Emergence in the WAEMU and EMCCA areas - Ntwali, Valéry IRAGI; Centwali, Guillain CIRHUZA (Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Studia Europaea, 2021)
The Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (EMCCA) and the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) have succeeded in stabilizing their monetary systems, but this monetary stability has not been accompanied by real emergence. The economies of most of the member states of these two organizations are based on commodities and cocoa, which means that they are completely volatile and therefore lack the stability necessary for real emergence. This study based mainly on documentary research through the exploitation of reports produced by various international and regional institutions such as the IMF, the World Bank, the African Development Bank, ECOWAS, etc., and the writings of various emergence theorists, shows the role that industrialization and diversification of the economies of the WAEMU and EMCCA zones should play in the development of the economies of the member states and the improvement of the living conditions of the populations.
Keywords: CEMAC; Emergence; Spaces; UEMOA; WAEMU

Le droit souple en droit financier - Joly, Pauline (Université Paris-Dauphine, 2021)
Le droit financier régit des activités régulées et est caractérisé par l’intervention d’acteurs publics et privés, les régulateurs et communautés professionnelles. Ces acteurs de la régulation participent à bâtir le cadre normatif des activités financières. Certaines de leurs normes sont privées de la force obligatoire classiquement attachée au Droit. L’importance de ce droit souple, ensemble de normes juridiques non impératives, distingue l’architecture normative du droit financier. Marqué par la diversité de ses formes, modes d’élaboration et auteurs, il est complexe de les identifier. Leur caractère commun réside dans leur force normative, située sous le seuil de l’obligatoriété. Sans être impératif, le droit souple financier produit des effets juridiques. Il oriente les comportements au travers de mécanismes psychosociaux ou d’autres propres au secteur financier et à sa régulation. Il produit aussi des effets en s’articulant à des dispositifs de droits spéciaux ou du droit commun.
Keywords: Autorité de régulation financière; Autorité de surveillance financière; Droit souple; Financial market; Force normative; Marché financier; Normative force; Normativity; Normativité; Regulation; Régulation; Soft law; Source of law; Sources du droit

Four Essays on Tax Transition Reform in Developing Countries - Adandohoin, Kodjo (Université Clermont Auvergne, 2021)
Ces dernières années, la plupart des pays en développement sont confrontés à la nécessité de concilier deux impératifs : d’une part, une demande sociale forte qui nécessite un besoin de ressources publiques supplémentaires, et d’autre part le désarmement tarifaire consécutif aux politiques d’ouverture commerciale, qui les prive de la majeure partie de leurs recettes budgétaires. D’où l’impérieuse nécessité pour ces pays d’assurer une transition dans la structure de leur prélèvement public c’est à dire de transférer la pression fiscale du commerce extérieur vers la fiscalité domestique. Cette thèse s’intéresse à cette problématique et vise à étudier les conditions de réussite d’un tel phénomène dans les pays en développement au travers de quatre essais empiriques. Le premier essai concerne le rôle de la TVA et des droits d’accises dans une première vague de transition. La TVA étant un impôt neutre et à très large assiette fiscale, cette dernière a été suggérée comme outil majeur pour réussir le transfert des ressources publiques du cordon douanier vers la fiscalité domestique et en complémentarité avec les droits d’accises. Nos investigations empiriques soutiennent cette assertion théorique et montrent que le couple TVA-accise joue bien ce rôle de substitut aux recettes de porte en quasi baisse suite au démantèlement tarifaire dans les pays. Néanmoins le rôle d’appui de la TVA et des droits d’accises est limité à partir d’un certain seuil de baisse des recettes de porte, qui traduit aussi le fait que le potentiel de mobilisation fiscale par la TVA dans ces pays est limité et qu’il faudra s’en préoccuper. Dans le second essai nous analysons la transition de seconde génération basée sur les impôts directs (impôts sur les revenus et impôts fonciers). Nous trouvons que les impôts directs sont des outils pauvres de transition fiscale dans les pays en développement. Pourtant, nous trouvons que le développement financier est un médiateur certain et incontestable à une politique de transition fiscale de seconde génération basée sur les impôts directs, car permettant de recouper l’information sur les revenus des contribuables et de générer des traces documentaires à l’administration fiscale, qui permettent d’envisager une mise à fiscalisation des contribuables, gage de recettes fiscales directes supplémentaires dans les pays. Dans le troisième essai, nous nous intéressons à l’effet de la mise en place d’une réforme de transition fiscale sur l’efficience dans la collecte des recettes en menant une étude de cas pour l’union économique et monétaire ouest africaine (UEMOA). Nos résultats supportent l’affirmative, en ce sens que la réforme accroit globalement une mobilisation efficiente des recettes dans la zone UEMOA. Cette efficience entrainerait par ailleurs avec elle une amélioration du climat des affaires dans la zone, suite à la mise en place de cette réforme. Enfin nous terminons cette thèse par un quatrième essai qui interroge quand à lui les impacts distributifs et de pauvreté d’une réforme de transition fiscale basée sur la TVA. Quoique les résultats montrent une incidence régressive de la réforme sur le revenu des ménages, une redistribution par la dépense aurait le mérite d’atténuer l’incidence sociale de cette stratégie de réforme sur le revenu des contribuables.
Keywords: 2SLS-IV model; Accises; Administration fiscale; Analyse des frontières stochastiques; Business climate; Climat des affaires; Computable general equilibrium; Contrôle Synthétique; Coordination fiscale; Corporate tax; Developing countries; Développement financier; Efficience; Efficiency; Effort fiscal; Excise; Exemptions; Exonérations; Financial development; Fiscalité; GMM; Harmonisation; Harmonization; Impôt foncier; Impôt sur le revenu; Impôt sur les sociétés; Income tax; Inequality; Internet; Inégalités; Micro-simulation; Modèle 2SLS-IV; Pauvreté; Pays en développement; Politique fiscale -- Pays en voie de développement; Potentiel fiscal; Poverty; Probit and Logit; Probit et Logit; Propensity scores; Property tax; Réforme fiscale; Scores de Propension; Stochastic frontier analysis; Synthetic control; TVA; Tax administration; Tax coordination; Tax effort; Tax potential; Tax reform; Tax transition; Taxation; Taxes sur le commerce extérieur; Trade taxes; Transition fiscale; VAT; Équilibre général calculable

Adoption des normes IFRS dans l’espace OHADA : Fondement théorique, intérêt et enjeux - Nyasseu, Emma Joachim; Yepdo, Florentin Gaël; Tatang Atabonfack, Pulchérie Léonie; Myskinole, Cheguem Shupo Davine (International Journal of Financial Accountability, Economics, Management, and Auditing, 2021)
Du fait des changements profonds qu’apportent les nouveaux concepts sur lesquels se base le référentiel de l’IASB, le passage aux normes IFRS a été qualifié d’une révolution comptable. Le but d’harmonisation de cette institution se réalise à travers la diffusion mondiale progressive des normes IFRS. Toutefois, les entreprises de la zone OHADA sont concernées par ce changement. Compte tenu de la rareté des travaux de recherche dans le domaine, nous essayons d’analyser à travers ce papier, l’adoption de telles normes en contexte OHADA. Pour y parvenir, cet article rappelle le mécanisme de passage aux normes IFRS dans l’espace OHADA, étudie ensuite l’intérêt pour les entreprises de cette zone et enfin met en évidence les enjeux liés à un tel projet. Les principaux résultats montrent que loin d’être un simple outil de présentation et de communication de l’information financière, les IFRS constituent pour les entreprises de la zone OHADA, un levier d’attraction des investisseurs et d’intégration économique.
Keywords: Normalisation comptable; Normes IFRS; OHADA; Référentiel; Révolution comptable

La concurrence fiscale étatique - Mondonneix, Alix (Université Côte d'Azur, 2021)
La concurrence fiscale étatique naît du climat de tension régnant entre les différents pays. En effet, les Etats n’ontpas les mêmes besoins budgétaires, ce qui engendre une bataille entre les systèmes fiscaux afin d’attirer le plusgrand nombre d’agents économiques. La concurrence fiscale étatique apparaît donc comme une compétition entreles Etats. Ce phénomène s’inscrit dans une économie mondiale globalisée et tend à se renforcer depuis une dizained’années. Pour les contribuables, cette concurrence fiscale permet de bénéficier d’avantages fiscaux dans la mesureoù elle conduit à une convergence des régimes fiscaux des Etats vers des taux d’imposition plus faibles.Toutefois, dans l’optimisation de leur imposition, certains opérateurs économiques utilisent des régimes fiscauxnationaux de manière déloyale. C’est ainsi qu’est née la concurrence fiscale dommageable. Celle-ci fait l’objet d’unelutte active par l’Union Européenne (UE), l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques(OCDE) et les Etats eux-mêmes.Une solution doit impérativement être trouvée, d’autant plus que le contexte évolue du fait notamment de la crisesanitaire et de l’essor de l’économie numérique. Si on assiste à un échec des tentatives d'harmonisation fiscale, desmesures de coordination pourraient réguler la concurrence fiscale étatique et l'amener vers plus de loyauté.La quête d'une concurrence fiscale loyale entre Etats n'est pas seulement une question d’équilibre des financespubliques, mais un enjeu majeur dans la survie des systèmes fiscaux et sociaux des pays.Si le concept de concurrence fiscale reposait sur des approches issues de doctrines économiques, celles-ci sontaujourd’hui insuffisantes. C’est alors que le droit s’affirme comme essentiel dans l’appréciation de cette notionnotamment pour l’encadrer, la contrôler et la sanctionner. The tax competition between States arises from the high level of tension between the different countries.Indeed, as States do not have the same budgetary needs, an intense rivalry grew between the tax systems.Their main goal is to attract the largest number of economic actors. The tax competition between Statesis a battle between countries for competitiveness. This phenomenon is a part of a global economy and isgaining increasingly in strength for over a decade. As a result of this, tax benefits are provided fortaxpayers because the tax competition between States leads to a race to the bottom.However, in order to reduce the amount of tax, some economic operators cheat and breach the nationaltax regimes. And so, the harmful tax competition is born. The European Union (EU), the Organisationfor Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the States fight the latter fact.It is important to devise solutions that minimise harmful tax competition and remove the in-built biastowards taxation of less mobile basis, especially because the context is changing due to the health crisisand the development of the digital economy. Even though the tax harmonisation fails, somecoordination measures could be used to regulate the tax competition between States. Loyalty is the keyterm.The quest for a loyal tax competition between States is not a matter of government finances at least inbalance. It’s a major challenge to the durability of tax and social systems of each country.Although the concept of the tax competition between States is based on economic doctrines, thisapproach is now obsolete. The law approach is essential to apprehend this notion, particularly to frame,control and punish it.
Keywords: Capital mobility; Concurrence fiscale; Course vers le bas; Droit fiscal; Fiscalité; Household mobility; Mobilité des ménages; Mobilité du capital; Pays de l'Union européenne; Politique fiscale; Race to the bottom; Relations fiscales intergouvernementales; Tax policy; Taxation

Les non-dits scabreux des réformes du système comptable normal de l'OHADA de 2017 - Mvogo, Jean (Revue Française d’Economie et de Gestion, 2021)
Les états financiers sont des documents de synthèse qui fournissent des informations importantes à l’entreprise pour la prise des décisions de gestion et aux organismes habiletés à utiliser ces informations pour d’autres analyses au niveau national et international. Ils sont constitués du bilan, du compte de résultat, du tableau des flux de trésorerie et des notes annexes pour le système normal de l’OHADA. Or, les dispositions de ces états financiers ne laissent pas déconcerter. Ainsi, nonobstant leur amélioration au cours des précédentes réformes, certaines limites se sont retrouvées encore dans ces états financiers, à l’opposé aux perspectives. Cet article analyse les conséquences que la suppression des charges immobilisées entrainerait chez les parties prenantes de l’entité. Il présente aussi le problème de référence qui concerne le compte 318, « marchandises hors activités ordinaires ». Il fustige enfin l’instabilité du troisième état financier de l’OHADA. Les suggestions suivantes sont donc effectuées : la réinstauration des charges immobilisées dans le bilan, le rattachement du compte 318, « marchandises hors activités ordinaires » à la référence BA et l’adoption des bases de stabilisation du troisième état financier du système normal de l’OHADA
Keywords: Charges immobilisées; Etats financiers; Instabilité; Référence; Suppression

Digital economy and international taxation : the digital revolution and its impact on the discourse of international tax law - Pereira da Silva Campos, Marcio Augusto (Université Paris 1 ; Universidade de Brasília, 2021)
The impacts of the economy’s digitalisation process on taxation have become the central theme of international tax law in recent years, causing several reactions among actors in this field. The OECD has become the main forum for debate, causing government bodies, taxpayers, and academia to gravitate around the organisation’s texts. Nonetheless, the digital economy tax debate has constantly changed, taking on new languages and adopting different perspectives. From a formal legal discussion concerned with characterising payments to apply international tax treaties, the debate moved to an economic perspective involving substance. Finally, it took on a manifest political connotation, resulting in a re-discussion of the international tax field itself. This thesis aims to understand how and why the digitalisation of the economy managed to impact the fundamentals that support the international tax field. The work adopts a legal, realistic, and discursive perspective to achieve its objective, understanding international tax law as a field formed from historically identifiable events. In this case, while a social phenomenon, international taxation is the central object of a project that manifests itself both in the institutional and intellectual plane. In turn, the digitalisation of the economy results from a technological revolution characterised by the centrality of informational phenomenology. Such centrality is responsible for a social transformation process affecting the tax field’s institutional and intellectual dimensions. In this scenario, actors in the field perceive their inability to deal with the new digital reality from the conceptual tools provided by the tax legal discourse. The result is a paradigm shift with the potential to affect not only the field’s social practice but its very significance within an intellectual project for constructing the human dimension.
Keywords: Campo tributário internacional; Champ fiscal international; Digital economy; Digital revolution; Direito tributário internacional; Discours fiscal international; Discurso tributário internacional; Droit fiscal (droit international); Droit fiscal international; Economia digital; Economie numérique; Feno-menologia informacional; Fiscalité internationale; Informational phenomenology; International tax discourse; International tax field; International tax law; International taxation; Phénoménologie informationnelle; Revolução digital; Révolution numérique; Société numérique; Taxes internationales; Tributação internacional

La microfinance et appui au microentrepreneuriat : cas du Burundi - Nsengiyumva, Théogène (Normandie Université, 2021)
Les microentreprises (ME) jouent un rôle important dans les économies des pays en voie de développement (PVD). Elles constituent les sources principales de la création d’emplois et génèrent des ressources importantes pour leurs promoteurs. Elles contribuent aussi de manière non négligeable à la formation du produit intérieur brut (PIB) dans les PVD. L’accès au financement est alors un défi crucial à leur création et à leur développement. Malgré leur rôle indéniable dans le développement socioéconomique, elles accèdent toujours difficilement au financement bancaire, et ce, en dépit des politiques publiques de soutien menées à leur égard. Cette thèse vise à analyser les facteurs explicatifs du faible financement des microentreprises (ME) dans le cas du Burundi. Les données que nous avons exploitées dans cette thèse proviennent des deux bases. Celle issue des données collectées sur 3430 dossiers de crédits des institutions de microfinance (IMF) burundaises et celle réalisée auprès de 223 microentrepreneurs à partir d’une enquête. A l’aide du modèle probit, l’analyse économétrique a révélé que certaines caractéristiques des microentreprises et/ou de leurs promoteurs comme l’âge du microentrepreneur, la durée du crédit sollicité, la zone d’implantation de la microentreprise influent négativement sur l’accès au financement. D’autres caractéristiques telles que la nature de la garantie présentée, le profil du microentrepreneur ou son niveau de richesse jouent positivement sur le financement des microentreprises. L’étude a montré aussi que la microfinance reste un moyen efficace pour financer les microentreprises. Ainsi, la restructuration des fonds de garantie et l’engagement accru du gouvernement surtout en matière d’accompagnement sur le terrain améliorerait le financement des microentreprises. Microenterprises (ME) play an important role in the economies of developing countries (DCs). They are the main sources of job creation and generate significant resources for the formation of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in these economies. Despite their undeniable role in development, they still have difficulty accessing external financing for debiting public support policies for them. This thesis aims to analyze the explanatory factors of the low funding of EM. It takes Burundi as a case study and assesses the key role of microfinance in supporting MOEs. To achieve this dual objective, this study used two databases: the one containing data collected on 3430 loan files of Burundian microfinance institutions and the one consisting of data collected from 223 microentrepreneurs by a survey. The analysis used the probit model and revealed that certain characteristics of microenterprises and / or their promoters such as the age of the microentrepreneur, the duration of the credit sought, the microenterprise location area have a negative impact on access to microenterprise financing. Other characteristics such as the nature of the guarantee presented, the profile of the microentrepreneur or its level of wealth play a positive role in financing microenterprises. The study also showed that microfinance remains in a strategically appropriate position to finance microenterprises. In final, the restructuration of the guarantee funds for nonagricultural microenterprises and the accompaniment of the government would make MFIs more effective in contributing to the financing of smallholder Enterprises.
Keywords: Burundi; Conditions économiques; Entrepreneurship; Financement; Financing; Microentrepreneuriat; Microentreprise; Microfinance; Microfinance institutions; Smallholder enterprises

Firm Performance, Financial Constraints, and Dual-Class Share Structure - Ahamed, Fatematuz Tamanna (Victoria University of Wellington, 2021)
This thesis addresses two aspects of financial constraints focusing, firstly, on the impact of financial constraints on firm performance and, secondly, on the impact of dual-class share structure on financial constraints. The first issue has been addressed in a large number of research studies, but the results are mixed. This study, therefore, conducts a meta-analysis of those earlier studies to provide a summary view of the results which, in contrast to narrative reviews of the empirical literature, provides an objective overview. The second issue examines the impact of dual-class share structures on financial constraints. The period of the global financial crisis is used to test the impact of the state of the economy on that relationship. To examine the impact of financial constraints on firm performance, 26 empirical studies with 189 effect sizes representing listed firms have been analysed. The study finds that overall there is a positive relationship between financial constraints and firm performance. The study also shows that the set of market-based measures of firm performance has a significant negative impact on the relationship, compared with the set of accounting-based measures. In terms of the financial constraints measure, the set of external financial constraints measures have a positive and highly significant impact on the relationship. The meta-regression analysis suggests that the choice of measure, regional difference, journal quality and publication status all have a significant impact on the relationship, and explain the variation in the association. To examine the impact of dual-class share structures on financial constraints the study analyses a sample of non-financial US firms over the period 2002-2018. Share structure is measured by the existence of a dual-class structure and also by excess voting rights and the proximity of the superior class shareholders in such structures. The study also shows that if financial constraints are measured by the WW index, irrespective of how dual-class share structure is measured, it increases the level of financial constraints. Similar results are obtained where financial constraints are measured by the KZ and SA indexes, except where dual-class share structure is measured by the proximity of superior class shareholders. The study also finds that if financial constraints are measured by the WW index, dual-class had a reduced impact during the period of the global financial crisis, thus, providing support for the propping theory. However, if financial constraint is measured by the SA index, dual-class share structure appears to have an increased impact during the GFC years. Among the additional tests, the HM index has been used as a measure of financial constraints, and the findings show that the impact of dual-class structures on financial constraints appears to be driven by their effect on debt constraints. The study also shows that firm age moderates the impact of dual-class share structures if financial constraints are measured by the WW index. The KZ, WW, and SA indexes are based on firm characteristics and, therefore, the study also tests for an impact of dual-class structures when financial constraint is measured by a text-based index, the BLM index. However, the results do not provide evidence of an impact in that case.
Keywords: Dual-class share structure; Financial Accounting; Financial Constraints; Firm Performannce; Meta analysis

Caractéristiques de l’organisation comptable et qualité de l’information comptable et financière produite par les PME : le cas du Cameroun - Ngongang, Dagobert; Ngoe Mekando, Alex Cyrille (Revue Economie, Gestion et Société, 2021)
The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the characteristics of the accounting organization on the quality of the accounting and financial information produced by SMEs. A binary logistic regression analysis, a simple linear regression and a chi-square test on the data collected by administering a questionnaire from a sample of 73 SMEs constituted by reasoned choice allow, on the one hand, to observe that the SMEs Cameroonians are setting up an accounting organization in order to produce not only mandatory accounting information, but also accounting information intended for their own use. On the other hand, the empirical conclusions of this study show that the use of a service provider in the context of an outsourcing of the accounting function and the degree of computerization of the accounting activity positively and significantly influence the quality of accounting production. and finance for SMEs. Conversely, the feminization of the accounting function is found to be one of the characteristics of the accounting organization without influencing the quality of the accounting and financial product of SMEs.
Keywords: Accounting organization; Degree of computerization; Degré d’informatisation; Externalisation; Feminization; Féminisation; Organisation comptable; Outsourcing; Quality; Qualité

La comptabilité de l'OHADA face au choix des spécificités des activités économiques - Mvogo, Jean (Revue Internationale des Sciences de Gestion, 2021)
La prédominance des comptes spécifiques de l’activé commerciale, industrielle et agricole dans le plan des comptes de l’OHADA au détriment d’autres activités, accule de scruter les particularités de celles-ci. Car, la portée sociale et économique des autres activités telles que l’activité hôtelière, l’activité associative, l’activité d’enseignement…, nécessite déjà une attention particulière sur le plan comptable. La portée d’un tel exercice a pour objectif non seulement de répertorier les spécificités comptables des activités commerciales, industrielles et agricoles mais aussi et surtout de proposer les particularités des autres activités à forte demande d’intégration dans le plan des comptes de l’OHADA. En premier lieu, cet article montre, classe par classe, les différents comptes qui permettent d’entrevoir les spécificités comptables de l’activité commerciale, industrielle et agricole. En second lieu, l’étude observe des limites sur le principe de parallélisme et de correspondance comptable sur les comptes de l’activité agricole et du compte marchandises hors activités ordinaires, et trouve donc un intérêt certain dans l’appel à l’insertion des comptes spécifiques des autres activités importantes ayant des particularités établies à défaut de créer des plans de comptes spécifiques.
Keywords: Comptabilité; OHADA; Plan comptable; Plan des comptes; Spécificités comptables

L’éclatement du cadre personnel de la transaction douanière au Cameroun - Yougouda, Hadidjatou (International Multilingual Journal of Science and Technology, 2021)
L’éclatement du cadre personnel de la transaction douanière est lié principalement au nombre excessif des structures intervenant dans le déclenchement de cette procédure. Ce cadre recouvre une pluralité des autorités publiques et des bénéficiaires qui rend de ce fait difficile le travail de leur classification. Force est de constater qu’au niveau des autorités publiques, les pouvoirs de ces dernières sont déterminés par rapport à leur grade et suivant l’importance des affaires traitées. Le pouvoir de transaction est par conséquent attribué restrictivement à des fonctionnaires désignés suivant une compétence hiérarchique établie en fonction de l’importance de l’affaire. Ces compétences sont actuellement réglées dans le cadre de la CEMAC par l’article 328 du code des douanes. S’il est vrai que la transaction doit être conclu par l’autorité administrative compétente, il arrive qu’elle soit conclue par un subordonné habilité à le faire. En ce sens, les textes prévoient fréquemment l’approbation de la transaction par l’autorité hiérarchique. Cette approbation est, selon les cas, la condition de l’engagement de la personne publique qui contracte ou la condition de l’application de la transaction. Ainsi, le déclenchement de la procédure transactionnelle relève, à titre principal, de la compétence des autorités nationales et communautaires, et, subsidiairement, de celle des services extérieurs et du ministère public. La situation est sensiblement plus complexe en ce qui concerne les bénéficiaires. Théoriquement, l’article 327 alinéa 1 du code des douanes CEMAC ouvre le recours à la transaction douanière à tous contrevenant qui la sollicite. Il est admis que cette expression vise aussi bien les auteurs que les complices ; les intéressés à la fraude, les civilement responsables, les cautions, les propriétaires des marchandises ou des moyens de transport dont la confiscation est encourue.

Value Relevance of Integrated Reporting using a Novel Approach: Comparative Cross Country Evidence of Mandatory and Voluntary Implementers - Mohaimen, F. J. (Victoria University of Wellington, 2021)
This thesis examines the value relevance of accounting information under integrated reporting (IR) in a comparative mandatory and voluntary setting. A meta review is conducted of all published work focusing on integrated reporting since 2011, which provides detailed insight into the gaps in the IR literature. Multiplicative log-linear model is used in measurement, which is a novel technique that mitigates the shortcomings of traditional value relevance models. The findings show that value relevance of summary accounting information increases after the implementation of IR in the mandatory setting. In the voluntary setting, market effect and the existing reporting paradigm effect the value relevance of accounting information under IR. If the market is large and existing reporting requirements are robust voluntary adoption of IR has minimal to no effect. However, in smaller markets with less rigorous reporting environment, adoption of IR does result in increased value relevance of accounting information. Compared to traditional models, the multiplicative model provides estimates that are more stable over time and shows better explanatory power. Overall, the findings of this thesis show that capital providers value the information content of IR under specific circumstances. This thesis contributes to the IR and value relevance literature by providing the first comparative cross-country evidence of the effect of IR in the change in value relevance of reported accounting information. It provides policy relevant input to the standard setters of IR by demonstrating the effect of IR in the decision usefulness of summary accounting information. The thesis further provides robust evidence of the efficacy of using the multiplicative log-linear model in measuring value relevance instead of the traditional linear additive models.

La taxation des frais généraux en droit fiscal nigérien - Kimba Moussa, Hamidou (Université Cheikh Anta Diop, 2021)
Keywords: Droit fiscal; Frais généraux; Niger; Taxation; Taxe

Le juge fiscal camerounais : unité ou pluralité de juridictions ? - Fermose, Janvier (Les Annales de droit, 2021)
Le développement du contentieux fiscal moderne a conduit à un passage du dualisme juridictionnel à un pluralisme juridictionnel fiscal. S’il n’est pas évident d’avoir un juge unique qui statue sur l’ensemble de la matière fiscale, la préoccupation centrale est celle de savoir comment les juges fiscaux coexistent-ils dans l’ordre juridictionnel camerounais. Suivant l’hypothèse que cette coexistence est manifeste, l’étude privilégie l’analyse des textes juridiques et des décisions rendues par les juridictions fiscales camerounaises. D’une part, pour vérifier le bien-fondé de l’analyse, il ressort que, de par son identification, le juge fiscal camerounais est désormais un juge multiple, pluriel et diversifié : il est dual, en se référant au juge fiscal classique (administratif ou judiciaire), et spécial, si l’on fait allusion aux juges fiscaux constitutionnel, communautaire et régional. La diversité du juge fiscal permet alors d’observer que toutes les juridictions sont, à un titre plus ou moins, à compétences fiscales. Si pendant longtemps, le dualisme juridictionnel a été le socle institutionnel du contentieux fiscal, la notion de juge fiscal s’est aujourd’hui enrichie avec l’apparition des nouveaux juges fiscaux. D’autre part, comme corollaire, la pluralité des juges fiscaux pose le problème de leur cohabitation : l’on note une collaboration organique et fonctionnelle entre les juges intervenant en contentieux fiscal, mais cette coexistence n’est pas sans conséquence, car elle entraîne des incidences légales et jurisprudentielles.
Keywords: juge fiscal; juridiction; pluralité; unité

Les récentes réformes des finances sociales au Cameroun - Tekendo, Gaétan Siewe (Les Annales de droit, 2021)
Alerte sécu ! C’est par cette exclamation que l’on peut mettre en garde sur les potentielles menaces qui pèsent sur les finances sociales en Afrique en général et au Cameroun en particulier. Les régimes de sécurité sociale des pays d’Afrique noire francophone font face à de sérieuses difficultés financières. Ceux-ci éprouvent des difficultés à fournir à temps des prestations sociales aux travailleurs salariés et leurs familles. De prime abord, la mission d’une caisse de sécurité sociale est d...

La publication des informations sociétales suivant les lois comptables revisées OHADA - Guimezap Épse Choukem, Claire (Revue Française d'Economie et de Gestion, 2021)
Dans un contexte marqué par le développement durable, le législateur OHADA n’a eu de cesse d’être accablé de toutes parts pour son statisme vis-à-vis de la montée des problématiques sociétales. Au lendemain des reformes du système comptable OHADA, les problématiques sociétales ont une fois de plus raté le rendez-vous de la normalisation. Toutefois, de nombreuses entreprises continuent à publier leurs informations sociétales parallèlement à leur communication financière. A cet effet, le problème que soulève cet article est celui de la compréhension des modes de production et de diffusion des informations extra-financières en l’absence d’une réglementation en la matière. Une étude empirique de nature descriptive est menée auprès d’un échantillon de 120 entreprises diffusant leurs informations sociétales au sein de l’espace OHADA. Il en ressort que le site internet et l’implication dans le développement de la communauté locale sont apparue respectivement comme support et thème de diffusion les plus utilisés dans l’espace OHADA en matière de reporting sociétal sous la pression de certaines parties prenantes notamment les associations consuméristes, les départements ministériels en charge de l’environnement, du travail et de la sécurité sociale. In a context marked by a widespread awareness of the needs of sustainable development, the OHADA legislator has been constantly burdened on all sides for its statism to the rise of societal problems. However, After the reform of the OHADA system, sustainability problems once more did not met up with the appointment of normalization. However, several enterprises continue to publish their societal information in parallel with their financial communication. As such, the problem raised by this article is that of understanding the mode of production and disclosure of non-financial information in the absence of a regulatory framework. A descriptive empirical analysis is carried out with a sample of 120 enterprises which propagate their societal information in the OHADA zone. It reveals that internet websites and implication in the development of the local community are respectively the medium and theme of the most used disclosures in the OHADA zone with regards to sustainability reporting under the pressure of some stakeholders especially consumer associations, ministerial departments in charge of the environment labor and social security.
Keywords: Accounting law; CSR; Corporate Social Responsibility; Droit comptable; Information sociétale; Parties-prenantes; RSE; Responsabilité Sociétale de l'Entreprise; Stakeholders

L'arbitrabilité des litiges en droit des marchés financiers - Megam, Nadège Flore (International Multilingual Journal of Science and Technology, 2021)
Keywords: Arbitrage; Arbitration; Financial markets; Marchés financiers

Création d'un fonds Zakât international : nécessités et faisabilité d’une internationalisation du droit de la Zakât - Abrighach, Safae (Université de Strasbourg, 2021)
La Zakât, aumône légale des musulmans, fait partie des cinq piliers de l’Islam. Le verset 60 de la Sourate Tawbah fixe 8 catégories d'attributaires au profit desquels la Zakât peut être versée. En l'occurrence, il s'agit des pauvres, nécessiteux, personnes chargées de collecter la Zakât, personnes dont les sympathisants à l’islam, les esclaves, les insolvables, les voyageurs en détresse, et le sentier d'Allah. L’intitulé de « Création d’un Fonds Zakât International : Nécessités et faisabilité d’une internationalisation du droit de la Zakât » est une analyse d’un projet datant de 2008 et qui n’a pas abouti à sa réalisation. C’est pour inciter à la création d’un Fonds Zakât International que cette thèse a été rédigée. Il s’agit d’étudier les carences en question et d’en proposer des solutions efficaces. L’optique est de collecter la Zakât à l’international pour une meilleure éradication de la pauvreté. Zakat, legal alms for Muslims, is one of the five pillars of Islam. The Verse 60 of Sura Tawbah sets out eight categories of beneficiaries for whose benefit Zakât may be paid. In this case, it is the poor, needy, persons responsible for collecting the Zakât, persons whose sympathizers to Islam, slaves, insolvent, travelers in distress, and the path of Allah. The title ''Creation of an International Zakât Fund : Necessities and feasibility of an internationalization of the law of Zakat'' is an analysis of a project dating from 2008 and that did not lead to its realization. It is to encourage the creation of a Zakât International Fund that this thesis has been written. It is a question of studying the deficiencies in question and proposing effective solutions. The vision is to collect Zakât internationally for a better eradication of poverty.
Keywords: Dotation funds; Droit international (droit islamique); Fonds Zakât International; Fonds de dotation; Gouvernance; International Zakât Fund; Non-governmental organization; Oeuvres de bienfaisance; Organisation non gouvernementale; Waqf; Zakāẗ

Tributação na economia compartilhada - Braz, Jacqueline Mayer da Costa Ude (Universidade de São Paulo, 2021)
Este trabalho se propõe a estudar a tributação dos modelos de negócio que envolvem o conceito de economia compartilhada, que se liga à ideia de mercados de redistribuição, estilos de vida colaborativos e o sistema de produto e serviço, que busca substituir a propriedade pela posse dos bens. Esses modelos utilizam-se da tecnologia para aproximar pessoas que dificilmente se encontrariam offline para que elas possam firmar negócios jurídicos relacionados ao ideal de compartilhamento. As plataformas digitais, nesse contexto, funcionam como marketplaces, que agregam demanda e oferta e potencializam os resultados desses modelos de negócio. Desse modo, a partir da definição do conceito de economia compartilhada, os modelos de negócio foram mapeados, para que, em seguida, se pudesse compreender o papel das plataformas digitais, nesse contexto, e os negócios jurídicos que são celebrados por intermédio delas. Foram estudados os contratos firmados entre os usuários da plataforma e deles com a plataforma para, com base nisso, fosse examinada a tributação incidente. Concluiu-se pela impossibilidade de se estudar a tributação incidente sobre as atividades desenvolvidas pelas plataformas digitais de economia compartilhada apenas com a verificação do que ocorre com negócios jurídicos offline parecidos, estabelecendo a atividade preponderante e a tributação incidente por analogia. É preciso compreender o modelo de negócio, os contratos que são celebrados por seus usuários, além da relação jurídica que eles estabelecem com a plataforma e a consistência material do negócio jurídico, para, somente então, analisar a tributação incidente sobre as atividades econômicas desenvolvidas por intermédio dela. This work proposes to study the taxation of business models that involve the concept of sharing economy, which is linked to the idea of redistribution markets, collaborative lifestyles, and product and service system, which seeks to replace ownership of assets by their usage. These business models use technology to bring together people who would hardly meet offline so that they can establish legal business relationships that are connected to the idea of a sharing economy. In this context, digital platforms act as marketplaces that aggregate demand and supply, enhancing the results of these business models. This work defines the concept of a sharing economy and maps the existing business models so that one could understand the role of digital platforms in this context and the legal businesses that are concluded through them. The contracts signed between the users of the platform and theirs with the platform were studied and, based on this, the incident taxation could be examined. It was concluded that it is impossible to study the taxation on the activities developed by making an analogy between the digital platforms of sharing economy with similar offline legal businesses. It is necessary to understand each unique business model, the contracts that are signed by its users, the legal relationship that users establish with the platform, and the material consistency of the legal arrangement, only then to analyze the taxation on the economic activities developed through it.
Keywords: Contratos; Cooperativismo; Inovações tecnológicas; Negócio juridico; Sharing economy; Taxation; Tributação

Droit OHADA et développement économique au Cameroun de 1995 à 2020 : contribution historique à une théorie de l'analyse économique du droit en Afrique subsaharienne - Otabela Atangana, Hugues (Aix-Marseille Université, 2021)
Dans la décennie 1995 à 2005, 17 États d’Afrique subsaharienne se sont regroupés pour former une organisation d’intégration juridique, afin d’uniformiser leur droit des affaires et d’instaurer un courant de confiance pour les investissements. L’OHADA (Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires) devait en découdre avec la situation d’insécurité juridique qui sévissait dans le continent en renforçant son attractivité économique, afin de faire émerger un pôle de développement en Afrique. Animée de l’idéologie panafricaniste, cette institution devait résolument se mettre au service du développement économique et de l’entreprise. Mais plus d’un quart de siècle après, on est en droit de se demander si elle atteint ses objectifs économiques. Les revendications des avocats anglophones de novembre 2016 au Cameroun qui fustigeaient l’imposition du droit OHADA au détriment de la Common Law, permet de jauger de la profondeur de la question. Ces mouvements corporatistes qui ont marqués le début de la crise sécessionniste, dévoilent le mimétisme juridique qui anime l'OHADA. Ce panafricanisme juridique qui l’incarnait, devait résolument se mettre au service de l’économie et de l’entreprise. Finalement, il a été supplanté par le mimétisme juridique. L’apport de l’OHADA dans le processus de développement économique du Cameroun reste faible et l’émergence d’un pôle de développement en Afrique est loin d’être amorcée. Cette réalité s’expliquerait par le fait que l’OHADA incarne une sorte d’acculturation juridique, d’où ses performances médiocres. L’opportunité d’une refonte profonde de ce modèle de communautarisation du droit des affaires mérite d’être soulevée
Keywords: Acculturation juridique; And legal mimicry.; Banks; Banques; Cameroun; Competencia; Competition law; Competitiveness; Compétitivité; Concurrence; Droit des affaires; Développement économique; Economic development; Entreprises; Financial markets; Incentive; Incitation; Innovation; Integration and economic agents; Intégration et agents économiques; Investissements; Investments; Legal acculturation; Legal pan-Africanism; Marchés financiers; OHADA; PIB réel; Panafricanisme juridique et mimétisme juridique.; Real GDP; Sécession

L'intermédiation financière et la théorie de la représentation - Gérard, Thomas (Université Paris Cité, 2021)
La réforme du droit des obligations a fait naître une distorsion entre la vision que le droit positif et la science juridique adoptent du mécanisme de la représentation. Afin d'y remédier, les activités ressortissant à l'intermédiation financière sont apparues comme un matériau d'étude approprié. Le vocable réunit les prestations prodiguées par les professionnels habilités à opérer sur les plates-formes de négociation d'instruments financiers et d'actifs numériques dans le cadre du traitement des ordres émanant de leurs clients. Si les intermédiaires financiers ne peuvent être considérés comme des mandataires dans la mesure où ils n'agissent pas au nom d'autrui mais en leur propre nom, les contrats qu'ils concluent avec leurs donneurs d'ordres n'en demeurent pas moins des contrats de représentation. Ces prestataires agissent en effet pour le compte d'autrui, mode d'action qui constitue l'essence du mécanisme de la représentation. En considération du principe de correspondance entre l'expression de l'intérêt du sujet et l'exercice d'un droit subjectif, il en résulte que celui qui, tel l'intermédiaire financier, exprime par sa volonté l'intérêt d'un autre sujet de droit exerce des prérogatives qui se rapportent aux droits subjectifs d'autrui. L'assise spécifique du pouvoir ainsi mis en œuvre éclaire le processus d'imputation à autrui des effets de l'action, que l'on présente comme le second versant de l'action pour le compte d'autrui. Compte tenu de la corrélation instaurée entre la titularité du droit subjectif exercé et l'imputation des conséquences qui en résultent, c'est en effet l'exercice des droits subjectifs d'autrui qui justifie l'imputation au titulaire de ces droits des effets de l'action. Fondée sur une dissociation entre la titularité et l'exercice des droits subjectifs, cette analyse de l'action pour le compte d'autrui la fait coïncider avec la conception moderne de la représentation. Si l'essence de la représentation se loge dans le mécanisme de l'action pour le compte d'autrui, le fait que l'agissement soit mené en nom propre ou au nom d'autrui doit être tenu pour une simple variable d'ajustement du phénomène représentatif. La teneur des obligations assumées par les prestataires habilités envers leurs donneurs d'ordres est inextricablement liée à leur qualité de représentant. L'obligation faite à l'intermédiaire financier d'exécuter la mission qui lui est confiée par son donneur d'ordres dépend étroitement de ce que le premier agit pour le compte du second, dont il met en œuvre les droits subjectifs. En tant qu'il constitue la traduction technique du pouvoir de représentation dévolu à cet intermédiaire, le mécanisme de l'action pour le compte d'autrui conduit à lui imposer des obligations de diligence et de loyauté partagées par tout représentant. Agissant pour le compte d'autrui, l'intermédiaire financier exerce un pouvoir de représentation ayant pour assise les droits subjectifs du représenté, ce dont il résulte qu'il assume des obligations communes à tout représentant. Préalablement analysée comme une simple variable d'ajustement du phénomène représentatif, l'intervention en son propre nom de l'intermédiaire financier ne saurait en altérer l'essence, ainsi que le confirme l'étude de l'influence d'un tel mode d'action sur le régime de l'obligation d'exécuter la mission assignée à l'intermédiaire. L'obligation de rendre compte incombant à l'intermédiaire financier obéit à la même logique. Si l'analyse de l'intermédiation financière atteste du particularisme du droit la régissant, la conception renouvelée de la représentation qu'elle a permis de formuler confirme dans le même temps l'absence d'autonomie du droit financier. Nous formons ainsi le vœu que l'étude ici menée puisse constituer le socle d'une réconciliation entre la science juridique et le droit positif susceptible d'éclairer la compréhension du mécanisme de la représentation à l'œuvre dans d'autres branches du droit. The reform of the law of obligations created a distortion between the vision that positive law and legal science adopt of the mechanism of representation. In order to remedy this, financial intermediation activities have emerged as suitable study material. The term combines the services provided by professionals authorized to operate on trading platforms for financial instruments and digital assets as part of the processing of orders from their clients. While financial intermediaries cannot be considered as agents insofar as they do not act in the name of others but in their own name, the contracts they conclude with their principals nonetheless remain representation contracts. These service providers act on behalf of others, a mode of action which constitutes the essence of the mechanism of representation. Considering the principle of correspondence between the expression of the subject's interest and the exercise of a subjective right, it follows that the one who, such as the financial intermediary, expresses by his will the interest of another subject of law exercises prerogatives which relate to the subjective rights of others. The specific base of power thus implemented sheds light on the process of attributing the effects of action to others, which is presented as the second aspect of action on behalf of others. In view of the correlation established between the ownership of the subjective right exercised and the attribution of the resulting consequences, it is in fact the exercise of the subjective rights of others which justifies the attribution to the holder of these rights of the effects of the action. Based on a dissociation between ownership and the exercise of subjective rights, this analysis of action on behalf of others makes it coincide with the modern conception of representation. If the essence of the representation is lodged in the mechanism of the action on behalf of others, the fact that the action is carried out in own name or in the name of others must be considered as a simple variable of adjustment. of the representative phenomenon. The content of the obligations assumed by authorized service providers towards their principals is inextricably linked to their quality of representative. The obligation imposed on the financial intermediary to perform the mission entrusted to it by its principal depends closely on whether the first acts on behalf of the second, whose subjective rights it implements. In so far as it constitutes the technical translation of the power of representation vested in this intermediary, the mechanism of action on behalf of others leads to the imposition of obligations of diligence and loyalty shared by all representatives. Acting on behalf of others, the financial intermediary exercises a power of representation based on the subjective rights of the principal, which means that he assumes obligations common to all representatives. Previously analyzed as a simple adjustment variable of the representative phenomenon, the intervention in its own name of the financial intermediary cannot alter its essence, as confirmed by the study of the influence of such a mode of 'action on the regime of the obligation to perform the mission assigned to the intermediary. The obligation to render account incumbent on the financial intermediary follows the same logic. If the analysis of financial intermediation attests to the particularism of the law governing it, the renewed conception of the representation that it has made it possible to formulate confirms at the same time the absence of autonomy of financial law. We therefore hope that the study conducted here may constitute the basis for a reconciliation between legal science and positive law capable of shedding light on the understanding of the mechanism of representation at work in other branches of law.
Keywords: Commission; Droit financier; Financial intermediation; Financial law; Intermédiation financière; Mandat; Representation; Représentation

Compliance et soft law en matière bancaire et financière - Bonnigal, Agathe (Université de Nantes, 2021)
Les normes de soft law, règles ou principes entendus comme les actes non-contraignants pouvant émaner des autorités publiques comme des acteurs privés, permettent d’appréhender ce qu’on appelle communément le droit souple. Classiquement écartées de la panoplie des sources formelles du droit, les normes de soft law sont reléguées le plus souvent au rang de sources nées de la pratique. Cependant, face aux nombreux effets juridiques qu’elles produisent et à la variété de leurs manifestations, on peut raisonnablement penser que les normes de soft law dont la compliance prend sa source, ont une réelle utilité pour encadrer l’activité bancaire et financière. La pertinence de recourir au soft law comme outil de conception de la compliance et de régulation du secteur bancaire et financier fera ainsi l’objet de notre réflexion dans une première partie. Après avoir démontré la diversification des sources dans l’encadrement normatif des activités bancaires et financières, nous analyserons le passé de la régulation. Nous nous interrogerons à cet effet, sur l’intégration du soft law dans l’ordre juridique interne. Puis, nous prolongerons notre réflexion en étudiant plus précisément la pratique de la compliance, qui dissimule un arsenal normatif complexe et des obligations éthiques visant à prémunir les établissements bancaires et financiers contre tout risque de non-conformité. Dès lors, nous tenterons de mesurer l’efficacité du système normatif de régulation dans la défense d’intérêts privés mais également d’enjeux nationaux et déterminerons les progrès restant à parcourir pour lutter contre ses insuffisances. Pour ce faire, nous nous intéresserons dans une seconde partie à la compliance comme expression de la densification normative du soft law en matière bancaire et financière.
Keywords: Banques; Compliance; Conformité; Droit souple; Finances

Securities regulation, enforcement and market integration in the development of sub-Saharan Africa's capital markets - Aziza, Onoriode Reginald (University of Oxford, 2021)
This thesis examines securities market development in sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on securities law, securities law enforcement and securities markets integration. Adopting a primarily comparative methodology, the thesis examines the continued relevance of securities markets in sub-Saharan Africa; the way selected countries in the region regulate their markets and enforce compliance with securities law; and the potential of market integration to promote market development. This thesis advances 4 main claims. First, empirical evidence supports the link between liquid securities markets and economic growth, independent of the level of banking development. In this sense, securities markets can act as good complements to banks in providing capital to the real economy. Second, at the minimum, there is an arguable preliminary case that rules of securities regulation can hinder market development in select countries in sub-Saharan Africa, by imposing high compliance costs and eligibility requirements, without commensurate benefits in greater liquidity or reduced cost of capital. Third, enforcement of securities regulation in sub-Saharan Africa is generally weak. Whilst public regulators often have formal powers, budgets and staff; actual enforcement activity is sometimes limited by inadequate market monitoring and reliance on criminal as opposed to administrative sanctions. Poor public enforcement, in turn, reinforces poor private enforcement, leading to reduced market participation, illiquidity, and ultimately market underdevelopment. Fourth, although increased market integration can go a long way in facilitating market development in the region, integration cannot be a short/medium term solution to market underdevelopment in sub-Saharan Africa, given the significant economic, political and socio-cultural barriers to integration initiatives in the region. Ultimately, to develop their securities markets, policymakers in sub-Saharan Africa must focus their attention on making and credibly enforcing market-friendly rules of securities regulation. The thesis explores some ways this may be realistically accomplished.
Keywords: Africa; Capital Markets; Capital market; Developing countries; Fintech; Going public (Securities); Market Integration; Securities; Securities Law; Securities Law Enforcement; Sub-Saharan Africa

A constitutional analysis of a differentiated tax treatment of residents and non-residents in respect of income deriving from immovable property in South Africa - Baines, Daniel (University of Pretoria, 2021)
A constitutional analysis of a differentiated tax treatment of residents and non-residents in respect of income deriving from immovable property in South Africa', Daniel Baines explores whether South African resident taxpayers' constitutional rights to equality and property are infringed by current laws which tax residents at higher rates than non-residents on rental income and proceeds from the disposal of fixed property. He aptly sets out what the right to equality and property entails and how these relate to taxpayers. He finds that the higher effective tax rates paid by residents violates their constitutional right to equality. The thesis provides valuable insight into a resident's right to equality and property in terms of current tax rates and illustrates how current tax rates are unconstitutional. The recommendations brought forward contribute toward the discussion of how tax rates should be altered in order to ensure that residents' constitutional rights are no longer violated.
Keywords: Immovable property; Income tax; South Africa; Tax treatment

A comparative analysis between the Turkish Financial Reporting Standard for large and medium-sized entities and the OHADA accounting system - Diallo, Amadou Thierno (Sakarya Üniversitesi, 2021)
The rapidly growing bilateral and multilateral economic relationship between Turkey and African countries leads to the necessity of understanding each other's business and financial environment. Therefore, the accounting system as a fundamental tool for organizing and disseminating financial information should be accessible and understood by business actors and other stakeholders in these areas. Furthermore, the lack of study related to this subject has led us to carry out this comparative analysis between the two accounting systems by comparing financial statements prepared under each one and analyzing their main similarities and differences. The main purpose of this study is to highlight major differences and similarities between the SYSCOHADA and the FRS for LMSE. Also, the study is aimed to get a good understanding of both accounting sets and help practitioners and businessmen, and women operating in these places to have a good knowledge of the accounting regulations related to each country. On a topic basis and based on financial statements prepared following the SYSCOHADA rules and restated to be adapted to the FRS for LMSE, all main differences and similarities were thoroughly analyzed. Following the case study and the thematical analysis of different accounting topics, it can be understood that the two accounting sets differ to some extent due to philosophical approach on some topics such as the prudence principle where the SYSCOHADA, contrary to the FRS for LMSE, does not allow the recognition of potential profit resulting from currency translation gains related to receivable and payables until such profit becomes certain. However, these two sets also share some major similarities due to their proximity in some way to the IAS/IFRS. The effect of the main differences between the two sets can be noticed in the restated financial statements. The annual net income following the FRS for LMSE increased compared to the initial annual net income in the SYSCOHADA. Also, total assets and liabilities restated following the FRS for LMSE have decreased compared to the SYSCOHADA financial statements. Türkiye ile Afrika ülkeleri arasında hızla büyüyen ikili ve çok taraflı ekonomik ilişkiler, birbirlerinin iş ve finans ortamını anlama zorunluluğunu doğurmaktadır. Bu nedenle, finansal bilgilerin düzenlenmesi ve yayılması için temel bir araç olarak muhasebe sistemi, bu alanlardaki iş aktörleri ve diğer paydaşlar tarafından erişilebilir ve anlaşılabilir olmalıdır. Ayrıca bu konuyla ilgili çalışma eksikliği, iki muhasebe sistemi arasında bu karşılaştırmalı analizi, her biri altında hazırlanan finansal tabloları karşılaştırarak ve temel benzerlik ve farklılıklarını analiz ederek yapmaya yöneltmiştir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, SYSCOHADA ve BOBİ FRS arasındaki önemli farklılıkları ve benzerlikleri vurgulamaktır. Ayrıca, çalışma hem muhasebe standartları iyi anlamak hem de uygulayıcılara ve bu yerlerde faaliyet gösteren iş adamlarına her bir ülkeyle ilgili muhasebe düzenlemeleri hakkında iyi bilgi sahibi olmalarına yardımcı olmayı amaçlamaktadır. Konu bazında ve SYSCOHADA kurallarına göre hazırlanmış ve BOBİ FRS' ye uyarlanmak üzere yeniden düzenlenen mali tablolara dayalı olarak, tüm temel farklılıklar ve benzerlikler kapsamlı bir şekilde analiz edilmiştir. Vaka çalışması ve farklı muhasebe konularının tematik analizi sonucunda, iki muhasebe setinin bir ölçüde felsefi yaklaşım nedeniyle ihtiyat ilkesi gibi bazı konularda farklılık gösterdiğini anlaşılmaktadır. SYSCOHADA, BOBİ FRS'nin aksine alacak ve borçlara ilişkin kur farkı kazançları kaynaklanan potansiyel kârın kesinleşene kadar muhasebeleştirilmesine izin vermemektedir. Bununla birlikte, bu iki muhasebe seti, UFRS/UMS'ye bir şekilde yakın olmaları nedeniyle bazı önemli benzerlikleri de paylaşmaktadırlar. İki sistemin temel farkların etkisi, yeniden düzenlenen mali tablolarda fark edilebilir. BOBİ FRS'yi takiben yıllık net gelir, SYSCOHADA'daki yıllık net gelire kıyasla artmıştır. Ayrıca, BOBİ FRS'yi takiben yeniden düzenlenen toplam varlıklar ve yükümlülükler, SYSCOHADA finansal tablolarına kıyasla azalmıştır.
Keywords: Accounting standards; Accounting systems; Büyük ve orta boy işletmeler için finansal raporlama standardı; Comparative analysis; Financial reporting standard for large and medium size enterprises; Financial reporting standards; Finansal raporlama standartları; Karşılaştırmalı analiz; Muhasebe sistemleri; Muhasebe standartları; Turkish Financial Reporting Standards; Türkiye Finansal Raporlama Standardı

Transition from Local Accounting Standards to International Accounting Standards: A Comparison Between the OHADA Member Countries and Turkey - Diallo, Amadou Thierno; Çevi̇K, Zülküf (Yorum Yönetim Yöntem Uluslararası Yönetim Ekonomi ve Felsefe Dergisi, 2021)
This study tries to get a clear grasp of the factors that might play positively or negatively in a country’s convergence or adoption of the international financial reporting standards (IFRS). Through a comparative analysis between Turkey and the OHADA countries and based on the existing literature, the transition process towards the IFRS and challenges faced by each one is discussed from a historical perspective to the level of development. As a result, it is understood that the adoption or convergence towards the IFRS can be a challenging and a long-term process requiring multiple adjustments. Also, countries may differ in terms of historical past, level of development, cultural and socio-economic aspects which can all influence their transition. In addition, given the lack of study on the new adoption of the IFRS in the OHADA countries, this paper will contribute to filling the gap in the literature on the transition process. Furthermore, it will help countries which are in their early stage of the transition process to avoid some missteps and learn from others experience to get better prepared for a successful shift towards a fully IFRS compatible accounting system as has done Turkey. Bu çalışma, bir ülkenin uluslararası finansal raporlama standartlarına (IFRS) yakınsaması veya tam olarak benimsemesinde olumlu veya olumsuz rol oynayabilecek faktörleri tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye ile OHADA ülkeleri arasında karşılaştırmalı bir analiz yoluyla ve mevcut literatüre dayalı olarak, UFRS'e geçiş süreci ve bu süreçte karşılaşılan zorluklar, tarihsel bir perspektiften tartışılmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, IFRS’in benimsenmesi veya uyumlaştırılmasının zorlu ve birçok ayarlama gerektiren uzun vadeli bir süreç olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Üstelik bu güçlükler, ülkelerin geçişlerini etkileyebilecek, tarihsel geçmiş, gelişmişlik düzeyi, kültürel ve sosyo-ekonomik yönler açısından farklılık gösterebilir. Buna ek olarak, OHADA ülkelerinde IFRS'in yeni benimsenmesine ilişkin çalışma eksikliği göz önüne alındığında, bu makale geçiş süreciyle ilgili literatürdeki boşluğun doldurulmasına katkıda bulunacaktır. Ayrıca, geçiş sürecinin erken aşamalarında olan ülkelere bazı yanlış adımlardan kaçınmalarına ve diğerlerinin deneyimlerinden öğrenerek, Türkiye'de olduğu gibi tamamen IFRS uyumlu bir muhasebe sistemine başarılı bir geçiş için daha iyi hazırlanmalarına yardımcı olacaktır.
Keywords: Accounting standards; Approche comparée; Comparison; Comptabilité; International Accounting Standards; Local Accounting Standard

Corporate Finance - Gherghina, Ştefan Cristian (MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2021)
This book comprises 19 papers published in the Special Issue entitled “Corporate Finance”, focused on capital structure (Kedzior et al., 2020; Ntoung et al., 2020; Vintilă et al., 2019), dividend policy (Dragotă and Delcea, 2019; Pinto and Rastogi, 2019) and open-market share repurchase announcements (Ding et al., 2020), risk management (Chen et al., 2020; Nguyen Thanh, 2019; Štefko et al., 2020), financial reporting (Fossung et al., 2020), corporate brand and innovation (Barros et al., 2020; Błach et al., 2020), and corporate governance (Aluchna and Kuszewski, 2020; Dragotă et al.,2020; Gruszczyński, 2020; Kjærland et al., 2020; Koji et al., 2020; Lukason and Camacho-Miñano, 2020; Rashid Khan et al., 2020). It covers a broad range of companies worldwide (Cameroon, China, Estonia, India, Japan, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, United States, Vietnam), as well as various industries (heat supply, high-tech, manufacturing).

Challenges for Responsible Investment in the retirement benefits sector of Kenya - Mathenge, Elizabeth (Victoria University of Wellington, 2021)
Responsible investment (RI) is the investment strategy that incorporates environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors into the investment decision-making process (Hebb, Hawley, Hoepner, Neher, & Wood, 2015). RI has shifted from what was considered a niche market to become one of the fastest-growing areas of finance in many parts of the world (PRI, 2019b). However, a closer look at the development of RI and adoption rates in countries and regions reveals that RI is not commonly practised in sub-Sahara Africa (except for South Africa). This study explores the critical challenges for RI development in the retirement benefits sector of Kenya and, by engaging with a variety of key stakeholders, proposes how to overcome the identified challenges. It contributes to the literature on challenges for RI in a developing country by offering an in-depth case study of the retirement benefits sector.My study employs qualitative methods to collect and analyse data collected from semi-structured interviews with 22 participants (asset managers, regulators and capital market experts, and a council member of the Association of Retirement Benefits Schemes of Kenya) as well as a collection of published documents by government agencies in Kenya. Also, I analysed 10 annual reports to assess the kind of ESG information that is disclosed by listed companies. My study explores, in particular, how actors in the retirement benefits sector conceptualise RI. It identifies the leading ESG factors in Kenya and draws on the business-case approach to RI to explore whether the participants consider those factors as material risk factors that present both risks and opportunities to the investment decision-making process. Further, my study identifies the specific barriers for RI development and proposes how to overcome them. The findings show that participants define RI using several terminologies. This is consistent with the existing literature. My study finds that all participants consider corporate governance as a material risk factor that can impact the financial returns of a portfolio. However, most of the asset managers do not think that the environmental and social factors can present material risk factors to their investment decision-making process. Although over a third of the asset managers recognise that the environmental and social issues in Kenya present business opportunities to retirement benefits schemes, there is a shortage of well-structured assets in those areas. Further, this study identifies five specific barriers for RI development: diversification challenges; a lack of ESG data; a lack of demand/incentives; short-termism; and the demand for high financial returns and a lack of awareness and expert knowledge of RI practices. My study recommends that the National Treasury of Kenya develops RI policy for the entire finance sector. In addition, the findings support a recommendation for the Capital Markets Authority and the Retirement Benefits Authority to embark on capacity building programmes to educate the actors in the finance sector on RI strategies and to create awareness of the impact of ESG on financial returns in the long run.
Keywords: Investment and Risk Management; Kenya; Responsible investment; Retirement benefits schemes

Governance of non-bank systematically important financial institutions - Morbee, Katrien (University of Oxford, 2021)
This thesis identifies the circumstances under which corporate governance regulation can help gain traction to minimise systemic risk. Systemic risk is the risk that local losses spread through the financial system and badly affect the financial system and the real economy. Excessive risk-taking by financial institutions can contribute to such systemic risk. Prudential regulation and supervision of financial institutions leave corporate decision-makers with room for discretion to increase or decrease systemic risk. The incentives of these decision-makers are not necessarily aligned with minimising systemic risk. The thesis shows that this problem exists across different business models. More specifically, it identifies perverse incentives in the case of systemically important banks, CCPs, mutual funds, and hedge funds. The need for corporate governance regulation therefore lies in the inherent incompleteness of prudential regulation and supervision. Corporate governance regulation can help fill this gap by regulating the environment within which choices are made within these types of institutions. The analysis has three steps. First, it characterises the systemic importance of financial-sector activities carried on outside the context of ‘banks’. The governance literature so far has focused on the ‘systemic externalities’ created by banks. However, our analysis shows that other non-bank SIFIs generate similar systemic externalities with socially harmful consequences. These systemic externalities are not considered by SIFIs when taking business decisions. In a second step, the thesis shows that prudential regulation and supervision are incomplete and leave room for governance regulation to fill in the gaps. The final step shows that a corporate governance framework focused solely on the interests of shareholders will have negative consequences for systemic stability. Given such divergence between the decision-makers’ and society’s interests, corporate governance regulation can complement the traditional prudential framework.
Keywords: Asset managers; Central counterparties; Corporate governance; Finance; Non-bank financial institutions; Systemic risk

Regulatory measures to address bank failures in Zimbabwe - Nyaude, Ashley Batsirai (University of Pretoria, 2021)
The main rationale of prudential bank regulation and supervision of banks has traditionally been to ensure the safety and soundness of banks and protection of depositors. However, best practice standards in bank supervision acknowledge that it is impossible to completely prevent bank failures. Therefore, it is crucial to have regulatory measures in place to deal with banks that fail. Banks are core players in the financial system as the intermediaries between savers and users of capital. In addition, banks provide critical services to consumers, small and medium-sized businesses, large corporate entities and governments who rely on them to conduct their daily business, both at domestic and international level. Banks also fulfil a sui generis role that sets them apart from other financial institutions that are role players in the financial system because, inter alia, they hold “highly” liquid liabilities in the form of deposits that are repayable on demand; they extend long-term loans that may be difficult to sell or borrow against on short notice; they are the back-up source of liquidity to all other institutions (financial and non-financial); and, are also the transmission belt for monetary policy. Unlike other players in the financial system, banks are vulnerable to loss of public confidence and to liquidity risk. Liquidity risk being the risk that a bank will not have sufficient cash to meet short term obligations and the fact that a "run on the bank" by depositors can result in devastating liquidity drainage. Because banks play a special role in the economy and their failure may have a significant impact on financial stability, they need a special approach when they become insolvent or are likely to become insolvent. The 2008 Global Financial Crisis (“GFC”) demonstrated the importance of special resolution regimes for banks; and the need to balance the interests of shareholders, creditors and depositors, while promoting financial stability objectives. Given the critical role of banks in the economy the need is clear for a special resolution regime for banks that provides a legal framework for regulators that avails to them a suite of resolution tools which they can apply to resolve the bank in an orderly manner; to rescue those parts of the bank that may still be viable and to liquidate those parts that are not whilst avoiding a drain on public funds. In order to deal with bank failures in Zimbabwe, the Banking Act [Chapter 24:20] has provided for the mechanism of curatorship since 2000, as a rescue measure aimed at restoring failing banks to economic viability. Curatorship has over the years been applied with mixed success; consequently, Zimbabwe has undertaken a number of reforms which include the enactment of the Troubled Financial Institutions (Resolution) Act in 2005; and the introduction of the problem bank regime via the Banking Amendment Act of 2015. Throughout these reforms, Zimbabwe has elected to retain curatorship, which was once a standalone process in banking legislation to enable bank rescue; and assimilated it into a broader bank resolution framework. This study seeks to determine whether Zimbabwe’s resolution regime requires to be strengthened and if so, to recommend reforms that will align the resolution regime in Zimbabwe with international best practice. For such purpose it will draw upon the Financial Stability Board’s Key Attributes of Effective Resolution Regime as international best practice benchmark. It will further also consider guidance yielded by a comparative study of the resolution regimes in the United Kingdom and South Africa.
Keywords: Bank failure; Bank supervision; Zimbabwe

Allocating rights between nations: Legitimacy and justice in international tax policy - Ozawa Ozai, Ivan (McGill University, 2021)
Although extreme poverty has decreased in the last decades, we are a long way from eradicating global poverty. Similarly, the world has seen a considerable decrease in global inequality due to recent developments in emerging economies, but overall inequality between nations has risen in the last decades. International tax law may have a relevant role in improving or worsening global inequality. Extensive research has shown that the present international tax system was designed in a way that tends to benefit high-income economies. However, there has been no significant discussion about whether and how international tax law rules should be changed to address global inequality. The main goal of this thesis is to analyze the existing legitimacy and distributive justice issues that limit the ability of lower-income countries to raise tax revenues and consider what can be done to make the current international tax regime more aligned with global justice principles.The thesis builds on the contemporary literature in international political economy and global distributive justice and puts forth a normative framework for allocating the international tax base among states. First, it analyzes some of the legitimacy deficits of the present international tax system. In contrast to prevailing views about improving legitimacy, it demonstrates the shortcomings of focusing solely on making international tax policymaking processes more inclusive and argues for a greater focus on global distributive justice. It then analyzes the main tax theories that have defined international tax relations to date and demonstrates some of their limitations. The final part of the thesis puts forth normative principles that integrate distributive justice and considers the practical implications of the proposed normative framework for some of the most recent issues discussed in international tax policy
Keywords: International tax; International tax policy