La notion de marque renommée - Nahum, Anaïs (Université Paris-Dauphine, 2020)
Le présent travail propose une étude approfondie de la définition de la marque renommée et de la protection dont elle bénéficie à l’heure actuelle au niveau national, à la lumière du nouveau contexte européen et international.
Keywords: Civil liability; Concurrence déloyale; Contrefaçon; Counterfeit; Dilution; Fame; Famous trademark; Fonction de la marque; Fonction performative; Free-riding; Marque; Marque notoire; Marque renommée; Marques de commerce; Parasitisme; Performative function; Produits commerciaux -- Faux; Profit indu; Renommée; Reputation; Responsabilité civile; Responsabilité du fait des produits; Réputation; Trademark; Trademark function; Unfair advantage; Unfair competition; Well-Known trademark

L'imputation des pratiques anticoncurrentielles au sein des groupes de sociétés - Mazouni, Khadija (Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, 2020)
L’imputation est le terme utilisé en droit des pratiques anticoncurrentielles pour déterminer la responsabilité au sein des groupes de sociétés. Le public enforcement applique la présomption d’influence déterminante afin d’imputer à une société mère le comportement infractionnel de sa filiale. Il en est ainsi dès lors que ces deux entités juridiques font partie d’une même unité économique. La présomption d’imputation présente certes des avantages, mais fait l’objet de nombreuses critiques. Cette approche extensive de la responsabilité de la société mère est, en effet, très discutée et les règles, mises en œuvre par la Commission européenne, ne sont pas aisées à transposer en dehors du public enforcement. Ce principe de responsabilité de la société mère du fait de ses filiales ne peut donc servir de modèle pour les autres disciplines juridiques.Certes, l’autonomie de la personne morale reste un principe clé du droit positif français. Néanmoins, la transmission de la responsabilité, au sein d’un groupe de sociétés, nécessite l’élaboration d’un cadre juridique spécifique qui prend en compte les rapports économiques existants entre mère-fille(s).
Keywords: Anti-Competitive practices; Company; Competencia; Concurrence; Continuité économique; Control; Contrôle; Corporate law; Decisive influence presumption; Droit des sociétés; Economic continuity; Economic unit; Entreprise; Imputation; Obligations (droit); Parent company and Subsidiary; Parent company liability; Pratiques anticoncurrentielles; Private enforcement; Présomption d’influence déterminante; Public enforcement; Responsabilité de la société mère; Responsabilité du fait d’autrui; Société mère et filiale; Unité économique; Vicarious liability

L'approche répressive des pratiques anticoncurrentielles et la mise en oeuvre des sanctions pécuniaires : étude comparée des droits français et tunisien - Adib, Boutheina (Université Paris-Dauphine, 2020)
’exercice du pouvoir répressif par une autorité de concurrence est un exercice délicat dont la réussitedépend de plusieurs facteurs. Nous avons réparti ces facteurs comme suit facteurs institutionnels, facteurslégislatifs et facteurs internes liés à la méthodologie répressive développée par l’Autorité de la concurrence.Le droit comparé et les bonnes pratiques internationales diffusées en la matière constituent des outilssupplémentaires pour mieux encadrer l’approche répressive de toute autorité de concurrence. Une miseen œuvre cohérente et transparente de l’ensemble de ces éléments indiqués ci-dessus donnera à lasanction un sens plus large que celui de la contrainte at permettra une application effective et évolutive dudroit de la concurrence.
Keywords: Action privée; Action publique; Competencia; Competition law; Concurrence; Contentieux de la concurrence; Droit international; Guidelines; Lignes directrices; Modernisation du droit de la concurrence; Modernization of competition law; Méthodologie répressive; Pecuniary sanctions; Private action; Public action; Repressive methodology; Sanctions pécuniaires

Descontrole de estruturas: dos objetivos do antitruste às desigualdades econômicas - Borges, Rodrigo Fialho (Universidade de São Paulo, 2020)
A hipótese testada é a de que há, no Brasil, um descontrole de estruturas semelhante àquele que recentemente vem sendo identificado nos Estados Unidos, o qual (i) decorre de um exagero de objetivos importados do antitruste baseados em eficiência e uma cegueira em relação a objetivos não-baseados em eficiência, e (ii) contribui para a geração de desigualdades econômicas. Os testes da hipótese tomam os capítulos 2, 3 e 4. No capítulo 2, discutem-se estudos que indicam uma possível relação entre concentração de mercados e desigualdades econômicas. Investiga-se o esquecimento e o posterior ressurgimento de tais estudos, bem como a relação de tais eventos com os objetivos do antitruste. Dividem-se os objetivos do antitruste em baseados e não-baseados em eficiência, sendo que o NeoBrandeisianismo flerta com o segundo grupo. No capítulo 3, adota-se uma divisão tríplice da história do antitruste brasileiro que permite entender o capítulo 4. De 1930 a 1990, era incipiente e marcado pelo objetivo de proteção da economia popular. A partir de 1990, introduzem-se eficiências econômicas como justificadoras de atos de concentração prejudiciais à concorrência. Com a Lei 12.529/2011, abre-se espaço para a suavização da perseguição das eficiências econômicas. No capítulo 4, levantam-se e sistematizam-se dados que indicam a confirmação final da hipótese. Desde 11 de junho de 1994 até o final de 2018, das operações analisadas, o CADE aprovou 94,42% sem restrições, 3,24% com restrições ancilares, 1,32% com restrições comportamentais e 0,81% com restrições estruturais, bem como reprovou 0,21%. Após filtragem metodológica, analisaram-se 34 casos decididos por maioria. 28 (82,35%) deles apresentaram alta potencialidade danosa concorrencial, mas 19 (67,28%) foram integralmente aprovados ou aprovados com restrição ancilar. 14 dos 34 (42,17%) tiveram decisões fundamentadas em eficiências econômicas. Portanto, os testes indicam a confirmação da hipótese. Há, contudo, ausência de estudos retrospectivos, os quais poderiam refutá-la. Sugere-se a sua realização, bem como a implementação de outras cinco recomendações, para uma reforma do controle de estruturas brasileiro.
Keywords: Administrative Council for Economic Defense; Antitrust goals; Competencia; Competition law; Concorrência; Concurrence; Desigualdades; Direito Comercial; Economic inequalities; Merger control; Política antitruste

State aid to state owned enterprises in South Africa : the need for a comprehensive State aid policy : a competition law inquiry - Afrika, Sasha-Lee Stephanie (Stellenbosch University, 2020)
The Competition Act 89 of 1998 applies equally to all firms with regard to anti-competitive behaviour regardless whether it is privately or publicly owned. Therefore it applies to stateowned enterprises (SOEs) if their actions fall short of the Act. There is however one aspect relating to SOEs which is not covered by the application of the Competition Act but may have a significant impact on free and fair competition and can be of big concern for private competitors of SOEs. Since discriminatory policies during Apartheid have created a huge inequality gap in post-Apartheid South Africa, the government has to be actively involved in the economy to address the inequality. Therefore the government uses SOEs as vehicles to achieve its developmental goals. As a result SOEs in South Africa which are active market participants may always rely on the financial support of the state. They may do so purely because of their crucial governmental mandates regardless of financial mismanagement, poor corporate governance and deep seated corruption in almost every SOE. Even though the fundamental need for the existence of SOEs in South Africa is acknowledge, it is argued that state financial aid could qualify as a state-initiated constraint on competition in South Africa as it creates an uneven playing field between SOEs and their private competitors, which is always skewed in favour of the SOEs. It may create warped incentives and SOEs may not compete efficiently if they know that they are protected by a state sponsored safety net. This dissertation asks the question whether the time has not arrived in South Africa for state aid to SOEs to be subjected to a certain degree of scrutiny in order to bring about a level playing field between SOEs and their private competitors. It is recognised that privatisation of SOEs is not always the better option as it could threaten the delivery of basic services and goods to poorer South Africans. Hence, the dissertation investigates whether a state aid control model, based on the European Union state aid rules, is not perhaps a solution to address the potential distortion of free and fair competition by state financial aid. It proposes a customised state aid control regime for South Africa which provides for an active role by the competition authorities in state aid decisions and it presents draft legislation which could be used as a basis for the implementation in South Africa of a regulated system of state financial aid to SOEs (and even private enterprises where applicable).
Keywords: Government business enterprises; South Africa; State aid; State-owned enterprises; Unfair competition