Les obstacles à l’accès à la justice au Mali - Maiga, Mahamane Ibrahim (Revue des Réflexions Constitutionnelles : Revue mensuelle de publication en droit constitutionnelle, 2026)
Cet article analyse les obstacles sociaux et économiques entravant l’accès à la justice au Mali, où 86% de la population vit en situation de pauvreté cela est dû à une crise multidimensionnelle et multi forme que connaît le Mali depuis une decennie. Les barrières sociales incluent l’analphabétisme, qui favorise la méconnaissance des lois modernes – notamment en matière de documentation civile, baux fonciers et autres, exposant les justiciables à des expulsions arbitraires malgré leurs investissements – ainsi que les tensions avec la police judiciaire, perçue comme arrogante et rackettrice, ce qui décourage le dépôt de plaintes formelles (7% seulement de recours aux tribunaux). Les freins économiques résultent de coûts prohibitifs (avocats, huissiers, déplacements), d’une aide juridictionnelle sous financée et d’une corruption systémique imposant des pots-de-vin quotidiens, transformant la justice en un privilège élitiste. Les interactions croisées de ces obstacles perpétuent l’impunité, une « justice à deux vitesses » et un recours massif aux justices informelles (93% des litiges), fragilisant l’État de droit depuis 2012. Des réformes urgentes, campagnes de sensibilisation juridique, renforcement des contrats écrits, formation des agents de police et lutte anticorruption – s’imposent pour une inclusion effective des populations vulnérables, particulièrement les femmes et les habitants des zones rurales. This article analyzes the social and economic obstacles hindering access to justice in Mali, where 86% of the population lives in multidimensional poverty. Social barriers include illiteracy, which fosters ignorance of modern laws—particularly in matters of land leases, exposing litigants to arbitrary evictions despite their investments—as well as tense relations with the judicial police, perceived as arrogant and extortive, which discourages formal complaints (only 7% of disputes reach the courts). Economic barriers stem from prohibitive costs (lawyers, bailiffs, travel), underfunded legal aid, and systemic corruption involving daily bribes, turning justice into an elite privilege. The interplay of these obstacles perpetuates impunity, a “two-tier” justice system, and heavy reliance on informal justice (93% of disputes), thereby undermining the rule of law since 2012. Urgent reforms—legal awareness campaigns, strengthened written contracts, improved police training, and robust anti-corruption measures—are essential to effectively include vulnerable groups, especially women and rural populations.
Keywords: Accès à la justice; Analphabétisme; Barrières économiques; Corruption judiciaire; Obstacles sociaux; Pauvreté multidimensionnelle; Police judiciaire

De l'impartialité du juré d'assises - Frugier, Cindy (Université de Bordeaux, 2026)
Nos recherches se concentrent sur une définition de l’impartialité du juré, sur les garanties procédurales de celles-ci, tendant à prévenir la libre formation de leur intime conviction. La subjectivité, lorsqu’elle expose le juré au regard d’autrui, dans le prétoire oudans le cadre d’un procès médiatisé, accroît le risque d’un défaut d’impartialité subjective qui, mal maîtrisée, mettrait à mal son devoir d’impartialité. Our research focuses on defining jury impartiality and the procedural safeguards that protect it, aiming to prevent jurors from freely forming their own personal convictions. Subjectivity, when it exposes the juror to the scrutiny of others, whether in the courtroom orduring a televised trial, increases the risk of a lack of subjective impartiality which, if poorly managed, could undermine their duty of impartiality.
Keywords: Awareness; Conscience; Cours d'assises; France; Impartialité; Indépendance judiciaire; Influence; Intimate conviction; Intime conviction; Jury; Motivation; Prejudice; Procédure pénale; Préjugé; Rationalisation; Rationalization

Le déni de justice en matière civile : étude comparative des droits français, égyptien et koweïtien - Alkhudhair, Abdlrahman (Université de Strasbourg, 2025)
Cette étude s’attache à analyser, de manière chronologique, l’évolution du concept de déni de justice. La problématique qu’elle soulève prend racine dans l’ambiguïté entourant cette notion et dans l’absence de consensus quant à sa définition. Menée selon une approche comparative, cette recherche vise à cerner la portée du déni de justice, à en préciser la signification et à retracer les étapes de son évolution, en examinant tout à la fois le rôle du législateur dans l’apparition de ce concept et l’apport de la doctrine ainsi que de la jurisprudence - tant nationale que supranationale - dans l’extension de son champ d’application.L’étude conclut que l’interdiction du déni de justice a d’abord été perçue comme un simple instrument de transfert du pouvoir interprétatif et créateur du législateur vers le juge, puis comprise comme une violation des devoirs fondamentaux incombant à ce dernier en raison de sa fonction, avant d’être considérée comme une atteinte au droit au juge. Enfin, il apparaît que la compréhension approfondie et la définition précise de la notion de déni de justice peuvent inciter les chercheurs à s’interroger sur les causes juridiques et factuelles de ce phénomène, et à proposer des solutions efficaces afin d’en réduire l’occurrence ou d’en atténuer l’impact dans la pratique. This study analyzes, in chronological order, the evolution of the concept of denial of justice. The issue addressed arises from the ambiguity surrounding this notion and the lack of consensus regarding its definition.Conducted using a comparative approach, this research seeks to delineate the scope of denial of justice, clarify its meaning, and trace the stages of its evolution by examining both the role of the legislator in the emergence of this concept and the contribution of legal doctrine as well as case law -at both national and supranational levels -in broadening its field of application.The study concludes that the prohibition of denial of justice was initially perceived as a mere instrument for transferring the legislator’s interpretive and creative power to the judge, then understood as a violation of the fundamental duties incumbent upon the latter by virtue of judicial office, before being regarded as an infringement of the right to a judge.Finally, it appears that a thorough understanding and precise definition of the notion of denial of justice may prompt researchers to examine the legal and factual causes of this phenomenon, and to propose effective solutions to reduce its occurrence or mitigate its practical impact.
Keywords: Droit au juge; Droit civil; Droit comparé; Droit d’accès à un tribunal; Délai raisonnable; Déni de justice; Fonction juridictionnelle; Interprétation; Pouvoir créateur; Référé législatif; Tribunal des conflits

Problemi attuali dell'autonomia procedurale - Vaccarella, Manfredi Latini (Université Paris 2, 2025)
Les études de procédure civile et de droit de l’Union ont longtemps été tenues pour distinctes, les questions procédurales étant surtout envisagées à travers le droit international privé et le droit procédural transnational. Depuis le début des années 2000, l’intensification de l’harmonisation européenne a rendu inévitable la confrontation de certaines règles nationales avec les principes fondamentaux du droit de l’Union, dont la primauté. Si la Cour de justice rappelle l’importance de l’autonomie procédurale des États membres, celle-ci reste encadrée par l’équivalence et l’effectivité : lorsque des règles internes entravent la protection effective des droits issus du droit de l’Union, le juge national peut être tenu de les écarter. L’usage croissant de ces limites alimente une crise de l’autonomie procédurale, visible en Italie et en France, la jurisprudence de la CJUE – proche d’un ius superveniens – imposant des solutions parfois difficiles à concilier avec les traditions nationales. La thèse retrace d’abord l’histoire du procès civil et son lien avec l’État de droit, puis analyse le renvoi préjudiciel, mobilisé aussi pour des enjeux procéduraux et institutionnels. Les affaires Fininvest et SPV Project mettent en lumière la tension entre primauté et stabilité de la chose jugée, notamment en matière d’injonction de payer et de contrôle ex officio des clauses abusives ; l’arrêt Randstad illustre une fonction de coordination possible au sein de l’ordre interne. Le dernier chapitre examine le rôle des cours constitutionnelles, l’érosion des contre-limites et plaide pour une clarification législative des frontières de la compétence de l’Union en matière procédurale. Civil procedure and EU law were long treated as separate fields, with procedural questions framed mainly through private international and transnational procedural law. Since the early 2000s, however, EU harmonisation has made confrontation with core principles, above all the primacy of EU law, unavoidable. While the Court of Justice affirms Member States’ procedural autonomy, that autonomy is bounded by equivalence and effectiveness: where national rules hinder the practical effect of EU rights, national judges may be required to disapply them. Over the last two decades, these limits have been applied with growing intensity, putting Italian and French procedural traditions under strain. CJEU case law, operating almost as ius superveniens, increasingly drives solutions hard to reconcile with established categories. The thesis first reconstructs the historical link between civil procedure and the rule of law, highlighting the judiciary’s role in the balance of powers. It then analyses the preliminary ruling as the key vehicle of the Court’s authority, now used not only for substantive EU law but also for national procedural and judicial arrangements. Case studies include Fininvest and SPV Project, which expose the tension between primacy and the stability of res judicata (including injunction proceedings and ex officio control of unfair terms), and Randstad, showing how preliminary references may coordinate conflicts between domestic jurisdictions. The final chapter considers possible responses, focusing on constitutional courts and the limits of counter-limits, and argues for a clearer legislative definition of EU competence in procedural matters.
Keywords: CJEU (Court of Justice of the European Union); CJUE (Cour de justice de l’Union européenne); Civil procedural law; Constitutional courts; Counter-limits doctrine; Cour constitutionnelle; Crise de l’autonomie procédurale; Doctrine des contre-limites; Droit de l’Union européenne; Droit européen et droit interne; Droit processuel civil; Effectiveness and equivalence; Effectivité et équivalence; Efficacité du droit; European Union Law; France; Harmonisation procédurale; Hiérarchie des normes juridiques; Intégration européenne; Italie; Juridictions nationales; National courts; Preliminary ruling; Primacy of EU law; Primauté du droit de l’Union; Procédure (droit européen); Procédure civile; Renvoi préjudiciel; Res Judicata (authority of final judgments); Res iudicata (autorité de la chose jugée); Union européenne. Cour de justice

La revalorisation des mécanismes locaux de prévention et de gestion des conflits au Mali : une valeur ajoutée inestimable pour le système judiciaire moderne - Yalcouyé, Seydou; Dolo, Anidjou (Revue des Réflexions Constitutionnelles : Revue mensuelle de publication en droit constitutionnelle, 2025)
La cohabitation entre les mécanismes modernes et traditionnels de prévention et de gestion des conflits au Mali (notamment dans en milieu rural) est une réalité. Entre les mécanismes modernes et les mécanismes traditionnels, le choix des communautés porte essentiellement sur les seconds ; quoique les premiers ne sont pas non plus en abandon. Comme raisons avancées pour justifier leur choix, elles considèrent de façon générale que le recours aux mécanismes modernes ne permet pas de vider totalement leur contentieux. Les communautés trouvent que ces mécanismes modernes rendent leurs conflits plus complexes et plus difficiles à gérer. D’où la méfiance du règlement administratif ou judiciaire des conflits car trop couteux et aux procédures trop complexes. Sur la base de ces constats, il reste permis de constater la nécessité de réaliser des compromis entre mécanismes modernes et mécanismes traditionnels de gestion des conflits en revalorisant davantage les seconds. Seul à ce prix que les défis de la décentralisation (gouvernance locale) et ceux de la démocratie seront relevés. The coexistence of modern and traditional conflict prevention and management mechanisms in Mali (particularly in rural areas) is a reality. Compared to modern and traditional mechanisms, communities primarily choose the latter; although they have not abandoned the former either. As reasons given to justify their choice, they generally consider that resorting to modern mechanisms does not completely resolve their disputes. Communities find that these modern mechanisms make their conflicts more complex and more difficult to manage. Hence their distrust of administrative or judicial conflict resolution, as they are too costly and require overly complex procedures. Based on these observations, it remains clear that compromises must be made between modern and traditional conflict management mechanisms by further revaluing the latter. Only in this way will the challenges of decentralization (local governance) and democracy be met.
Keywords: Autorité traditionnelle; Conflict management; Conflict prevention; Gestion des conflits; Gouvernance locale; Local governance; Légitimité traditionnelle; Prévention des conflits; Traditional authorities; Traditional legitimacy

L'amélioration de l'accès à la justice au Bénin dans le domaine commercial et foncier : comment les modes alternatifs de règlement des conflits et la technologie peuvent être mis à contribution ? - Agoïnon, Fifamè Danielle Esperancia (Université de Montréal, 2025)
En dépit de l'importance cruciale de la justice au sein de notre société, il est manifeste que le système judiciaire béninois présente d'importants défis en matière d'accessibilité, d'efficacité et de confiance publique. Les coûts de la justice, la perte de contrôle des problèmes, les délais d’attente avant procès, la structure labyrinthique des tribunaux, l'impossibilité de se représenter seul, ainsi que le caractère inhospitalier des tribunaux constituent des indicateurs d'un système judiciaire défaillant. En effet, des limitations dans l'accès à la justice alimentent la méfiance des citoyens à l'égard du système judiciaire étatique. Dans un souci de célérité et d'efficacité de la justice, un vent de généralisation des modes alternatifs de règlement des conflits et de recours des technologies souffle sur les procédures judiciaires en général et sur les procédures civiles et commerciales en particulier. S’inscrivant dans cette logique, la loi n° 2020-08 du 23 Avril 2020 portant modernisation de la justice en République du Bénin n’a pas manqué de faire faire une place aux modes alternatifs de règlement des conflits. Elle met également un accent sur la dématérialisation progressive des procédures judiciaires concernant la saisine des juridictions, le suivi des procédures et le paiement électronique des frais afférents. Cependant, malgré ces mesures à encourager, les juridictions, au risque de rompre, ploient toujours devant les litiges fonciers et commerciaux. La présente étude a pour objet d'analyser les forces et les faiblesses du système judicaire béninois et vérifier si la modernisation des modes alternatifs de règlement des différends et l’intégration de la technologie dans les processus de résolution des différends peuvent être un vecteur de l’accès à la justice au Bénin. Despite the crucial importance of justice in our society, it is clear that the Beninese justice system presents significant challenges in terms of accessibility, efficiency and public trust. The costs of justice, the loss of control of problems, pre-trial waiting times, the labyrinthine structure of the courts, the inability to represent the costs of justice, the loss of control of problems, pre-trial waiting times, the labyrinthine structure of the courts, the inability to represent oneself, as well as the inhospitable nature of the courts are indicators of a broken justice system. Indeed, limitations in access to justice fuel citizens' mistrust of the state justice system. In the interests of speed and efficiency of justice, a wind of generalization of alternative methods of dispute resolution and recourse of technologies is blowing through judicial procedures in general and civil and commercial procedures in particular. In line with this logic, Law No. 2020-08 of 23 April 2020 on the modernization of justice in the Republic of Benin did not fail to make room for alternative methods of conflict resolution. It also emphasizes the gradual dematerialization of judicial procedures concerning the referral of cases to the courts, the monitoring of procedures and the electronic payment of related costs. However, despite these measures to be encouraged, the courts, at the risk of breaking down, are still bending before land and commercial disputes. The purpose of this study is to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the Beninese judicial system and to verify whether the modernization of alternative dispute resolution methods and the integration of technology into dispute resolution processes can be a vector of access to justice in Benin.
Keywords: ACCESS TO JUSTICE; ADR; Accès à la justice; Business; Bénin; Commercial; Différend; Dispute; Foncier; Information; Land; MARD; Technologie; Technology

Le droit à un procès équitable au Mali - Koïta, Aly Kola (Revue des Réflexions Constitutionnelles : Revue mensuelle de publication en droit constitutionnelle, 2025)
Le droit à un procès équitable est tributaire du respect des droits fondamentaux. Ce constat suffisamment éloquent rappelle une évidence : plus un Etat sera enclin à protéger les droits et libertés fondamentaux de l'individu, plus il va se montrer soucieux d'organiser une procédure pénale conforme à ces aspirations. Ces propos se fondent aisément dans les lignes directrices du procès pénal malien où, depuis le « reflux de l'orientation autoritariste » amorcée en 1991, le législateur se montre plus regardant sur les droits des personnes poursuivies. La dernière illustration en date peut être tirée de l'extension en amont des droits de la défense, consécutive de l’équité libéralisation du procès pénal et de la volonté persistante d'accorder une audience de plus en plus soutenue à procédurale dans notre ancien système inquisitorial, dont les imperfections et anachronismes n'avaient cessé d'émouvoir. C'est dans cette optique qu’analyse cet article la problématique de la diffusion du modèle du respect des garanties procédurales en matière pénale au Mal. he right to a fair trial depends on respect for fundamental rights. This sufficiently eloquent observation reminds us of the obvious: the more inclined a State is to protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual, the more it will be concerned to organize a criminal procedure in accordance with these aspirations. These remarks easily fit into the guidelines of the Malian criminal trial where, since the "ebb of authoritarian orientation" that began in 1991, the legislator has been more attentive to the rights of those prosecuted. The latest illustration to date can be drawn from the upstream extension of the rights of the defence, as a result of the fair liberalization of the criminal trial and the persistent desire to grant an increasingly sustained hearing to procedural in our old inquisitorial system, whose imperfections and anachronisms had never ceased to move. It is in this perspective that this article analyzes the problem of the diffusion of the model of respect for procedural guarantees in criminal matters to Evil.
Keywords: Accusatoire; Adversarial; Equité; Fairness; Inquisitoire; Inquisitorial; Justice; Procès; Trial

South Africa judicial review of trade remedies in South Africa - Brink, Gustav Francois (Global Trade and Customs Journal, 2025)
No abstract available.
Keywords: Judicial review; South Africa; Trade remedies

La confrontation du droit processuel au processus de légitimation des décisions de justice en Afrique : l’exemple du Mali - Dougoune, Moussa (Revue africaine de droit des affaires, 2025)
Cet article est une étude analytique des solutions de compromis élaborées afin de satisfaire les promesses faites par les États et les institutions communautaires relativement à la bonne administration de la justice. Tout le processus de production et d’exécution des décisions de justice s’y trouve mis à l’épreuve dans l’analyse empirique. Cette étude présente un intérêt particulier dans la mesure où certains États ont procédé à une relecture de leurs Codes de procédure susceptibles d’avoir des incidences sur le processus de légitimation des décisions de justice. L’analyse démontre que l’ambition affichée demeure toujours la recherche d’une légitimité des décisions de justice eu égard à l’évolution des contextes socioculturels et socio-économiques. Cela entraîne nécessairement, en raison de la prolifération des espaces d’intégration (juridique et économique), des difficultés de trouver un équilibre entre le respect du droit processuel positif et les règles coutumières en certaines matières. Enfin, trente ans après l’adoption des espaces d’intégration, l’heure est au bilan, car le droit national ne peut être appliqué de façon systématique et isolée en toutes circonstances.

Le droit processuel appliqué au contentieux des brevets à l'aune de la Juridiction unifiée du brevet : quel rôle pour la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne ? - Lawrynowicz-Drewek, Anna (Université de Strasbourg, 2024)
La Juridiction unifiée du brevet (JUB), une nouvelle juridiction internationale spécialisée dans le contentieux des brevets européens, est soumise au respect du droit de l’Union européenne. Ce dernier, toutefois, demeure éparpillé et incomplet en matière de la procédure civile. La question du rôle effectif de la CJUE dans l’interprétation des règles procédurales de la JUB représente un intérêt majeur. Or, l’analyse approfondie des règles européennes et celles propres à la JUB conduisent au constat que ce rôle demeure à ce jour limité. L’absence de renforcement du rôle de la CJUE conduit à un risque de l’incohérence du droit de l’UE, de son application non uniforme ainsi que, de point de vue stratégique, à un forum shopping prononcé réduisant l’attractivité de la nouvelle juridiction spécialisée. Pour remédier à cette situation, la thèse suggère une série des propositions visant à renforcer le rôle de la CJUE en la matière, tantôt à travers des instruments horizontaux que spéciaux.
Keywords: Brevet européen; Brevet européen à effet unitaire; Brevets d'invention; Contentieux civil; Contentieux d'entreprise; Contentieux des brevets; Contrefaçon de brevet; Droit de procédure civile; Droit international privé; Droit processuel; Droits de l’Homme; Garanties procédurales; Juridiction internationale; Juridiction spécialisée; Juridiction unifiée du brevet; Union européenne (droit)

Le renforcement du caractère contradictoire de la procédure dans la phase préparatoire du procès pénal - Traoré, Namongo (Université de Toulon, 2024)
La procédure pénale est le résultat de la combinaison de deux systèmes de référence. Il s’agit des systèmes inquisitoire et accusatoire. Le législateur avait historiquement opté pour une phase de jugement accusatoire et la phase préparatoire du procès était plutôt inquisitoire. Toutefois avec d’une part le triomphe des droits de la défense et d’autre part, l’importance des éléments de preuve recueillis dans cette phase préparatoire et leurs influences sur l’issue du procès, le législateur s’est vu dans l’obligation de se lancer dans un grand processus d’aménagement de cette phase préparatoire pour y introduire des éléments caractéristiques du système accusatoire jugé plus favorable aux droits de la défense. Cet exercice auquel le législateur s’est livré est non seulement le fait de sa volonté mais et surtout le fait du droit européen. La rencontre entre ces deux mouvements a considérablement fait évoluer la phase préparatoire et y a donné un nouveau souffle aux droits de la défense en général et au principe du contradictoire en particulier. Cette transformation constante de la phase préparatoire qui constitue l’essentiel des règles étudiées dans le cadre de ce travail est apparue tellement poussée que l’on s’est interrogé tout au long de cet exercice s’il est encore possible de continuer cette mutation sans pour autant nuire à la qualité des procédures en termes d’efficacité. C’est donc en se proposant de répondre à cette interrogation que l’étude du renforcement du caractère contradictoire de la procéduredans la phase préparatoire du procès pénal a permis de mettre en évidence les manifestations de cette transformation tant dans la phase de l’enquête que dans celle de l’instruction préparatoire.
Keywords: Accusatoire; Accusatory; Avocat; Contestation; Contradictoire; Contradictory; Droit pénal; Droits de la défense; Défense (procédure pénale); Enquête; Information; Instruction; Lawyer; Police investigation; Preparatory instruction; Principe du contradictoire; Rights of the defense

Le juge et la science : une étude rationaliste des biais conscients et inconscients dans l’appréciation de la preuve forensique en matière criminelle - Sénéchal, Carole (Université de Montréal, 2024)
Tant par l’ampleur que le caractère pérenne de leurs conséquences sur la vie des différentes parties prenantes, les erreurs judiciaires suscitent l’indignation autant des régulateurs que des journalistes et de l’opinion publique. Assurer une prise de décision correcte dans le contexte judiciaire nécessite des balises institutionnelles visant, d’une part, à permettre une présentation complète de toute la preuve pertinente devant le juge des faits et, d’autre part, à limiter les erreurs d’appréciation de cette preuve. Notre thèse s’intéresse aux sources d’erreurs d’origine humaine qui limitent une correcte appréciation de la preuve dans le contexte judiciaire qui sont les moins susceptibles d’être mis en évidence par voie de contrôle juridictionnel (d’appel) et qui peuvent justifier la mise en place de balises institutionnelles additionnelles à celles existantes. Tout d’abord, une revue de littérature critique en criminologie et en sciences sociales sur les sources d’erreurs qui entachent généralement la rationalité des jugements (chapitre 1) indique que les décisions rendues dans le contexte judiciaire sont vulnérables à la fois aux biais et « bruits » à toutes les étapes d’un procès. Ensuite, nous nous intéresserons en particulier aux problèmes de compréhension et d’interprétation propres aux preuves scientifiques, comprenant les expertises ainsi que celles obtenues par des outils statistiques, actuariels et technologiques (chapitre 2). En effet, la science apparaît à première vue comme un « auxiliaire de justice » précieux par l’introduction de l’expertise dans les procès. Or, la production en justice d’une preuve forensique doit passer par un travail d’exégèse et de traduction de l’expert forensique au juge ou aux jurés. Tout au long de ce processus, la myopie métacognitive des experts forensiques, le mécanisme du procès contradictoire, l’aménagement des salles d’audience et la manière dont l’information est présentée, ainsi que les difficultés de compréhension de la preuve forensique par les décideurs, pourraient constituer autant d’aléas et de risques de dérive ébranlant la rationalité supposée de ce travail collectif qu’est la tenue d’un procès afin de faire émerger la vérité… judiciaire. Considérant que le contrôle juridictionnel des erreurs de faits par les juges d’instance s’avère assez limité au Canada (chapitre 3), nous proposons en dernier lieu (chapitre 4) quelques pistes de réforme afin de mieux rationaliser l’appréciation de la preuve par les décideurs de faits. Tout d’abord, il y a lieu d’ajouter quelques garanties d’ordre procédural et certaines inférences spécifiquement interdites pour limiter l’occurrence de biais cognitifs en général. Nous nous sommes inspirés ensuite de la formule bayésienne ainsi que la Déclaration de Sydney relative à la science forensique, pour proposer une démarche permettant de « rationaliser » le processus d’appréciation de la preuve afin de limiter les erreurs de compréhension sur la portée et les limites de la preuve d’expert. La formule bayésienne souligne en effet la nécessité de distinguer la probabilité des effets (qui relève des experts), de la probabilité des causes (du ressort exclusif du juge au procès). L’évaluation de ces deux probabilités ne se chevauche pas et fait appel à des considérations distinctes. Dans cette évaluation, la prise en compte du contexte et d’éléments circonstanciels s’avère à double tranchant en ce qu’elle peut à la fois être pertinente pour orienter l’investigation (aider à la génération de nouvelles pistes, hypothèses ou explications alternatives) que constitutive de biais. Le potentiel de biais s’accentue dans les cas de figure plus ambigus ou dont la preuve reste essentiellement circonstancielle. Nous suggérons finalement l’institution du rôle de « critique d’experts » qui peut agir en véritable auxiliaire de justice devant la cour ou en amont, comme auditeur indépendant, pour mieux contrôler l’intégrité du processus forensique et la manière dont la preuve scientifique est présentée devant les tribunaux.
Keywords: Appréciation de la preuve; Biais; Bias; Evidence assessment; Forensics; Forensique; Juge; Justice; Preuve; Science criminelle

A renúncia a direitos fundamentais processuais na arbitragem: o caso particular do direito a requerer a anulação da sentença arbitral na arbitragem internacional - Teles, Joana Ataíde Cordeiro Galvão (Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2024)
A arbitragem é um meio de resolução de litígios, que se alicerça na autonomia privada e é reconhecida, quer internacionalmente, quer nas constituições estaduais analisadas, como um modo de exercício, alternativo aos tribunais estaduais, do direito fundamental constitucional à tutela jurisdicional efetiva. A questão que se coloca é a de saber se, em primeiro lugar, as partes podem acordar renunciar, validamente, a direitos fundamentais processuais na arbitragem e, podendo, com que requisitos e dentro de que limites, para, em segundo lugar e em particular, aplicar os requisitos e limites referidos à (in)admissibilidade da renúncia ao direito a requerer a anulação da sentença arbitral na arbitragem internacional. Partindo da ponderação do âmbito, conteúdo e regime dos direitos fundamentais em confronto, de um lado, à tutela jurisdicional efetiva, incluindo o direito à arbitragem e outros direitos fundamentais processuais, como o de impugnar a sentença arbitral em determinados casos e, do outro lado, à autonomia privada, que fundamenta a renúncia, e sem prejuízo de a ponderação dever ser feita em cada caso concreto, concluo que a renúncia àqueles direitos é válida, se cumprir determinados requisitos subjetivos e objetivos, que identifico, incluindo os limites e os respetivos critérios para aferir da referida (in)validade. Quanto ao direito a requerer a anulação da sentença arbitral na arbitragem internacional, concluo que, sem prejuízo e com base nas soluções consagradas de jure constituto, a renúncia por acordo das partes é, do ponto de vista constitucional normativo e, de jure constituendo no direito português, válida, desde que se respeitem aqueles requisitos. Em particular, tem de existir um meio de impugnar a sentença arbitral, quando esta viole, de forma grave, direitos fundamentais processuais e/ou interesses de ordem pública de cada Estado, que não estão na disponibilidade das partes, nos casos e termos necessários a garantir o conteúdo essencial do direito fundamental à tutela jurisdicional efetiva. No entanto, há margem do legislador para adotar o regime mais adequado ao propósito referido. Na arbitragem internacional, do ponto de vista normativo-constitucional, podem as partes renunciar, total e/ou parcialmente, à anulação na sede, quando há a possibilidade de controlo último, pelo menos de violações graves de direitos fundamentais processuais e/ou interesses de ordem pública de cada Estado, aquando do reconhecimento e execução da sentença arbitral, sendo esta a solução legal que, na minha opinião, melhor se coaduna com a arbitragem internacional no seu todo. Arbitration is a dispute resolution mechanism rooted in private autonomy and internationally recognised, as well as in the national constitutions analysed, as an alternative means to state courts for exercising the constitutional fundamental right to effective judicial protection. The primary question of this dissertation is whether the parties can validly agree to waive fundamental procedural rights in arbitration, and if so, under what conditions and within what limits. Secondly, I specifically apply these conditions and limits to the (in)admissibility of waiving the right to seek annulment of the arbitral award in international arbitration. By weighing the scope, content and framework of conflicting fundamental rights – the right to effective judicial protection (encompassing the right to arbitration and other fundamental procedural rights, such as the right to challenge the arbitral award in certain cases), against private autonomy (which justifies the waiver) – and, without prejudice to the necessary case-by-case balancing, I conclude that the waiver of these rights is valid, provided that subjective and objective requirements, including the limits and criteria for assessing the (in)validity of the waiver, are met. Regarding the right to request annulment of the arbitral award in international arbitration, I conclude that, without prejudice to and relying on legal solutions established de jure constituto, the waiver by agreement of the parties is valid from a normative constitutional perspective and de jure constituendo under Portuguese Law, provided such subjective and objective requirements are respected. Specifically, there must be a means to challenge the arbitral award when it seriously violates fundamental procedural rights and/or public order interests of each State, which are beyond the parties’ disposal, in certain cases and under certain terms as necessary to protect the core essence of the fundamental right to effective judicial protection. However, the legislator retains discretion to adopt the most appropriate legal framework for this purpose. In the context of international arbitration, from a normative-constitutional perspective, the parties may waive annulment at the seat, in whole and/or in part, provided there is the possibility of ultimate oversight, particularly in cases involving serious violations of fundamental procedural rights and/or public order interests of each State at the stage of recognition and enforcement of the arbitral award. In my opinion, this legal solution is the one that best aligns with the global system of international arbitration.
Keywords: Annulment; Anulação; Arbitragem; Arbitragem Internacional; Arbitration; Autonomia Privada; Direitos Fundamentais Processuais; Fundamental Procedural Rights; International Arbitration; Private Autonomy; Renúncia; Waiver

La réparation devant la Cour pénale internationale : quel droit pour les victimes ? - Aké, Tchimou Yannick Kévin (Université de Montréal, 2024)
La Cour pénale internationale a été créée dans un but à la fois de répression et de réparation. Ces deux objectifs continuent de se concrétiser et sont clairement devenus indissociables de toute définition qu’on pourrait donner à la CPI. Cependant, si une égalité apparente pourrait exister entre ces deux objectifs, l’effectivité de la réparation s’est montrée, à bien des égards, dépendante de l’effectivité de la répression. La décision du 1er juillet 2016 rendue dans l’affaire Ruto et Sang a confirmé et renforcer cette dépendance. Malheureusement, les victimes sont celles qui paient le plus de frais de cette réalité. Il devient donc urgent pour la CPI de régler cette situation, ne serait-ce que pour offrir plus d’espoir aux victimes. Le salut pourrait venir d’une remise en cause des principes régissant les procédures devant la Cour. Sans rien inventer, la CPI pourrait grandement s’inspirer de certaines pratiques étatiques. D’abord, il pourrait être envisagé de dissocier et de rendre autonomes les procédures qui visent la condamnation pénale et celles qui visent la réparation, de sorte à rendre l’absence de condamnation pénale inopportune pour la détermination de la responsabilité civile de l’accusé. De plus, il pourrait être envisagé des alternatives lorsqu’il n’y a pas de civilement responsable, de sorte à offrir une reconnaissance juridique aux victimes et à leur donner une ordonnance de réparation. En ce sens, la CPI gagnerait peut-être à aller au-delà de la responsabilité individuelle. Enfin, les États devraient être mis un peu plus à contribution en renforçant leurs obligations respectives à l’égard des victimes. The International Criminal Court was created for the purpose of both repression and reparation. These two objectives continue to materialize and have clearly become inseparable from any definition of the ICC. However, if an apparent equality could exist between them, the effectiveness of reparation has been shown, in many aspects, to be dependent on the effectiveness of repression. The July 1st, 2016 decision in the Ruto and Sang case confirmed and reinforced this dependence. Unfortunately, the victims are the ones who bear the brunt of this reality. It is therefore becoming urgent for the ICC to resolve this situation to offer more hope to victims. This could come from questioning the principles governing procedures before the Court. Without inventing anything, the ICC could greatly draw inspiration from certain State practices. First, consideration could be given to dissociating and making independent the procedures aimed at criminal conviction and those aimed at reparation, so as to make the absence of criminal conviction inappropriate for the determination of the civil liability of the accused. In addition, it could be considered other alternatives when there is no civil liability, such as offering legal recognition to victims by giving them a reparation order. In this sense, the ICC might benefit from going beyond individual responsibility. Finally, States should be made a little more involved by strengthening their respective obligations towards victims.
Keywords: Cour pénale internationale; Droit international; International Criminal Court; International law; Reparation for victims; Réparation en faveur des victimes

L’annulation des décisions judiciaires nationales par la Cour Commune de Justice et d’Arbitrage - Balla Kalto Loutou, Amina (Revue Africaine des Réflexions Juridiques et Politiques, 2024)
La prérogative de l’annulation des décisions des juridictions nationales est dévolue à l’institution juridictionnelle supranationale, qu’est la C.C.J.A, qui assure la sécurité juridique et judiciaire par l’exercice de ses fonctions juridictionnelle, consultative et arbitrale. Outre, le contrôle de l’application effective des règles du droit OHADA par les juridictions nationales de fond (recours en cassation), elle veille sur le fondement de l’article 18 du Traité OHADA au respect de ses compétences par l’exercice de son pouvoir d’annulations des décisions des juridictions nationales de cassation ou des juridictions du fond statuant en dernier ressort ou sur des sentences arbitrales en violation des règles de compétence, de procédure ou d’ordre public. Lorsqu’elle annule les décisions des juridictions nationales sur le fondement de ce texte, la C.C.J.A rend des arrêts par lesquels, elle déclare ces décisions nulles et non avenues les décisions incriminées. Les arrêts d’annulations que rend la C.C.J.A sont exécutoires et doivent être exécutés dans les ordres juridiques internes et communautaires pour pouvoir s’imposer aux parties, aux juridictions en cause et aux Etats parties de l’espace OHADA.
Keywords: Autorité de la chose jugée; Circulation des arrêts de la CCJA; Compétence exclusive; Compétence générale; Dessaisissement; Force exécutoire; Intégration juridique; Intégration juridique annulation; Supranationalité; Sécurité juridique

La crise de la justice étatique camerounaise - Ngassa Ngebdjo, Salomon C. (Revue Africaine des Réflexions Juridiques et Politiques, 2024)
La justice étatique camerounaise est en crise. Ce constat provient d’un certain nombre de facteurs qui détériorent la justice au sein de l’Etat du Cameroun. Il s’agit des facteurs qui affectent l’identité de la justice et sa crédibilité. Face à cela, le justiciable cherche à faire protéger ses droits en faisant recours à une justice négociée. Cette dernière qui lui permet de contourner les méfaits du dysfonctionnement de la justice au Cameroun, tend à devenir de plus en plus attractive. Cela est dû au fait que la justice négociée, qui est soumise à la volonté des parties, semble répondre aux critères de qualité de la justice.
Keywords: Cameroun; Corruption; Crédibilité; Erreur judiciaire; Justice; Justice négociée

Arbitrabilidade objetiva em contratos administrativos - Cardoso, Paula Butti (Universidade de São Paulo, 2023)
A Lei n° 9.307, de 1996, a Lei de Arbitragem, com a redação que lhe foi dada pela Lei n° 13.129, de 2015, passou a prever expressamente que a Administração Pública direta e indireta poderá utilizar-se da arbitragem para dirimir conflitos relativos a direitos patrimoniais disponíveis. Ultrapassadas as discussões em torno da arbitrabilidade subjetiva, a arbitrabilidade objetiva das disputas envolvendo a administração pública ganha papel de destaque. Divergências a respeito do que seriam os direitos patrimoniais disponíveis da administração pública faz com que a questão seja frequentemente levada ao poder judiciário, em atentado a valores informadores da arbitragem, como a segurança jurídica e a celeridade. Daí a necessidade de se buscar solução para a questão, o que pode ser feito a partir do direito administrativo contemporâneo, que valoriza cada vez mais a atuação consensuada em detrimento da atuação unilateral e impositiva da administração pública. Law No. 9,307, of 1996, the Brazilian Arbitration Law, amended by Law No. 13,129, of 2015, expressly provides that the direct and indirect public administration may use arbitration to resolve conflicts relating to renounceable patrimonial rights. Discussions relating to arbitrability regarding the parties in arbitration have given place to discussions regarding subject-matter arbitrability relating to disputes involving public administration. Different understandings about the renounceable patrimonial rights of the public administration frequently take the discussion to be ruled by judiciary courts, jeopardizing values that inform arbitration, such as legal certainty and celerity. The current scenario demands that a solution to the issue is provided. That can be done based on modern administrative Brazilian law, which increasingly values consensual action rather than unilateral action by public administration.
Keywords: Administrative contract; Administrative law; Arbitrabilidade objetiva; Arbitrability; Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Consensualidade; Consensuality; Contrat administratif; Contrato administrativo; Direito administrativo; Droit administratif

Accès à la justice en République démocratique du Congo : à la recherche de l'effectivité du droit - Kandolo Mundeke, Médard (Université Paris 2, 2023)
L’étude aborde l’accès à la justice comme un droit fondamental, en prenant pour référence la République démocratique du Congo (RDC). Depuis son accession à l’indépendance, la RDC est confrontée à une spirale de problèmes structurels et conjoncturels qui entrave le fonctionnement du service public de la justice et remet en cause les fondements de ce pays en tant qu’« État». Avoir accès à la justice s’analyse comme un privilège pour la majeure partie de la population qui crie à l’arbitraire. Les entraves se ramènent à l’ignorance des textes de lois, à l’absence d’une justice de proximité, au manque d’indépendance du juge, ainsi qu'à la faible protection des victimes et témoins devant les instances judiciaires. D’où la méfiance de la population envers l’institution judiciaire et en contrepartie le recours aux pratiques sociales de règlement des différends. Devant cette évidence, résorber le clivage entre la loi et le vécu quotidien de la population est un réel défi. La crise de l’État et de l’institution judiciaire persistante exige l’instauration d’une justice de proximité à la portée de la population sans mettre en disgrâce le recours aux modes alternatifs. Cette étude préconise la refondation d’un système juridique adapté et ancré aux réalités sociétales. Seul, en effet, un système empreint de pluralisme juridique, passant par un accommodement entre tradition et modernité, formel et informel, justice étatique et transitionnelle pourrait relever le défi de garantir l’accès à la justice, en assurant réparation aux victimes et en sauvegardant le dialogue auteur-victime à travers l’arbre à palabre, trait identitaire du droit traditionnel africain. The study addresses access to justice as a fundamental right, taking the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) as a reference. Since its independence, the DRC has been confronted with a spiral of structural and conjunctural problems that hinders the functioning of the public service of justice and calls into question the foundations of the country as a 'state'. Having access to justice is seen as a privilege for the majority of the population, which cries out for arbitrariness. The obstacles are ignorance of the law, the absence of local justice, the lack of independence of the judge, and the poor protection of victims and witnesses before the courts lead to the population's distrust of the judicial institution and, in return to the use of social practices to settle disputes.Given this evidence, resolving the gap between the law and the daily life of the population is a real challenge. The persistent crisis of the State and the judicial institution requires the establishment of a local justice system within the reach of the population without disgracing the use of alternative methods. This study recommends the re-foundation of a legal system adapted and anchored to societal realities. Indeed, only a system marked by legal pluralism, involving an accommodation between tradition and modernity, formal and informal, state and transitional justice, could take up the challenge of guaranteeing access to justice, ensuring reparation for victims and safeguarding the dialogue between the perpetrator and the victim through the palaver tree, an identifying feature of traditional African law.
Keywords: ACCES AU DROIT; ACCESS TO JUSTICE; ACCESS TO LAW; Acculturation; Accès à la justice; Arbre à palabre; Colonisation; Colonization; Democratic Republic of Congo; Droit coutumier; Droit traditionnel; Fair trial; Justice transitionnelle; Legal pluralism; Legal standards; Legal system; Normes juridiques; Palabre; Palaver tree; Pluralisme juridique; Procès équitable; République Démocratique du Congo; Système juridique; Traditional law; Transitional justice

L'exception d'incompétence en droit OHADA - Afouba Tanga, Arlette (Revue Africaine et Malgache de Recherches Scientifiques : Sciences juridiques et politiques, 2023)
Le juge de l’ordre judiciaire ne peut connaître de tous les litiges de droit privé. En raison du principe de la répartition des compétences, aucune juridiction ne peut connaître de toutes les matières contentieuses. Le requérant peut l’évoquer, soit le juge lui-même peut l’évoquer. L’exception d’incompétence constitue un incident de procédure dans lequel, le juge diffère l’examen au fond du litige pour lequel il est saisi au principal, en se prononçant au préalable sur une question de forme suivant l’objet du contentieux. Celuici diffère la discussion au fond de la demande pour laquelle il est saisi, tout en essayant au préalable de certifier les prétentions et moyens recourus par le requérant. À la question de savoir comment s’opère l’exception d’incompétence en droit OHADA, le schéma qui ressort de l’interprétation des textes applicables au droit OHADA ainsi que de l’analyse de la jurisprudence OHADA est un tableau couvert d’une part par la contestation sur la juridiction désignée pour la préoccupation de droit privé des affaires mais qui va relever la juridiction avérée compétente sur la préoccupation de droit privé d’autre part. Clairement, il met en œuvre le déroulement du procès privé judiciaire, les notions clés dudit procès, l’identification de la relation juridique entre les juges de l’ordre judiciaire et celui de la Cour Commune de justice et d’arbitrage, l’identification des incidents de procédure et l’identification des fins de nonrecevoir. Les figures du juge OHADA sont ainsi exposées sous toutes leurs formes et lumières.

Portée du principe de la représentation obligatoire par avocat devant la Cour Commune de Justice et d'arbitrage (CCJA) à l'aune de la pratique jurisprudentielle - Ayikaba, Jules Masuku (Recht in Afrika, 2023)
The law of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA) enshrines the principle of compulsory representation by lawyer before its High Court, the Common Court of Justice and Arbitration (CCJA). It follows from this principle that any appeal before the CCJA and any related procedural document such as the reply or replication, not signed by a lawyer belonging to a Bar in the OHADA geographical area, are to be declared inadmissible. Notwithstanding the explicit consecration of this principle in OHADA law, the CCJA has been called upon on many occasions to define its contour. This paper examines the interpretation of this principle by this court. It first notes the scope of this principle as defined by the CCJA in relation to the criteria retained for the exercise of the ministry of counsel before its jurisdiction. Finally, it dwells on its jurisprudence concerning the form and statements of the special mandate to be given to the lawyer, on the one hand, and on the legal consequences attached to it, on the other hand. It concludes by pointing out that OHADA law, and the High Court in its jurisprudential practice, are more flexible and better adapted to the obligation of representation by a lawyer than the law of certain OHADA member states.

La validité de l'acte de l'illettré : La Cour suprême du Sénégal versus la CCJA - Baldé, Tidiane (Revue Africaine des Réflexions Juridiques et Politiques, 2023)
La haute juridiction sénégalaise a toujours estimé que l’illettré doit être assisté de deux témoins lettrés certifiant lui avoir fait connaître la teneur et les effets de l’acte. À défaut, celui-ci ne peut être valable. C’est la position qu’elle adopte dans une affaire jugée le 24 janvier 2019 relativement à la validité d’un protocole d’accord sur les conditions et modalités d’apurement du solde débiteur du compte bancaire d’un illettré. Toutefois, entre les mêmes parties et presque sur la même cause, la CCJA a estimé que « … que le protocole d’accord [sur lequel la Cour suprême du Sénégal a rendu son arrêt], bien que dressé sous la forme sous seing, opère un renvoi exprès aux conventions précitées [actes notariés] nonobstant la novation tenant à la détermination du montant de la créance, à la fixation des modalités de son remboursement et aux conditions de son exigibilité ; que dès lors, la forme sous seing privé dudit protocole ne peut affecter le caractère de titre exécutoire desdites conventions.
Keywords: Certificateur; Contradiction; Illettré; Novation; OHADA

Las garantías procesales en el CIADI: una propuesta de jus cogens procesal - Rueda Pinilla, Daniel Enrique (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2022)
Amb l’àlgid desenvolupament del dret d’inversions, assolit amb l’existència de gairebé 3.300 tractats bilaterals celebrats entre Estats de totes les cultures jurídiques, alhora que s’aprecia un escenari de múltiples oportunitats per a l’expansió econòmica, també és plausible el desenvolupament de múltiples conflictes. Dins dels diferents mecanismes per a la resolució de disputes, l’arbitratge s’ha posicionat a l’esfera internacional com la forma generalitzada per resoldre conflictes i al que es recorre més dins del dret d’inversió, propiciat per la creació del Centre Internacional d’Arranjament de Diferències Relatives a la Inversió, fòrum al qual els inversors acudeixen de manera més freqüent i que és un referent internacional. En concórrer múltiples cultures jurídiques són diversos els desafiaments que es presenten en la resolució de les disputes, sobretot pel que fa a l’aspecte processal, atès que les reglamentacions d’aquests sistemes es caracteritzen per la manca de concreció en l’especificació d’unes garanties mínimes , aspecte que proposa aquesta tesi estabilitzar a través del reconeixement del JUS COGENS PROCESSAL el contingut del qual i trets essencials s’analitza al si del CIADI, amb vocació d’expansió a altres fòrums.
Keywords: Arbitrage dínversió; Arbitraje de inversión; CIADI; Ciències Socials; Derecho internacional; Dret internacional; ICSID; International law; Investment arbitration

L'aménagement conventionnel du procès civil - Chevreul, Mélanie (Université de Bordeaux, 2022)
L’aménagement conventionnel du procès civil est une expression permettant de désigner un ensemble de conventions par lesquelles les parties modifient la manière de résoudre le litige. Dans ce but, les parties peuvent aménager tant l’action en justice, que la juridiction et l’instance. Ces conventions ont pour spécificité de ne créer aucune obligation à la charge des parties. Toutefois, l’essor de ces conventions interroge. Le procès serait-il redevenu la « chose des parties » ? Si l’essor de ces mécanismes de contractualisation est justifié par une évolution du contexte socio-économique entourant le procès civil, le pouvoir de la volonté des parties dans le procès civil doit être limité. En effet, le procès civil est à la fois un instrument permettant d’assurer l’effectivité des droits substantiels et une activité qui met en jeu le bon fonctionnement du service public de la justice. Des limites substantielles comme procédurales viennent encadrer la volonté des parties dans le procès civil. Le procès civil n’est donc pas redevenu la chose des parties. Dans la mesure où ces conventions ont pour spécificité de ne pas créer d’effets obligationnels et ont un objet processuel, les conditions de validité et d’efficacité issues du droit commun des contrats sont nécessairement adaptées.
Keywords: Adjustment; Aménagement; Civil trial; Contractualisation; Contractualization; Convention; France; Procès civil; Procédure civile

Les circonstances insurmontables en procédure pénale : essai d’une théorie générale - Chabas, François (Université de Strasbourg, 2022)
On trouve régulièrement dans la procédure pénale l’expression « circonstance insurmontable ». Mais cette notion est largement méconnue et on ne lui prête que peu d’importance. Ni le juge ni le législateur n’en donnent de définition. Elle présente pourtant un intérêt bien réel qu’il convient de mettre en lumière. Cette étude tente alors d’exposer son rôle dans le droit positif et d’en donner une définition. Il s’agit d’une norme juridique dérogatoire autonome qui se matérialise par des circonstances non imputables à celui qui s’en prévaut, qui revêtent pour lui un caractère insurmontable et qui est applicable à chaque fois qu’une règle procédurale est sanctionnée par la nullité de la procédure ou par la perte d’un droit, à moins que la personne concernée ne dispose d’un autre moyen pour anticiper ou contourner l’obstacle, et à condition que ce dernier soit précisément démontré tant par la partie qui l’allègue que par le juge qui en tient compte
Keywords: Allongement des délais; Appearance; Application des peines; Circonstances exceptionnelles; Circonstances insurmontables; Circonstances nommées; Comparution; Contradictoire; Contradictory; Criminal trial; Custody; Droits de la défense; Détention provisoire; Enforcement of penalties; Evidence; Exception; Exceptional circumstances; Extension of deadlines; Exteriority; Extériorité; Force majeure; Garde à vue; Guiding principles; Imprévisibilité; Insurmountable circumstances; Irresistibility; Irrésistibilité; Jail; Judgement; Jugement; Mesure de contrainte; Motivation; Named circumstances; Nullities; Nullités; Obstacle; Phase préliminaire; Preliminary phase; Preuve; Principes directeurs; Procès pénal; Procédure pénale; Rights of defence; Strain measurement; Unpredictability

Desconsideração da personalidade jurídica na arbitragem - Ferraz, Renato de Toledo Piza (Universidade de São Paulo, 2022)
A presente tese se ocupa de analisar a possibilidade de vinculação de não signatário da convenção de arbitragem ao processo de jurisdição privada via desconsideração da personalidade jurídica no âmbito de arbitragens domésticas. Para tanto, no Capítulo 1, examinam-se premissas teóricas ligadas ao processo de aquisição da personalidade jurídica; de como ele opera limitando a responsabilidade dos integrantes do ente personalizado; e do embate entre autonomia da atividade societária e abuso de direito do qual pode resultar a desconsideração da personalidade jurídica. A teoria desconstitutiva é verificada desde sua criação até os dias atuais, enfatizando-se seu modo de funcionamento à luz dos pressupostos que autorizam sua incidência e os efeitos que se seguem desse reconhecimento segundo a concepção clássica da técnica desconstitutiva. No Capítulo 2, aborda-se o papel da autonomia da vontade para a teoria geral dos contratos e para a arbitragem, apontando-se o alcance e a classificação desta última para, a seguir, adentrar no tema da verificação do consentimento para arbitrar conflitos. Nesse contexto, são analisadas diversas teorias que fundamentam a participação de parte não signatária em arbitragens para se chegar à formulação daquilo que se denominou de consentimento suficiente para arbitrar conflitos. Ao ensejo do estudo das diversas teorias que embasam a extensão da cláusula compromissória, procura-se assinalar distinções, mas também semelhanças, que tornem viável apropriar seus argumentos, quando for o caso, para a específica hipótese de vinculação de terceiro via desconsideração da personalidade jurídica. No Capítulo 3, o epicentro da tese, são investigados os fundamentos que, segundo se defende, autorizam a hipótese. Para tanto, são levados em consideração implicações próprias da natureza jurídica da arbitragem e da regra do kompetenz-kompetenz; a equiparação entre árbitros e juízes togados no exercício de suas funções; o valor da efetividade para a jurisdição arbitral, com foco na análise econômica do direito e no impacto para os custos transacionais da arbitragem ao se rechaçar a hipótese defendida; a boa-fé objetiva como meio apto a identificar o consentimento suficiente; e, finalmente, uma análise individual de alguns trabalhos doutrinários que defendem a hipótese contrária, expondo criticamente seus motivos. Como resultado dos pontos abordados, procura-se responder se a análise da pretensão desconstitutiva por árbitros choca-se com o sistema por alargar os limites da convenção, seja em razão da matéria, seja em virtude dos sujeitos contratantes do pacto arbitral. A conclusão a que se chega é no sentido de que a conjugação desses fatores possibilita a vinculação de parte não signatária ao processo arbitral em razão da utilização abusiva da personalidade jurídica, sendo essa a solução mais consentânea com os propósitos da técnica desconstitutiva estampada no art. 50 do CC e conforme o que dispõe o sistema arbitral. This thesis is dedicated to analyzing the possibility of binding a non-signatory of the arbitration agreement to the private jurisdiction process via disregard doctrine in domestic arbitrations. To this end, Chapter 1 analyzes the theoretical premises linked to the process of acquisition of legal entity, the way it operates in limiting the liability of the members of the personalized entity, and the conflict between the autonomy of the companys activity and abuse of rights, which may result in the disregard of legal entity. The disregard doctrine is verified from its conception to the present days, emphasizing the way it works according to the requirements that allows its incidence and the effects from its recognition according to the classic doctrine of the corporate veil. Chapter 2 deals with the role of autonomy of the will in the general theory of contracts and arbitration, pointing out the reach and classification of the arbitration to then go into the theme of the verification of consent to arbitrate conflicts. In this context, the various theories that support the participation of a non-signatory party in arbitration proceedings are analyzed to formulate what is called "sufficient consent" to arbitrate disputes. In the course of analyzing the various theories on which the extension of the arbitration clause is based, an effort is made to point out distinctions as well as similarities that could make feasible to adopt their arguments, where appropriate, for the specific hypothesis of binding a third party through vail of legal entity. In Chapter 3, the epicenter of the thesis, the grounds by which, according to what has been defended, the arguments that authorizes the hypothesis are examined. To this end, the implications of the legal nature of arbitration are taken into consideration; the rule of kompetenz-kompetenz; the equivalence between arbitrators and judges in the exercise of their functions; the value of effectiveness for the arbitral jurisdiction, focused on the Economic Analysis of Law and the impact on the transactional costs of arbitration when the defended hypothesis is rejected; objective good faith as liable ground for identifying sufficient consent; and finally, individual analysis of some doctrinal works defending the contrary hypothesis, critically exposing their motives. As a result of all the points analyzed, an attempt is made to answer whether the analysis of the unconstitutional claim by arbitrators clashes with the system by extending the limits of the arbitration convention, whether due to the subject matter or to the contracting parties of the arbitration agreement. The conclusion is that the combination of these factors allows the binding of the non-signatory party to the arbitration process due to the abusive use of the legal entity, being this the most consistent solution with the purposes of the unconstitutional technique stamped in article 50 of Brazilian Civil Code and according to what the arbitration system disposes of.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitration Agreement; Arbitration Law; Arbitration clause; Binding of non-signatories; Civil procedural law; Cláusula compromissória arbitral; Convenção de arbitragem; Direito arbitral; Direito processual civil; Limites subjetivos; Personalidade jurídica; Subjective limits; Vail of legal entity; Vinculação de não signatários

Essai doctrinal sur la typologie des décisions non susceptibles de pourvoi en cassation en droit judiciaire congolais - Lumbala Ilunga, Victor (Mouvements et Enjeux Sociaux, 2022)
En RDC, la cassation a été instituée dans l’intérêt des parties et du respect de la loi. Les parties sont considérées comme les plus vigilantes pour dénoncer les violations du droit dès lors que celles-ci leur causent préjudice. Le pourvoi en cassation ne peut être introduit que par la partie qui a intérêt pour casser un jugement qui lui porte préjudice. Celle-ci institue quatre procédures : la prise à partie, les renvois de juridiction, les règlements des juges et la révision. L’expression « dernier ressort » fait référence au degré de juridiction, c’est-à-dire le jugement rendu en première instance qui ne peut pas faire l’objet d’appel comme voie de recours. On distingue le jugement définitif sur incident qui tranche la contestation et porte sur un incident de procédure. Tandis que le jugement définitif sur le fond, met fin au conflit sous réserve des voies de recours. Seul le jugement définitif sur incident rendu en dernier ressort peut être attaqué en cassation parce qu’il acquiert la force de la chose jugée. Le pourvoi reste ouvert contre les jugements définitifs vidant un incident tant que celui sur le fond n’est pas vidé. L’adhésion de la RDC au Traité de l’OHADA, les affaires commerciales en cassation ont cessé d’être l’apanage de la Cour de Cassation mais plutôt de la Cour Commune d’Arbitrage et de Justice (CCJA). In the DRC, cassation was instituted in the interest of the parties and respect for the law. The parties are considered to be the most vigilant in denouncing violations of the law when these cause them harm. The appeal in cassation can only be introduced by the party who has an interest in quashing a judgment which is detrimental to him. This establishes four procedures: taking part, referrals for jurisdiction, judges' regulations and revision. The expression “last resort” refers to the level of jurisdiction, that is to say the judgment rendered in first instance which cannot be appealed as a remedy. A distinction is made between the final incidental judgment which settles the dispute and relates to a procedural incident. While the final judgment on the merits, puts an end to the conflict subject to the means of appeal. Only the final incident judgment rendered as a last resort can be appealed in cassation because it acquires the force of res judicata. The appeal remains open against the final judgments clearing an incident as long as that on the merits is not cleared. The accession of the DRC to the OHADA Treaty, commercial cassation cases have ceased to be the prerogative of the Court of Cassation but rather of the Common Court of Arbitration and Justice (CCJA).
Keywords: Droit judiciaire congolais; Essai doctrinal; Pourvoi en cassation

Les éternuements, essoufflements, agenouillements d’un droit processuel lourdement handicapé par des voies d’exécution en détresse - Sissouma, Sékou Faco; Diallo, Issouf; Diawara, Nana Kadidia (Revue des Réflexions Constitutionnelles : Revue mensuelle de publication en droit constitutionnelle, 2022)
Si le Droit est, comme l’opinion le déclare de façon familière, la vie quotidienne ; la réglementation de la vie en société assortie d’obligations et de sanctions ; sa vraie nature serait une spécialité pluridisciplinaire concourant à cet idéal de protection par la sécurité et la justice de la société. Parmi ses nombreuses disciplines, une, particulièrement, se charge, plus que les autres de cette mission, c’est la procédure avec son bras séculier dit « les voies d’exécution » qui parachèvent les condamnations à devoir aux créanciers. Ces voies d’exécution, connaissant des réglementations plus ou moins rigoureuses au plan national, devraient l’être davantage au plan communautaire. Dans le cas du traité OHADA et de son acte uniforme, on relève assez d’insuffisances, de lacunes apparemment à cause de certaines réalités politico économico-sociales, plaçant ce droit en vaine détresse qui pourrait conduire si des dispositions idoines ne sont pas adoptées, un jour, à son oraison funèbre.
Keywords: AUPSRVE; AUVE; Aéronef; Contrainte (par corps); Foncier; Navire; Obligations; Patrimoine; Procédures simplifiées; Recouvrement de créances; Saisie; Voies d’exécution

L'émergence d'un contentieux du numérique et l'opportunité de la Cyberjustice - Njindou Nchare, Ibrahim Zakir (International Multilingual Journal of Science and Technology, 2022)
Le numérique constitue aujourd’hui l'une des préoccupations majeures de l’environnement économique, sanitaire, social et juridique. On assiste à une dématérialisation poussée des phénomènes autrefois soumis au régime de biens matériels : c’est l’émergence d’une catégorie originale de droit appelé droit numérique. Si de nos jours, peu de gens ignorent qu’on peut utiliser Internet pour faire des achats, conclure des transactions bancaires ou simplement socialiser, pour ne citer que ces exemples, plus rares sont ceux qui savent qu’il est aussi possible de recourir à Internet pour résoudre un conflit. Dès lors, la thématique de la cyberjustice n’est pas anodin au regard de l’amplification de ce phénomène du numérique qui crée au premier rang des contentieux y relatifs auxquels la cybrejustice apparaît opportune. Digital technology is today one of the major concerns of the economic, health, social and legal environment. We are witnessing an extensive dematerialization of phenomena formerly subject to the regime of material goods: it is the emergence of an original category of law called digital law. If these days, few people are unaware that you can use the Internet to make purchases, conclude banking transactions or simply socialize, to cite only these examples, fewer are those who know that it is also possible to use Internet to resolve a conflict. Therefore, the theme of cyberjustice is not insignificant with regard to the amplification of this digital phenomenon which creates in the forefront of disputes relating to it to which cyberjustice seems appropriate.

Visão Contemporânea da Jurisdição Arbitral - Bellocchi, Marcio (Universidade de São Paulo, 2022)
A questão fundamental que está por detrás da investigação feita para elaboração deste estudo consiste em saber se a arbitragem é jurisdição. A pesquisa foi conduzida de forma analítica de molde a que conclusões fossem alcançadas no sentido de se saber até que ponto a arbitragem é mesmo jurisdição. É claro que, para que isso fosse feito, isto é, para que esse caminho fosse percorrido, o primeiro tema a ser tratado deveria ser, necessariamente, a própria jurisdição. Trata-se de um conceito construído pela cultura humana cujo conteúdo, exatamente por isso, variou ao longo da história. Seguiu-se a mesma abordagem no que diz respeito à arbitragem. Assim, o primeiro objetivo desta tese foi o de acompanhar a evolução do conceito de jurisdição, ao longo do tempo, como forma de composição de conflitos, desde o direito romano, até a atualidade. Foi explorado o caminho pelo qual passou a jurisdição, com o fim de se investigar por qual motivo, em determinado momento, se começou a afirmar, de modo peremptório, que a jurisdição seria uma atividade realizada exclusivamente pelo Estado. O segundo objetivo consistiu em analisar a arbitragem, pondo-a lado a lado com a jurisdição estatal, explorando-se os pontos que ambos os fenômenos apresentam em comum, assim como os que diferenciam essas duas formas de exercício do poder-dever de julgar. Por isso, foi objeto de investigação e reflexão uma outra função da jurisdição estatal, recentemente assumida de forma clara pela jurisdição estatal, que é a de contribuir para a criação do direito. Procurou-se identificar em que contexto e extensão isso pode acontecer, tanto na jurisdição do Estado, quanto na jurisdição contratada pelas partes. Em um terceiro momento deste estudo, colocamos luzes sobre determinados institutos do processo civil, desenvolvendo-os, também, no terreno do procedimento arbitral. Num quarto e último momento, nossas reflexões se voltaram para o problema de se saber até que ponto a arbitragem seria mesmo jurisdição, equivalente à jurisdição estatal, em todos os seus aspectos, em toda a sua extensão, seus limites e suas funções. The fundamental question behind the research done to prepare this paper is whether arbitration is jurisdiction. The research has been conducted in an analytical manner so that conclusions could be reached in order to know to what extent arbitration is even jurisdiction. For this to be done, the first topic to be addressed should necessarily be jurisdiction itself. This is a concept constructed by human culture whose content, precisely for this reason, has varied throughout history. The same approach has been followed about arbitration. Thus, the first aim of this thesis was to follow the evolution of the concept of jurisdiction, over time, as a form of dispute resolution, since Roman law, until today. Jurisdiction has been explored, to investigate why, at a certain point, it began to affirm, peremptorily, that jurisdiction would be an activity performed exclusively by the State. The second aim was to analyze arbitration, placing it side by side with State jurisdiction, exploring points that both: state and arbitral jurisdiction have in common, as well as those that differentiate these two forms of judging. Therefore, another function, recently clearly assumed by the state jurisdiction, which is to contribute to the creation of law, has been object of investigation and reflection. It was sought to identify in what context and extent this can happen, both in the State and arbitral jurisdiction. In a third moment of this study, we shed light on certain institutes of civil procedure, developing them, also, in the field of arbitration procedure. In a fourth and last moment, our reflections turned to the problem of knowing to what extent arbitration would even be jurisdiction, equivalent to the State jurisdiction, considering all its aspects, its extent, limits and functions.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Creation; Criação; Jurisdiction; Jurisdição; Procedure; Processo

Cooperação no processo civil: abrangência e consequências da omissão do juiz, partes e terceiros - Dall'Olio, Gustavo (Universidade de São Paulo, 2022)
A cooperação, modelo de processo diverso dos inquisitorial e dispositivo, foi acolhida pelo art. 6o do CPC/2015. Com origem no direito europeu, dentre os quais o português, italiano e alemão, o modelo cooperativo de processo não constitui propriamente novidade, tampouco logrou ainda alcançar, por déficit de regras que lhes deem adequada concreção, aptidão para efetivo rompimento dos modelos anteriores, instaurando a tão esperada mudança de cultura ou mentalidade nos juízes, Tribunais e advogados. Com status de princípio jurídico, a cooperação, que projeta efeitos também entre às partes, tem sido alvo, por parcela da doutrina, dalgum descrédito, que vê no modelo originalmente europeu resquícios de atividade judiciária autoritária e moralista, contrária à liberdade das partes e advogados, detentores exclusivos, em última análise, dos desígnios do processo, imunes que são na formulação de suas pretensões ao longo do processo. Sem embargo, há muito superada a concepção egoística do processo, que deve avançar, mediante diálogo intenso, numa autêntica comunidade de trabalho, à obtenção da solução justa e efetiva, a mais próxima possível da verdade, porquanto todos, juízes, Tribunais e advogados, igualmente a integram, não dela se apartam, responsáveis que são, conjuntamente, pela realização do melhor direito. A mera enunciação dos deveres que decorrem da cooperação (auxílio, prevenção, consulta e esclarecimento), essencialmente importados da doutrina estrangeira, não cumpre satisfatoriamente o desiderato de dar autonomia à cooperação, destacando-a do contraditório, eficiência processual e boa-fé, embora com eles guarde relação próxima, como, também, não lhe confere integral execução, algo muito além de simplesmente orientar a sua aplicação, já que ainda débil o conjunto de regras prescritas pelo legislador ordinário para impulsionar o modelo de processo naquilo que lhe é mais caro e relevante, vale dizer, a intensidade do debate, em autêntico prestígio à oralidade, para a descoberta da verdade. Mais do que dizer a verdade, não contrariando fatos sabidamente verdadeiros, é dever das partes, por força da boa-fé que emerge da cooperação, fazer declarações completas e integrais, não homiziando fatos relevantes do juiz ou Tribunal com o propósito de manipular o resultado do julgamento. Mister que se dê, compreendidas a abrangência e as consequências da omissão pelos juízes, partes e terceiros, adequado impulso à aplicação do princípio da cooperação, como felizmente tem sido feito pelas Cortes de Justiça. Cooperation, a principle of the procedural model different from the inquisitorial and the dispositive, is included in art. 6 of the CPC/2015. Originating in European law amongst which Portuguese, Italian and German law the cooperative principle is not exactly a novelty, nor has it yet managed to achieve, due to a lack of rules that give it adequate concretion, the ability to effectively break the previous models, establishing the long-awaited change in the culture or mentality of judges, courts and lawyers. Endowed with legal principle status, cooperation which also affects the parties has been subjected by part of the doctrine much to its (the cooperation principles) discredit. The doctrine sees in the originally European model remnants of authoritarian and moralistic judicial activity which goes against the freedom of the parties and lawyers the ultimately exclusive procedure designers who are immune in the formulation of their claims throughout the procedure. Nevertheless, the egoistic conception of the procedure has long been overcome and must advance, through intense dialogue in an authentic working community to obtain a fair and effective solution one as close to the truth as possible since all judges, courts, and lawyers who are also part of it, and not separate from it are jointly responsible for the realization of the best practice. The mere enunciation of the duties that arise from cooperation (aid, prevention, consultation, and clarification) which are essentially imported from the foreign doctrine does not satisfactorily fulfill the desire to give autonomy to cooperation. This distinguishes it from the contradiction, procedural efficiency, and good faith although being closely related to them as it also does not grant full implementation, which is much more than simply guiding its execution. And that is because since the body of rules set forth by an ordinary legislator to encourage the procedural model in what is most dear and relevant to them, is still weak regarding the intensity of the debate in honor to orality for the discovery of the truth. More than telling the truth and not contradicting facts known to be true, it is the duty of all parties by the good faith that comes from cooperation to make complete and integral statements, not omitting relevant facts from the judge or Court with the purpose of manipulating the result of the trial. It is necessary taking into consideration the scope and consequences of omission by judges, parties, and third parties to give adequate encouragement to the application of the principle of cooperation, as it has fortunately been done by the Courts of Justice.
Keywords: Boa-fé; Cooperation; Cooperação; Deveres; Duties; Good faith; Omission; Omissão; Truth; Verdade

Reassessing State Consent to Jurisdiction: The Indispensable Third Party Principle before the ICJ - Sparks, Tom (Nordic Journal of International Law, 2022)
Keywords: Adjudication; Advisory opinion; Certain Phosphate Lands; Chagos Archipelago; Consent; East Timor; Indispensable third party principle; International Court of Justice (icj); Jurisdiction; Monetary Gold

La coexistence des juridictions supranationales OHADA et CEMAC en Afrique centrale : un potentiel conflit de compétence - Edzegue Mendame, Aristide (African Journal of Literature and Humanities, 2021)
Avec l’avènement des traités OHADA et CEMAC, deux niveaux de contrôle juridictionnel des normes communautaires existent désormais dans chaque Etat membre des deux organisations. Le premier contrôle juridictionnel s’exerce devant les juridictions nationales et le second devant les juridictions communautaires. Les violations du droit uniforme OHADA sont sanctionnées en premier lieu par les juges nationaux, à charge pour les parties d’exercer un recours devant les juges supranationaux. Dans l’un et l’autre cas, cette coexistence par superposition des organes juridictionnels nationaux et supranationaux rend nécessaire les recherches, dans leur conception, organisation, caractéristiques et fonctionnement, des critères de répartition des compétences entre les ordres juridictionnels nationaux et supranationaux d’une part et entre les ordres juridictionnels communautaires et uniformes d’autre part. With the advent of the OHADA and CEMAC treaties, two levels of judicial review of community standards now exist in each member state of the two organizations. The first judicial review is carried out before national courts and the second before Community courts. Violations of OHADA uniform law are sanctioned in the first place by national judges, on the condition that the parties seek recourse before the supranational judges. In both cases, this coexistence by superposition of national and supranational judicial bodies makes it necessary to research, in their conception, organization, characteristics and functioning, criteria for the distribution of competences between the national and supranational jurisdictional orders of on the one hand and between community and uniform jurisdictional orders on the other.
Keywords: CEMAC; Compétences; Intégration; OHADA; Supranationalité

Consensualidade e gerenciamento do processo: a conciliação e a mediação como instrumentos de fomento ao gerenciamento consensual do processo - Cobo, Felipe Forte (Universidade de São Paulo, 2021)
A ideia de gerenciamento nos sistemas de Justiça surge como resultado das transformações da ação pública dos Estados de Direito do final do século XX, sintetizadas na expressão new public management, cuja linha mestra é a redefinição do agir burocrático pelo agir eficiente, como critério de legitimação do agir estatal. A expressão gerenciamento do processo, especificamente, é importada das reformas ocorridas no processo civil americano e inglês, cujas distintas bases de atuação não permitem a transposição linear do seu conceito. É possível, no entanto, identificar uma racionalidade gerencial comum, caracterizada pela legitimação do agir organizacional do processo pela eficiência, instrumentalizada, preferencialmente, pela consensualidade. O agir eficiente da Justiça abarca tanto uma ótica quantitativa (redução de custos temporais e econômicos com o processo judicial), quanto qualitativa (atingimento da percepção subjetiva de justiça do jurisdicionado). A consensualidade é vista como capaz de ensejar ambas eficiências ao promover soluções, tanto meritórias quanto organizacionais do processo, mais baratas, mais rápidas e mais participativas, em comparação às judiciais. A organização consensual do processo para a solução definitiva do conflito, seja ela consensual ou mesmo adjudicada, é o que se identifica como gerenciamento consensual do processo. Nesse, a atividade judicial é preponderantemente de supervisão da validade dos consensos organizacionais alcançados, o que é imprescíndivel diante da natureza pública do processo judicial, velando-se, assim, pelo respeito às garantias inerentes ao devido processo legal. O gerenciamento consensual do processo, portanto, se traduz em novo paradigma de divisão do trabalho entre os sujeitos processuais, e se concretiza, especialmente, em atos típicos de saneamento processual (como a fixação dos fatos controvertidos e das provas desejadas), bem como na flexibilização procedimental (inclusive a calendarização). Ademais, mesmo consensos sobre matérias processuais de ordem pública, ainda que não vinculantes ao juiz, podem representar ganhos de eficiência quantitativa e qualitativa, satisfazendo a racionalidade gerencial do processo. Nesse contexto, a conciliação e a mediação se mostram propícias à organização consensual do processo porque, com o auxílio de terceiro facilitador do diálogo, e sob a garantia da confidencialidade em face do juiz, trabalham as duas faces do conflito: de um lado, enquanto o resultado de emoções, percepções e comportamentos das partes; de outro, como a evolução dos estágios subjetivos da identificação de um dano sofrido, da culpabilização do seu causador e da consequente formulação de pretensão em face deste. Em âmbito judicial, a conciliação e a mediação são mais eficientes no fomento do gerenciamento consensual do processo do que a negociação exclusiva pelas partes ou a facilitada pelos juízes, à medida em que a prática demonstra tendência de inércia dos conflitantes em negociar diretamente sobre o processo, bem como baixa adesão judicial à organização processual consensual em audiência. Nesse sentido, foram conduzidas três séries de pesquisas empíricas qualitativas que, dentro dos limites metodológicos adotados, indicaram tendência, na amostra estudada, à maior eficiência da conciliação e da mediação judiciais para o gerenciamento consensual do processo em comparação com a negociação direta entre as próprias partes e a fomentada pelo juiz. The managerial concept arises in the judicial systems as a consequence of the transformations implemented by the new public management on the Rule of Law at the end of the 20th century. These transformations were driven by the redefinition of the bureaucratic model of Max Weber by the efficiency paradigm, as a basis for the legitimacy of the public action. The expression case management, in particular, is the result of the reforms occurred in the American and English civil procedural rules, whose different frameworks do not allow a full acceptance of its original meaning. However, it is possible to identify a common managerial rationality, based on the legitimacy of the judicial process for its efficiency, whose achievement stems from the encouragement of consensus. The search for efficiency must reflect, on the one hand, speedy conflict resolutions with lower transaction costs. On the other hand, it must satisfy the parties´ perception of fairness. Thus, the use of consensus seems to be able to foster both aspects of efficiency, as it promotes faster and cheaper solutions, not only in terms of merit, but also with regard to pretrial settings, when compared to court rulings. The consensual conduction of a case, whether for the use of alternative dispute resolution ADR, or preparing it for adjudication, is defined as consensual case management. In this scenario, judicial activity is concentrated on the review on the validity of ADR choices and procedural agreements, which is considered absolutely necessary in light of the public nature of Justice and its need to ensure due process of law. Therefore, consensual case management implies on new roles for court actors through: agreements on the facts of the dispute, burdens, faculties, evidences, scheduling of proceedings, etc. Furthermore, consensus on procedural issues, even of a public nature, although not binding to the judicial authority in this case, can still represent efficiency gains that satisfy the managerial rationality of the civil procedure. In this context, both evaluative and facilitative mediations tend to promote consensual case management, as they can allow an impartial third party to foster confidential communication. Conflict, therefore, is perceived as a consequence of emotions, perceptions and behaviors on the one hand, and on the other, as the development of three stages, naming, blaiming and claiming. Court-annexed mediation is more efficient in fostering consensual case management than pure negotiation between the parties and than judicial driven negotiation. That occurs because parties generally do not fully engaje in negotiation with regard to the procedural aspects of a case by themselves, nor do judges find it appeling to hold conferences for this purpose. In this sense, three series of qualitative empirical research were conducted, which, within the methodological limits adopted, indicated a trend, in the studied sample, towards greater efficiency of Court-annexed evaluative and facilitative mediation for the consensual case management compared to pure negotiation between the parties themselves and the one promoted by the judge.
Keywords: Acesso à justiça; Case management; Civil Procedure; Consensual case management; Consensuality; Court-annexed mediation; Devido processo legal; Litigation agreements; Management conference; Managerial rationality; Mediação e conciliação; Pretrial management; Pretrial scheduling; Princípio da eficiência; Procedimento; Procedural agreements; Processo Civil; Scheduling agreements; Settlements; contract procedure; procedural contracts

Provas ilícitas e arbitragem - Avolio, Luiz Francisco Torquato (Universidade de São Paulo, 2021)
O presente estudo é dedicado ao tema da prova ilícita na arbitragem, com sua repercussão na formação do convencimento do árbitro, em consonância com as garantias que um processo justo e equitativo impõe às partes e aos julgadores. A tutela processual de supremos valores da Constituição, pela ampla e dogmática vedação à admissibilidade das provas ilícitas no sistema brasileiro, deve permear qualquer tipo de processo, evitando-se, assim, que o uso de provas vedadas se constitua em redobrada violação dos direitos fundamentais. Por outro lado, o mais aprofundado enfoque sobre a origem e natureza da prova supostamente inadmissível poderia ensejar o manejo de provas em menor grau ou não propriamente ofensivas a essas regras e princípios, evitando que se esvazie por completo o direito à prova, comprometendo-se, por consequência, o princípio da demanda ou da ampla defesa. Nesse caso, abre-se a discussão sobre se o aporte de provas ilícitas ao processo simplesmente as legitimaria à luz do princípio da comunhão (ou aquisição) da prova, ou se poderiam ser consideradas subjetivamente ilícitas tão somente quando deduzidas contrariamente ao titular dos direitos violados, mas ao mesmo tempo lícitas para demonstrar a ocorrência de uma violação a esses direitos. No tocante às consequências práticas, se a decisão, contaminada pelo acolhimento de prova ilícita, ou, ao revés, que deixou de considerá-la, no que pertinente, comprometer o livre convencimento do árbitro, pode ensejar ação de nulidade por violação do art. 32, inciso VIII c.c. art. 21, § 2º da LA, afetando, por arrasto, os princípios da igualdade das partes e da imparcialidade do árbitro. Excepcionalmente, nos casos em que se afigure a inexistência da decisão pela fundamentação exclusiva em prova ilícita, seria possível cogitar do manejo de ação declaratória, mesmo após decorrido o prazo decadencial da ação anulatória. The study is dedicated to the theme of illegal evidence in arbitration, with its repercussion in the formation of the arbitrator's conviction, in line with the guarantees that a fair and equitable process imposes on the parties and judges. The procedural protection of the supreme values of the Constitution, by the broad and dogmatic prohibition of the admissibility of illicit evidence in the Brazilian system, must permeate any type of process, thus preventing the use of prohibited evidence from constituting a redoubled violation of fundamental rights. On the other hand, a deeper focus on the origin and nature of the supposedly inadmissible evidence could lead to the handling of evidence to a lesser degree or not properly offensive to these rules and principles, preventing the right to proof from being completely emptied, compromising, consequently, the principles of demand and full defense. In this case, a discussion arises as to whether the provision of illicit evidence to the process would simply legitimize them in light of the principle of sharing (or acquisition) of evidence, or whether they could be considered subjectively illicit only when deducted contrary to the holder of the violated rights, but at the same time lawful to demonstrate the occurrence of a violation of these rights. With regard to practical consequences, if the decision, contaminated by the acceptance of unlawful evidence, or, on the other hand, which failed to consider it, as pertinent, compromises the arbitrator's free conviction, it may give rise to an action of nullity for violation of art. 32, item VIII c.c. art. 21, § 2 of the LA, affecting, by drag, the principles of equality of the parties and the impartiality of the arbitrator. Exceptionally, in cases where it appears that the decision does not exist on the exclusive basis of unlawful evidence, it would be possible to consider handling a declaratory action, even beyond the deadline for the annulment action.
Keywords: Acquisition of evidence; Admissibility; Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitrator; Ação anulatória; Deadline; Declaratory action; Devido processo legal; Direito comparado; Direito de defesa; Equality of the parties; Evidence; Free knowledge; Full defense; Illicit proof; Impartiality of the arbitrator; Nullity action; Principles of demand; Prova ilícita

Le principe de concentration en procédure civile - Gutsunaeva, Alina (Université Côte d'Azur, 2021)
Au delà de ses manifestations connues en procédure civile, (concentration des moyens depuis 2006 et en appel celles des prétentions, des appels, des fins de non-recevoir...), cette recherche situe le principe de concentration sur un plan normatif : impératif distinct des règles techniques qu’il a permis de créer, ce principe, par des accélérations particulières de la procédure civile, impose aux parties de nouveaux comportements procéduraux et donne au juge plus de pouvoirs en cas d’inexécution. L’augmentation de la masse des contentieux et de leur durée, et l’exigence de délais raisonnables, ont dégagé un contenu protéiforme d’une concentration substantielle et matérielle dans le but de réduire le temps du procès et de lutter contre des prolongements excessifs du procès. Le principe de concentration, tout en renforçant les impératifs du procès équitable, dispose de fondements solides et légitimes au service d’une justice de qualité incorporant une célérité et une loyauté des comportements procéduraux. Cependant, pour faire face aux critiques et aux risques d’altération du principe de concentration en son état actuel, il faut, dans un nouvel encadrement juridique, envisager sa codification dans le CPC : la concentration doit être un véritable principe directeur inspirant toutes ses manifestations techniques. Pour cela il doit être accompagné d’autres principes directeurs, de célérité et de loyauté, qui lui sont nécessaires. Cela permettra notamment de déterminer les sanctions du non-respect des obligations de concentration et de tenter de régler, par une approche nouvelle, les querelles existant dans la répartition des charges procédurales incombant aux parties comme au juge dans l’allégation des faits et du droit.
Keywords: Charge de concentration et office du juge; Codification; Concentration charge and office of the judge; Célérité et loyauté de procédures; Guiding principle of concentration; Principe directeur de concentration; Procès; Procès équitable; Procédure civile; Speed and fairness of procedures

O acesso à justiça na era da automação, da inteligência artificial e da mineração de dados: o nascimento do devido processo digital (e-due process of law) - Mariano Junior, Raul (Universidade de São Paulo, 2021)
Trata o presente trabalho de aspectos da absorção da tecnologia, em especial a inteligência artificial e a automação no ambiente processual brasileiro. Discute-se aqui aspectos importantes da tecnologia ligada à computação, e a forma como já interfere e pode interferir, positiva e negativamente, no acesso à justiça (entendido como acesso à ordem jurídica justa). O conhecimento das tecnologias de machine learning, deep learning, processamento de linguagem natural, redes neurais, reconhecimento de fala, transcrições automáticas e conversão de texto em fala, já são largamente utilizados pelos tribunais, advogados e órgãos públicos, tudo num cenário transformador e disruptivo da tradição jurídica, sem qualquer ou muito pouca normatividade legal. O imbricamento da tecnologia com o princípio do devido processo legal, numa análise mais próxima, pode revelar que a tradição jurídica secular acumulada não mais se presta à finalidade de garantir decisões justas, esgarçando-se e perdendo importância e eficácia. O mundo jurídico precisa aproximar-se da tecnologia e das ciências da computação, para conformar sua aplicação e não ser conformado por elas. Por outro lado, a tecnologia computacional pode ser muito positiva no alargamento do acesso à justiça, se for adequadamente compreendida e utilizada especialmente para o tratamento de demandas repetitivas e para a aproximação da população mais carente do acesso à ordem justa. Isto se dá desde a organização e melhora das informações jurídicas disponíveis, até pelo desenho de novas formas, através do desenho de soluções de disputas, combinadas com a computação, criando vias de acesso como a ODR (Online Dispute Resolution). Pode, entretanto, esta mesma tecnologia, provocar efeitos nefastos ao estado de direito e aos direitos fundamentais se ignorada e não normatizada em tempo, traçando-se seus limites, usos, condições e responsabilidades, em velocidade equivalente ao desenvolvimento tecnológico, evitando-se, assim, lacunas de alto poder destrutivo, que certamente serão preenchidas pelo interesse econômico e político. This paper deals with aspects of technology absorption, especially artificial intelligence and automation in the Brazilian procedural environment. Important aspects of computing technology are discussed here, and the way it already interferes and can interfere, positively and negatively in the access to justice (understood as access to the fair legal order). Knowledge of machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing, neural networks, speech recognition, automatic transcriptions and text-to-speech conversion are already widely used by courts, lawyers and public bodies, all in a transformative and disruptive scenario of the legal tradition, without any or very little legal norms. The imbrication of technology with the principle of due process, in a closer analysis, may reveal that the accumulated secular legal tradition no longer lends itself to the purpose of guaranteeing fair decisions, fraying and losing importance and effectiveness. The legal world needs to get closer to technology and computer science, to conform its application and not be conformed by them. On the other hand, computational technology can be very positive in expanding access to justice, if it is properly understood and used, especially to deal with repetitive demands and to bring the poorest people closer to access to just order. This occurs from the organization and improvement of the available legal information, even through the design of new forms, through the design of dispute solutions combined with computing, creating access routes like the ODR (Online Dispute Resolution). However, this same technology can cause harmful effects to the rule of law and fundamental rights if ignored and not regulated in time, tracing its limits, uses, conditions and responsibilities, at a speed equivalent to technological development, thus avoiding gaps of high destructive power, which will certainly be filled by economic and political interest.
Keywords: ACCESS TO JUSTICE; ADR; AI; Accès à la justice; Acesso à justiça; Alternative dispute resolution; Applied computing (Law); Artificial Intelligence; Automatisation; Civil Procedure; Computação aplicada (Direito); Devido processo legal; Direitos fundamentais; Due legal process; Estado de direito; Fundamental rights; Inteligência artificial; Intelligence Artificielle; Jurisdiction; Jurisdição; Mégadonnées; ODR; Online Dispute Resolution; Processo Civil; Rule of law

Tutela jurisdicional e ambiente digital - Grings, Maria Gabriela (Universidade de São Paulo, 2021)
O trabalho estuda a tutela jurisdicional prestada aos direitos de personalidade violados, ou sob ameaça de violação, no ambiente digital, com destaque para a tutela específica e o resultado prático equivalente relacionados à obtenção de dados pessoais do autor do ilícito e o bloqueio/remoção do material disponibilizado online. Inicia-se pela breve exposição da construção do Estado moderno e da jurisdição estatal, calcada na soberania, instituto que permeia a relação entre Estados, e os princípios que regem a cooperação jurídica internacional. Na sequência, realiza-se apresentação das normas que prescrevem a jurisdição internacional civil brasileira, exclusiva e concorrente, e a cooperação jurídica internacional, com destaque para as disposições do Código de Processo Civil e dos tratados internacionais em que o Brasil é signatário. O desenvolvimento tecnológico que culminou no surgimento da internet e os instrumentos técnicos que permitem o controle do conteúdo digital são expostos no que é pertinente ao trabalho. O tema da regulação da internet é analisado, com apresentação de suas principais vertentes históricas, a autorregulação privada e a regulação estatal, abarcando também novas figuras, como o Comitê de Supervisão do Facebook, as iniciativas de autorregulação regulada e a governança multissetorial. A regulação estatal produziu variada legislação de natureza material para o ambiente digital. As variadas teorias que buscam justificar o direito aplicável e a jurisdição apta a conhecer e julgar demandas plurilocalizadas são apresentadas, bem como os julgados mais importantes. Com fundamento na teoria dos efeitos, opções para a tutela jurisdicional brasileira são expostas, iniciando-se pela via estatal, os instrumentos processuais à disposição da vítima do ato ilícito, as discussões sobre a legitimidade passiva de subsidiárias de provedores estrangeiros e sobre o local de armazenamento dos dados digitais. As disposições legais para o reconhecimento e homologação de sentenças estrangeiras no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, local de sede dos maiores provedores de aplicação, são estudadas com indicação de casos em que foi tentada a nacionalização de decisões estrangeiras naquele país. Diante das dificuldades enfrentadas, é sugerido o uso de filtros de localização geográfica para provedores de aplicação e de conexão, respeitando a soberania dos outros Estados em que o conteúdo continua disponível. Conclui-se com a apresentação dos meios alternativos de solução de conflitos, com destaque para a ODR e a ampliação do conceito de jurisdição e a viabilidade do seu uso, bem como das Cortes virtuais para a hipótese objeto do trabalho. The study analyses the enforcement jurisdiction and the online violations or threats to rights relating to the human personality, with emphasis on specific performance or its judicial equivalent, and measures to block or remove illegal online content. It is exposed the modern State and jurisdiction historical construction and its relationship with the sovereignty concept, that grounds the legal international cooperation between States. Following, the standards of the Civil Procedure Code and international treaties that prescribe the exercise of the Brazilian international jurisdiction, in exclusive and not exclusive terms, are presented. The main mechanisms used to block, remove and filter online content are exposed, as the debates about the internet regulation, with the presentation of its central options, as private and public regulation, the Facebook Oversight Board, the regulated selfregulation, and the multistakeholder internet governance. The public regulation of the internet is multiple, and the Brazilian perspective is presented. The variety of theories and precedents about the choice of law and the jurisdiction able to analyze cases involving relations that take part in more than one geographical place are studied. Based on the effect doctrine, some options to the Brazilian online enforcement jurisdiction are presented, with the study of the legal instruments available and the discussions about the passive legitimacy of local subsidiaries, as well as the controversies involving transnational data flow. The Brazilian and American legal previsions about the nationalization of foreigner decisions are studied, as cases where the American Judiciary Branch denied it based on the local legislation. Considering the difficulties faced in this scenario, the use of geolocation filters is indicated as an alternative. The study is concluded with a presentation and analysis of the alternative dispute resolution methods, specially ODR, the implications of these instruments to the concept of jurisdiction and its viability, as well the online courts to this study hypothesis.
Keywords: Alternative dispute resolution methods; Civil Procedure Code; Civil rights for the internet; Conflito de jurisdição; Content block and removal; Código de Processo Civil; Data Protection Law; Direitos da personalidade; Geolocation filter; Internet (regulação); Judicial equivalent; Judicial international cooperation; Jurisdiction; Jurisdição internacional; Mídias sociais (regulação); ODR; Personal rights; Proteção de dados pessoais; Providers; Social networks; Solução de conflito; Sovereignty; Specific performance; Tutela jurisdicional; Virtual courts

Poderes do juiz e efetividade da execução civil - Fernandes, Luís Eduardo Simardi (Universidade de São Paulo, 2021)
Nesta tese, tratamos da execução civil e das medidas executivas admitidas pelo nosso sistema para que sejam efetivados os direitos reconhecidos em títulos executivos. Partimos da premissa de que a tutela jurisdicional não será prestada de forma completa caso se limite ao reconhecimento do direito, sem que ele seja efetivado. Tratamos da crise da execução e das suas repercussões negativas. Discorremos sobre os poderes do juiz para promover a efetivação dos direitos, com análise detida do conteúdo e das repercussões do artigo 139, IV, do CPC, que autoriza a adoção das denominadas medidas executivas atípicas, inclusive nas obrigações de prestação pecuniária. Igualmente analisamos a possibilidade de as partes, através dos negócios jurídicos processuais, bilaterais ou unilaterais, contribuírem com o desenvolvimento da execução, inclusive negociando as medidas executivas aplicáveis e a adoção de sanções premiais não previstas em lei, temas que nos parecem ainda pouco explorados. Procuramos também estabelecer os limites e os parâmetros que devem ser observados pelo juiz no exercício do poder de fixar as medidas executivas, para que tal atividade não se torne fonte de surpresas, de excessos e de insegurança jurídica. Avaliamos diversas medidas executivas atípicas que vêm sendo adotadas pelos nossos tribunais, expondo justificadamente a nossa posição a respeito da admissibilidade de cada uma delas. Finalmente, por entendermos que a fixação das medidas executivas atípicas não está suficientemente regulada em lei, propomos alteração legislativa que venha a disciplinar de forma mais completa o exercício dos poderes concedidos ao juiz pelo art. 139, IV, do CPC. This thesis discusses the enforcement of court judgments in civil cases and the procedural devices allowed under the Brazilian system to enforce the rights acknowledged in enforceable instruments. It starts from the assumption that no remedy that acknowledges a right without enforcing it will be fully efficient. It deals with the enforcement of judgment crisis and the negative consequences that follow. It examines the powers that courts have in enforcing rights, primarily focused on the provisions of the Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure (CPC) authorizing courts to adopt enforcement measures which are not expressly provided for in the law (the so-called medidas executivas atípicas), delivery of money included (CPC, section 139, IV). It also examines how parties to lawsuits may contribute to the enforcement of judgments by entering into bilateral or unilateral legal transactions in the course of the proceedings, including by negotiating applicable enforcement measures and adopting positive sanctions not expressly prescribed by law topics not yet thoroughly dealt with in the legal literature. This thesis sets the limits and parameters that courts are to follow when exercising their authority to impose enforcement measures, so as to avoid surprise, abuse and legal uncertainty. This thesis examines a series of procedural devices not expressly prescribed by law and which have been adopted by Brazilian courts in enforcing judgements, and gives the author's justified position on whether each of them should be allowed in court. Finally, it draws the conclusion that Brazilian laws fail to properly regulate the adoption of enforcement measures not expressly prescribed in the law and proposes that the existing legislation be amended to govern more thoroughly the powers granted to court under section 139, IV of the CPC.
Keywords: Alemanha; Brasil; Código de Processo Civil; Direito Comparado; Enforcement measures; Enforcement of judgment; Execução; Franca; França; Inglaterra; Juízes; Limits and parameters; Measures not expressly prescribed by Law; Negócio jurídico; Portugal; Powers of court; Processo Civil; Proposed amendment to the CPC; Section 139 IV of the CPC

Global Civil Procedure - King, Alyssa S. (SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021)
A “global” civil procedure has emerged and found its way into debates over procedural reform in both international and domestic arenas. Global civil procedure includes the procedural rules, practices, and social understandings that govern transnational litigation and arbitration. A global civil procedure norm is a norm adopted across courts or arbitration providers with the purpose of making that jurisdiction or provider more competitive in attracting transnational litigation or arbitration. Global civil procedure norms are at stake in multiple present trends and debates, including model laws in commercial arbitration, the procedure of international tribunals, the debate over investment dispute resolution, the rise of courts oriented towards international litigation, and sprawling litigation spanning multiple jurisdictions and fora. On a surface level, the values reflected in global civil procedure seem to be roughly the same across jurisdictions. A common language has emerged around competition for litigation business and procedure values such as efficiency, certainty, and impartiality. Yet different legal systems do not necessarily agree on the purpose of various shared elements of global civil procedure. For democracies, for instance, the purpose of procedural reforms might be to facilitate access to justice. Other countries may favor the same reforms because they facilitate top-down administrative control of judges. Surface agreement can submerge divergent logics that may ultimately lead to very different applications of harmonized rules. This Article begins by introducing the concept of global civil procedure, who uses it, and how. Next, it considers several examples of the phenomenon including conflicts of interest rules for adjudicators, aggrega tion, and discovery or disclosure rules. Finally, it considers the limits of global civil procedure. Although the rhetoric of procedural competition can be heard across systems, procedural values do not necessarily translate both in terms of enduring divisions between legal traditions and in terms of applications by current political regimes.

Limites da jurisdição e das decisões jurisdicionais estatais no âmbito da internet - Laux, Francisco de Mesquita (Universidade de São Paulo, 2020)
A tese tem como objetivo desenvolver as relações entre o exercício da jurisdição - especialmente, a limitação territorial de eficácia das decisões - e os conflitos vinculados à postagem de manifestações infringentes na internet. A hipótese central defendida pela tese é a de que a jurisdição e as decisões judiciais estatais, quando direcionadas a remover postagens na internet, têm seu espectro de eficácia limitado ao território do Estado em que proferidas. Isso significa dizer que pessoas que se conectam à internet a partir de outros Estados não podem ser diretamente impactadas pelo comando. A tese busca demonstrar, ainda, que o modelo de reserva de jurisdição estatal não é efetivo, independentemente de critérios de eficácia territorial, para solução de problemas especialmente vinculados à disseminação em massa de manifestações danosas. A tese foi dividida em três capítulos. No primeiro, o objetivo será o de estabelecer os princípios e regras vinculados às ideias de jurisdição internacional de acordo com a legislação brasileira de direito processual civil e direito internacional privado. Na segunda parte, será a vez de abordar os temas em referência a partir das perspectivas trazidas por ordenamentos jurídicos estrangeiros, especialmente recentes pronunciamentos advindos dos Estados Unidos da América e do Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia a respeito dos limites territoriais de decisões judiciais destinadas a produzir efeitos na internet, além da apresentar uma breve contextualização de como outros países - como China, Brasil, Argentina e México - encaram fenômenos vinculados ao ambiente virtual. No terceiro e último capítulo, tais soluções serão compatibilizadas de modo a delimitar a amplitude territorial da jurisdição e das decisões jurisdicionais estatais nos casos que envolvem conflitos para retirada de postagens na internet. O capítulo abordará, também, a perspectiva de processos e decisões não estatais, adotados por gestores de redes sociais ou tribunais privados em um ambiente de autorregulação regulada, e de que modo isso pode ter reflexos no direito processual sob a ótica das noções de online dispute resolution (ODR). The thesis aims to reveal the relationship between jurisdiction (more specifically, its territorial scope/range) and the conflicts linked to posting abusive or illegal statements on the internet. The main hypothesis of the thesis is that jurisdiction and decisions rendered by the Judiciary, when directed to remove posts on the internet, have their scope/range limited to the territory of the State in which they are rendered. This means that people who connect to the internet from other States cannot be directly impacted by the decision. The thesis also seeks to demonstrate that the state jurisdiction reserve model is not effective, regardless of territorial effectiveness criteria, for solving problems especially linked to the mass dissemination of harmful manifestations. The thesis was divided into three parts. Part 1 aims to establish the principles and rules linked to the ideas of international jurisdiction in accordance with Brazilian legislation on civil procedural law and private international law. Part 2 discusses the issues in reference from the perspectives brought by foreign legal systems, especially recent pronouncements from the United States of America and the Court of Justice of the European Union regarding the territorial scope/range of judicial decisions aimed at produce effects on the internet, in addition to presenting a brief contextualization of how other countries - such as China, Brazil, Argentina and Mexico - face phenomena linked to the virtual environment. In the third and last part, such solutions will be compared in the objective of delimiting the territorial scope of the jurisdiction and of the state jurisdictional decisions in cases involving conflicts for the removal of posts on the internet. The chapter will also address the perspective of non-state processes and decisions, adopted by managers of social networks or private courts in an environment of "regulated self-regulation", and how this may have an impact on procedural law from the perspective of notions of online dispute resolution (ODR).
Keywords: Argentina; Brasil; Chile; China; Competência territorial; Direito Comparado; Direito Processual; Estados Unidos; Europa; Internet; Jurisdiction; Jurisdição; Jurisdição internacional; MARD; Mediación; Mediation; Mediação; Mediação e conciliação; Médiation; México; Mídias sociais; ODR; Online Dispute Resolution; Regulated selfregulation; Scope of jurisdiction; Social networks; Territory

Le droit d’appel dans des litiges commerciaux en République Démocratique du Congo - Kaciunga Mbenga, Joseph (KAS African Law Study Library, 2020)
Cette étude aborde une question de droit judiciaire, l'appel, qui, du reste, est un droit reconnu a toute partie au procès dont les intérêts ne sont plus respectés au premier degré de pouvoir saisir le juge supérieur. dans le cas sous espèce, nous traitons le droit d'appel les litiges commerciaux, il sied de relever à ce stade que, les matières commerciales sont en république démocratique du congo traitées d'une part par le tribunal du commerce, et soumises d'autre part, aux règles de l'acte uniforme relatif au droit commercial general. ce tribunal institué sur pied de la loi n° 002/2001 du 03 juillet 2001 portant création, organisation et fonctionnement des tribunaux de commerce, se veut une juridiction spécialisée devant la quelle ,le règles procédurales demeurent spécifiques d'autant plus qu'il est mis en place afin de traiter les matières commerciales avec célérité toute en évitant la lourdeur de tribunaux de droit commun, cependant une incohérence s'invite dans ce champs quand le législateur soumet l'appel de ces litiges commerciaux a la cour d'appel, qui n ;applique pas les règles procédurales spéciales et, on retombe dans la lourdeur tant éviter, d'où, il faudrait revoir la loi sur le tribunal de commerce en suivant le modèle de la loi qui instaure la chambre d'appel au sein même de la juridiction spécialisée et donc, que le tribunal de commerce connaisse les appels de ses jugements rendus au premier degré par une chambre d'appel en son sein

Medeni usul hukukunda inşai hüküm - Büyük, Elif Irmak (Marmara Üniversitesi, 2020)
ukuk davaları yaygın şekilde mahkemeden istenen hukuk himayeye göre bir sınıflandırılmaya tabi tutulmaktadır. Kişiler arasında geçerli olarak kurulan bir hukuki ilişkiyi bertaraf ederek yeni bir hukuki durum tesis eden davalar inşai davalar, bu davaların kabulü üzerine verilen mahkeme kararları ise inşai hükümler olarak adlandırılır. İnşai hükümler o zamana kadar var olmayan, ancak hükmün kesinleşmesiyle birlikte ortaya çıkan bir yeni bir hukuki durum yaratırlar. Kural olarak inşai hükümler herkese karşı etkilidir ve istenilen etkiyi doğurmak için icraya ya da herhangi bir aracıya ihtiyaç duymazlar. Özel hukuk alanında inşai davalar aile hukuku ve ticaret hukukunda yoğunlaşmakla birlikte, usul hukuk ve takip hukuk alanında inşai dava örnekleri de bulunmaktadır. Keza çekişmeli yargıda olduğu kadar çekişmesiz yargı işlerinde, geçici hukuki koruma tedbirleri görünümünde de inşai sonuç doğuran mahkeme kararlarına rastlanır. Bu tezde inşai hükümle ilgili temel kavramlar ele alındıktan sonra inşai hükmün özellikleri, türleri ve hükmün inşai etkisi başlıkları ayrıntılı bir şekilde ele alınacak; problemli gördüğümüz hususlarla ilgili kişisel önerilerde bulunulacaktır. Civil lawsuits are commonly subject to a classification according to the legal protection required from the court. Lawsuits which establish a new legal situation by eliminating a legal relationship established between individuals, are called constitutive lawsuits, and court verdicts made upon the acceptance of these lawsuits are called constitutive judgments. The constitutive judgments create a new legal situation that did not exist until then, but emerged with the finalization of the judgment. Likewise, as a rule, constitutive judgments are inter omnes effective against everyone and do not require execution or any means to produce the desired effect. In the field of private law, constitutive lawsuits are concentrated mostly in family law and commercial law, but there are also examples of constitutive lawsuits in the field of procedural law and law of execution. Moreover, in the area of non - contentious jurisdiction and temporary legal protections, constitutive court decisions are also exist. After considering the basic concepts related to the constitutive judgments, the features, the types and the titles of the constitutive judgments will be discussed in detail in our dissertation. Later on personal suggestions will be made on issues we consider problematic.
Keywords: Constitutive judgment; Constitutive lawsuits; Law of civil procedura; Medeni usul hukuku; İnşai davalar; İnşai hüküm

L’exécution forcée des décisions de la Cour commune de justice et d’arbitrage et des sentences arbitrales impliquant le droit de l’OHADA - Kangambega, Élisabeth L. (Revue Burkinabè de Droit, 2020)