L'intervention du juge étatique dans l'arbitrage : une approche de droit comparé - Ranjbari, Hiva (Université Paris Cité, 2021)
Aujourd'hui, l'arbitrage s'impose comme un mode indépendant de règlement des litiges. Même si l'arbitrage implique, par définition, l'exclusion de la compétence juridictionnelle des tribunaux étatiques, un lien existe entre la justice arbitrale et la justice étatique. Cette étude concerne l'intervention du juge étatique dans l'arbitrage international. Elle a été menée à partir des systèmes français, anglais et suisse. L'intervention du juge étatique dans l'arbitrage, obéit à deux principes directeurs : l'efficacité de l'arbitrage en tant qu'un mode définitif de règlement des litiges ; et le respect des droits fondamentaux et de l'ordre public international. En premier lieu, le juge peut être appelé à intervenir en soutien de l'arbitrage, complétant la compétence de l'arbitre pour des questions qui excèdent ses pouvoirs, avant et pendant la procédure arbitrale. En second lieu, il peut intervenir pour contrôler la sentence rendue. Avant le prononcé de la sentence, l'efficacité de l'arbitrage suppose l'appui du juge étatique dans certaines situations comme le commencement de la procédure arbitrale, la désignation des arbitres, ou le prononcé des mesures provisoires et conservatoires. Le juge apporte son soutien à l'arbitrage pour assurer le bon déroulement de la procédure. Après le prononcé de la sentence, l'intervention du juge prend la forme d'un contrôle judiciaire, l'idée directrice est d'assurer la protection des droits des parties et de l'ordre public international. Aujourd'hui, l'arbitrage s'impose comme un mode indépendant de règlement des litiges. Même si l'arbitrage implique, par définition, l'exclusion de la compétence juridictionnelle des tribunaux étatiques, un lien existe entre la justice arbitrale et la justice étatique. Cette étude concerne l'intervention du juge étatique dans l'arbitrage international. Elle a été menée à partir des systèmes français, anglais et suisse. L'intervention du juge étatique dans l'arbitrage, obéit à deux principes directeurs : l'efficacité de l'arbitrage en tant qu'un mode définitif de règlement des litiges ; et le respect des droits fondamentaux et de l'ordre public international. En premier lieu, le juge peut être appelé à intervenir en soutien de l'arbitrage, complétant la compétence de l'arbitre pour des questions qui excèdent ses pouvoirs, avant et pendant la procédure arbitrale. En second lieu, il peut intervenir pour contrôler la sentence rendue. Avant le prononcé de la sentence, l'efficacité de l'arbitrage suppose l'appui du juge étatique dans certaines situations comme le commencement de la procédure arbitrale, la désignation des arbitres, ou le prononcé des mesures provisoires et conservatoires. Le juge apporte son soutien à l'arbitrage pour assurer le bon déroulement de la procédure. Après le prononcé de la sentence, l'intervention du juge prend la forme d'un contrôle judiciaire, l'idée directrice est d'assurer la protection des droits des parties et de l'ordre public international.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitrage international; Arbitragem; Arbitraje; Arbitral proceedings; Arbitral tribunal; Arbitration; Dispute settlement; Interim measures; International Arbitration; Mesures provisoires; Ordre public; Procédure arbitrale; Public policy; Sentence arbitrale; Tribunal arbitral

Les compétences exclusives en matière civile et commerciale : étude de droit international privé - Georgakoudi, Nikoleta (Université Paris 1, 2021)
La consécration des règles de compétence exclusive en matière civile et commerciale est largement admise en droit international privé comparé. Elles sont généralement présentées comme étant fondées sur l’implication de la souveraineté de l’État, soit parce que son territoire est physiquement en cause soit parce que le litige concerne le fonctionnement des services publics de l’État. À ces arguments juridiques, s’ajoute une série de considérations pratiques, comme la coïncidence nécessaire entre le forum et le jus. Toutefois, les arguments avancés, afin d’expliquer l’édiction de ces règles de compétence, sont-ils véritablement convaincants, surtout si on se place dans un espace judiciaire fortement intégré, fondé sur la confiance mutuelle et la coopération, comme celui de l’Union européenne ? Le caractère raisonnable des fors exclusifs est, en effet, critiqué dans certains domaines visés, puisque la prépondérance de l’élément étatique dans une matière ne requiert pas l’adoption d’une compétence exclusive. Les règles de compétence exclusive peuvent, par ailleurs, susciter des problèmes pratiques lors de leur mise en œuvre et on assiste à une profonde mutation, au niveau européen, du for exclusif prévu en matière de propriété intellectuelle. Dans ces conditions, il convient de s’interroger sur l’avenir et même la pertinence de la survivance de ces règles. Un système alternatif d’organisation des compétences, fondé sur la coopération et le dialogue fluide entre les juges, est envisageable, dans l’espace judiciaire européen, permettant d’échapper à l’exclusivité de la compétence juridictionnelle dans certaines matières visées. The establishment of exclusive jurisdiction rules in civil and commercial matters is widely accepted in comparative private international law. These rules are generally presented as being based on the implication of State sovereignty, either because its territory is physically involved or because the dispute concerns the functioning of the State public services. In addition to these legal arguments there is a series of practical considerations that support the justification of the court’s exclusive jurisdiction, such as the necessary coincidence between the forum and the jus. However, an open question is whether the arguments, put forward to explain the adoption of these rules of jurisdiction, are really convincing, especially in a highly integrated judicial area, based on mutual trust and cooperation, such as the European Union. The rationality of exclusive fora is indeed criticized in some of the concerned areas, since the preponderance of the state element in a matter does not require the adoption of an exclusive jurisdiction rule. Moreover, the rules on exclusive jurisdiction may give rise to practical problems when implemented, and we are witnessing a profound change, at European level, of the exclusive forum provided in intellectual property matters. Under these conditions, it is appropriate to question the future and even the relevance of the survival of these rules. An alternative system of jurisdiction, based on cooperation and fluid dialogue between judges, is conceivable in the European judicial area, making it possible to avoid the court’s exclusive jurisdiction in certain targeted matters.
Keywords: Arbitrage commercial international; Arbitrage international; Civil Procedure; Compétence exclusive en raison de la matière; Conflict of jurisdictions; Conflit de juridictions; Droit international privé; European Union law; European federalism; Exclusive subject matter jurisdiction; Fédéralisme européen; Hague Convention system; International Arbitration; Mechanisms of inter-jurisdictional cooperation; Mécanismes de coopération interjuridictionnelle; Principe de souveraineté; Principle of sovereignty; Private international law; Procédure civile; Procédure civile (droit européen); Système des conventions de La Haye; Union européenne (droit)

L'obligation de règlement des différends à la charge des organisations internationales - Weil, Elodie (CY Cergy Paris Université, 2021)
Le travail de recherche porte sur les modes et modalités de règlement des différends qui mettent en cause directement une organisation internationale. En fait très peu de mécanismes de règlement des différends sont prévus ou existent pour engager la responsabilité d'une organisation internationale ou mettre en cause la légalité de l'un de ses actes. C'est vrai qu'aujourd'hui il y a une prise de conscience sur la nécessité d'organiser le règlement des différends avec le nombre croissant des organisations internationales et des litiges. Si les mécanismes se développent ils restent encore à un stade sporadique à tel point que certains considèrent que les organisations internationales agissent en toute impunité. La question est alors de savoir si elles sont liées par une obligation de prévoir un mode de règlement des différends. Il n'existe pas réellement d'obligation générale de règlement des différends à la charge de l'organisation internationale les opposant à d'autres sujets de droit international. S'agissant des différends avec des personnes privées, la multiplication des clauses de règlement des différends dans les accords de siège ou protocole sur les immunités incitent à y voir l'émergence d'une norme coutumière à la charge des organisations internationales. Ce sentiment est d'autant plus grand que l'interdiction du déni de justice incite à ce que ce mode de règlement soit au surplus entouré de principes propres au règlement juridictionnel. Sans que l'obligation de règlement des différends ne se limite au règlement juridictionnel, il y a néanmoins un développement de la part des juges nationaux à sanctionner l'organisation internationale qui ne prévoit pas de mode de règlement alternatif en mettant à l'écart l'immunité de juridiction. The means and methods for resolving disputes involving international organizationsThe research focuses on the means and methods of dispute settlement which directly involve an international organization. In fact very little dispute settlement mechanisms exist to engage the responsibility of an international organization. Howether today there is an awareness of the need to organize the settlement of disputes with the increasing number of international organizations and litigation. The obstacles to the settlements of disputes are so huge that some consider that international organizations act with impunity. The question is whether international organizations are bound by an obligation to provide for dispute settlements mechanisms. The answer is probably negative when the dispute arises between an international organization and another subject of international law. The settlement of disputes is governed by sovereignty : that means subjects of International Law have to consent to the jurisdiction of a mechanism. The problems known for States are the same for international organizations, eventhough the laters don’t have any sovereignty. As far as disputes with private individuals are concerned, the proliferation of dispute settlement clauses in headquarters agreements or protocol on immunities encourage the emergence of a customary norm in charge of international organizations. This feeling is even greater than the prohibition of denial of justice urges that this settlement is in addition surrounded by principles specific to jurisdictional settlement. Enventhough the obligation is not limited to the jurisdictional settlement, there is a development from national judges to penalize the international organization which does not provide for alternative method, by waiving their immunity.
Keywords: Dispute resolution; Immunity; Immunités; International Organizations' Liability; International organizations; Organisations internationales; Responsabilité des organisations internationales; Règlement des différends

La responsabilité civile de l'arbitre - Moreau-Cucchi, Matthieu (Université Paris-Saclay, 2021)
L’arbitrage est une institution hybride qui mêle des aspects contractuels et juridictionnels. En effet, l’arbitre est contractuellement investi d’une mission juridictionnelle consistant à trancher un litige. Or, cette hybridité ne rejaillit aujourd’hui que partiellement sur la responsabilité de l’arbitre : la responsabilité qu’il engage dans l’exercice de ses fonctions est pleinement contractuelle, mais la faute génératrice de responsabilité est définie différemment selon que le manquement se rattache ou non à la mission de juger.La présente thèse propose de tirer toutes les conséquences de la nature duale de l’arbitrage sur la responsabilité de l’arbitre. Ainsi, seuls les manquements commis par l’arbitre en sa qualité de contractant devraient être de nature à engager sa responsabilité contractuelle. Les fautes commises dans l’exercice de sa fonction juridictionnelle, en revanche, devraient conduire à l’engagement d’une responsabilité délictuelle. Pour faire le départ entre ces différents manquements, il est proposé de classer les obligations l’arbitre en distinguant celles qui sont contractuelles de celles qui sont juridictionnelles. Le critère retenu pour procéder à cette classification tient dans la comparaison entre l’arbitre et le juge étatique. Sous réserve de quelques ajustements, les obligations qui pèsent à la fois sur le juge et sur l’arbitre seront qualifiées de juridictionnelles ; celles qui ne pèsent que sur l’arbitre seront qualifiées de contractuelles.Une fois identifié le régime applicable à la responsabilité arbitrale, il reste à dérouler les conditions de sa mise en œuvre. Cela passe, d’une part, par l’identification des règles de droit international privé applicables dans les cas où le litige portant sur responsabilité de l’arbitre présente un élément d’extranéité. Dans ces hypothèses, il conviendrait de retenir des critères identiques de désignation du juge compétent et de la loi applicable : à titre principal, c’est la volonté des parties qui doit prévaloir ; à titre supplétif, le lieu du siège de l’arbitrage paraît être le critère le plus adapté pour régir la compétence du juge et la loi applicable en matière de responsabilité arbitrale.La mise en œuvre de la responsabilité de l’arbitre passe, d’autre part, par une application des conditions d’engagement de la responsabilité prévues en droit français interne. A cet égard, les conditions de droit commun tenant au fait générateur de responsabilité paraissent devoir être repensées pour pouvoir s’adapter à la question de la responsabilité arbitrale. Ainsi, s’agissant de la responsabilité délictuelle qu’encourt l’arbitre en cas de faute juridictionnelle, le fait générateur pourrait être repensé autour de la notion de faute lourde juridictionnelle. Celle-ci serait définie comme un manquement de l’arbitre à ses obligations juridictionnelles essentielles, lequel suppose un défaut d’impartialité ou d’indépendance auquel s’ajoute la violation d’une autre obligation juridictionnelle. S’agissant de la responsabilité contractuelle qu’encourt l’arbitre en cas de faute contractuelle, la thèse propose d’identifier, pour chaque obligation contractuelle, le comportement qui peut être attendu de l’arbitre et, en miroir, celui qui pourrait être considéré comme un manquement. Sur cette question, en effet, la distinction classique entre les obligations de moyens et de résultat n’est d’aucun secours pour identifier les manquements générateurs de responsabilité.S’agissant ensuite de la question du dommage et du lien de causalité, les règles qui les entourent dans le droit commun de la responsabilité paraissent adaptées à la responsabilité arbitrale. Elles devraient donc pouvoir être mobilisées en l’état, sous réserve de préciser les types de dommages réparables, notamment en termes de perte de chance, et de trancher en faveur de la théorie de l’équivalence des conditions pour apprécier le lien de causalité, tant en matière contractuelle que délictuelle. Arbitration is a hybrid institution in which contractual and jurisdictional aspects are mixed. As a matter of fact, an arbitrator is invested by a contract with the mission to settle a dispute. And yet, this hybridity does only partially reflect on arbitral liability. The arbitrator’s liability is always contractual, but the misconduct that gives rise to his liability is defined differently when it is related to his jurisdictional mission.The present thesis tries to draw all the consequences from the hybrid nature of arbitration, concerning liability matters. Thus, the liability should be contractual only when the misconduct occurred while the arbitrator was acting as a contractor. By contrast, when he acts as a judge, his liability should be tortious. In order to distinguish those different situations, we offer to classify arbitrators’ obligations into two categories based on a comparison between arbitrators and judges. Overall, the obligations that lie with judge and arbitrators would be jurisdictional and would give rise to tort liability. On the contrary, the obligations that only weigh on arbitrators would be contractual and would give rise to contractual liability.Once one knows which set of rules to apply when it comes to arbitral liability, it remains to implement those rules. In this perspective, it is necessary, firstly, to know which court is competent and which law is applicable to international arbitral liability cases. Regarding jurisdiction as well as law applicable, it seems that same criteria should be used : parties’ will should be applied in the first place. On a suppletive basis, if there is no agreement between parties, the dispute regarding arbitral liability should be submitted to the courts of the State where the place of arbitration has been settled. Likewise, the law applicable to this dispute should be determined by the place of arbitration if the parties did not choose another law.Secondly, it is necessary to determine which conditions need to be fulfilled so that the arbitrator can be found liable, according to French internal liability law. In this regard, it appears necessary to adapt general law of liability to the specificities of arbitral liability. Concerning tort law, the misconduct giving rise to liability could be defined as jurisdictional gross misconduct. It would be characterized when the arbitrator has not been independent or impartial and has furthermore breached another jurisdictional obligation. As for contractual liability, misconducts should be defined on a case-by-case basis : different misconducts should be identified with each contractual obligations, for there is no general definition of contractual misconduct. The distinction between obligations of means and obligations of result is of no use when one tries to know precisely which behavior will give rise to contractual liability.Finally, concerning prejudice and causal link, general law of liability can be applied as it stands to arbitral liability without any modification. It only appears necessary to specify what damages can be remedied, notably regarding loss of chance. Moreover, the causal link should always be applied on the basis of equivalence of conditions rather than adequate causation, both in contractual and tort liability.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitrator; Arbitre; Civil; Civile; Liability; Responsabilité; Responsabilité (droit); Responsabilité contractuelle

Les demandes reconventionnelles de l’Etat en arbitrage transnational - Abonnat Ruggeri, Elise (Université Paris 2, 2021)
La demande reconventionnelle est une prétention du défendeur à l’instance qui revêt une finalité offensive et défensive. Reconnue en droit du contentieux international comme un droit dans le patrimoine du défendeur, elle est une demande incidente qui vise à contre-attaquer sur le plan substantiel le demandeur principal. Dans le contentieux transnational de l’investissement, l’appréciation de la compétence et de la recevabilité des demandes reconventionnelles par les tribunaux arbitraux est entravée par l’asymétrie des instruments de protection des investissements étrangers dont l’objet est principalement axé sur la protection des droits des investisseurs. Proposant une interprétation restrictive des conditions d’admission des demandes reconventionnelles, certains tribunaux arbitraux amenuisent l’effectivité du droit de contre-attaquer, notamment lorsque le traité applicable au différend prévoit des obligations réciproques limitées. Toutefois, l’objet du différend d’investissement que l’arbitre est appelé à trancher n’est pas toujours limité à l’ensemble normatif prévu par l’instrument servant de base à la demande de l’investisseur et peut couvrir une pluralité de normes. La diversité du droit applicable au différend d’investissement et l’étendue de la compétence matérielle des tribunaux arbitraux devrait ainsi permettre qu’un Etat mette en cause la licéité du comportement de l’investisseur au regard de l’ordre juridique interne et international. La demande reconventionnelle des Etats pose alors la question de la capacité de l’investisseur internationalement protégé à voir sa responsabilité engagée pour la violation du droit de l’Etat hôte et parfois aussi du droit international. Les demandes reconventionnelles peuvent alors servir d’agent révélateur des attentes légitimes de l’Etat à l’égard de l’investisseur internationalement protégé. Counterclaims are legal pretentions of the defendant with an offensive and a defensive character in relation to the claim of the other party. Recognized in international dispute settlement as a right of a defendant party, counterclaims are incidental claims aimed at pursuing substantial objectives rather than the mere dismissal of the main claim. In international investment arbitration, the establishment of jurisdiction over counterclaims is problematic because of the asymmetric nature of international investment agreements which are mainly dedicated to the protection of foreign investors’ rights. Adopting a restrictive approach of admissibility, arbitral tribunals have curtailed the effectivity of the right to counterclaim specifically when the applicable treaty contains limited reciprocal obligations. However, the subject- matter of an investment dispute may extend beyond the normative framework of the treaty, involving a plurality of norms. Thus, the diversity of the applicable law and the extended scope of material jurisdiction should enable States to allege violations of various obligations stemming from the domestic or the international legal orders. As a consequence, counterclaims raise the question of the investor’s capacity to be held responsible for breaches of domestic or international obligations, and can be deemed a vehicle to unveil the State’s legitimate expectations towards internationally protected investors.
Keywords: Admissibility; Compétence; Connection; Connexité; Counterclaims; Demande reconventionnelle; Demandes reconventionnelles; Diligence due; Domestic law; Droit international; Droit interne; Due diligence; Due diligence (droit international); Fondements juridiques; International law; Jurisdiction; Legal basis of claims; Objet du différend; Recevabilité; Responsabilité; Responsibility; Subject matter of the dispute

Pratique de l'arbitrage international en Algérie : enjeux et modernisation - Bouchelaghem, Saloua (Revue des Sciences Juridiques et Politiques, 2021)
A l’instar des autres pays, l’Algérie a adopté la conception dualiste de l’arbitrage, avec un régime juridique réservé à l’arbitrage interne et un autre destiné à réglementer l’arbitrage international par des dispositions particulières (Titre II Chapitre IV du CPCA). Ce qui laisse supposer une plus grande faveur pour l’arbitrage international dont le régime juridique est moins contraignante que celui de l’arbitrage interne. Ce droit de l’arbitrage parvenu certes à un stade en évolution vers la modernité ne comporte pas moins certaines lacunes que le législateur ne manquera pas de combler au gré de l’expérience de la pratique. Like the other countries, Algeria has adopted the dualistic conception of arbitration, with a legal regime reserved for internal arbitration and another intended to regulate international arbitration by specific provisions (Title II Chapter IV of the CPCA). This suggests a greater favor for international arbitration, whose legal regime is less restrictive than that of internal arbitration. this law of arbitration, which has certainly reached a stage in evolution towards modernity, nevertheless has certain shortcomings, which the legislator will not fail to fill with the experience of practice.
Keywords: Algérie; Arbitrage; Arbitrage international; Arbitragem; Arbitraje; Arbitration; Contrôle des sentences internationales; Etat; Examination of international awards; Juge étatique; Personnes publiques; State judge; public figures

Noms de domaine et modes alternatifs de règlement de conflits - Pavlenko Chapuis, Radmila (Université Paris 2, 2021)
Afin de régler les litiges relatifs aux noms de domaine, l’ICANN, entité gouvernant le DNS, crée en 1999 la procédure UDRP (Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy, en français : règlement uniforme des litiges relatifs aux noms de domaine). Il s’agit du plus connu mais également du plus controversé des modes alternatifs de règlement de conflits en ligne. Il s'inscrit dans un millefeuille procédural au sein duquel l’ICANN superpose un grand nombre de procédures destinées à prévenir ou résoudre des litiges relatifs aux noms de domaine. Cette obscure et complexe matrice que l’ICANN qualifie d’ « administrative », n'organise cependant ni le rapport de ces procédures entre elles ni avec le droit étatique. Ces dernières années, une augmentation stratosphérique des litiges sur les noms de domaine est observée, résultant de la multiplication exponentielle de l'utilisation d'Internet par l'ensemble de la population mondiale suite à la crise sanitaire. Dans ce contexte, la sécurité juridique des titulaires de droits de propriété intellectuelle invite à repenser l'organisation du règlement des litiges relatifs aux noms de domaine en le faisant bénéficier d’une réforme unificatrice. Elle offre non seulement l'opportunité de créer un système de règlement de litiges unique mais également d’en préciser la nature et de clarifier les concepts à prouver. À cette fin, nous proposons de transformer le système actuel, historiquement extrajudiciaire et par nature privé, en un processus d'arbitrage avec l'objectif d'établir un lien procédural entre le système extrajudiciaire de l’ICANN et le droit étatique ainsi que d’assurer davantage de garanties procédurales aux parties. In order to settle disputes relating to the registration of internet domain names, ICANN, the governing body of the DNS, created the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) in 1999. This is the best known but also the most controversial of the alternative methods of online dispute resolution. UDPR is a part of the arbitration structure in which ICANN imposes a process intended to prevent or resolve disputes relating to domain names. The obscure and complex matrix that ICANN qualifies as ''administrative'', does not organize the relationship of these arbitration procedures to each other or to state law. In recent years, a stratospheric increase in domain name disputes has been observed, resulting from the ten-fold increase in Internet use by the entire world population following the Covid health crisis.In this context, the legal security of the holders of Intellectual Property (IP) rights invites a rethinking of the organization of the settlement of disputes relating to domain names by proposing a unifying reform. This offers an opportunity to create a new unique dispute resolution system, and also to specify its nature and clarify the concepts to be proven. Towards this end, we propose a full reform to transform the current system, which has been historically extrajudicial and is by its nature private, into a full arbitration process, pursuing the objective of establishing a procedural link of the extrajudicial system with state law as well as to provide more procedural guarantees to all parties.
Keywords: ADR; Alternative dispute resolution; Alternative methods; Arbitrage; Arbitrage (droit); Arbitragem; Arbitraje; Arbitration; DNS; Disputes; Domain names; Extra-Judicial system; Extra-judiciaire; ICANN; Internet Corporation for Asigned Names and Numbers; Litiges; Marques de commerce; Modes alternatifs de règlement des conflits; Noms de domaine; Noms de domaine (Internet) -- Droit; ODR; Online dispute resolution; Règlement de conflits; Système de règlement de litiges unique; UDRP; Unique dispute resolution system

Provas ilícitas e arbitragem - Avolio, Luiz Francisco Torquato (Universidade de São Paulo, 2021)
O presente estudo é dedicado ao tema da prova ilícita na arbitragem, com sua repercussão na formação do convencimento do árbitro, em consonância com as garantias que um processo justo e equitativo impõe às partes e aos julgadores. A tutela processual de supremos valores da Constituição, pela ampla e dogmática vedação à admissibilidade das provas ilícitas no sistema brasileiro, deve permear qualquer tipo de processo, evitando-se, assim, que o uso de provas vedadas se constitua em redobrada violação dos direitos fundamentais. Por outro lado, o mais aprofundado enfoque sobre a origem e natureza da prova supostamente inadmissível poderia ensejar o manejo de provas em menor grau ou não propriamente ofensivas a essas regras e princípios, evitando que se esvazie por completo o direito à prova, comprometendo-se, por consequência, o princípio da demanda ou da ampla defesa. Nesse caso, abre-se a discussão sobre se o aporte de provas ilícitas ao processo simplesmente as legitimaria à luz do princípio da comunhão (ou aquisição) da prova, ou se poderiam ser consideradas subjetivamente ilícitas tão somente quando deduzidas contrariamente ao titular dos direitos violados, mas ao mesmo tempo lícitas para demonstrar a ocorrência de uma violação a esses direitos. No tocante às consequências práticas, se a decisão, contaminada pelo acolhimento de prova ilícita, ou, ao revés, que deixou de considerá-la, no que pertinente, comprometer o livre convencimento do árbitro, pode ensejar ação de nulidade por violação do art. 32, inciso VIII c.c. art. 21, § 2º da LA, afetando, por arrasto, os princípios da igualdade das partes e da imparcialidade do árbitro. Excepcionalmente, nos casos em que se afigure a inexistência da decisão pela fundamentação exclusiva em prova ilícita, seria possível cogitar do manejo de ação declaratória, mesmo após decorrido o prazo decadencial da ação anulatória. The study is dedicated to the theme of illegal evidence in arbitration, with its repercussion in the formation of the arbitrator's conviction, in line with the guarantees that a fair and equitable process imposes on the parties and judges. The procedural protection of the supreme values of the Constitution, by the broad and dogmatic prohibition of the admissibility of illicit evidence in the Brazilian system, must permeate any type of process, thus preventing the use of prohibited evidence from constituting a redoubled violation of fundamental rights. On the other hand, a deeper focus on the origin and nature of the supposedly inadmissible evidence could lead to the handling of evidence to a lesser degree or not properly offensive to these rules and principles, preventing the right to proof from being completely emptied, compromising, consequently, the principles of demand and full defense. In this case, a discussion arises as to whether the provision of illicit evidence to the process would simply legitimize them in light of the principle of sharing (or acquisition) of evidence, or whether they could be considered subjectively illicit only when deducted contrary to the holder of the violated rights, but at the same time lawful to demonstrate the occurrence of a violation of these rights. With regard to practical consequences, if the decision, contaminated by the acceptance of unlawful evidence, or, on the other hand, which failed to consider it, as pertinent, compromises the arbitrator's free conviction, it may give rise to an action of nullity for violation of art. 32, item VIII c.c. art. 21, § 2 of the LA, affecting, by drag, the principles of equality of the parties and the impartiality of the arbitrator. Exceptionally, in cases where it appears that the decision does not exist on the exclusive basis of unlawful evidence, it would be possible to consider handling a declaratory action, even beyond the deadline for the annulment action.
Keywords: Acquisition of evidence; Admissibility; Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitrator; Ação anulatória; Deadline; Declaratory action; Devido processo legal; Direito comparado; Direito de defesa; Equality of the parties; Evidence; Free knowledge; Full defense; Illicit proof; Impartiality of the arbitrator; Nullity action; Principles of demand; Prova ilícita

Arbitration as a Legal Mechanism in the Settlement of Disputes under Cameroonian Law - Tambe, Hans; Forbi, Nduah Esther; Epie, Mousinga Adele (Social Science Research Network, 2021)
Recently, commercial activities in the state of Cameroon are evolving and there is an inflow of investors from within the OHADA Zone and other regions of the world to Cameroon. This has led to the proliferation of commercial contracts such as concession contracts, production sharing agreements, risk contracts between the Republic of Cameroon and foreign investors, or contracts between individuals of foreign countries as well as with Cameroonian nationals. Commonly, contracts may be breached and disagreements surface among the contracting parties. The difficulties pose is in the manner to settle such disagreements in a friendly manner to maintain the relationship between the parties and to enables the contracting parties to resolve the disputes more cost-effectively and increase business efficiency in Cameroon. However, the state of Cameroon has a favorable attitude towards bilateral and multilateral investment treaties to guarantee protection to investors in the territory. This elucidates the reason why the government of Cameroon has enacted laws and ratified regional and international treaties, aimed at safeguarding a smooth atmosphere for investors and other commercial traders particularly in the domain of arbitration to help in resolving disputes in case of any disagreement among contracting parties. This article will present the authorities involved in arbitration with the experience regarding the application of the various law and institutions concerned with the arbitration. This will also help contracting parties or investors to understand the legal mechanisms in the settlement of disputes through arbitration in Cameroon.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; dispute; legal; mechanism; settlement

O acesso à justiça na era da automação, da inteligência artificial e da mineração de dados: o nascimento do devido processo digital (e-due process of law) - Mariano Junior, Raul (Universidade de São Paulo, 2021)
Trata o presente trabalho de aspectos da absorção da tecnologia, em especial a inteligência artificial e a automação no ambiente processual brasileiro. Discute-se aqui aspectos importantes da tecnologia ligada à computação, e a forma como já interfere e pode interferir, positiva e negativamente, no acesso à justiça (entendido como acesso à ordem jurídica justa). O conhecimento das tecnologias de machine learning, deep learning, processamento de linguagem natural, redes neurais, reconhecimento de fala, transcrições automáticas e conversão de texto em fala, já são largamente utilizados pelos tribunais, advogados e órgãos públicos, tudo num cenário transformador e disruptivo da tradição jurídica, sem qualquer ou muito pouca normatividade legal. O imbricamento da tecnologia com o princípio do devido processo legal, numa análise mais próxima, pode revelar que a tradição jurídica secular acumulada não mais se presta à finalidade de garantir decisões justas, esgarçando-se e perdendo importância e eficácia. O mundo jurídico precisa aproximar-se da tecnologia e das ciências da computação, para conformar sua aplicação e não ser conformado por elas. Por outro lado, a tecnologia computacional pode ser muito positiva no alargamento do acesso à justiça, se for adequadamente compreendida e utilizada especialmente para o tratamento de demandas repetitivas e para a aproximação da população mais carente do acesso à ordem justa. Isto se dá desde a organização e melhora das informações jurídicas disponíveis, até pelo desenho de novas formas, através do desenho de soluções de disputas, combinadas com a computação, criando vias de acesso como a ODR (Online Dispute Resolution). Pode, entretanto, esta mesma tecnologia, provocar efeitos nefastos ao estado de direito e aos direitos fundamentais se ignorada e não normatizada em tempo, traçando-se seus limites, usos, condições e responsabilidades, em velocidade equivalente ao desenvolvimento tecnológico, evitando-se, assim, lacunas de alto poder destrutivo, que certamente serão preenchidas pelo interesse econômico e político. This paper deals with aspects of technology absorption, especially artificial intelligence and automation in the Brazilian procedural environment. Important aspects of computing technology are discussed here, and the way it already interferes and can interfere, positively and negatively in the access to justice (understood as access to the fair legal order). Knowledge of machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing, neural networks, speech recognition, automatic transcriptions and text-to-speech conversion are already widely used by courts, lawyers and public bodies, all in a transformative and disruptive scenario of the legal tradition, without any or very little legal norms. The imbrication of technology with the principle of due process, in a closer analysis, may reveal that the accumulated secular legal tradition no longer lends itself to the purpose of guaranteeing fair decisions, fraying and losing importance and effectiveness. The legal world needs to get closer to technology and computer science, to conform its application and not be conformed by them. On the other hand, computational technology can be very positive in expanding access to justice, if it is properly understood and used, especially to deal with repetitive demands and to bring the poorest people closer to access to just order. This occurs from the organization and improvement of the available legal information, even through the design of new forms, through the design of dispute solutions combined with computing, creating access routes like the ODR (Online Dispute Resolution). However, this same technology can cause harmful effects to the rule of law and fundamental rights if ignored and not regulated in time, tracing its limits, uses, conditions and responsibilities, at a speed equivalent to technological development, thus avoiding gaps of high destructive power, which will certainly be filled by economic and political interest.
Keywords: ACCESS TO JUSTICE; ADR; AI; Accès à la justice; Acesso à justiça; Alternative dispute resolution; Applied computing (Law); Artificial Intelligence; Automatisation; Civil Procedure; Computação aplicada (Direito); Devido processo legal; Direitos fundamentais; Due legal process; Estado de direito; Fundamental rights; Inteligência artificial; Intelligence Artificielle; Jurisdiction; Jurisdição; Mégadonnées; ODR; Online Dispute Resolution; Processo Civil; Rule of law

Capacity of the International Investment Arbitration Mechanism in Environmental Protection - Habibi Majandeh, Mohammad; Gholami, Afife (Public Law Researsh, 2021)
Environmental considerations have always been a challenge for foreign investment. The need to observe environmental minimums from the beginning to the end of the investment is also a concern of environmental law activists. In the meantime, the host state faces sometimes conflicting commitments. State dual obligations to foreign investors on the one hand, and the whole citizens on the other, has in many cases led to disputes, rooted in environmental norms. The main question is how the arbitration mechanism can take an active stand in the face of such disputes? The main purpose of this study is to examine the reflection of these conflicts in investment arbitration and the importance and role of arbitration in improving the environmental status. The authors of this paper believe that the arbitration system has tools that it can use in resolving disputes to balance these conflicting obligations. Some of these legal tools are directly or indirectly related to investment agreements, and others are beyond the treaty and based on international principles, rules, customs and practices. ملاحظات محیط زیستی همواره یکی از چالش های پیشروی سرمایه گذاری خارجی بوده است. لزوم رعایت حداقل های زیست‌محیطی از آغاز تا پایان سرمایه گذاری، از دغدغه های فعالان حوزه حقوق محیط زیست نیز می باشد. در این میان دولت میزبان با تعهداتی بعضاً متعارض روبروست. تعهدات دوگانه دولت در برابر سرمایه گذار از یک طرف و عموم شهروندان از طرف دیگر، در موارد متعددی به بروز اختلافاتی منجر شده که ریشه در هنجارهای محیط زیستی دارد. پرسش اصلی این است که سازوکار داوری در مواجهه با این نوع اختلافات، چگونه می تواند فعالانه موضع گیری نمایند؟ هدف اصلی این مطالعه بررسی بازتاب تعارض ها در رویه داوری سرمایه گذاری و اهمیت و نقش داوری در بهبود وضعیت محیط زیستی است. نویسندگان این نوشتار بر این باورند که سیستم داوری، ابزارهایی در اختیار دارد که می تواند از آنها در جریان حل اختلاف برای ایجاد تعادل میان این تعهدات متعارض استفاده کند. برخی از این ابزارهای حقوقی مستقیم یا غیرمستقیم با معاهدات سرمایه‌گذاری مرتبط است و دستهای دیگر فرامعاهده ای و ناشی از اصول، قواعد، عرف ها و رویه های بین المللی است.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Bilateral Treaties; Environmental Protection; International Arbitration; Investment Disputes; Legal Instruments; ابزار حقوقی; اختلافات سرمایه‌گذاری; حمایت از محیط ‌زیست; داوری بین‌المللی; معاهدات دوجانبه

Comparison of Egyptian and English Mediation Procedures in Construction - Swelam, Ahmed; Eldosouky, Adel Ibrahim; El Korany, Tamer Mostafa (Journal of Engineering Research, 2021)
The mediation process is the parties' will to the dispute to reach an amicable, non-binding settlement to end their dispute. The Egyptian legislature adopted the idea of issuing a draft law on mediation in civil and commercial matters to settle disputes between the parties, whether before the litigation stage or after appearing before the courts. The Egyptian Ministry of Justice held many community dialogue sessions to find the final version of the draft law. However, the concerned authorities have not issued the law until writing this paper. This research aims to compare and analyze the Egyptian mediation procedures and the British mediation procedures to improve, develop, and enhance the Egyptian ones especially the draft law as well as overcoming the obstacles that hinder the spread of mediation. On the one hand, presenting the Egyptian procedures in the draft mediation law and the rules of the Cairo Regional Center for International Commercial Arbitration, CRCICA. On the other hand, the British procedures represented in the Institute of Civil Engineers' mediation rules, ICE.
Keywords: Egypt; England; Mediation

Post award arbitral tribunal's mandate under the UNCITRAL Model Law and national laws based thereon - Al Hyari, Omar Hisham; Al Ani, Abdullah Rabee (Heliyon, 2021)
The UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration provides for the extension of the mandate of the arbitral tribunal post issuance of the final award for the issuance of correction, interpretation, additional award, and remittance of the award back to the arbitral tribunal to remove grounds for challenging the award. Using a doctrinal approach, this paper examines the deviations of the national laws of adopting jurisdictions from the Model Law in regards to this extended mandate, and evaluates the improvements and drawbacks in these deviations. Mainly, the findings of this paper are that, of the many deviations, the positive changes are those that provide comfortable and lenient default provisions for the benefit of inexperienced parties, and since correction, interpretation, additional award, and remittance are useful provisions that are designed to help self-rectify the arbitral process, without adversely delaying it, then the changes that increase the efficacy of these provisions are welcomed. On the other hand, unnecessary deviations are seen as drawbacks that hinder the harmonization of national arbitration laws aimed at by the Model Law. The adopting jurisdictions shall be limited to those acknowledged as such by the UNCITRAL.
Keywords: Additional award; Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Arbitrators' mandate; Award; Correction; Interpretation; Model Law jurisdictions; UNCITRAL Model Law

Mediación y Cultura de Paz en los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible 2030 - Gonzalo-Quiroga, Marta (Polo del Conocimiento, 2021)
El objetivo de la presente contribución es analizar el papel de la mediación como bisagra referencial entre dos de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) para 2030: el núm. 4 -Educación- y el núm. 16 -Paz, Justicia, e Instituciones sólidas-. La metodología empleada parte de un estudio del panorama internacional para detenerse en la legislación española, tanto en mediación como en educación en cultura de paz, con las correspondientes novedades al respecto. Todo ello responde a una investigación analítica sobre distintas bases legislativas, documentales y bibliográficas que, como resultado, ha dado lugar a la creación de distintas tablas que resumen la investigación y, pretendemos, contribuyan a facilitar su difusión, en el marco de los ODS 2030. Se trata así de promover la mediación como una de las herramientas esenciales para fomentar la convivencia pacífica, la educación y la justicia en el contexto universal de la cultura de la paz.
Keywords: Cultura de Paz; Cultura de paz; Culture of Peace; Educación; Education; Educação; Justice; Justicia; Justiça; Mediación; Mediation; Mediação; Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS); Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável; Sustainable Development Goals

L’autonomie de la clause en droit privé - Tawk, Ghassan (Université de Montpellier, 2021)
L’autonomie un vocable recouvrant deux réalités : la « séparabilité » et « l’indépendance ». L’autonomie de la clause compromissoire se traduit par la SEPARABILITE de la clause et non pas par son indépendance puisqu’elle se trouve parmi les autres clauses du contrat de base. La séparabilité signifie que cette clause est différente des autres clauses dans son existence, son objet et sa portée et elle ne partage pas leur sort. Les effets de cette séparabilité se résument en une autonomie matérielle qui permet, d’une part, la survie de la clause compromissoire au contrat principal, l’absence de contagion des vices qui pourraient affecter le contrat et, d’autre part, elle l’autorise à être soumise à une loi différente de celle qui régit le reste du contrat et si les parties ont choisi la loi applicable à leur contrat, rien ne permet d’affirmer que cette même loi devrait régir la clause compromissoire, puisque celle-ci est fort différente dans son objet et sa nature du contrat qui la contient.En revanche, le principe de l’autonomie de la garantie autonome signifie L’INDEPENDANCE totale et ceci veut dire inopposabilité des exceptions contenu dans d’autres contrats ou instruments annexes s’y rapportant. Le mécanisme de la garantie autonome aboutit à la création d’une pluralité de rapports contractuels dont l’enchainement chronologique se présente par la création de deux contrats distincts et indépendants. L’appel de la garantie la rend irrévocable et exigible immédiatement sans contestations se rapportant au contrat de base et sans pouvoir lui opposer les exceptions qui pourraient s’appliquer à ce contrat.
Keywords: Arbitration clause; Autonomie; Autonomy; Clause compromissoire; Garantie autonome; Guarantees; Independence; Indépendance; Separability; Séparabilité; Sûretés (droit)

L'incidence de l'arbitrage et les situations triangulaires : Étude à la lumière de l'évolution du sort de la caution solidaire - El Hajj, Joyce (Université de Montpellier, 2021)
La Cour de cassation a mis fin aux controverses jurisprudentielles et doctrinales sur la qualité de la caution solidaire quant à la clause compromissoire, et cela en refusant l’application de la théorie de la représentation mutuelle des coobligés et en la qualifiant de « tierce personne », ouvrant par ce fait la porte à la tierce opposition. La transposition de la solution avancée par la Haute Cour, a été parfaitement appliquée à l’assureur non-signataire de la clause compromissoire insérée dans un contrat liant son assuré à une autre personne, même en présence de la clause de direction de procès dans le contrat d’assurance. Enfin, la possibilité de l’application de cette solution a été étudiée au cas par cas sur l’effet de la clause compromissoire statutaire à l’égard d’un futur ou ex- associé. The Court of Cassation put an end to the jurisprudential and doctrinal controversies on the quality of the joint and several sureties regarding the compromise clause, and this by refusing the application of the theory of mutual representation of the co-owners and by characterizing it as “third party”, thereby opening the door to the third-party opposition. The transposition of the solution proposed by the High Court was perfectly applied to the insurer who did not sign the arbitration clause inserted in a contract binding his insured person to another person, even in the presence of the trial management clause in the insurance contract. Finally, the possibility of applying this solution has been studied on a case-by-case basis on the effect of the statutory arbitration clause on a future or ex-partner.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Assureur non-Signataire; Caution solidaire; Cautionnement; Clause compromissoire; Codébiteurs; Corporate law; Droit des sociétés; Joint and several sureties; Non-Signatory insurer; Third party; Tierce opposition; Tiers (droit)

Les centres d’arbitrage de l’espace OHADA face aux technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) - Ndongo Dimouamoua, Céline (Revue Juridique de la Sorbonne, 2021)
Depuis l’adoption de l’Acte uniforme relatif au droit de l’arbitrage, les centres d’arbitrage se sont multipliés dans la zone OHADA. Même si tous ces centres ne sont pas au même niveau de développement, les acteurs économiques leur confient de plus en plus le règlement de leurs différends. Toutefois, la fermeture des aéroports, la limitation des déplacements, l’impossibilité de se réunir, conséquences de la crise sanitaire mondiale apparue en mars 2020, ont perturbé le fonctionnement des centres d’arbitrage du monde entier, y compris ceux situés dans la zone OHADA. En abolissant les distances et les contraintes de temps, les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) se sont révélées être des moyens efficaces de contournement des difficultés nées de la pandémie. En effet, les grands centres d’arbitrage en ont profité pour mettre en œuvre des solutions technologiques permettant de réduire l’impact de la crise sur les procédures arbitrales. Dans cet environnement hautement concurrentiel, la question de l’arbitrage en ligne dans les centres d’arbitrage de l’espace OHADA s’est alors de facto posée. La question de la place réservée aux TIC dans l’administration des procédures par ces centres et les moyens d’y développer l’arbitrage à distance est posée. Pour répondre à cette double interrogation, un état des lieux de l’arbitrage en ligne dans les centres d’arbitrage de la zone a été fait. Il en ressort que les règlements d’arbitrage des centres abordent le sujet de manière lacunaire. Bien plus, l’environnement économique et technologique dans lequel ils évoluent peut constituer un frein au recours aux TIC. La nécessité de compléter les règlements d’arbitrage sur des questions comme la cybersécurité, l’organisation des réunions virtuelles ou encore la signature électronique des documents est clairement apparue. Afin d’accélérer le développement de l’arbitrage en ligne, les centres d’arbitrage situés dans l’espace OHADA doivent aussi former leur personnel à l’usage des TIC, encourager les parties à signer des cyber-protocoles, et mettre à leur disposition des guides d’usage des TIC dans les procédures arbitrales. En pratique, la révolution numérique dans les centres d’arbitrage africains n’aura pas lieu sans les efforts combinés des centres, des parties et des arbitres. 22 ans après l’adoption de l’AUA, la compétitivité et la maturité des centres d’arbitrage de l’espace OHADA seront fonction de leurs capacités à intégrer les TIC dans leurs méthodes de travail.
Keywords: Arbitrage en ligne; Arbitrage institutionnel; Arbitration centres; Centres d’arbitrage; Cyber protocol; Cyber-protocole; Guides sur l’arbitrage en ligne; ICT; Institutional arbitration; OHADA; Online Dispute Resolution; Online arbitration guides; TIC; Vidéoconférence

La détermination du droit applicable à l’arbitrage - Lacreta, Isabela (Université Paris 10, 2021)
La détermination de la loi applicable à la résolution des crises juridiques entre les parties est la première étape de l’activité juridictionnelle dans les cas où un élément d’extranéité est présent. Il s’agit d’une étape essentielle pour assurer la protection juridictionnelle. Tout arbitrage est, du point de vue du système juridique du droit national, étranger à celui-ci. L’arbitre est l’autorité juridictionnelle du système juridique autonome de droit transnational, un système qui est déconnecté du système national, dans lequel le juge étatique est l’autorité juridictionnelle naturelle. L’État a le pouvoir de décider de la part de souveraineté à laquelle il souhaite renoncer en faveur de l’arbitre. En matière d’arbitrage, l’étendue de l’autonomie de la volonté des parties est largement reconnue, tant dans ses dimensions procédurales que matérielles. Rares sont les cas où les parties prévoient expressément les droits qui régiront leurs arbitrages. Droits, au pluriel, non seulement en raison de la nature transnationale des arbitrages, mais aussi en raison de la spécificité des questions soumises à la protection des arbitres. Chaque question doit être régie par son propre droit, conformément à la technique de dépeçage. Les méthodologies de conflit de lois propres au système juridique national, de nature interne et publique, ne sont pas adaptées et ne doivent pas être transposées en matière d’arbitrage. La multitude de questions pouvant être discutées dans un arbitrage exige une délimitation de l’objet de cette étude. Celle-ci est ainsi exclusivement consacrée au droit applicable à l’arbitrage, en particulier aux droits applicables à la convention d’arbitrage, au procès arbitral et à la validité et l’efficacité de la sentence arbitrale, en suivant les étapes classiques d’une procédure arbitrale. L’analyse de la détermination du droit applicable dans l’arbitrage, c’est-à- dire au fond, est exclue. Les conclusions de cette étude partent toujours du principe que l’arbitre est une autorité juridictionnelle non soumise aux règles d’organisation judiciaire et hiérarchique du système national ; ses actes sont soumis à un contrôle minimum d’internalisation, par le biais de conversations systémiques.
Keywords: Applicable law to arbitration; Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Autonomia da vontade; Autonomie (philosophie); Autonomie de la volonté; Conflict of laws; Conflit de juridictions; Conflit des lois; Conflito de leis; Direito applicável a arbitragem; Direito transnacional; Droit applicable à l'arbitrage; Droit transnational; Party autonomy; Soberania; Sociologia da arbitragem; Sociologie de l'arbitrage; Sociology of arbitration; Souveraineté; Sovereignty; Transnational law

L'arbitrabilité des litiges en droit des marchés financiers - Megam, Nadège Flore (International Multilingual Journal of Science and Technology, 2021)
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitration; Financial markets; Marchés financiers

The Role of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in Dispute Settlement of Logistics Activities - Quan, Gao (International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, 2021)
The Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) provides a non-litigation settlement mechanism for the parties of logistics activities. The advantages of ADR are highlighted in logistics dispute resolution due to the characteristics of logistics dispute and the difficulties faced in the litigation procedure. In the dispute resolution process, ADR means a simple, cost-efficient, and convenient method for the parties involved to settle disputes quickly, flexibly, and friendly. With its legitimacy and rationality, ADR should be the preferred choice for the parties involved in logistics dispute resolution.
Keywords: ADR; Alternative dispute resolution; Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Dispute settlement; Litigation procedure; Logistics activities; MARD; Mediación; Mediation; Mediação; Médiation

Le repli par les juridictions étatiques de leur jurisdictio - Bouhenic, Marcel-Gérard (Université Paris-Saclay, 2021)
Les juridictions étatiques rétractent volontairement leur jurisdictio pour favoriser les Modes Alternatifs de Règlement des Conflits (MARC) - notamment la médiation et l'arbitrage - et tendent ainsi à devenir un mode subsidiaire de règlement des litiges.Les techniques juridiques qui fondent la rétractation de la jurisdictio des juridictions étatiques au profit des MARC ont pour particularité d'être de source prétorienne et issues de raisonnements construits sur un a priori systématiquement favorable aux MARC, a priori qui n’est pas uniquement le reflet d’un système économique mais résulte de multiples influences idéelles (philosophiques, religieuses, sociétales).De fait, la subsidiarité des juridictions étatiques entraîne la subsidiarité de la loi en tant que norme de règlement des litiges. Parallèlement, les normes a-légales retenues par les MARC acquièrent une autorité assise sur la satisfaction tant des parties qui en font l'expérience que des juges étatiques qui constatent que la rétractation de leur jurisdictio ouvre le passage du juste général au juste particulier.Ainsi, progressivement, les institutions privées de MARC acquièrent un pouvoir politique en émettant des normes qui influent à la fois sur les règles que retiennent les juridictions étatiques et sur la stratégie des parties dans la défense de leurs intérêts.Au-delà de leur tendance à rétracter leur jurisdictio à l'égard des conflits privés en laissant se développer sous leur contrôle les MARC et les normes a-légales pour les conflits entre particuliers, les juridictions étatiques, en ce début du XXIè siècle, redéployent toutefois leur jurisdictio en endossant, le cas échéant, un rôle politique de création de normes et de suppléant du législateur lorsque les conflits s'expriment sous forme d'affrontements de Grands Principes, notamment lorsque les règles légales sont insuffisantes pour répondre à l'évolution de la société. State courts voluntarily retract their jurisdictio to favour Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) - notably mediation and arbitration - and are thus tending towards becoming a subsidiary means of dispute resolution.The legal techniques, on which the withdrawal of the jurisdictio of the State courts in favour of ADR is based, have the particularity of being of praetorian origin and the result of reasoning based on an a priori systematically favourable to ADR, an a priori that is not only the reflection of an economic system but the result of multiple "ideal" influences (philosophical, religious, societal). The subsidiarity of State jurisdictions leads de facto to the subsidiarity of the law as a standard for dispute settlement. In parallel, the non-legal standards adopted by ADR acquire an authority based on the satisfaction of both the parties to whom they are applied and the State judges who consider that the withdrawal of their jurisdictio opens the passage from what is just in general to what is just in particular. Thus, gradually, private ADR institutions are acquiring political power by issuing standards that influence both the rules adopted by State courts and the defense strategies of the parties.Beyond their tendency to retract their jurisdictio by allowing ADR and non-legal standards to develop under their control with regard to conflicts between private individuals, State courts, at the beginning of the 21st century, are nevertheless redeploying their jurisdictio by adopting, where appropriate, a political role as standard-setters and substitute legislators where conflicts take the form of confrontations between Great Principles, particularly where legal rules prove unable to respond to changes in society.
Keywords: ADR; Alternative dispute resolution; Arbitrage; Arbitrage international; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Consensualism; Consensualisme; Juridictio; Jurisdictio; MARC ( mode alternatif de réglement des conflits ); MARD; Mediación; Mediation; Mediação; Médiation; Médiation internationale; Repli; Règlement de conflits; Règlement pacifique des conflits internationaux; Withdrawal

Normas de aplicação imediata e arbitragem trabalhista: entre pluralismo e transnacionalidade - Guedes, Henrique Lenon Farias (Universidade de São Paulo, 2021)
O tema desta pesquisa é a lei aplicável ao mérito da arbitragem trabalhista com elementos estrangeiros, tendo, como problema, a determinação das normas brasileiras de aplicação imediata. Considerando que o direito do trabalho tem uma normatividade híbrida, dependendo tanto da produção legislativa estatal quanto da atividade normativa dos sindicatos, a hipótese é: o padrão normativo de aplicação imediata, em matéria trabalhista, deve ter critério pluralista, integrando regulamentos públicos e privados, ou melhor, produzidos pelo Estado, pelo sindicato e pelas empresas, de modo que as normas de aplicação imediata se encontrariam no direito transnacional. A pesquisa se insere em debates muito recentes na Academia e na sociedade civil estrangeiras, que tem proposto cláusulas e regras modelos para arbitragem nas cadeias produtivas; por outro lado, temas específicos de direito do trabalho não têm encontrado ressonância na doutrina brasileira de DIP, o que reforça a justificativa e a pertinência da pesquisa. Nesse sentido, a contribuição à ciência brasileira pretende-se original na articulação do marco teórico utilizado, a análise econômica do direito, ainda pouco explorada nos estudos brasileiros de direito internacional, com o ambiente decisório especial da arbitragem. A pesquisa será bibliográfica, normativa, jurisprudencial e documental, com uso do método hipotéticodedutivo. Para tanto, a tese é dividida em cinco capítulos. O primeiro oferece um resgate histórico da ideia de arbitragem comercial, opondo-o à evolução do direito internacional do trabalho e identificando uma dificuldade apriorística de se aproveitarem os conceitos da primeira na aplicação do segundo, especialmente diante de tratados de direitos humanos. O segundo identifica, na doutrina e na jurisprudência trabalhistas, que essa incompatibilidade é processada com razões que parecem equivocadas, isto é, com o uso hiperbólico ou inadequado dos conceitos de publicização e de ordem pública. O terceiro, portanto, identifica a potencial conveniência do conceito de normas de aplicação imediata, supostamente protetivo do trabalhador, mas o questiona no contexto de uma análise econômica do direito internacional, isto é, verifica sua sustentação à luz dos incentivos institucionais à captura dos fins do direito pelos Estados, ainda que estes sejam partes de tratados de direitos humanos. Funda-se, assim, um ceticismo quanto à qualificação de preceitos da legislação trabalhista nacional como normas de aplicação imediata. Ciente dessa limitação, o quarto tenta identificar as normas nacionais que verdadeiramente se deveriam aplicar, de forma imediata, ao mérito de uma disputa trabalhista plurilocalizada, com atenção transcultural à Convenção 169 da OIT. Estabelecidos os parâmetros do direito brasileiro, o quinto revisita a doutrina de Georges Scelle, para compreender a arbitragem como desdobramento funcional do direito internacional do trabalho e nela indicar um caminho mais adequado: as normas de aplicação imediata se encontrariam diretamente no regime transnacional do direito do trabalho. Assim, além da justificativa econômica para o afastamento de normas de aplicação imediata, especificamente nacionais, destaca-se uma proposta jurídica de reaproveitamento operacional desse conceito. O capítulo final faz a distinção entre os tipos de arbitragem que se relacionam com o direito da OIT (normativa) e com o direito transnacional (positiva).
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Direito Internacional Privado (análise econômica); Direito do Trabalho; Direitos Humanos; Droit du travail; Labour arbitration; Labour law; Legal pluralism; Overriding mandatory provisions; Pluralismo jurídico; Public policy; Transnational Law

L'arbitrage à l’épreuve des procédures collectives et de l’intervention du juge en droit de I’OHADA. - Kante, Souleymane (Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, 2021)
Si l’on définit l’arbitrage simplement comme un mode de règlement des différends administré par les particuliers non investis de leur mission par l’Etat. Il n’en demeure pas moins que ce mode de règlement des différends ne saurait évoluer seul. C’est ainsi que l’ordre public des procédures collectives et l’intervention du juge étatique impact tant l’arbitrage. Il a paru important de jauger leur impact sur l’arbitrage. L’analyse effectuée à travers une méthode exégétique des textes communautaires et internationaux a permis de constater que les procédures collectives et l’intervention du juge étatique sont facteurs de désordre dans l’arbitrage. Toutefois, il convient de relever une certaine survie de l’arbitrage face aux procédures collectives et à l’intervention du juge étatique.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitraje; Arbitration; Juge étatique; OHADA; Procédures collectives; Survie

El principio de proporcionalidad en el derecho international económico - Reyes Sarmiento, Lina (Université Paris 10, 2021)
Le principe de proportionnalité a été récemment reconnu dans les traités et les accords internationaux du commerce et des investissements avec l’État. Cependant, peu d'études se concentrent sur la nature juridique, le contenu, la portée et les fonctions de ce principe dans le droit économique international. Cette thèse présente une analyse actuelle et détaillée sur ces questions.
Keywords: Arbitrage international; Arbitraje internacional; Dispute resolution; Droit international économique; International Arbitration; Inversiones; Investissements; Investments; OMC; Principes; Principios; Principles; Proporcionalidad; Proportionality; Proportionnalité; Proportionnalité (droit); Règlement des différends; Solucion de diferencias; WTO

Mediation: Is There a More Promising Future? The Case of the Cairo Business Community - Soliman, Cherine (Arab Journal of Administration, 2021)
In an era of economic distress, some organizations have found refuge and growth potential in cooperation. Mediation, a highly recommended cooperative concept, has been enabled in certain countries but not all. Some applications lacked local cultural support making it, despite government efforts, a failure to launch. In this article, we investigate attempts to launch mediation in the Cairo Business Community (CBC). This study enabled us to revisit how Egyptian culture was prototyped by Hofstede and to question its representativeness. Hofstede has consistently described Egyptian culture as being highly cooperative / collectivist but our observations indicate that this culture is now more of an individualistic / competitive type, due to the tremendous economic difficulties that Egyptian society is going through. These difficulties and their impact on culture are at the heart of the explanation of the failure to launch mediation in the CBC.
Keywords: Cairo Business Society; Conflict Resolution; Culture; Egypt; Mediation

Le réglement de litiges commerciaux en Afrique de l'Ouest - Traoré, Mandiou (Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3, 2021)
L’organisation du règlement des litiges commerciaux en Afrique de l’ouest notamment dans les États Parties au Traité OHADA est marquée à la fois par l’intervention des juridictions nationales d’instance et d’appel et de la Cour commune de justice et d’arbitrage. En effet, la mise en place d’une législation commune en matière de droit des affaires a nécessité l’institution d’une Cour de cassation unique pour unifier la jurisprudence. L’uniformisation de la jurisprudence a conduit à la mise à l’écart des juridictions nationales supérieures de tout enjeu de règlement de litiges liés à l’application du droituniforme excepté les décisions appliquant des sanctions pénales. Dès lors, les relations entre les deux ordres de juridictions supérieures sont plus empreintes de conflits que basées sur un véritable dialogue des juges. Eu égard à ce qui précède, pour assurer aux opérateurs économiques un meilleur règlement de leurs litiges en évitant les difficultés liées au règlement judiciaire, il convient de promouvoir d’autres outils alternatifs de règlement des litiges. Dès lors, l’adoption des actes uniformes relatifs à l’arbitrage et à la médiation ont permis de donner aux opérateurs économiques, d’autres lieux alternatifs pour régler leurs litiges. En outre, le développement des centres d’arbitrage, de médiation et de conciliation semble être une alternative aux juridictions judiciaires. Au regard, des multiples saisines du centre d’arbitrage, de médiation et de conciliation de Ouagadougou par les banques et établissements financiers, les sociétés d’assurances, de transports et de télécommunications, les entreprises minières et énergétiques, l’on peut en déduire que ce centre joue un rôle important dans le règlement alternatif des litiges commerciaux en Afrique de l’ouest. The organization of the settlement of commercial disputes in West Africa, particularly in the States Parties to the OHADA Treaty, is marked by the intervention of national courts of instance and appeal and the Common Court of Justice and Arbitration. Indeed, the establishment of common business law legislation has necessitated the institution of a single Court of Cassation to unify jurisprudence. The standardization of jurisprudence has led to the exclusion of the higher national courts from any dispute resolution issues related to the application of uniform law, except for decisions applying criminalsanctions. Consequently, relations between the two orders of higher courts are more marked by conflict than based on a genuine dialogue between judges. In order to ensure that economic operators have a better settlement of their disputes by avoiding the difficulties associated with judicial settlement, alternative dispute resolution tools should be promoted. Consequently, the adoptions of the Uniform Acts on Arbitration and Mediation have made it possible to give economic operators other alternative places to settle their disputes. In addition, the development of arbitration, mediation and conciliation centers seems to be an alternative to judicial jurisdictions. In view of the numerous referrals to the Ouagadougou Arbitration, Mediation and Conciliation Center by banks and financialinstitutions, insurance, transport and telecommunications companies, mining and energy companies, it can be deduced that this center plays an important role in the alternative settlement of commercial disputes in West Africa.
Keywords: ADR; Aide juridictionnelle; Alternative dispute resolution; Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Cassation; Development of arbitration, mediation and conciliation centers; Droit des affaires (régularisation); Développement des centres d’arbitrage, de médiation et de conciliation.; Judicial settlement of disputes; MARD; Mediación; Mediation; Mediação; Médiation; Organisation pour l'harmonisation en Afrique du droit des affaires; Règlement alternatif des litiges; Règlement de conflits; Règlement judiciaire des litiges; Standardization of jurisprudence; Uniformisation de la jurisprudence

L'Arbitrage familial international - Delobre, Anne-Sophie (Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3, 2021)
Comment évoquer un tel sujet sans s’émouvoir d’un antagonisme certain ? Les spécialistes du droit de la famille, conscients de l’importance de l’indisponibilité des droits, de la place de l’ordre public en la matière, des enjeux de protections des personnes concernées, sont souvent réticents à penser au concept de l’arbitrage familial international. A l’inverse, les spécialistes de l’arbitrage, habitués aux vertus du système, s’empressent de promouvoir « l’arbitrage pour tous » afin de conquérir un nouveau marché et répondre à une nouvelle demande. Ainsi, un dilemme naît : les litiges familiaux internationaux sont-ils arbitrables ? Dans une telle hypothèse comment pourrait être mis en œuvre l’arbitrage familial international ? C’est un sujet d’actualité, controversé, qui repose sur une idée qui n’est pas novatrice : sa vulgarisation sur la scène internationale ne serait pas une révolution. Il n’en demeure pas moins qu’une prudence s’impose dans une matière aussi sensible que le droit international de la famille. Face à la contractualisation croissante du droit de la famille, une voie médiane, pragmatique, d’un arbitrage familial international pourrait s’organiser par l’insertion d’une convention d’arbitrage dans les contrats internationaux de droit de la famille avant tout litige pour anticiper, organiser, les points épineux et éviter de douloureux procès. This dissertation addresses an issue that cannot be discussed without provoking concerns stemming from an indubitable antagonism. Family law specialists, who are aware of the importance of the unavailability of family-related rights, of the role of public policy rules in this area, and of the challenges involved in the protection of the persons concerned, are often reluctant to consider the concept of international arbitration in family matters. Conversely, arbitration specialists, who are familiar with the virtues of this procedure, are keen to promote “arbitration for all” in order to enter a new market and address a new demand. This gives rise to a dilemma: can family-related disputes be subject to arbitration? If so, how could arbitration procedures be implemented in this area? This is a current and topical issue, relying on an idea that is not novel: its general application on the international scene would not amount to a revolution. It remains however that caution must prevail in an area as sensitive as international family law. While family law is increasingly dominated by a contractual approach, a median and pragmatic solution might favour international family arbitration through the insertion of an arbitration clause in international family law contracts prior to any dispute in order to anticipate any thorny issue that might arise and organise its resolution, thus avoiding painful litigation.
Keywords: Arbitrability; Arbitrabilité; Arbitrage; Arbitrage international; Arbitragem; Arbitral court; Arbitration; Arbitration Agreement; Arbitration decision; Convention d'arbitrage; Disponibilité (droit); Droits indisponibles; Familial; Famille; Famille (droit); Family; International; Internationality; Internationalité; Litigation; Litige; Ordre public; Ordre public (droit international); Public policy; Sentence arbitrale; Tribunal arbitral; Unavailable rights

Les paradoxes de l'arbitrage institué par la Conférence Interafricaine des Marchés d'Assurances (CIMA) - Sindjui Siani, Brice Carlin (International Multilingual Journal of Science and Technology, 2021)
La constance dans l’arbitrage est sans doute la volonté dans le recours à ce mode de résolution de conflits. C’est parce que les parties trouvent un intérêt à l’arbitrage, qu’elles décident d’échapper à la compétence de principe des juridictions étatiques. Or, ce bel édifice est remis en cause par le législateur CIMA à l’article 276 par l’instauration d’une Commission Nationale d’arbitrage au sein des États membres dont les assureurs sont obligés de saisir lorsque nait un différend dans l’exercice des recours subrogatoires entre eux. Le paradoxe arbitral ainsi analysé comme ce qu’il est convenu d’appeler l’ « arbitrage forcé » n’empêche pas toute fois d’entrevoir dans ledit arbitrage institutionnel, un instrument au service de la justice et des assureurs tant les vertus sont variées.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitration; Assureurs; CIMA; Commission Nationale d’Arbitrage; Insurers; National Commission of Arbitration; Recours subrogatoire; Recourse of subrogation

Proceedings of 2021 UNCITRAL Working Group III inter-sessional meeting: the use of mediation in ISDS - Asian Academy of International Law Limited (AAIL) (Asian Academy of International Law Limited, 2021)
Keywords: Dispute settlement; Investment disputes; MARD; Mediación; Mediation; Mediação; Médiation; UN Commission on International Trade Law; UN Convention on International Settlement Agreements resulting from Mediation (2018)

The arbitration of internal trust disputes in English law: Legal challenges and pathways - Clover Alcolea, Lucas (McGill University, 2021)
The arbitration of internal trust disputes has attracted significant attention in the arbitration and trust law communities in recent years with draft clauses and rules produced by arbitral institutions, several states undertaking legislative reform in order to provide such arbitrations with a statutory basis and numerous scholars as well as practitioners writing articles on the subject. Such enthusiasm is justified on the basis that arbitration has several advantages over litigation, such as confidentiality, international enforceability of judgments, the ability to choose one’s judge and the power to tailor the procedure. Notwithstanding these advantages, trust arbitration has failed to make any great inroad into trust disputes due to the many novel and complex points of legal practice and theory which it entails. For example, although arbitration does not typically involve minors or legally incapable parties’ trusts do, and thus trust arbitration raises numerous due process and human rights concerns. Similarly, court supervision and enforcement of trusts is sometimes considered essential to the very nature of trusts and questions therefore arise concerning the extent to which arbitral tribunals could supplant courts in that regard. Another complication is that trusts are not contracts and questions therefore arise about how to bind individuals to a trust arbitration agreement, particularly as regards beneficiaries who may be unascertained, minor or legally incompetent at the time the trust was created. The aim of this thesis is to analyse and present potential solutions to these complications from an English law perspective, although other common law legal systems will be analysed where relevant
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Internal trust disputes

Experimenting with international commercial dispute resolution - Erie, Matthew S; Bookman, Pamela K (AJIL Unbound, 2021)
In this essay, we describe the overlapping phenomena of new legal hubs (NLHs), international commercial courts, and arbitral courts. We survey their impact on the law and geopolitics of international commercial dispute resolution, identifying key issues these new dispute resolution institutions raise. While the rise of international commercial courts spans authoritarian and liberal states, Western and Asian states, common law and civil law traditions, it also highlights and builds upon regional differences. We question the assumption that the establishment of new courts is always consistent with an increase in the rule of law, particularly in non-democratic states. We close with thoughts about the potential influence and future role of these institutions. Some of the procedural innovations discussed here may lead to shifts in international commercial dispute resolution for years to come, but the question of whether there is sufficient demand for these new institutions lingers.

The Power of an Arbitral Tribunal to Determine Its Own Jurisdiction in International Commercial Arbitration - Kamanga, Patricia N. S. (Beijing Law Review, 2021)
Keywords: Arbitration Agreement; Competence-Competence; Jurisdiction; Party Autonomy; Power

Le financement de l’arbitrage par les tiers - Makhlouf, Amel (Revue internationale de droit comparé, 2021)
ruit de la pratique anglo-saxonne, le financement de l’arbitrage par un tiers financeur connaît un essor significatif tant à l’échelle nationale qu’internationale. Intervenu en France ces dernières années, ce mécanisme permet à un tiers (fonds d’investissement, société de financement spécialisée…) de financer une partie ou la totalité des frais relatifs à une procédure arbitrale tels que les frais d’avocats, d’experts, de témoins, d’arbitres ainsi que ceux liés à l’exécution de la sentence arbitrale. En cas de succès, le tiers financeur perçoit en contrepartie un pourcentage sur les dommages et intérêts alloués par la sentence arbitrale à la partie financée . Bien que dans une large majorité des cas le tiers financeur intervienne en faveur de la partie demanderesse, il peut aussi intervenir en faveur du défendeur ayant formulé une demande reconventionnelle. Le tiers financeur assume seul les risques financiers liés à la procédure. Si la partie financée n’obtient pas gain de cause à l’issue de la procédure arbitrale, le tiers ne percevra donc aucune rémunération et ne sollicitera auprès de son client aucun remboursement des frais qu’il aura avancés pour lui.

COFOLA International 2021: International and National Arbitration: Challenges and Trends of the Present and Future (Publications of the Masaryk University, theoretical series, editions Scientia, 2021)
- Virtual Arbitration Hearings in Times of COVID-19 (And Beyond); - International Arbitration and Blockchain: Current State, Types, Characteristics and the Future Perspective; - Use of Artificial Intelligence in Arbitration; - The Impact of Brexit on the Arbitration Procedure in Great Britain; - May Misapplication of EU Law Give Rise to International Responsibility of the Member State ... Under Investment Treaties? - International Investment Court System: The Future of Investment Dispute Settlement? - EU and Its New Mechanism for the ISDS in the Protection of FDI – What the Future Holds? - (Un)Clean Hands in International Investment Arbitration: Some Cleaning Required? - Challenges of Arbitrators in Inter-State Cases: A Different Cattle of Fish? - “Rules of Law” and Lex Mercatoria Determination Under the Auspice of ICC Arbitration; - Sources of Transnational Public Policy in International Commercial Arbitration; - Regulation of Arbitration Agreements Under New York Convention; - Comfortable Satisfaction Before the Court of Arbitration for Sport: Consistency Despite Differences? - Comparison of ICC Expert Report vs. ICC Arbitration Award; - Analysis of Civil Law Consequences of Corruption Under the Czech Law... in the Light of International Commercial Arbitration; - The Crime of Bending the Law From the Point of View of the Arbitrator ... of the Court of Arbitration and Application Practice; - The Arbitration Convention as One of the Measures to Eliminate Double Taxation ... in the European Union and in Slovak Republic; - Possibility of Resolving Individual Labor Disputes in Croatian Law by Arbitration; - What We Know, We Don’t Know About Macao’s Arbitration Framework and the Way Forward.

Yönetim kurulu krizleri ve çözüm yolları - Meti̇n, Umut (Kadir Has Üniversitesi, 2021)
YK farklı sorunlar veya uyuşmazlıklarla yüzyüze gelebilir. Sorunlar veya uyuşmazlıklar kriz halini alarak YK'nın işleyişine olumsuz etki edebilmektedir. Kriz derinleştikçe, YK işlevini yerine getirmekte zorlanabilir. Krizin bir adım ötesinde ise YK kilitlenebilmektedir. Pay sahipleri arasındaki menfaat çatışmaları, YK kriz ve/veya kilitlenmesinin en sık rastlanan temel nedenidir. Kilitlenme durumunda, YK toplantı yapamamakta veya karar alamamaktadır. Oysa ki, YK her daim çalışabilmesi gereken bir organdır. YK'nın kilitlenmesi, şirketin de kilitlenmesi sonucu doğurabilir. Bu durum öyle risklidir ki, şirketin feshi/tasfiyesi yakın bir ihtimal olabilmektedir. Bu aşamada kilidin olabildiğince hızlı açılması şirketten menfaati olan herkes için (pay sahipleri, YK üyeleri, çalışanlar, alacaklılar, kamu vb.) hayati önemdedir. Bu nedenle, şirket esas sözleşmesinde YK kriz ve kilitlenmelerine karşı önlemler planlanmalıdır. Tek kişiden ibaret YK modeli ve YK'ya danışma kurulu desteği kilitleme riskine karşı önerdiğimiz modeldir. Pay sahipleri sözleşmesi, aile şirketleri için aile anayasası gibi hukuki metinler kriz ve/veya kilitlenmeye ilişkin tedbirler içermelidir. Önlemlere, rağmen kilitlenme gerçekleşir ise, öncelikle YK içi ve şirket içi çözümler uygulamaya konulmalıdır. Bu tür yöntemler yeterli olmazsa, AUÇY'nin tatbiki, şirket dışından gelen çözümün ilk aşaması olarak kabul edilmelidir. Arabuluculuk ile YK kriz ve kilitlenmelerine karşı etkin, hızlı ve kalıcı çözümler sağlanabilmektedir. "Med-arb" veya "Arb-med" gibi yöntemlerden de faydalanılabilir. Tahkim de bir çözüm yoludur. Bu yolda "seri tahkim usulü" YK kilitlenmeleri için daha uygundur. Son çare olarak nitelediğimiz, dava yolu ise, bazı durumlarda içinde şirketin fesih ve tasfiye riskini barındırdığı için kilidi açmak ve hatta kilidi kırmak için uygulamaya konulabilir. Mahkemelerde, organ yokluğuna dayalı fesih davası ve özellikle haklı sebeple şirketin feshi davası çözüm sağlayabilecek dava tipleridir. Özellikle, haklı sebeple şirketin feshi davası, kriz ve kilitlenmelere daha uygun olup, stratejik sonuçlara da imkân vermektedir. Bunlar yanında, YK işleyişinde yapay zekâdan faydalanmanın mümkün olup olmadığı, yapay zekâya YK üyesi olarak kişi statüsü verilip verilemeyeceği, bu meselenin YK üyelerinin sorumluluğuna etkisi incelenmiştir. Board of Directors may face various disputes or disagreements. These disputes or disagreements may turn into crises which negatively affect the normal functioning of the board. As the crisis deepens, Board of Directors could have difficulties in fulfilling its function. Moreover, a step further from the crisis, Board of Directors might even be locked up. Conflicts of interest among shareholders are known as the most common cause of the board of directors crisis and/or deadlock. In event of a deadlock, Board of Directors, a body should always be able to function, cannot hold meetings or make decisions anymore. The deadlock of board of directors, may lead the entire company to be locked down whereas the company may encounter the possibility of dissolution and liquidation. At this point, unlocking the crisis as quickly as possible is vital for relevant competent persons of the company. Therefore, measures should be taken in the company's articles of association against Board of Director crisis and/or deadlock. One-person Board of Directors model and support of Advisory Board to Board of Directors is the model we recommend against the risk of locking. Legal texts such as shareholder agreements and family constitutions for family companies should include measures regarding deadlock. If a deadlock has occurred in spite of precautions, first of all, Board of Directors and internal remedies should be implemented. If such methods are not sufficient enough, Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) methods should be regarded as the first stage of external intervention. Effective and rapid solutions can be achieved against deadlocks via mediation. "Med-arb" or "Arb-med" could be also utilised. Arbitration is also a way and in this way; "expedited (fast-track) arbitration" procedure is more suitable for corporate deadlocks. Litigation, as the last possibility that we propose, could also be applied to unlock or even break the lock, since it contains the risk of dissolution and liquidation of company in some cases. In courts, termination action based on the absence of organs and especially termination of the company with a valid reason are the types of cases that may provide a solution. Especially termination of the company with a valid reason is more suitable for crisis and deadlocks, and also grants strategic results. In addition to these, it has been questioned in this study whether Board of directors possibly benefit from artificial intelligence in the operations and whether AI can be attributed a person-status as a member of Board of Directors. The effects of this issue on the responsibility of the members of Board of Directors have been analysed.
Keywords: Absence of body; Arabuluculuk; Arbitration; Artificial Intelligence; Board directors; Conseil d'administration; Crisis; Deadlock; Inteligência artificial; Intelligence Artificielle; Kilitlenme; Kriz; Mediation; Members of the board directors; Médiation; Organ yokluğu; Tahkim; Yapay zeka; Yönetim kurulu; Yönetim kurulu üyeleri

The prospective evolution of international commercial arbitration - Purqurian, Lily Leila (Revue libre de Droit, 2021)
“It is a curious fact that the Americanization of international arbitration is a topic that is often felt but is rarely discussed.” Roger P. Alford Similar to Alford’s sentiments, the shift towards arbitration in the United States alone is a phenomenon often felt, but feebly interrogated. Law schools across the nation continue to operate under the premise of judicial decision-making grounded in “rights protection.”[1] Yet, there is a clear shift towards arbitration as the preferred procedural process, with over 303,999 cases resolved by way of arbitration in 2019 alone.[2] While this brief note does not seek to interrogate the shift towards arbitration as much as it intends to examine the impact of American arbitration on international commercial arbitration generally, that shift, as you will see, looms in the background of any and all analysis of arbitration in the United States. I will begin by briefly noting the origins- and current regime of international commercial arbitration in the United States so to address the impact of its arbitration law and arbitral institutions on arbitration globally. I will then offer thoughts on the prospective evolution of international arbitration in the United States and how that may change the directions of legal procedural processes both in the United States and abroad. I. ORIGINS- AND CURRENT REGIME OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION IN THE USA As arbitration flourishes as the choice for commercial disputes, there is no doubt that the United States has become a newfound hub for arbitration. It was not always this way, however. The Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) of 1925 established a steady road to an increasingly pro-arbitration policy, in three chapters, that shows itself in case-law as: when in doubt, favor arbitration.[3] The first chapter of the FAA establishes the framework for arbitration seated in the U.S. and provides the grounds for enforceable arbitration agreements and awards, while the second and third chapters implement the 1958 New York Convention and 1975 Panama Conventions, respectively. The strictly pro-arbitration policy does not lack in its own confusion, however, because of its basis in an otherwise federalist system. The FAA has largely remained unchanged since its nascence and has thus, left a substantive amount of discretion in interpreting arbitration law in the United States to the Supreme Court. One such source of confusion in U.S. arbitration law due to a lack of amendment lies in the term “arbitrability.” Arbitrability is the susceptibility of a case to be resolved by way of arbitration. In order to define the parameters of this susceptibility, the Supreme Court has distinguished between “procedural” and “substantive” arbitrability, wherein the former concerns itself with “prerequisites such as time limits, notices, laches, estoppel, and other conditions” and the latter, with a court’s decision.[4] The benefits to arbitration remain unmatched for commercial entities, however, which inspires the aforementioned pro-arbitration policy despite any real judicial framework. Arbitration allows parties to customize their dispute resolution by choosing the venue, applicable procedural law, and an expert adjudicator who may be more familiar with the intricacies of the dispute, among other benefits. There is a commitment to secrecy that is not found in the common court and the single, binding, and final resolution of a dispute through arbitration is the precise source of criticism that inspires the flock towards arbitration. Without the federal rules of civil procedure that would otherwise govern litigation, arbitration is governed by the procedural rules that each side agrees upon. The FAA paved the way for case law in the United States that would eventually shape a stronger pro-arbitration policy than ever—counseling against “even the mildest interference by courts in the conduct of U.S.-seated arbitrations.”[5] II. THE IMPACT OF U.S. ARBITRATION LAW AND U.S. ARBITRAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE WORLD OF ARBITRATION Assessing the impact of U.S. arbitration law begins by assessing what characterizes U.S. law: civil procedure. The adversarial form of litigation in which procedural tools are employed by advocates to advance arguments in a distinct style distinguishes the United States from other countries—and this feature inevitably slipped, in some capacity, into global arbitral institutions. Because the Rules of Arbitration for the International Chamber of Commerce are so brief,[6] American lawyers had tremendous flexibility in bringing American trial procedures with them. This came specifically in the form of document production for discovery and cross-examinations “to confront adverse witnesses.”[7] Critics refer to these added procedures as costly in both time and expense, defining them as the source of the “Americanization” of arbitration. Yet, while there is truth to such criticism, it may be more accurate to acknowledge the incorporation of aspects of American trial procedure as one country’s influence on arbitration. Far from inheriting solely American practice, global arbitral institutions maintain classic procedural tools while assimilating facets of each major country’s influence on arbitration.[8] III. THE PROSPECTIVE EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION IN THE USA Apart from being a source of revenue,[9] international arbitration is the natural response to the increase in “trade, investment, and supply-chain relationships” that hope to live free of potential biases from domestic fora.[10] The California Supreme Court may have briefly lost sight of this when deciding Birbrower, wherein attorneys not admitted to the bar of a certain state are not only ineligible to recover attorney’s fee but also, may be fined for unauthorizing practice of law.[11] Since Birbrower over two decades ago, however, the California Legislature unanimously passed Senate Bill 766. Under SB 766, non-California lawyers are able to represent parties in international arbitration proceedings in California, bringing California to the arbitration table. As home to Silicon Valley – and even aside from big technology, home to some of the largest companies in the world – California’s SB 766 will bring a swath of arbitration proceedings to its terrain. While California may certainly work in tandem with New York as the home to arbitration for technology and privacy concerns, reserving trade and investment disputes for New York, California may very well be the next major hub of arbitration. Already, it has received massive interest in being an arbitration destination. SB 766 will transform that interest into a revenue. It thus becomes all the more important, internationally, to understand and confront the ways in which the Americanization of arbitration would take place. [1] See, e.g. Thomas E. Carbonneau, Revolution in Law Through Arbitration, The Eighty-Fourth Cleveland-Marshall Fund Visiting Scholar Lecture, 56 Clev. St. L. Rev. 233, 233 n.3 (2008), available at https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/clevstlrev/vol56/iss2/3 (“judicial decision-making has shifted from rights protection to guaranteeing access to some form of adjudication. As a result, law and adjudication have become less sacramental.”) [2] See American Arbitration Association, Adr.Org, https://adr.org/ (last visited Dec. 28, 2019). [3] See, e.g., Moses H. Cone Memorial Hosp. v. Mercury Construction Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24-25 (1983) (“[A]ny doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration …”). [4] See Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 537 U.S. 79, 85 (2002) (distinguishing between “issues of substantive arbitrability [which] are for a court to decide and issues of procedural arbitrability, i.e., whether prerequisites such as time limits, notice, laches, estoppel, and other conditions precedent to an obligation to arbitrate have been met, [which] are for the arbitrators to decide.”) (citations omitted). [5] See Laurence Shore, Tai-Heng Cheng, Jenelle E. La Chuisa, Lawrence Schaner, and Mara V.J Senn, International Arbitration in the United States 1, 320 (2018). [6] George M. von Mehrem and Alana C. Jochum, Is International Arbitration Becoming Too American?, 2 Global Bus. L. Rev. 47, 51 (2011) available at https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/gblr/vol2/iss1/6. [7] Id. [8] Philip J. McConnaughay, Introduction to International Commercial Arbitration in Asia 1, xxix (2002). In support of his assertion, McConnaughay reports that from 1995 to 2000, China’s leading international arbitration commission, CIETAC, received 4,200 new international commercial arbitrations and the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre (HKIAC) received 1,394, totaling 5,594. Id. Note: interrogatories and depositions are not included. [9] See ICC (International Chamber of Commerce), ICC Arbitration Figures Reveal New Record for Awards in 2018, https://iccwbo.org/media-wall/news-speeches/icc-arbitration-figures-reveal-new-record-cases-awards-2018/. [10] Daily Journal, International Arbitration Finally Comes to California, Howard B. Miller, https://www.dailyjournal.com/mcle/330-international-arbitration-finally-comes-to-california. [11] See generally, Birbrower, Montalbano, Condon & Frank v. Superior Court, 17 Cal. 4th 119 (1998).
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitration; Commercial dispute; International Arbitration

L'arbitrage en droit aérien et spatial - Soliveres, Théo (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitration; Droit aérien; Droit spatial

UNCITRAL Expedited Arbitration Rules - UNCITRAL (United Nations, 2021)

Chapter II: The Arbitrator and the Arbitration Procedure, An Arbitrator’s Imperative – How to Avoid Disappointing the Parties, Preventing Surprises and Enabling Efficient and Progressive Arbitral Proceedings - Welser, Irene; Mimnagh, Samuel (Austrian Yearbook on International Arbitration, 2021)

مراكز التحكيم البحري - بلقاسم, حبيب (Université d'Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed, 2021)
"Les centres d’arbitrage maritime." Résumé : Le sujet des centres d'arbitrage maritime concerne le processus de résolution des contentieux maritimes quand leurs parties optent pour soumettre leur différend à des instances d'arbitrage comme voie alternative. Les centres d'arbitrage maritime appliquent le règlement arbitral et ses règles dans le cas où le choix est fait en fonction de la clause compromissoire qui inclut ce choix ainsi que la loi applicable. Lacompétence de cet instance d'arbitrage convenue débute à la date de la soumission de la demande d'arbitrage, afin de lui confier le suivi des procédures d'arbitrage et de tout ce qui touche au litige arbitral et jusqu' à ce que la sentence (décision) arbitrale soit rendue. "Maritime arbitration centers." Summary: The subject of maritime arbitration centers concerns the process of resolving maritime disputes when their parties opt to submit their dispute to the arbitral tribunal as an alternative solution, and maritime arbitration centers apply arbitration regulations and its rules in case where the choice is made according to the arbitration clause which includes this choice as well as applying the law on all disputes. The arbitral tribunal function starts from the date of submitting the arbitration request to it to be entrusted with following up the arbitration procedures and everything related to the arbitration dispute and until the arbitral award is issued. : الملخص يتعلق موضوع مراكز التحكيم البحري بعملية فض المنازعات البحرية التي يختار أطرافها عرض النزاع على هيئات التحكيم كطريق بديل، و مراكز التحكيم البحري تعمل على تطبيق لوائح التحكيم و نظامها التحكيمي في حال وقوع الاختيار عليها وفقا لشرط التحكيم الذي يتضمن هذا الاختيار، إلى جانب القانون الواجب التطبيق على النزاع. و يبدأ اختصاص هذه الهيئة في التحكيم المؤسسي من تاريخ تقديم طلب التحكيم إليها، ليوكل لها متابعة إجراءات التحكيم و كل ما يتعلق بالمنازعة التحكيمية و إلى غاية صدور الحكم التحكيمي.
Keywords: Application for arbitration; Arbitral Awards; Arbitration; Centres d'arbitrage maritime; Clause d'arbitrage maritime; Demande d'arbitrage; Décision d'arbitrage; Maritime arbitration centres; Maritime arbitration clause

رقابة القضاء على أعمال المحكمين - غزيزات, دليلة (Université d'Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed, 2021)
رقابة القضاء على أعمال المحكمين من بين أوجه الرقابة التي أقرتها التشريعات الحديثة وقوانين التحكيم الوطنية و الإتفاقيات الدولية وكذا نظام التحكيم في ظل تطور الثقافة التحكيمية في الوقت الراهن. كما تعد ضمانا وحماية للمصالح وحقوق الأفراد والشركات التجارية من جهة وتُمكن القضاء من السيطرة على تصرفات المحكمين وحماية شخصهم في الدعوى التحكيمية لتحقيق فاعلية نظام التحكيم من جهة ثانية. Le contrôle des actes des arbitres est établi par les législations récentes et par la législation arbitrale nationale, ainsi que par les conventions internationales en la matière. Il participe à l’évolution de la culture arbitrale et constitue une garantie et une protection des intérêts des individus et des sociétés commerciales. Il permet d’avoir une vue sur les travaux des arbitres d’une part, et sur leur protection d’autre part, pour assurer l’efficacité de l’arbitrage. The review of the acts of the arbitrators shall be established by recent laws and national arbitral legislation and international conventions on the subject. It contributes to the evolution of the arbitral culture and constitutes a guarantee and protection of the interests of individuals and commercial company’s .It allows having a view on the work of the arbitrators on the one hand, and on their protection to ensure the effectiveness of arbitration
Keywords: Arbitral proceedings; Arbitration; Arbitrator; Arbitre; Contrôle; Judge; Juge; Procédure arbitrale

国际商事仲裁费用构成及合理控制仲裁费用探索 - 侯, 进才 (Journal of Oil and Gas Technology, 2021)
仲裁作为解决国际商事争议的主要方式之一，受到国际工程承包企业的青睐，然而当事人在决定一个案件是否要提起仲裁时，常会把仲裁费用作为一个重要考量指标，高昂的仲裁费用可能会限制国际商事仲裁制度的健康发展。本文以2017版国际商会仲裁规则下的收费标准为基础，从仲裁费用的构成、计算方法入手，探讨了仲裁费用影响因素，并给出了控制仲裁过程费用的合理化建议。 Arbitration, as one of the main ways to resolve international commercial disputes, remains a popular choice for international engineering company. The arbitration fees will be an important evaluating indicator when the parties considering apply for arbitration. Expensive arbitration fees may restrict the healthy development of international commercial arbitration system. Based on the arbitration cost and fees under the arbitration rules of the 2017 edition of the International Chamber of Commerce, characteristics, composition and calculation method of the arbitration fees are showed in this paper firstly; then, its influencing factors are discussed. Reasonable suggestions for controlling the arbitration fees are given in the end of this paper.
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitragem; Arbitraje; Arbitration; Arbitration Fees; Composition of Arbitration Fees; Controlling the Arbitration Fees; International Commercial Disputes; 仲裁费用; 国际商事; 控制费用; 费用构成