investment duration and whether the investment is joint or not. This paper conducts an empirical test by selecting the listed companies of the Shenzhen Stock Exchange GEM in 2015-2018 as sample. The results show that the investment of PE firm will significantly increase the value of the target enterprise. This paper makes a detailed analysis of sample data. The conclusion of the study is that private equity investment will have a significant impact on the value of target enterprises. Private equity investment plays an important role in the modern governance structure of small and medium-sized enterprises in China This paper enriches the existing literature and provides constructive suggestions for the health development of the PE investment market. 中小企业缺乏长期稳定的资金来源是企业无法长久发展的根本性原因，目前 中小企业融资难的形势越来越严峻，私募股权投资作为一种重要的融资手段应运 而生。私募股权投资在拓宽中小企业资本市场融资渠道的同时，给企业带来先进的 管理经验，有助于企业快速并有效的发展。据清科研究中心的统计数据显示，中国 股权市场活跃的投资机构已由 2000 年的 200 多家发展到 2018 年的 1.4 万多家，管 理资本量超过 9 万亿人民币，行业规模和发展实现了质的飞跃。此外，随着 2009 年创业板的推出，私募股权投资行业的发展业迎来了新的希望和契机，私募股权投 资业务开始盛行。目前，我国私募股权投资业务的发展还处于早期阶段，无论是从 政策还是法律法规再到配套机制，都还不够健全。因此，对我国私募股权投资业务 的研究亟需开展，在此背景下，越来越多的学者开始关注私募股权投资这一领域。 本文研究的重点是私募股权投资是否能够根本上提升企业价值。本文首先对 基础理论进行了梳理，以此作为研究的理论依据，而后论述了私募股权投资对被投 资企业价值影响的理论分析，。本文通过系统的理论分析得出了私募股权投资影响 企业的路径，并通过实证分析，得到私募股权投资对企业价值的影响的实证依据， 并且从投资期限和是否联合投资等投资特征的差异性，深入研究私募股权投资对 企业价值的影响方式。本文通过选取深圳证券交易所创业板 2015-2018 年的上市企 业作为样本，进行了实证检验，并得出以下研究结论:私募股权投资的参与会显著 提升目标企业的价值，同时，私募股权投资的期限越长、联合投资机构的数量越多， 目标企业的价值也会越高。 本文基于理论又结合实际，对样本数据进行了分析，研究的结论是私募股权投 资会对被投资企业的价值产生显著影响。私募股权投资对于我国中小企业的现代 化治理结构起到了完善作用。本文的研究结果丰富了现有文献，对私募股权投资市 场健康发展提出了建设性的建议。
Keywords: Enterprise Value; Investment Term; PE Investment

Corporate social responsibility and executive personality - Li, Xin (Simon Fraser University, 2020)
My dissertation investigates two streams of managerial accounting literature; specifically, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and executive personality. Paper 1 focuses on whether companies strategically engage in CSR practices to retain employees. Using a difference-in-differences design, I find that an increase in the enforcement of non compete agreements (which enhances a firm’s ability to retain employees) deteriorates CSR performance. Paper 2 extends prior literature and links managerial risk tolerance and firms’ CSR performance. The empirical result of Paper 2 shows that pilot CEOs are less likely to exhibit better CSR performance. Paper 3 examines the spillover effect of managerial risk tolerance along the supply chain. Specifically, I follow Paper 2 to use the pilot status of CEOs to proxy for the customers’ risk tolerance level. Overall, the results support a negative association between customer risk tolerance and supplier investment efficiency, and customer companies ran by pilot CEOs leads to supplier investment inefficiency. Each chapter is designed to be self-contained and provides a more detailed discussion of the research question and contribution.
Keywords: CEO; CSR performance; Corporate Social Responsibility; Non-compete enforceability; Pilot; RSE; Risk tolerance; Supplier investment efficiency

The regulation of international commercial arbitrators - Loreto Ilhao Moreira, João (University of Oxford, 2020)
International commercial arbitration has established itself as the main dispute resolution mechanism for international commercial disputes. This increased visibility has drawn attention to arbitrators’ public role, leading to a well-established general perception that arbitrators are bound to special obligations, such as the duty to be independent and impartial or the obligation to assure that arbitral proceedings are not abused to achieve nefarious goals. Despite this general acknowledgement, little attention has been paid to the mechanisms that ensure that arbitrators adhere to these obligations. In particular, there has been limited analysis of the underlying mechanisms that incentivise the production and enforcement of professional norms in this field. This thesis argues that the particulars of the arbitration market largely explains why the evolution of the regulation of international arbitrators has not matched those of other professions. At the same time, it will argue that those same particularities create incentives for several actors, most notably the arbitral community itself, to step in and occupy this regulatory vacuum. In particular, it explores the notion that the market strategies employed by arbitrators, arbitral institutions and other members of the arbitral community have the production of professional norms as a by-product. It further explores how the arbitral market tends to create an environment where compliance with professional norms is rewarded, leading, at the same time, the arbitral community to work as a network that promotes adherence to professional norms through mostly informal sanctions.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitration (international law); Arbitration market; Dispute Resolution; International commercial arbitrators; Regulation

The role of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in facilitating continental integration - Luthuli, Isaac (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2020)
The dissertation examines the role the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) can play in facilitating the political and economic convergence of the African Union (AU) member states. The developmental challenges facing Africa in spite of its wealth of human and natural resources is poignant. The genesis of this problem can be traced to the history of colonialism and the wave of independence in the continent in the late 1950s. Arguments have been put forward to suggest that one of the most viable ways of promoting Africa’s development is by developing and promoting intra-continental trade which can be possible through continental integration. The specific areas reviewed are regional stability and how intra-regional trade and investment is used to promote economic convergence. Africa's need for political and economic integration at a continental level is further sustained by the assumption that neocolonialism can be blamed for the weakness of structures in African states. Some scholars agree on the idea that regionalisation is often seen to offer a possibility to respond to the challenges of globalization. This impact nevertheless is dependent on the relation between globalisation and regional sentiment. Regional integration implies a form of interdependence among nation-states. Such interdependence leads to an establishment of regional integration arrangements between sovereign states within a geographical space. These agreements are shaped formally and there is a commitment to work together in order to realise political and socio-economic benefits. This study maintains that in order to achieve effective integration of the continent, Nigeria and South Africa as case studies, as continental giants have a key role to play to this end and as members of ECOWAS and SADC respectively. It is argued here that both the SADC and ECOWAS as sub-continental blocks have made some notable and commendable progress in developing policies for trade liberalization and economic integration, this, however, is not enough as such policies are also pertinent at a continental level. The study found that SADC and ECOWAS as regional blocks can play a role in aiding the continent to achieve a trade liberalization to achieve continental economic development.
Keywords: African integration; ECOWAS; Economic Development; Economic convergence; Integration; Intra-continental trade; SADC

The role of the locus contractus as a connecting factor in common-law private international law of contract - Madziwa, Cuthbert Simbarashe (University of Johannesburg, 2020)
Global trade has consistently been on an upward trajectory over the past few decades. In 2001, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimated that over the course of the previous twenty (20) years world trade had grown at an average rate of six (6) percent per annum, double as fast as world output.1 A substantial component of global trade consists of cross-border transactions. It was projected that between 2010 and 2022, the number of global transactions would double from three (3) to six (6) trillion per year.2 These volumes of global trade naturally entail an enormous number of cross-border commercial contracts, which often result in disputes over defective goods or services, payment or, delays... LL.M. (International Commercial Law)
Keywords: Commercial Law; International law

Portability of social security benefits of circular migrant workers in selected SADC member states - Masoebe, P. (North-West University, 2020)
The issue of portability of social security benefits is a daunting issue facing migrant workers in both Southern Africa and the world in general. In the Southern African Development Community region migration seems to be driven mainly by the need to attain economic freedom. The fact of the matter is that migrant workers from Lesotho and Swaziland who work and have worked in South Africa do play a major role in boosting these countries’ economies. Another issue that cannot be ignored is the fact that circular migration as a phenomenon is unlikely to come to an end any time soon in this part of the world. This means that social security benefits of migrant workers and its portability should be an issue that is dealt with cautiously and speedily, especially in terms of looking at the millions of unclaimed social security benefits reported each year by social security funds and schemes in South Africa. While examining the extent to which selected SADC member states, namely Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa, have undertaken to combat this issue, international and regional instruments that have a bearing on social security rights are analysed and the realisation is that in as much as these do provide for social security rights and portability of benefits thereof, a lack of ratification and implementation play a vital role in achieving efficient portability of these rights. Although South Africa, as the largest migrant-receiving country in the SADC region, does provide for the right to social security in its Constitution, the fragmented nature of its social security framework, together with other factors such lack of information, exploitation by employers, distances travelled to lay claims and a non-existent social security adjudication system means that migrant workers are normally left with lack of redress when their contracts of employment reach an end. On the other hand, Swaziland and Lesotho, as migrant-sending countries, do not even have provisions in their constitutions that specifically deal with the right to social security. This means that citizens who work abroad do not have sufficient social security coverage in either country, as well as in South Africa as a host country. Consequently, multilateral and bilateral agreements on social security are pivotal in addressing this issue of unclaimed social security benefits as they go a long way in making sure that migrant workers are provided with adequate social security protection and coverage as a whole. Migrant sending countries also need to undertake unilateral initiatives to guarantee that their citizens are adequately protected in this specific sphere of social security. Examples are further drawn from the best practices of different regions in the world, namely the Southeast Asian Nations Region, Caribbean Community and Common Market and the Southern Common Market. The above-mentioned regions have established multilateral social security agreements that seek social security protection for migrant workers who play an undeniable role in their economies. Bilateral social security agreements between Zambia and Malawi, together with the one between Sweden and Philippines, are taken into consideration as best practices that Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa may draw examples from when drawing up and concluding their own bilateral social security agreements. The Philippines’ unilateral initiatives are also discussed and hailed as the best practices that migrant-sending countries such as Lesotho and Swaziland may further draw examples from. The Philippines has developed strategies aimed at guaranteeing social protection for its migrant workers abroad and further makes sure that it enters into bilateral agreements with any country that receives services from its citizens. While the need to conclude multilateral and bilateral agreements on social security cannot be denied, there is also a need for migrant-sending countries to come up with unilateral initiatives to lessen the burden on migrant-receiving countries in this social security domain. Sectors such as the mining sector should also have mining-specific agreements that specifically deal with issues related to migrant mine workers. Lack of statistics of migrant workers moving in and out of South Africa has also been labelled as one of the reasons halting access and portability of social security benefits; hence there is a need to develop a data-base aimed at keeping track of all migrant workers, retired and otherwise. Migrant workers who seek redress regarding access of their unclaimed or unpaid social security benefits also have to be provided with comprehensive protection from the courts of law. This therefore means that an adjudication system should be established to deal with social security woes so that those seeking redress have adequate legal support.
Keywords: Labour and social protection; Migrant workers; Multilateral agreements; SADC; SADEC; Social protection; Social security; Sécurité sociale; Travailleur migrant

Enjeux de la donnée et de la digitalisation dans le secteur des assurances - Massengo, Stavy Piervel (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Balancing the rights of creditors and consumers when a home is sold in execution: what procedures should be followed? - Mazubane, Zamanguni Sithabile (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2020)
The sale in execution of theprimary residence of a consumer has numerous implications. This is especially in light of section 26 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996(‘Constitution’) which gives people the right to adequate housing and to not be arbitrarily evicted from their homes. The enactment of the National Credit Act 34 of 2005(‘NCA’) which aimsto balance the rights of creditors and consumers also impacted the procedure to sell homes in execution. In particular, section 129 of the NCA has pre-enforcement procedures whilst section 130 allows credit agreements to be reinstated if consumers can pay the overdue amounts and other costs in full. In addition, amendments were made tothe Magistrates’Court Rules and the Uniform Rules of Court regarding the sale of consumers’homes.The new requirements introduced by the NCA and procedures introduced by thecourt rules resulted in a great deal of confusion with different courts and judges adopting different approaches. Eventually, several matters which sought to sell consumers’homes in execution were heard in Absa Bank v Mokebe and Related Matters 2018 (6) SA 492 (GJ)(‘Mokebe case’). Van der Linde Jofthe Gauteng Local Division of the High Court, used the power granted in section 14(1)(b) of the Superior Courts Act 10 of 2013 to, in consultation with the Judge President, discontinue the hearing of the matters before him and refer the mattersto the full bench of the Division.In essence, the court held that a uniform approach must be taken by the judges of this Division regarding how they handle foreclosure matters. This thesis investigates the procedure that creditors should follow before they are entitled to sell consumers’ homesin execution. In order to do this, this thesis will examinethe Constitution, NCA, court rules, practice notesand case law. More specifically, the persons that are the focusof the investigation are creditors that have a security right in the form of a mortgage bond over the home,versus consumers who have become overindebted and are no longer able to meet their obligations under the loan agreement that was entered into with the creditors. There cent landmark Mokebe case is examined in depth to determine what the current law is and how it can be improved.Furthermore, the effect of the Mokebe case inother High Court Divisions in the country will be briefly discussed.Lastly, this thesis sets out what consumers can do to prevent their homes being sold on publicauction especially after they default in their payments. This thesis will show that the procedure to sell homes in execution has drastically changed from the pre-constitutional to the current constitutional dispensation. However, it is submitted that the procedures can still be improved upon. This is because the right to adequate housing is an important socio-economic right which has been undervalued and overlooked. The courts have previously allowed execution of homes without considering the circumstances of consumers. The court rules allowed for this as the contractual rights of creditors were held at a higher standard than the socio-economic rights of consumers. It is argued that in the light of the NCA and its aims, there must be an appropriate balancing of the rights of creditors and consumers to create just outcomes. If we are to truly create a society based on ‘human dignity, the achievement of equality and the advancement of human rights and freedoms’ as expressed in the founding values of South Africa’s Constitution and reiterated to a large extent in the NCA; foreclosure laws must also reflect that vision.
Keywords: Consumers; Creditors; Execution; Foreclosure; Human dignity; Mortgage bond; National Credit Act 34 of 2005

IFRS compliance, corporate governance and financial reporting quality of GSE-listed nonfinancial firms - Mbir, Deborah Esi Gyanba; Agyemang, Otuo Serebour; Tackie, George; Abeka, Mac Junior (Cogent Business & Management, 2020)
The adoption of International financial reporting standards (IFRS) has been presented in several empirical literature as a factor that could improve the quality of financial reports. However, Ghana has not attained the desired levels of financial reporting quality after the adoption of IFRS. Literature reveals that lack of proper enforcement of these high-quality standards may result in limited compliance and will undermine the effectiveness of these standards in terms of attaining high-quality financial reports. This study therefore argues that the relationship between IFRS compliance and reporting quality revolves around some enforcement mechanisms like corporate governance structures. In view of that, by using random effect estimation technique, this study examined the role of corporate governance in the relationship between IFRS compliance and the reporting quality of firms listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE). The study found that the right corporate governance mechanisms will enhance the positive effect of IFRS compliance on reporting quality. This study further recommends that to gain an appreciable level of public confidence in the annual reports of firms listed on the GSE, the audit committee’s independence and the board’s independence should be strengthened to ensure that management does not only adopt IFRS, but that the standards are actually complied with.
Keywords: Compliance; Corporate governance; IFRS; Reporting quality

L’attractivité juridique et économique de l’OHADA - Mbow, Demba (Revue libre de Droit, 2020)

A critical analysis of the subcontractor’s builder’s lien - Mdletshe, Sithandiwe Samukelisiwe (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2020)
This research paper looks at the South African common law right to lien as it currently stands as the only compensatory remedy for a construction subcontractor in the event of non-payment by the main contractor. The nature and scope of the builder’s lien in this regard will be analysed and its limitations will be highlighted. Accordingly, having critically considered a potential alternative remedy, an unjustified enrichment claim, for the subcontractor, this research paper will illustrate that there is insufficient protection for an unpaid subcontractor in our legal system. Hence, there is a need for our common law builder’s lien to be developed into a statutory builder’s lien. An analysis of foreign jurisdictions legal position, in particular Canadian law, with regard to the construction subcontractor and the right to lien as a remedy has a commendable statutory measure in place to assist a subcontractor by attempting to prevent such a financial predicament and if it nonetheless still occurs, that in the event of non-payment, the subcontractor is adequately protected. This research project proposes that our legal system should take influence from the Canadian legal system and be developed in accordance with our legal framework in order for construction subcontractors to also have sufficient and effective protection under our legal system.
Keywords: Builder’s lien; Contract; Liability; Subcontractor; Unjustified enrichment

Nécessité de création d'une fonction conformité dans les entreprises d'assurance de la zone CIMA : cas de l'UAB assurances-IARDT - Metomane Hein, Aambèkpur Aubin (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Vereinheitlichung des Wirtschaftsrechts in Afrika durch die OHADA - Monsenepwo Mwakwaye, Justin (Rabels Zeitschrift für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht, 2020)

L'accord amiable - Mouralis, Denis; Ben Hamida, Walid (Droit des affaires, 2020)
Les « Modes Amiables de Résolution des Conflits » (MARC) représentent toutes les méthodes qui permettent de résoudre un différend sans recours au juge, telles que la médiation, la conciliation, la négociation, la négociation raisonnée, la transaction, la procédure participative, l’avis technique ou juridique amiable, procès simulé, etc. Aujourd’hui, dans la pratique des affaires, tant en France qu’à l’international, les MARC ont le vent en poupe. Issu d’un colloque, cet ouvrage s’adresse aux professionnels du droit, aux chercheurs, aux juristes d’entreprise et aux PME qui sont souvent tentés par le recours aux MARC et souhaitent connaître avec précision le régime et l’effet des accords amiables. L’objectif est d’explorer toutes les questions qui se posent lorsque les parties à un différend économique l'ont résolu au moyen d'un accord amiable, au moment où elles doivent concrètement mettre en œuvre cet accord. En particulier, comment rédiger l'accord et comment garantir son exécution ?
Keywords: Accord amiable; Accords de règlement internationaux; Droit européen; Droit international; Médiation

The Effect of IFRS Adoption on Foreign Direct Investment in Africa - Musah, Alhassan; Adjei, Eunice; Ahmed, Ibrahim Anyass (Journal of Applied Accounting and Taxation, 2020)
Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is supposed to help enhance comparability of financial statement, improve the quality of financial reporting and accounting information of businesses in a country. This is expected to help improve Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the adopting countries. This study examined the effect of IFRS adoption on FDI inflows in Africa. Unlike previous studies that sample both adopting and non-adopting countries, this study sampled only Africa countries that have adopted IFRS to determine whether the adoption has improved FDI inflows. To achieve this objective, 20 African countries that have adopted IFRS were sampled covering a period 1980 to 2015. Data was sourced from The World Bank financial and Economic Data. Control variables such as GDP growth, openness of the economy, government debt and population growth were included in the model. The correlation and regression analysis showed that IFRS adoption has a positive and significant influence on FDI inflows in Africa. On the other hand, open economy, government debt and population growth had a positive and significant association with FDI. Overall, the results show that African countries that want to improve FDI inflows must improve the quality of their reporting environment by adopting IFRS.
Keywords: Africa; FDI; Foreign direct investment; IFRS; IFRS adoption; Investments; Macroeconomic variables

The impact of cryptocurrencies on the general powers and duties of insolvency practitioners - Naidoo, Sidasha (University of Johannesburg, 2020)
Please refer to full text to view abstract. LL.M. (Commercial Law)

Les sinistrés automobile transfrontaliers à raynal assurances : Obstacles et perspectives d'une gestion diligente - Nare, Bénéwindé Abraham (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

La détection et la gestion des cumuls d'engagements dans une compagnie de réassurance : Cas de la SEN RE - Ndiaye, Mamadou (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

La gestion des recours relatifs aux sinistrés automobiles : Cas de NSIA assurances Gabon - Ndongo Mombo, Jacelyn Idriss (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Concurrence sur le marché des assurances et impact sur le résultat technique par branche : Cas de la GMC assurance - Ngambono, Axel Rodrigue (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Enquête sommaire sur le contrat d’édition dans l’espace OAPI - Ngombé, Laurier Yvon (Revue francophone de la propriété intellectuelle, 2020)
Les États membres de l’OAPI forment un espace d’harmonisation du droit d’auteur en Afrique. Cette harmonisation est encore inachevée. Les règles conventionnelles relatives au contrat d’édition en témoignent. Aussi, enquêter sur le contrat d’édition dans l’espace OAPI nécessite un examen tant du texte de l’Accord de Bangui que des lois nationales des dix-sept États membres, dont il faut relever quelques différences sans éluder la question d’éventuels conflits de lois.

Optimisation du cout de la réassurance dans une compagnie d'assurance - Ngoumela, Roméo (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Déterminants de la sortie anticipée des contrats d'assurance vie - Nguelbe, Alex (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

L'audit des opérations de réassurance facultative : Cas de SAHAM assurance Gabon - Nguimby Madre, N. Hans Cédric (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Fiscal Potential and Political and Institutional Constraints to Increasing Domestic Revenues - Niang, Birahim Bouna; Mbaye, Ahmadou Aly (Center for Global Development, 2020)

Arbitration related lessons: Insights from the supreme courts around the world - Nigmatullina, Dilyara; Vanlerberghe, Beatrix (b-Arbitra : Belgisch tijdschrift voor arbitrage, 2020)
In international arbitration, arbitrators have procedural powers that allow them to manage and conduct the arbitration proceedings in a fair and efficient manner. These powers are typically set out in the arbitration rules that the parties have agreed to, such as the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) rules or the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) rules. Arbitrators have the authority to determine the procedure to be followed in the arbitration, including the admissibility, relevance, materiality, and weight of the evidence presented. They can also decide on the language to be used in the arbitration and the location of the hearings. In addition, arbitrators can issue orders and directions as needed to ensure the fair and efficient conduct of the proceedings. This may include ordering the production of documents or witness testimony, or setting time limits for the submission of evidence. The present paper critically examines the lex arbitri, the law that governs the arbitral proceedings, and makes out a case that lex arbitri cannot be challenged in court, as the parties to the arbitration have agreed to resolve their disputes through arbitration rather than through the courts. However, if the tribunal exceeds its powers or acts in a manner that is inconsistent with the lex arbitri, the parties may have grounds to challenge the tribunal's decision on the grounds of lack of jurisdiction or due process. The paper summarises some key judgments in which Courts have upheld or quashed the Tribunals procedural orders. It will be concluded that the procedural powers of arbitrators in international arbitration are real and not perfunctory, though bounded within powers extended by Parties to the arbitral tribunal.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration

Optimisation de la vente de produits d'assurance IARD par les établissements de crédit et assimiles : cas de NSIA assurances Congo - Nombo, Grace Jessé (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

The implication of the moratorium on lease agreements in business rescue - Nqwata, Sibahle (University of Johannesburg, 2020)
The purpose of the Companies Act1 is, amongst others, to “provide for the efficient rescue and recovery of financially distressed companies, in a manner that balances the rights and interests of all relevant stakeholders.”2 Business rescue means facilitating the rehabilitation of a financially distressed company by providing temporary supervision of the company, a temporary moratorium on legal proceedings against the company in business rescue and the development and implementation of the business rescue plan.3 As a result of the moratorium, the legal proceedings against the company may only be instituted with the consent of the business rescue practitioner or with the leave of the court.4 Thus, the moratorium is the cornerstone of business rescue as it provides a company with an opportunity to operate on a solvent basis.
Keywords: Contracts; South Africa; commercial law

Criminalité maritime : Manuel à l'usage des praticiens de la justice pénale - Office des Nations Unies contre la drogue et le crime (Programme mondial de lutte contre la criminalité maritime, 2020)

Pratique de la réassurance en zone CIMA et la problématique du comportement des acteurs Assurés, réassureurs, assureurs, courtiers. : Cas du marché congolais - Okana Obossi, Moise (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Encaissement et décaissement de primes d'une compagnie de réassurance : cas de la SCG-Ré - Ondo Medzo, Achille Crépin (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Les droits de la défense dans la procédure pénale burkinabè - Ouedraogo, Edouard (Revue Burkinabè de Droit, 2020)
Si ‘’se défendre’’ est un droit, avoir les moyens de le faire ne l’est pas moins. En matière pénale, ce droit est garanti par un certain nombre de principes qui, mis en ensemble, offrent à la personne poursuivie la possibilité de le faire valoir. Cependant, en droit burkinabè, les droits de la défense, bien que garantis par des textes à valeur constitutionnelle, internationale et législative, peinent surtout à être effectifs. Que ce soit à la phase d’enquête, devant le juge d’instruction ou pendant le jugement, la personne poursuivie ne dispose pas toujours de moyens adéquats pour assurer convenablement sa défense. Il conviendrait alors que les autorités compétentes déploient des efforts supplémentaires, afin que ce droit humain fondamental connaisse une pleine effectivité aussi bien théorique que pratique à toutes les phases de la procédure pénale.

La gestion des recours intercompagnie en assurance automobile : cas de la CNART assurances - Ousmane, Ndiaye (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

A critical assessment of freedom of choice of law in international commercial contracts - Raissa, Kalenga Kalubi (University of Johannesburg, 2020)
Please refer to full text to view abstract. LL.M. (International Commercial Law)
Keywords: Commercial law; Contracts (International law); Foreign trade regulation

How will the information regulator manage and control advancements in technology to minimise its adverse effects on the protection of personal information? - Ramcharan, Sarika (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2020)
No abstract provided.
Keywords: Data protection; POPIA; Personal information; Privacy infringements; Privacy protection; Protection of Personal Information Act; Right to privacy; Technology and privacy

La crise migratoire en Méditerranée appréhendée par le droit maritime - Ranchain, Emma (Aix-Marseille Université, 2020)

Le sauvetage de la vie humaine en mer - Rincon, Clémence (Aix-Marseille Université, 2020)

Analyse de la sinistralité du portefeuille et tarification de la branche maladie : Cas de SAHAM assurance non vie - Sebe, Davy (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

La société civile immobilière comme mode de gestion et transmission du patrimoine. La société civile immobilière est-elle un bon outil de gestion et transmission du patrimoine ? - Servant, Elsa (Université de Grenoble, 2020)
Les sociétés civiles immobilières sont des structures courantes qui attire désormais de nombreux particuliers possédant des biens immobiliers dans leur patrimoine. L’intérêt de ce type de société est d’optimiser la location de ses biens, la fiscalité qui leur est associée mais également la transmission de ceux-ci à leurs descendants. Cependant, cette recherche de l’optimisation fiscale nécessite de certaines connaissances comptables et fiscales afin de ne pas faire d’erreurs qui pourront causer des préjudices et réduire cet optimum. Ce mémoire détaille les modalités auxquelles les sociétés civiles immobilières seront confrontées dans le but d’optimiser les coûts de fonctionnement et les frais de transmission.
Keywords: Gestion patrimoniale; Impôts; Investissements; Optimisation fiscale; Plus-value; Société civile immobilière; Transmission patrimoniale

La gestion de l'assurance maladie dans une compagnie d'assurance : Cas de la caisse nouvelle d'assurance et de réassurance CNAR - Sidibe, Housseny (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

L'expérience d'une codification à l'échelle supranationale : Réflexions sur les forces et faiblesses du code CIMA - Signe, Jocelyne Linda Mafo (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Obligations précontractuelles et responsabilité du courtier d'assurances maritimes - Silue, Kabeytio Stéphanie M. (Université de Lille, 2020)

La contribution des juridictions communautaires au processus d’intégration sous-régionale en Afrique francophone - Sobze, Serge François (Revue Burkinabè de Droit, 2020)
La jurisprudence des juridictions communautaires contribue à affirmer l’idée selon laquelle le juge communautaire joue un rôle primordial dans la consolidation de la justice de l’intégration en Afrique. Il contribue à travers les fonctions contentieuses, consultatives et quasi-contentieuses à l’enracinement dans les ordres juridiques communautaires, d’une justice d’intégration accessible, efficace et de qualité. L’étude recherche dans la production jurisprudentielle, ce qui découle de la participation des juridictions communautaires, notamment des Cours de justice de la CEMAC et de l’UEMOA à la construction de l’intégration avec pour objectif de vérifier si le droit africain de l’intégration bénéficie de ces organes d’un même apport ou d’un traitement différencié. Il en ressort que les juridictions communautaires considérées jouent un rôle quasi similaire dans la régulation du processus d’intégration sous-régionale. En effet, il se dégage de leur politique jurisprudentielle une convergence des contributions au processus normatif primaire et une ambivalence des contributions au processus normatif dérivé de l’intégration. Par ailleurs, les décisions analysées restent fortement marquées par une asymétrie entre le contentieux socio-économique en plein essor et celui des droits fondamentaux resté en friche. En définitive, à travers une méthode juridique et une technique comparative des pratiques jurisprudentielles des organisations d’intégration, les juridictions communautaires contribuent de façon offensive à l’enracinement de « l’intégration par le droit » en Afrique en général et dans les Communautés sous-régionales envisagées en particulier. The case law of community courts helps to affirm that the community judge plays a key and primary role in consolidating integration justice in Africa. It contributes through its contentious, advisory and quasi-contentious functions to the establishment in community legal orders of accessible, efficient and high-quality integrative justice. These studies are to search in the case-law production, which results from the participation of community jurisdictions, in particular the Courts of Justice of CAEMC (Central African Economic and Monetary Community) and WAEMU (West African Economic and Monetary Union) in the construction of integration with the aim of verifying whether African law of the integration benefits from these bodies from the same contribution or from differentiated treatment. As a result, the community jurisdictions are considering playing an almost similar role in regulating the process of sub-regional integration. Indeed, from their jurisprudential policy emerges a convergence of contributions to the primary normative process and an ambivalence of contributions to the normative process derived from integration. The decisions indeed analyzed remain strongly marked by an asymmetry between the booming socio-economic litigation and that of fundamental rights which has remained unexplored. In conclusion, through a legal method and a comparative technique of the jurisprudential practices of integration organizations, community jurisdictions contribute in an offensive way to the entrenchment of "integration through law" in Africa in general and particularly the sub regional communities.
Keywords: African integration law; Community courts of justice; Community law; Contentieux; Cours de justice communautaires; Droit africain de l’intégration; Droit communautaire; Institutional process; Integration through law; Intégration par le droit; Litigation; Material process; Processus institutionnel; Processus matériel

Em defesa de uma função social do direito internacional privado : a promoção do interesse público e dos direitos humanos por meio das normas de aplicação imediata e da exceção da ordem pública - Sontag, Kenny (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2020)
Em vista de um contexto crítico ao Direito Internacional Privado, em que se retrata a disciplina como inerte frente aos desafios da globalização, composta por técnicas neutras e indiferentes a ideais de justiça na conjuntura da alocação da governança global, esta tese pretende propor uma reinterpretação das normas de aplicação imediata e da exceção da ordem pública. Almeja-se adaptar estes institutos jurídicos para que comportem uma dimensão social, incorporando fatores axiológicos que permitam a promoção do interesse público e dos direitos humanos. Esta pesquisa é permeada pelas seguintes perguntas: (i) frente a asseverada neutralidade do Direito Internacional Privado, as normas de aplicação imediata e a exceção da ordem pública conseguiriam representar uma quebra desta ausência valorativa, englobando fatores axiológicos? (ii) Se esta ruptura da neutralidade é comprovável, de quais fatores axiológicos se revestem as normas de aplicação imediata e a exceção da ordem pública? (iii) Há possibilidade de serem agregados outros fatores axiológicos aos existentes? (iv) Os fatores axiológicos existentes e os fatores axiológicos agregados seriam capazes de ensejar um fomento do interesse público e dos direitos humanos, conformando uma função social do Direito Internacional Privado? Visando a enfrentar estes questionamentos, empregou-se um método dedutivo de abordagem e foram utilizadas técnicas de pesquisa histórica e comparativa, combinadas à análise de fontes doutrinais, legislação e jurisprudência nacionais e estrangeiras. Incialmente, foram expostas as premissas da pesquisa, estudando-se a construção histórica do paradigma de neutralidade do Direito Internacional Privado e como as normas de aplicação imediata e a exceção da ordem pública podem representar uma ruptura a esta neutralidade. Posteriormente, foram analisados os valores intrínsecos às normas de aplicação imediata e à exceção ordem pública, propondo-se que outros valores sejam a estes agregados, no sentido de se promover o interesse público e os direitos humanos.
Keywords: Autocracia; Direitos humanos; Funzione sociale; Função social; Human rights; Interesse pubblico; Interesse público; Norme di applicazione necessaria; Ordem publica; Ordine pubblico; Overriding mandatory rules; Public good; Public policy; Social function

L'assureur IARD devant juridictions étatiques : Contexte nigérien - Soumana, Abdoulaye (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

The liquidation process and unsecured creditors: using the resulting trust to restore the balance - Stubbins, Matthew (Canterbury Christ Church University, 2020)
Ever since the formation of limited companies became permissible, unsecured creditors have faced a Sisyphean struggle to regularly recover substantial levels of the debts owed to them should corporate creditors enter insolvency. These low recovery rates result in many issues for lenders, including large losses, and in some cases, the insolvency of the lender themselves. The causes of these low return rates are long established and clearly demarcated. They consist of the existence and widespread use of security interests - which remove the majority of the company’s assets upon insolvency occurring - and the statutory priority of distribution, which ensures that parties other than the unsecured creditors have their debts discharged first by the liquidator from the already insufficiently resourced asset pool. English insolvency law has sought to provide some protection to the unsecured creditors through the anti-deprivation and personal liability provisions of the Insolvency Act 1986, which are intended to protect the integrity of the insolvent company’s asset pool. However, as concluded by this thesis, these provisions fail to afford adequate protection as a consequence of their substantive, evidential and remedial limitations, potentially resulting in the distributable assets being misappropriated and out of the reach of unsecured creditors. This thesis therefore analyses the limitations of the existing anti-deprivation and personal liability provisions before concluding as to how and why they fail to adequately protect unsecured creditors. This is done through a doctrinal and theoretical analysis of the provisions, before these conclusions are then tested empirically in two case studies. Given the inadequate protection provided by the Insolvency Act, this thesis then analyses the resulting trust – on which little analysis has been conducted in the context of insolvency – to determine whether it is capable of assisting unsecured creditors to increase their liquidation return rates. This increase is achieved through returning assets beneficially owned by the company to the company, or by preventing parties from becoming unsecured creditors in the first place by removing assets beneficially owned by them from the company. This analysis too will adopt a doctrinal and theoretical methodology, and it is concluded that the resulting trust is able to assist should the requisite factual matrices occur.
Keywords: Insolvabilité; Insolvency; Insolvência; Liquidation

Analyse de l'activité et de la solvabilité d'une compagnie d'assurance non-vie : cas de les assurances Bleues-CNAR - Sylla, Hamet (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Milletlerarası ticari tahkimde usule ilişkin konularda irade serbestisi - Takavut, İbrahim Doğan (İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2020)
Party autonomy is a well-accepted doctrine codified by national, international and supranational organizations that enables parties to be able to not only shape their contract but also their dispute resolution methods. It is believed that parties know their best interests; therefore, it is reasonable to give parties the freedom to decide whom they contract with and on what terms. This maximizes the autonomous freedom of the parties. Therefore, today it is well accepted that parties could waive their right to go to court and choose arbitration instead. However, through history, party autonomy has been seen as a direct threat to sovereign authority. States were always suspicious that arbitration hearings may not be as fair as court hearings since parties have the right to manipulate the arbitration processes. As a direct result of this, states regulated restrictions on party autonomy in international commercial arbitrations. Unfortunately, there is not an accepted definition of these restrictions and their effects on party autonomy have not been established or regulated internationally. Since party autonomy is the backbone of international commercial arbitration, it is important to crystalize the restrictions on party autonomy in procedural issues which directly affects the wellbeing of the arbitration process. Well accepted international regulations such as the New York Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards or UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration helped to establish a unified system of restrictions on party autonomy but every state and state's courts interpret these restrictions differently. As procedural issues affect the result of international commercial arbitration, restrictions on party autonomy in procedural issues should be examined carefully. It is not an exaggeration that in international commercial arbitration the real and complicated questions most of the time originate from the issues of the boundaries of party autonomy. The tension between the party autonomy and efficiency of an arbitration process affects every decision which can be made by parties, arbitrators or courts. Therefore, this dissertation will investigate these problems in three parts by outlining; the source of party autonomy, the restrictions of party autonomy and the applications of these restrictions to party autonomy in procedural issues in international commercial arbitration. In the first part, the origin of party autonomy doctrine and how the doctrine developed throughout time will be examined. The law of arbitration, lex arbitri will be examined first. There are two accepted theories to determine lex arbitri. According to the territorialism theory, arbitration gets its power from the law of the place where the arbitration takes place. This theory suggests that the place where the arbitration takes place has control power over the procedure of arbitration. On the other hand, delocalization theory suggests that arbitral tribunals are detached from and not under the control of the law of the seat of arbitration. Although it looks like delocalization theory suits the needs of the international trade practice better because it assumes that arbitration is not in control of any law, it is still important to accept the power of the seat of arbitration since arbitration always needs a law to be controlled and get help. This section will also cover how different countries and international regulations determine lex arbitri and how it is determined in Turkish law according to the Turkish International Arbitration Law, Law no.4686. In the second part, restrictive measures of party autonomy will be examined. It will start with why party autonomy in procedural issues is needed to be restricted. Then the source of these restrictions will be mentioned. Afterwards, the common notions of the restrictions will be examined under the concepts of principles and rules. Under principles, the public policy and the common due process issues such as party equality, right to be heard, independence and impartiality of arbitrators will be examined in great detail. Then, mandatory rules which are based on these principles and their effect on party autonomy will be explained. The section will be closed with the examination of the circumstances where these principles and rules contradict each other. The main purpose of the second part is to look for commonly accepted problems of restrictions of party autonomy in procedural issues and how these common problems may evolve to a uniformed standard of the law, namely lex proceduralia. In the third part, the application of restrictions on party autonomy will be examined. The application of restrictions has different effects on parties, arbitrators and courts. Parties' autonomy is restricted while they are preparing their agreement on procedural issues, arbitrators are restricted during the arbitration processes and courts are restricted while helping the arbitration or controlling the awards. Before the arbitration process is initiated, parties' autonomy to shape their agreement looks like it is almost unlimited. However, parties' autonomy is always restricted by their choices. This situation is called the autonomy paradox. Therefore, the question of what parties can decide before the arbitrators join the processes is of the upmost importance. When the process starts and arbitrators start working, they balance the choice of parties and the restrictions of party autonomy. Since it is accepted that arbitrators are bound by the parties' choice and their power comes from the agreement of parties, it should be questioned whether they need to execute every choice of parties even if the choice is against mandatory provisions of lex arbitri or general accepted due process norms. Last but not least, courts' role on determining the party autonomy will be questioned. The power of courts to intervene in the arbitral process determine the practical limits of the autonomy of parties. During the arbitration process, the court may intervene in the process to help or control the arbitration; but real control power comes from when one of the parties asks courts to set aside or enforce the arbitral awards. While courts examine the arbitral awards, they also indirectly decide the limits of party autonomy. Therefore, this section will examine, which restrictions will affect the fate of the arbitral awards and how the courts should evaluate these restrictions. In conclusion, the dissertation will mainly investigate the topic of freedom of parties to determine the procedural issues in international commercial arbitration. It will aim to interpret and make use of the party autonomy doctrine as coherent as it can in the modern age. By illustrating the definition and limitations of the party autonomy in the procedural issues in international commercial arbitration, the dissertation will try to find a common international ground. This common ground may help to keep arbitration processes efficient while it provides fair hearings.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitration boards; Commercial Arbitration; Commercial law; Free will; Hakem usulu; International Arbitiation Law; International Chamber of Commerce; Milletlerarası Tahkim Kanunu; Party autonomy; Procedural law; Tahkim; Tahkim kurulları; Ticaret hukuku; Uluslararası Ticaret Odası; Usul hukuku; Özgür istenç; İrade muhtariyeti

<< Convention d'indemnisation directe des assurés (IDA) et recours des compagnies : Bilan et perspectives >> - Tamba Gassa, Cédrick (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Promoting financial inclusion through mobile money while introducing regulatory solutions to reduce and control money laundering in Lesotho - Taole, T. E. (North-West University, 2020)
Mobile money services have considerable potential in modern economies. They have the potential to increase financial inclusion for poor people and people excluded from formal financial services. This is because mobile money services can be accessed simply using a mobile cellular phone and the majority of people nowadays own mobile phones, including people living in the rural areas. Mobile money can therefore solve the problem of financial exclusion because even the people who live in the rural areas without access to formal financial services can now access financial services thorough mobile money services. Financial inclusion, on the other hand, is simply defined as a situation where every member of the society has access to and is able to use financial services offered by formal financial services institutions, such as banks and insurance companies. Financial inclusion has many benefits, the main benefit being the stimulation of the economy of a country. For mobile money services to operate smoothly and financial inclusion to be achieved, there must be enabling regulation. Regulation must not be so strict as to prevent mobile money service providers from operating. Regulation must allow for innovation and at the same time maintain financial integrity and stability by ensuring that financial crimes, such as money laundering, do not affect mobile money services. Although mobile money services can increase financial inclusion, regulators must be vigilant to ensure that they stop criminals from using mobile money services to commit money laundering offences. This research focuses mainly on mobile money services in the Kingdom of Lesotho. The aim is to find out how regulation can be improved to ensure that mobile money services can help to increase financial inclusion. The aim is also to find out how regulation can help to ensure that mobile money services operate smoothly, and that the crime of money laundering is prevented from affecting mobile money services. To achieve this aim, the research is divided into different chapters and in each chapter the aim is to find ways in which the main aim can be achieved. In the research, mobile money and financial inclusion will be defined and their importance in modern economies will be demonstrated in greater detail. Furthermore, the issues of money laundering will be discussed. The threat of the crime of money laundering will be highlighted. An analysis of the legal regulatory framework of mobile money services and money laundering in Lesotho will be undertaken to determine the extent to which these regulatory frameworks can help realise financial inclusion and promote mobile money services in Lesotho. The same discussion is made in respect of other African countries. The legal regulatory framework of Lesotho will be compared to the framework of other African countries to ascertain how mobile money services and money laundering and financial inclusion issues are regulated in those countries. The countries discussed in this research are South Africa, Malawi, Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda, Tanzania, and Ghana. Based on these discussions, some shortcomings in the legal regulatory framework of mobile money services and money laundering in Lesotho will be identified and the conclusion will be drawn that the two frameworks have to be revisited to ensure that mobile money services will operate smoothly in the Kingdom of Lesotho. Furthermore, recommendations will be made to address the legal shortcomings identified in the framework.
Keywords: Financial inclusion; Lesotho; Mobile money services; Regulatory framework

L'efficacité de l'ordonnance sur requête dans la protection du bénéficiaire d'une sûreté judiciaire OHADA - Teguia, Jean Nestor Legrand (International Multilingual Journal of Science and Technology, 2020)
Les sûretés judiciaires OHADA permettent au créancier d’acquérir une protection conservatoire grâce à une procédure d’urgence connue sous le nom d’ordonnance sur requête. L’efficacité de cet instrument procédural à l’égard du créancier repose sur plusieurs aspects. Dans le but de conférer une protection juridictionnelle immédiate, l’ordonnance sur requête permet au créancier d’inscrire sa sûreté sur les biens du débiteur à son insu. Cet effet de surprise à l’égard du débiteur est renforcé par une certaine célérité dans l’exécution de la décision du juge qui, en facilitant la tâche au créancier, lui imposera éventuellement certaines conditions afin de garantir le caractère légitime de sa revendication. Judicial securities OHADA make it possible to the creditor to acquire a precautionary protection thanks to an emergency procedure known as order of request. The effectiveness of this procedural instrument, with regards to the creditor, based on several aspects. With an aim of conferring an immediate jurisdictional protection, the ordinance on request makes it possible to the creditor to register his security on the debtor's property without his knowledge. This effect of surprise with regards to the debtor is reinforced by a certain celerity in the execution of the decision of the judge who, by facilitating the task with the creditor, will impose possibly certain conditions to him in order to guarantee the legitimate character of his claim.
Keywords: Créancier; Droit OHADA; Ordonnance sur requête; Procédure d'urgence; Protection; Protection conservatoire; Sûretés judiciaires

Rôle de l'expert maritime dans la répartition des responsabilités en cas d'avaries particulières sur marchandises - Teme, Oumar (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

L'optimisation des processus de réassurance pour une meilleure couverture des affaires d'une compagnie d'assurance : Cas de NSIA assurances Gabon - Toko Eckola, Trésor Emile (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

Elaboration d'un manuel de contrôle interne d'une compagnie d'assurance cas de la d'atlanta Côte D'Ivoire non vie - Traoré, Souleymane (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

The Trajectory of Illicit Waste Trade in Africa: Implications for Human Rights and Sustainable Development - Umenze, Nnamdi Stanislaus (Journal of Law, Society and Development, 2020)
As globalisation intensifies, the environmental burden of economic development is being shifted to poor countries. This development manifests in waste trade involving the transboundary shipment of toxic waste from developed to developing countries. This article evaluates the strategies with which waste trade is being perpetuated to the detriment of sustainable development and human rights values in Sub-Sahara Africa. It argues that capitalism has influenced massive generation and commodification of waste, especially in industrialised countries. It has also established that globalisation has made the transboundary shipment of waste easy. Moreover, foreign investments in the waste industry in developing countries appear to be a means by developed countries to perpetuate waste shipment to developing countries, which helps waste traders to avoid stringent regulations and high costs of waste management in developed countries. Therefore, such investments in developing countries should not always be viewed as a breakthrough in attracting foreign investments. The findings made include that despite the existence of the Basel and Bamako Conventions at global and regional levels, respectively, waste trade has continued in different forms in Africa, where waste merchants exploit the low-cost facilities, cheap labour and weak regulatory frameworks. The trend includes the reckless dumping of hazardous industrial waste, electronic waste as well as ostensible investment in “dirty industries” in some African countries. It concludes by urging the states to individually establish robust mechanisms that protect the environment and enforce environmental rights. These measures will help complement the collective efforts they have made in multilateral and regional agreements.
Keywords: Africa; electronic waste; globalisation; human rights; sustainable development; toxic waste trade

The Use of Mediation in ISDS - UNCITRAL Working Group III Virtual Pre-Intersessional Meeting (Asian Academy of International Law Limited, 2020)
Keywords: ISDS; Investor-State Dispute Settlement; Mediation; Médiation

Contrat-façon? - Vanbrabant, Bernard (Auteurs et Media, 2020)

La relation des parties intervenant dans le cadre de l'affrètement au voyage : Illustration à travers la charte partie Synacomex - Vedrenne, Lou (Aix-Marseille Université, 2020)

Anonim ortaklıklar hukukunda esas sözleşme özgürlüğü ve sınırları - Vezi̇roğlu, Cem (İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2020)
Bu doktora tezi, anonim ortaklıklar hukukunda esas sözleşme özgürlüğü ve bunun sınırlarının çeşitli açılardan incelenmesini konu almaktadır. Üç bölümden oluşan tezin ilk bölümü konunun kuramsal çerçevesini çizmeyi hedeflerken, ikinci ve üçüncü bölümler ise mevcut sorunlar karşısında dogmatik hukuk bakımından çözümler geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu kapsamda öncelikle özel hukukta ve ortaklıklar hukukunda sözleşme özgürlüğünün kavramsal, teorik, tarihsel, anayasal, ekonomik ve ahlaki zemini ortaya koyulmuştur. İkinci bölümde sözleşme özgürlüğünün anonim ortaklıklar hukukundaki görünümü ele alınmış ve bunu hayata geçiren en önemli işlem olan esas sözleşme çeşitli açılardan irdelenmiştir. Son bölümde ise esas sözleşme özgürlüğünün genel hükümler ve anonim ortaklıklar hukuku çerçevesindeki sınırları incelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda TK m. 340 hükmünde düzenlenen emredici hükümler ilkesine özel bir önem atfedilmiştir. Çalışmada disiplinler arası yöntemin esas alınması doğrultusunda ortaklık teorilerine ve hukukun ekonomik analizine başvurulmuştur. Anılan yöntemlerin katkısı hem pozitif hukuk hem de hukuk politikası açısından ortaya koyulmuştur. Ayrıca incelemede karşılaştırmalı hukuka ve tarihsel araştırmaya geniş yer ayrılmıştır. This doctoral thesis analyzes contractual freedom in articles of association and its limits in joint stock companies from various aspects. The thesis consists of three parts. While the first part aims to set the theoretical framework of the problem, the second and third parts intend to find solutions vis-à-vis existing problems in terms of positive law. Within this scope conceptual, theoretical, constitutional, economic and ethical aspects of contractual freedom in private law and corporate law are primarily examined. The second part deals with contractual freedom in corporate law and examines articles of association from various perspectives as it is the most important legal act that brings contractual freedom into being. The last part analyzes the limits of contractual freedom in articles of association pursuant to general provisions of civil law and joint stock company law. In this regard, the principle of mandatory norms stipulated in Turkish Commercial Code numbered 6102 Article 340 is attached a particular importance. Theories of the corporation and economic analysis of law are applied in accordance with the interdisciplinary methodological view adopted in this study. Contribution of the mentioned methods are set forth in terms of both positive law and legal policy. Moreover, comparative legal analysis and historical analysis are used extensively.
Keywords: Anonim ortaklıklar; Anonim şirketler; Commercial law; Company law; Contracts; Contractual freedom; Emredici norm; Incorporated companies; Joint stock company; Peremptory norms; Sözleşme özgürlüğü; Sözleşmeler; Ticaret hukuku; Şirketler hukuku

La regulación del convenio arbitral y su implicancia en la institucionalidad del arbitraje comercial en el Perú - Vidal Ramos, Roger Pavletich (Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2020)
Estudia la regulación y los aspectos vulnerables del convenio arbitral, con énfasis a la necesidad de alcanzar una mejor institucionalidad del arbitraje comercial en el Perú. Determina los principios que fundamentan el arbitraje comercial. Identificar los supuestos de afectación al convenio arbitral. Analiza diversas sentencias de anulación de laudo respecto a la inexistencia de convenio arbitral. Analiza los diversos estudios teóricos y normativos en sede nacional e internacional respecto a los alcances del convenio y práctica arbitral. Identifica las instituciones jurídicas que brinden una protección del convenio en vía arbitral y judicial..
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitraje industrial; Arbitraje y laudo; Arbitration; Convenios de arbitraje comercial; Convention d'arbitrage

The adaptation of China’s maritime arbitration system to international legal norms and practice - Xuan, Yan (The University of Queensland, 2020)
Maritime transport is essential to the world’s economy and maritime arbitration plays a crucial role in maritime dispute resolution. Nowadays, many coastal jurisdictions have set up their own maritime arbitration institutions such as those in the US, the UK, Germany, Australia, China, Japan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. Building a national world-advanced maritime arbitration system as soon as possible to suit China’s rapid developments in shipping and international trading does not permit of any delay. How should China improve her laws, rules and institutions, including those for the enforcement of maritime arbitration awards, having regard to leading international maritime arbitration systems? It is posited that selective adaptation from the successful experience of other maritime arbitration systems is the most convenient and effective way to achieve such a goal. This adaptation will follow from a comprehensive and comparative study of the maritime arbitration laws, rules and the maritime arbitration institutions, including the laws relating to the enforcement of maritime arbitration awards, from these main global maritime arbitration centres in order to make China’s maritime arbitration more competitive at the international level. This thesis does not purport to cover every research field relating to maritime arbitration. Instead, as previously stated, it will focus only on the comparative study of some selected key issues of international commercial arbitration among the selected jurisdictions. A comprehensive study of international commercial arbitration or international maritime law is not the subject of this thesis. It should be noted further that this research basically concentrates on the practical problems of maritime arbitration practices, rather than taking an overly theoretical approach. The thesis selects the UK, the US, Singapore and Hong Kong as the target jurisdictions for comparison. Through selective comparative analysis of the key issues of maritime arbitration systems in the selected jurisdictions, which are internationally recognised as significant by many arbitration scholars, this thesis proposes that all these issues could conveniently be categorised into four key criteria; namely, fairness, confidentiality, efficiency and enforceability. It follows that the adaptations of the Chinese maritime arbitration system should mainly focus on these four criteria, as these are the most critical factors for the development of Chinese maritime arbitration system. Moreover, these four criteria should also have significance for other underdeveloped maritime arbitration systems. Also, based on these four key criteria, the thesis provides some specific suggestions on how the Chinese maritime arbitration system can be adapted to reflect other selected jurisdictions in the respects of some key issues of international commercial arbitration.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Confidentiality; Droit maritime; Efficiency; Enforceability; Fairness; Maritime arbitration

İşletme yöneticilerinin ticari belgelerin tanzim ve hukuki süreçlerine ilişkin bilgi ve algı düzeyleri üzerine bir araştırma - Yardimcioğlu, Melek (Gaziantep Üniversitesi, 2020)
"Bu tez çalışması ile işletme yöneticilerinin ticari belge tanzim ve hukuki süreçlerine ilişkin bilgi ve algı düzeyleri ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. İşletme yöneticileri içinde faaliyet gösterdikleri ülkenin hukuki kurallarına göre iş piyasası ve iş hayatında faaliyet gösterirler. Ve bu kurallar ticari hayat içinde onlar için en önemli bağlayıcı normlardır. Bu çalışma ilgi ticaret hukukunun iş hayatında en önemli faaliyet ve uygulama alanı bulan ticari belge tanzimi ve hukuki süreçlerinin yöneticiler tarafından ne seviyede algılandığının ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Tez çalışma dört bölümden oluşturulmuştur. İlk bölümümüz giriş bölümüdür. İkinci bölümde yönetim konuları, ticari belgeye ilişkin hukuki argümanlara yer verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölüm uygulama bölümüdür. Dördüncü bölümde ise sonuç ve yorumlara yer verilmiştir. With this thesis, the level of knowledge and perception of business executives regarding the issuance and legal processes of commercial documents has been tried to be revealed. Business executives operate in the labor market and business life according to the legal rules of the country in which they operate. And these rules are the most important binding norms for them in commercial life. With this study, it is aimed to reveal the level of perception of commercial document arrangement and legal processes, which find the most important field of activity and application in business life, by managers. The study is composed of four parts. Our first part is the introduction. In the second part, administrative issues and legal arguments related to the commercial document are included. The third part is the implementation part. In the fourth section, results and comments are given."
Keywords: Bilgi düzeyi; Business management; Commercial documents; Commercial law; Level of knowledge; Managers; Ticaret hukuku; Ticari belgeler; Yöneticiler; İşletme yönetimi

What drives individual decision-making of Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) to Sub-Saharan Africa - Yusuf, Mukhtar Abubakar (Case Western Reserve University, 2020)
This dissertation examines a multiplicity of factors that influence at the microeconomic level the level of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The main objective of the dissertation is to empirically explore and validate the effect of a select set of individual-level perceptual factors on FDI decisions. Given the paucity of research on the topic in comparison to macroeconomic studies of investment inflows between regions and countries, we conduct the study as a mixed-method study. The study consists of three interconnected empirical studies. The first seeks to identify the presence of factors that shape an individual’s decisions on FDI inflows. The two following ones seek to validate the effects of these factors on the individual decision maker's propensity to invest in a specific country. The first study belongs to a qualitative strand and answers the following research question: What are the investor’s critical perceptual factors and experiences that influence their FDI decisions? The study participants consisted of 30 foreign investors, the government’s Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs), and the Nigerian investors in the diaspora. The paper finds that on the supply side, several key FDI perception factors influence decision-making. On the demand side, there are four attractors and four repellents that influence potential investors' decisions. In the quantitative strand of the study, we offer the following questions: (1) To what extent do investment decision perception impact foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows? And (2) To what extent do the investors from Europe and North America and investors from Asia and Africa (the West and the East) influence what factors matter in foreign direct investment (FDI) decisions? The samples consist of 269 individuals from the private sector, both in Nigeria and in the diaspora that participated in the survey. I use structural equation modeling to find that Return on Investment (ROI), Security/Personal Safety, and Investment Facilitation Services have a significant direct effect on the FDI decisions. A post hoc exploratory analysis indicates positive relationships between Ease of Doing Business and Investment Promotion and FDI are significant for investors from the investors from Europe and North America as well as the negative impact of Corruption. In contrast, the positive relationship between Return-On-Investment and FDI is more substantial for investors from East Asia and Africa. The next part of the quantitative strand investigates (1) to what extent investment promotion services and Investment Facilitation effects in the receiving country shape positive investment decision outcomes, and (2) to what extent investment perceptions and related decisions vary across industry groups facing different investment horizons and risk levels. The analysis indicates that the Investment Promotion services significantly mediate Corruption Perceptions and Investment Facilitation services. And Investment Facilitation does moderate the effect of Investment Promotion. The exploratory industry-level analysis reveals that the effects of Return On Investment to FDI decisions and Security to FDI decisions significantly differ across Infrastructure-Mining/Services, Services/Agriculture-Manufacturing, and Agriculture-Manufacturing/Infrastructure-Mining industries suggesting significant Industry-level effects. Generally, these findings reveal much more refined and complex dynamics of FDI inflows and how individual investor’s perceptions shape them. Specifically, the results provide deeper insights into the investor’s risk perceptions that arise in a particular country. This depends on holistic perceptions of the country’s economic, political, and social environment, and also the investor’s time horizon and risk preferences signaling significant individual and situational differences in how decision-makers approach FDI.
Keywords: Corruption; Ease-of-doing-business; FDI; FDI attractors; Foreign direct investment; Investment decision-making; Investments; Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission; Perception; ROI; Return on investment; Security

The enforceability of interim measures granted by an emergency arbitrator in international commercial arbitration - Zhang, Junmin (ProefschriftMaken, 2020)
The emergency arbitrator mechanism makes interim measures possible for parties involved in international commercial arbitration before the constitution of arbitral tribunals under urgent situations. However, with the development of the emergency arbitrator mechanism, the enforceability of interim measures made by an emergency arbitrator is questioned. This uncertainty leads to the hesitation of legal practitioners to apply the emergency arbitrator mechanism in practice. The research conducted two comparisons between different arbitration rules and between arbitration laws in jurisdictions. After discussing the legal status of an emergency arbitrator, the legal criteria to render interim measures, the potential barriers for the enforceability, and possible harmonization, it concluded that the interim measures granted by an emergency arbitrator in international commercial arbitration should be enforced and even harmonized through mandatory and non-mandatory methods.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitral Tribunal; Arbitration; Arbitration Law; Arbitrator; Commercial Arbitration; Emergency arbitrator; Enforceability; Interim measures; International commercial arbitration

Complexité de l'assurance de responsabilité civile professionnelle : Cas des entreprises de sécurité privée - Zongo, Mathieu (Institut International des Assurances (IIA), 2020)

الأحكام القانونية للعقود النموذجية - حاسي, جهاد (Ibn Khaldun University of Tiaret, 2020)
أصبحت العقود النموذجية أكثر انتشارا في الآونة الأخيرة نظرا لما يتطلبه العصر الحالي من سرعة في المعاملات في أقصر مدة وأقل جهد مع تحقيق الغاية المراد الوصول إليها، وبالرغم أنها ليست عقودا بالمعنى الفني الدقيق بل مجرد شكل نموذجي يكون بحكم طبيعته قابل للتطبيق على علاقات قانونية غير محددة سلفا إلا أنها أصبحت تغطي جل أنواع المعاملات ولا تقتصر على نوع معين ولعل هذا مايميزها عن باقي العقود وجعلها ظاهرة تستحق البحث والدراسة لما تثيره من مشكلات كثيرة في الحياة العملية من حيث تكييفها والرقابة عليها ومدى الزاميتها، وتفسيرها هل يكون بالرجوع إلى البنود المطبوعة أو الى الإرادة الحقيقة للمتعاقدين، وطريقة إدماجها في العقود التي تبرم على منوالها هذا، وتعمل العقود النموذجية على توحيد الأنظمة القانونية التي تحكم العقود وتعتبر وسيلة ناجعة لعلاج جميع المشكلات المتعلقة بالعقود ولا سيما العقود المدنية والتجارية التي تنصب موضوعاتها على أمور فنية أو تقنية تتطور بسرعة كبيرة. باعتبارها أمر يواكب مقتضيات الوقت الحالي، هذا وتعد العقود النموذجية من الوسائل الفعالة في الرفع من سرعة التبادل وتوفير تكاليف التعاقد واختصار الوقت وتجنب الأخطاء الشائعة في العقود لما تتميز به من دقة ووضوح.
Keywords: Clauses abusives; Contrats types; Formation des contrats types; Théorie des vices de volonté

تأثير النظام القانوني للقروض على مشاريع التنمية - حميدة, فتح الدين محمد (Ibn Khaldun University of Tiaret, 2020)
و في ھدا الصدد يتوجب على البنوك مرافقة أصحاب المشاريع الاستثمارية الدين استفادوا من قروض ضخمة في شتى مراحل الانجاز والاستغلال تكريسا لحق الرقابة البعدية للبنوك وفعاليتھا،وھذا ما يدخل في مھام عملھا المعتاد وحفاظا لحسن استغلال الأمثل الموارد المالية والتجسيد الفعلي والناجح للمشاريع،ودلك بھدف التقليل من حدة المخاطر التي تعتري البنوك بمناسبة منح القروض والتحكم فيھا أوتلك التي تعتري المشاريع الاستثمارية الھادفة إلى تحقيق التنمية الاقتصادية. وبمعنى أخر فان الاعتماد على الاستثمارات العمومية بفعل تمويل الخزينة العمومية بشكل كبير قد يضعف ويقزم تدخل البنوك في مجال التمويل الاستثماري سواء كان عمومي او أجنبي وھذا ما يجعل عمل البنكي عملا روتينيا لا يتماشى مع متطلبات الساحة الاقتصادية بل يكتفي بتسيير النشاط الكلاسيكي ومنح قروض معينة او محددة السقف المالي و بمخاطر اكبر يصعب التحكم فيھا و دلك على عكس المشاريع العمومية التي يكون فيھا الضامن ھو الدولة والتي تتصف بحدة اقل للمخاطر و ربحية أكثر، -إن قرار منح القرض لاسيما ذات الطابع الاستثماري والدي لديه اثر مباشر على التنمية ھو قرار واعي و مسؤول من جانب البنك لان ھدف ھدا الأخير ھو دعم المشاريع المربحة و الناجحة مھما كانت تكلفة الموارد المالية الممنوحة بحيث أن مسالة تقديم الضمان من طرف صاحب المشروع سواء كان عيني أو شخصي لا تكتسي في حقيقة الأمر أھمية بالغة بقدر ما يريد البنك جني ثمار تمويله لمشروع معين و جني معه الأرباح المادية خلال فترة عمر المشروع و بدرجة مخاطر اقل حدة ودلك استنادا لضوابط معينة و مدروسة مسبقا.
Keywords: Alternatives au financement conventionnel; Assurances personnelles; Comptes bancaires; Contrats de partenariat; Financement islamique; Investissement étranger; Projets de développement; Prêts bancaires

المسؤولية الجنائية للمسير: دراسة مقارنة - سلايمي, جميلة (Ibn Khaldun University of Tiaret, 2020)
نظم المشرع الطريقة التي يتم بها إدارة وتسيير الشركات التجارية، حيث يتولاها أشخاص طبيعية أو جهازا جماعيا يتمتعون بالخبرة والسيادة الفعلية، وسلطة اتخاذ القرارات اللازمة لتحقيق غرض الشركة واعتماد أفضل الوسائل التي تحقق التوازن بين مصالح الجميع، إلا أن المسير قد ينحرف عن الغرض الذي اجتمع عليه الشركاء من خلال توجيه أموال الشركة ونشاطها لتحقيق مصالح شخصية على حساب مصلحة الشركة والشركاء والغير. وغالبا ماتكون هذه الممارسات التعسفية وغير المشروعة المرتكبة من قبل المسيرين ذات صبغة جنائية، بالرغم من أنهم يشترط فيهم النزاهة والمهنية والحياد والحرص على أداء مهامهم، لذلك وضع المشرع الجزائري والمصري كثيرا من النصوص القانونية لتجنب التعارض بين المصالح، منها النصوص الجنائية واردة في القوانين الجنائية والقوانين الإجتماعية والإقتصادية التي تقر بشكل صريح على قيام المسؤولية الجنائية للمسيرين عن أخطائهم الشخصية أو عن فعل الغير، وبهذا إن غاية المشرع في إقرار هذه المسؤولية إلزام المسير بالعناية اللازمة بأعمال الشركة وليس عرقلة حريته في ممارسة النشاط الإقتصادي، لذا يجب أن تكون الوقائع المنسوبة إليه محددة وواضحة حتى يسأل عنها.
Keywords: Dirigeant de société; Dirigeant social; Pratique abusive; Responsabilité pénale; Société commerciale

العقد السياحي بين قواعد نظرية العقد والتشريعات الخاصة: دراسة مقارنة - محمودي, مليكة (Ibn Khaldun University of Tiaret, 2020)
قامت دراستنا على المنهج التحليلي المقارن بشكل رئيسي الذي من خلاله سعينا للوقوف عند جل النقاط التي يثيرها موضوع محل الدراسة باستجلاء قواعد نظرية عامة للعقد والتشريعات الخاصة سواء ضمن القانون الوطني أو القانون المقارن، سعيا لتحديد مضمونه أحكامه آثاره من جهة، وكذا البحث عن الضمانات الكفيلة لحماية السائح من مختلف الأضرار التي يمكن أن يتعرض لها خاصة أثناء تنفيذ الرحلة السياحية من جهة أخرى. إلا أنه وإن كان إخضاع العقد السياحي لأحكام النظرية العامة للعقد والتشريعات الخاصة مقبولا فيما سبق كونه كان مجرد من أي اعتبارات اقتصادية، إلا أنه اليوم أصبح يحتل مكانة لدرجة أنها تتجه نحو الشمول لتصبح ظاهرة انسانية متكاملة فلم تعد هذه القواعد كافية، فأصبح لازما من المشرع الجزائري التدخل لتحديد معالمه وأحكامه بنصوص تشريعية وتنظيمية خاصة تمس كافة جوانبه، كونه بات يشكل أحد العوامل المحركة للإقتصاد الوطني.
Keywords: Activité touristique; Agence de tourisme; Agence de voyages; Contrat touristique; Droit comparé; Législation spéciale; Responsabilité; Règles générales; Services touristiques; Tourisme; Touriste

الإشهار الخادع: دراسة مقارنة - موسى, نسيمة (Ibn Khaldun University of Tiaret, 2020)
يدور المحور الرئيس للموضوع حول جريمة الإشهار الخادع دراسة مقارنة بين كل من التشريع الجزائري والفرنسي والمصري، حيث يمكن إعطاء تعريف لهذه الجريمة على أنها إعلان يتضمن عرضا، او بيانا أو إدعاء كاذب ومضلل، أو أي أمر يؤدي بطريقة مباشرة أو غير مباشرة إلى خلق إنطباع حقيق أو مضلل، أو تقديم معلومات غير دقيقة وبالتالي تؤدي إلى إنطباعات مخادعة تغري المستهلكين بالشراء بناءا على تلك المعلومات، لذلك عملت مختلف التشريعات على وضع ضوابط العمل في المجال الإشهاري وهو ماتصدى له المشرع الجزائري من خلال جملة من النصوص القانونية التي أوردها في كل من القانون رقم 04/02 المتعلق بالقواعد المطبقة على الممارسات الأنشطة التجارية لاسيما المادة 28 منه، بالإضافة إلى قانون العقوبات مع العلم أنه في الجزائر لا يوجد قانون خاص بالإشهار على عكس التشريعين الفرنسي والمصري حيث يوجد لديهم قانون خاص ينظم عملية الإشهار، ولمعرفة الحماية المكفولة للمستهلك منها سوفى نتولى دراستها من الجانب المدني أي الحماية المدنية ثم الشق الجزائي أي الحماية الجنائية.
Keywords: Biens; Criminalité; Marketing; Protection juridique; Protection pénale; Publicité; Services; Tromperie

خصوصية الركن المعنوي في القانون الجنائي الإقتصادي: دراسة مقارنة - هاني, منور (Ibn Khaldun University of Tiaret, 2020)
إنّ خصوصية الركن المعنوي في القانون الجنائي الاقتصادي تبرز أساسا في طبيعة الاستثناء الذي يخرج عن القواعد العامّة المتعلقة بإثبات الركن المعنوي في الجرائم عامّة، إذ أنّ القاعدة العامّة ترى بضرورة تطلب الركن المعنوي( لا جريمة بدون خطأ)، لكن مادية الجريمة الاقتصادية تجعلها تتفرّد ببعض الآحكام الخاصّة، تعبير عن مرونة الإثبات الجنائي في المادة الاقتصادية، بداعي الحفاظ على النّظام العام الاقتصادي للدولة، وذلك لتوفير حماية قانونية أوسع، ولو على سبيل الحيطة والانتباه، فقيام المسؤولية الجنائية في هذا النّوع من الجرائم يقوم على أساس خطأ مفترض قد يتقرّر إمّا بواسطة المشرع، أو عن طريق القضاء.
Keywords: Délit matériel; Elément moral; Erreur présumée; Preuve criminelle; Responsabilité pénale

基于国际商会仲裁规则下的国际工程项目仲裁管理 - 侯, 进才 (Journal of Oil and Gas Technology, 2020)
随着世界经济全球化，国内外企业之间的商贸往来迅猛发展，出现商事争议与纠纷的案件也呈现上升趋势，仲裁以其高效、快速等优点成为解决国际商事纠纷的最终方式之一。本文从仲裁的优点入手，首先阐述了完整仲裁过程中各个关键环节及注意事项，然后用流程图和横道图两种形式体现了一个完整的仲裁过程，最后就国际工程项目仲裁管理给出了具体建议。 With the globalization of the world economy, the commercial exchanges between domestic and foreign enterprises are developing rapidly, and the number of commercial disputes cases is growing quickly. Considering its advantages of high efficiency and speed, arbitration has become one of the final ways to solve international commercial disputes. This paper firstly presents the advantages of arbitration, then expounds the key stages and attention during the whole arbitration process. Flow chart and Gantt chart are drawn to show logics of the process. Specific suggestions on the arbitration management of international projects are given at the end of the article.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitraje; Arbitration; Arbitration Management; Arbitration Process; International Project; 仲裁程序; 仲裁管理; 国际工程