Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Les indications géographiques (IG), signes distinctifs qui permettent d’identifier des produits de qualité sur les marchés, constituent une forme de labellisation qui est encore au stade de balbutiement en Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre. Cette situation peut s’expliquer par le faible degré d’imprégnation que les communautés de la région ont des avantages du système de propriété intellectuelle et notamment, de l’impact de la labellisation des produits dans le cadre de leurs activités commerciales. Pourtant, les avantages que les producteurs peuvent tirer d’une protection efficace des IG sont indéniables : développement économique, social et culturel de certaines régions, création d’emplois et préservation du patrimoine environnemental et culturel. Dans cet article, nous allons tenter de mettre la lumière sur les acteurs intervenants dans la mise en place des IG, leur mode de protection et le modèle de développement qui peut en découler. Geographical indications (GIs), distinctive signs that identify quality products on the markets, are a form of labeling that is still in its infancy in West and Central Africa. This situation can be explained by the low degree of impregnation that the communities of the region have of the advantages of the intellectual property system and in particular, of the impact of the labeling of products within the framework of their commercial activities. However, the benefits that producers can derive from the effective protection of GIs are undeniable: economic, social and cultural development of certain regions, job creation and preservation of environmental and cultural heritage. In this article, we will try to shed light on the actors involved in the establishment of GIs, their mode of protection and the development model that can result from it.

6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu (TTK) ile Türk Ticaret Hukuku'nda özellikle anonim şirketler hukukunda yapılan değişiklikler arasında imtiyazlı paylarla ilgili düzenlemeler de bulunmaktadır. Mülga 6762 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunundaki (eTK) hükümlere benzerlik gösteren yönleri olsa da imtiyazlı paylarla ilgili daha ayrıntılı, yenilikler getiren ve önceki Kanun döneminde karşılaşılan sorunları gidermeye çalışan düzenlemelerin yapıldığı görülmektedir. TTK'daki imtiyazlı paylarla ilgili düzenlemelerin eTK döneminde ortaya çıkan sorunları giderip gidermediğinin ya da yeni sorunlara, belirsizliklere ve tartışmalara yol açıp açmadığının tespit edilerek değerlendirilmesi amacı bu tezin yazılmasına sebep oluşturmaktadır. Birinci bölümde önce genel olarak pay kavramı, imtiyazlı payın tanınması koşulları, imtiyaz kavramının terminolojik yönü ve mevzuatımızda konuyla ilgili düzenlemelerle hukuk sistemimize esin kaynağı olan yabancı hukuk sistemlerindeki düzenlemeler incelenmiştir. Ardından, imtiyaz tanınan hakların, eşitlik ilkesi, müktesep hak ve vazgeçilmez hak ile olan ilişkilerine değinilmiş ve imtiyazlı pay kavramının nasıl tanımlanması gerektiği üzerinde durulmuştur. Tezin asıl omurgasını oluşturan ikinci bölümde, imtiyaza konu haklar, malvarlığı hakları ve yönetim hakları olarak iki asıl eksen üzerinde incelenmiştir. İkinci bölüm için en fazla tartışılmış bulunan konu, yönetim haklarında imtiyaza ilişkindir. Yönetim haklarında imtiyazı oluşturan iki alt başlık, oy hakkında imtiyaz ve yönetim kurulunda temsilde imtiyaz ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelenmeye çalışılmış, imtiyazın kanundan kaynaklanan nedenlerle engellenmesinden bahsedilmiş ve diğer haklarda imtiyaza değinilmiştir. Tezin üçüncü bölümü imtiyazların korunması konusuna ayrılmıştır. Bu bölümde imtiyazlı pay sahipleri özel kurulunun (İPSÖK) yapısı, niteliği ve toplanması ile özel kurulun onayına bağlı kararlar halka açık olan ve olmayan şirketler dikkate alınarak açıklanmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde ayrıca İPSÖK kararlarına karşı açılacak iptal davalarıyla ilgili değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. [...] It is observed that although there are some similarities with the previous one, the new Turkish Commercial Code, Law No: 6102, introduces more detailed and innovative arrangements which is intended to provide an answer to the problems experienced during the abrogated code was in force in relation to preference shares. It is easily can be said that, by and large, the topic "preference shares" is the one of the most radically altered topic in the new code. The main purpose of this thesis is to shed light whether these innovative arrangements in the new code actually solving the problems that is intended to solve or, rather opposite, causing new problems and ambiguities. For this purpose, the first section of this thesis is allocated to analyse the concept of "share" in general and under which conditions the preference shares are granted first and then the meaning of the concept of "preference" is investigated. It is followed by subsections devised to identify the current domestic law, and comprative law that inspried the law makers in this area. In the following subsections it is attempted to explain where preference shares stand with respect to principle of equality, vested interests and inalienable rights, and how the concept of preference shares should be defined. In the second section, which constitutes the backbone of this thesis, the rights that are being subject of the preference shares are examined on the axis of the assest rights and the administrative rights. The topic of the administrative rights attached to preference shares is the most debated topic in this section. In this context under the head of the administrative rights, the issues related to priveleges in votes and the representation on the executive board are examined seperately in two separate subsections. Also in this subsection the issues of statutory basis of the prevention of preferences and the preferences in relation to other rights are grappled. The third section of the thesis is completely devised to the issues related to the protection of the preference shares. In this section the structure, qualifications, gathering of the board of preference shares owners and the decisions subject to approval of this board are explained in the context of private and public companies. In this section the suits that could be brought for the annulment of this board decision is evaluated briefly.

Ticarî işletme, kendisine özgülenen malvarlığı unsurlarının tamamı ile kapsamlı bir organizasyon niteliğini haiz olup, ticarî ve ekonomik bir bütünlük arz etmektedir. Ticarî işletme, ticarî bir amaca özgülenen ve bütünlük arz eden yapısı gereği, tacire ait malvarlığı unsurlarından belki de en değerlisidir. Bu yapısı gereği ticarî işletme, cebri icra hukukunda alacaklıların ilk müracaat edeceği malvarlığı unsurudur. Alacaklıların borçluya ait mal veya hakların paraya çevrilmesi sonucu tatmin edilmesi, cebri icra hukukuna hâkim olan genel bir ilkedir. Ticarî işletmenin cebri icra hukukunda paraya çevrilmesi, kapsamında bulunan mal veya hakların niteliği ve çeşitliliği gözetildiğinde ayrı bir önem taşımaktadır. Ticarî işletmeye özgülenen mal veya hakların ayrı ayrı paraya çevrilmesi, bu mal veya hakların parçalanmasına sebep olacağından, işletme faaliyetinin sona ermesine yol açar. Ticarî işletme faaliyetinin devamlılığının zedelenmesi, alacaklı ve borçlu menfaatlerini doğrudan etkilediği gibi ekonomik, sosyal ve toplumsal bir kısım olumsuz etkileri de beraberinde getirir. Bu nedenle, cebri icra prosedürleri içerisinde ticarî işletme bütünlüğünün bozulmaması büyük önem arz eder. Ticarî işletmenin cebri icra yoluyla bir bütün hâlinde paraya çevrilmesi, işletmeye özgülenen mal veya hakların bütünlüğünün bozulmasının önüne geçerek, faaliyetin devamlılığını sağlayan bir paraya çevirme şekli olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bunun yanında, ticarî işletmenin bir bütün hâlinde paraya çevrilmesi ile ayrı ayrı paraya çevirmeye nazaran daha yüksek gelir elde edilir. Çalışmamızda, öncelikle, ticarî işletmenin bir bütün hâlinde paraya çevrilmesi açısından karşılaştırmalı hukuk sistemlerinde yer alan bazı düzenlemeler incelenmiştir. Daha sonra, ticarî işletmenin bir bütün hâlinde paraya çevrilmesinin İcra ve İflâs Kanunu'nda yer alan her bir paraya çevirme türü açısından durumu ve ticarî işletmenin bir bütün hâlinde paraya çevrilmesinin yerine getirilme usulü ile paraya çevirmenin etki ve sonuçları ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. [...] A commercial enterprise has the character of a comprehensive organization with all the elements of assets specific to it, and it offers a commercial and economic integrity. A commercial enterprise, due to its structure that is specific to a commercial purpose and offers integrity, is perhaps the most valuable of the elements of the merchant's assets. Due to this structure, a commercial enterprise is the first asset element that creditors will apply for in forced execution law. The satisfaction of creditors as a result of the conversion of the debtor's goods or rights into money is a general principle that dominates the enforcement law. The conversion of a commercial enterprise into money in compulsory enforcement law is of particular importance when the nature and diversity of the goods or rights covered by it are taken into account. The conversion of goods or rights specific to the commercial enterprise into money separately leads to the termination of the business activity, as this will lead to the fragmentation of these goods or rights. Damage to the continuity of commercial business activity directly affects the interests of creditors and debtors, as well as brings with it some negative economic, social and social effects. For this reason, it is of great importance that the integrity of the commercial enterprise is not disrupted within the forced execution procedures. The conversion of a commercial enterprise into money as a whole through forced execution appears as a form of conversion into money that ensures the continuity of activity by preventing the deterioration of the integrity of the goods or rights specific to the enterprise. In addition, a higher income is obtained by converting the commercial enterprise into money as a whole than by converting it into money separately. In our study, first of all, some regulations in comparative legal systems have been examined in terms of the conversion of commercial enterprise into money as a whole. Subsequently, the situation of the conversion of the commercial enterprise into money as a whole in terms of each type of conversion contained in the Execution and Bankruptcy Code, as well as the procedure for performing the conversion of the commercial enterprise into money as a whole, as well as the effects and consequences of the conversion into money have been tried to be revealed.

La constitutionnalisation des ordres juridiques communautaires s’affiche comme une alternative crédible aux conflits des normes inter-systémiques dans l’espace juridique ouest-africain francophone. L’hypothèse a l’avantage de faire intégrer les normes communautaires au bloc de constitutionnalité et, ce faisant, constitue l’opportunité de faire du juge constitutionnel non seulement un garant potentiel de l’application du droit communautaire mais aussi un interlocuteur probable des Cours de justice communautaire. Heureusement, il existe dans le constitutionnalisme d’Afrique de l’Ouest francophone des moyens juridiques de sa concrétisation.

Les contrats miniers et pétroliers sont des contrats spécifiques en raison de leur apport économique. Les litiges relatifs à ces derniers doivent être résolus par des procédés particuliers. Dans le cadre du règlement des litiges miniers et pétroliers, le juge camerounais occupe une place limitée car, dans le principe, il est exclu du processus de résolution. L’arbitre, privilégié et préféré par les parties, intervient principalement pour régler ces différends et le juge camerounais, exceptionnellement. Dans la majorité des pays à l’exception du Cameroun, l’arbitre est l’organe/ principal érigé en juge de droit commun pour solutionner les conflits par accord volontaire des parties aux contrats.

A prescrição e a decadência se voltam à promoção da segurança jurídica. Seu regramento é fruto da concepção liberal e individualista que influenciou as codificações do século XIX e se mantém consagrada no Código Civil vigente. Paralelamente, de sistematização mais recente, decorrente do contexto de massificação das relações sociais e coletivização de direitos, tem-se o processo coletivo, em que o titular do direito e o legitimado a tutela-lo em juízo nem sempre coincidem, tornando a aplicação das regras da prescrição e da decadência problemática. Nesse contexto, a presente tese pretende responder aos seguintes questionamentos: (a) os direitos coletivos estão sujeitos a prescrição e decadência? e (b) em caso positivo, qual é o regramento jurídico aplicável? No primeiro capítulo, traçam-se as premissas necessárias para compreender o regramento da prescrição e da decadência, definindo-se os conceitos de direito subjetivo, ação, pretensão e direito potestativo. Depois, analisa-se o regramento individual da prescrição e da decadência, tratando-se de seu fundamento, do início dos prazos e das causas de impedimento, suspenção e interrupção da sua contagem, da prescrição da execução e da prescrição intercorrente e, enfim das tendências atuais sobre os temas. No segundo capítulo passa-se a tratar do processo coletivo, apresentando-se algumas considerações sobre a sua origem histórica e o direito comparado (class actions); expõe-se igualmente os conceitos de direitos coletivos, com base na categorização disposta no artigo 81, parágrafo único, do Código de Defesa do Consumidor: direitos difusos, coletivos stricto sensu e individuais homogêneos. Analisa-se a sua compatibilidade com o conceito de direito subjetivo, fundamental à configuração da prescrição e da decadência. No terceiro e último capítulo, com base nas premissas teóricas estabelecidas nos dois primeiros, analisa-se se os direitos coletivos em sentido amplo estão sujeitos à prescrição e à decadência, concluindo-se que (a) os difusos não estão sujeitos a qualquer prazo extintivo, por causa da sua incompatibilidade com o regramento da prescrição e da decadência, (b) os coletivos stricto sensu se submetem aos mesmos prazos de prescrição e decadência dos direitos individuais, devendo o início dos prazos, contudo, considerar a ciência do legitimado coletivo, e (c) os individuais homogêneos se submetem integralmente ao regramento da prescrição e decadência desenvolvido para os direitos individuais. Promove-se ainda análise crítica de precedentes do Superior Tribunal de Justiça sobre o tema.

Les différents régimes de propriété intellectuelle des Étatsnations du monde n’offrent pas une protection adéquate aux savoirs traditionnels autochtones. Le régime mondial moderne de propriété intellectuelle n’a été élaboré qu’après la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Aucun État-nation n’a défendu les intérêts de ses peuples autochtones ni ne s’est inquiété du mépris total des savoirs traditionnels et des droits de propriété sur les savoirs autochtones relatifs aux matériaux, aux médicaments, aux plantes ou aux animaux. Bien qu’ils aient été ignorés lors de la mise en place du régime mondial de propriété intellectuelle, les savoirs traditionnels autochtones existent néanmoins. Un bref examen de trois éléments fondamentaux du régime mondial de propriété intellectuelle, à savoir les brevets, les droits d’auteur et les marques déposées, nous permettra de mieux comprendre et définir les fondements des savoirs traditionnels.

European legal protection of consumer autonomy has been significantly changed in the digital environment, where algorithm-driven systems perform everything. This book focuses on protecting consumer autonomy facing the pervasive and global phenomenon of dark patterns: the expression includes various tactics that manipulate consumers by altering online choice architecture to thwart user preferences for objectionable ends. Overloading, skipping, stirring, hindering, and flicking are examples. Moving from the perspective that the sole traditional information approach is ineffective in protecting autonomy, the adopted methodology considers the multiple concerns revolving around the tight combination of transparent information and fair digital architectural design. Consequently, the comparative study of the new suitable regulatory directions arises across different legal fields, including data protection, consumer, and competition law. The relationship between deceptive designs, the nature of human-digital architecture interaction, and the techno-legal paradigms emphasises which future changes in European private law could integrate legal rules into fair designs to protect digital consumer autonomy effectively. Specific importance will be attributed to the functionality of comparative methodology to include non-legal essential insights (e.g. behavioural, informatic elements) into pragmatic and global regulatory paths and models.

International law is a robust system designed to unite world governments in an effort to, inter alia, cease human rights violations and hold those who commit them accountable. As it currently stands, and by its own design, the international human rights legal regime focuses on and applies only to state actors, meaning that violations committed by non-state actors, such as multinational corporations (MNCs), are seemingly conducted with impunity inside this space. Multinational corporations are powerful international players that have undoubtably fostered a significant role in reducing global barriers. By their very nature, they are far more mobile than states, allowing them to evade domestic power and regulatory schemes by detaching from their home state and relocating to a host state with weaker oversight and/or enforcement powers. Simply stated: even though MNCs have better financing, heightened mobility, and a disproportionate amount of influence when compared to world states, they operate with less global accountability. Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) is a fundamental violation of children’s rights. It consists of sexual abuse by the adult and remuneration in cash or kind to the child or a third person or persons. The child is treated as a sexual object and as a commercial object. Multinational corporations have been implicated in CSEC through acts of omission and commission. And despite the fact that much international law has been drafted to protect children around the world from CSEC—most notably the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and its Optional Protocols—the numbers of children who have been emotionally and physically harmed by and through MNC conduct has only increased in the past decade. There have been numerous efforts by international organizations to address the challenges when regulating and monitoring human rights violations by MNCs. States, civil society organizations, and the private sector itself have also attempted to address these human rights violations through domestic law, modifying international law principles, and with civil regulation. Obstacles exist in the effectiveness of each of these approaches, leaving children at risk with no single effective strategy to combat and address rights violations by MNCs. The dissertation conducts a review of the current landscape of child law, through the lens of corporate accountability for CSEC. Then, it suggests a new alternative, putting forward an international solution to an international problem.

Le bail à usage professionnel est un contrat nommé de l'Organisation pour l'Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA). Ce contrat est une figure apparentée au bail commercial dont il portait d'ailleurs le nom avant la réforme de 2010. Le bail commercial lui-même s'est historiquement détaché du contrat de louage des choses prévu dans le Code civil de 1804 pour répondre aux exigences des mutations sociales et économiques du premier quart du XXᵉ siècle en Europe. Le bail à usage professionnel se pose donc comme une forme d'arrangement contractuel entre une tradition assumée et une modernité voulue. C'est de cet arrangement qu'a surgi le besoin de s'interroger sur la logique qui le sous-tend pour découvrir s'il existe un objectif poursuivi par le législateur et s'il existe, dans quelle mesure l'ensemble de la règlementation et l'interprétation qu'en fait le juge sont cohérents avec l'objectif visé. Le postulat qui préside à cette étude c'est que les règles de droit ont une raison d'être et une histoire qui obéissent idéalement à la finalité impulsée par ceux qui les appellent à l'existence. Pour les fins d'une telle investigation, l'analyse économique du droit (AED) et le pragmatisme juridique ont permis de dégager un double objectif au bail à usage professionnel. Il correspond à la fois à un ratio legis, c'est-à-dire à la politique juridique du législateur et à un ratio juris, c'est-à-dire à une justice désirable inhérente à l'esprit du contrat. L'étude pose que l'un des objectifs poursuivis par le bail est la protection, non pas tant d'une partie faible ni même d'un fonds de commerce, mais de toute activité économique qu'abrite le local loué. Ce projet permet de rendre compte des règles qui régissent le bail comme des mécanismes de sécurisation de l'espace et du temps de jouissance donnés au locataire. À la lumière de cette finalité, il apparaît que la valorisation économique voulue est restée inachevée avec le traitement partial réservé à l'activité de l'entreprenant. Si le premier objectif du bail consiste en la protection de l'activité économique, le second concerne la protection des acteurs économiques eux-mêmes. Après avoir établi que le bail correspond à ce que la littérature économique appelle actif spécifique, il apparait que la formation et l'exécution de ce contrat constituent une occasion propice aux comportements opportunistes des parties prenantes. La thèse propose une synthèse de la notion d'opportunisme et suggère une lecture de la seconde partie des règles sur le bail comme autant de mécanismes de prévention et de sanctions de comportements opportunistes.

Este artigo objetiva lançar luz sobre a reprodução irrefletida nos clausulados de apólices de seguro de responsabilidade civil de administradores, o chamado seguro D&O, de dispositivo em que se exclui de cobertura atos cometidos pelos segurados com culpa grave. Para tanto, se esmiuça o tratamento da responsabilização civil de administradores e os deveres dos administradores de sociedades anônimas no ordenamento jurídico nacional, dedicando-se especialmente aos deveres de diligência, de lealdade, de evitar conflito de interesses e de informar. Passa-se ao exame do seguro D&O como mecanismo apto à alocação e gerenciamento de parte dos riscos das atividades do administrador e, apenas então, adentrar-se no estudo da culpa grave nos atos de gestão. Após um breve giro histórico sobre a gradação da culpa e a percepção do dolo e da culpa grave no âmbito do Direito Civil e Securitário brasileiros, reflete-se sobre a aplicação do conceito de culpa grave às apólices de seguro D&O.

Les connaissances et les savoir-faire qui ont été produits dans les sociétés traditionnelles sont qualifiés de traditionnels. Ils se divisent en expressions du folklore et savoirs associés aux ressources biologiques. Dans les sociétés développées, ces savoirs sont relégués au domaine public ou patrimoine commun de l’humanité. A contrario, les connaissances et savoir-faire produits dans les sociétés individualistes sont qualifiés de créations nouvelles. Ce sont des productions littéraires, artistiques et industrielles qui ont été individualisées et appropriées par des êtres humains ayant été l’objet de l’individuation qui est un phénomène sociohistorique. Certaines communautés locales contestent la libre exploitation de leurs savoirs traditionnels dont l’exploitation est réglementée par des coutumes. Parallèlement, certains traités ont été adoptés dans l’objectif de protéger ces savoirs en conditionnant leur exploitation au consentement de ces communautés. Ce consentement est difficile à obtenir du fait que la plupart des communautés n’ont pas de représentants légaux au regard du droit positif individualiste. De plus, même s’ils arrivent à conclure des contrats d’exploitation de ces savoirs, ils ne sont pas en mesure d’intenter une action en justice pour obtenir réparation en cas de rupture abusive ou déséquilibre du contrat. La protection des savoirs traditionnels doit être conditionnée à la reconnaissance et au respect des coutumes qui ne sont pas codifiées. L’étranger désirant exploiter ces savoirs doit s’informer grâce à une enquête ethnographique de leurs statuts juridiques coutumiers avant de les exploiter pour éviter de porter atteinte aux droits collectifs de ces communautés.

Le droit d’auteur togolais a aujourd’hui plus de trente ans. C’est une longévité rare dans une matière en permanente évolution. Il importe de s’interroger sur les ressorts essentiels de cette législation qui ne peut plus se permettre de demeurer dans cette léthargie. Un projet de loi sur le droit d’auteur est dans les tiroirs du législateur togolais depuis quelques années. L’article s’interroge sur l’ensemble de l’environnement du droit d’auteur togolais sous le prisme du monde du numérique. Le constat est à la fois évident et amer : le droit d’auteur togolais est suranné dans l’espace comme dans le temps et il est bousculé autant dans sa structure que dans ses finalités. Le législateur est invité à prendre le plus rapidement ses responsabilités pour mettre à jour le droit d’auteur avec son nouvel environnement. Togolese copyright is now over thirty years old. It is a rare longevity in a constantly evolving world. It is important to question the essential springs of this legislation which can no longer afford to remain in this lethargy. A copyright bill has been in the drawers of the Togolese legislator for a few years. The article questions the entire environment of Togolese copyright under the prism of the digital world. This observation is both obvious and bitter: Togolese copyright is outdated in space as well as in time and it is shaken up as much in its structure as in its purposes. The legislator is invited to take its responsibilities as quickly as possible to update copyright with the new digital environment.

Anonim şirketlerde yönetim veya temsil yetkisi kural olarak yönetim kurulu tarafından kullanılmakla birlikte, özellikle halka açık veya büyük ölçekli ortaklıklarda söz konusu yetkilerin tamamının yönetim kurulu tarafından bizzat yerine getirilmesi uygulamada sık rastlanan bir durum değildir. Bu nedenle kanunda, yönetim kuruluna, yönetim veya temsil yetkisinin 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu' nun 367/I ve 370/II hükümlerinde yer alan şartlara uygun olarak, mevcut yönetim kurulu üyelerinden bir veya birkaçına yahut üçüncü kişilere devretmek suretiyle, şirketin yönetim teşkilatını belirleme yetkisi tanınmıştır. Şirket yönetimi konusunda uzmanlaşmış ve yeterli mesleki tecrübeye sahip olan kişilere yetkilerin devredilmesi, bir yandan şirkette profesyonelleşmeyi sağlamakta, diğer yandan kural olarak, devredilen yetkilerle birlikte bu kapsamda ortaya çıkabilecek hukuki sorumluluk da devredilmiş sayılacağından, yönetim kurulu üyelerinin hukuki sorumluluğunu sınırlandırmaktadır. Yönetim veya temsil yetkilerinin geçerli bir şekilde devredilmesi halinde, devredilen yetkilerle ilgili olarak yönetim kurulu üyelerinin hukuki sorumluluğu; murahhasların seçiminde, onlara verilecek talimatlarda ve murahhasların üst gözetiminde göstermeleri gereken makul derecede özen yükümlülüğü ile sınırlı olarak devam eder. Çalışmamızda, geçerli ve geçersiz yetki devri hallerinde, yönetim kurulu üyelerinin hukuki sorumluluğunun ne şekilde ortaya çıkacağı meselesi, mehaz İsviçre hukukundaki görüş ve yargı kararlarına yer verilmek suretiyle, detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. [...] Although the management or representation authority in joint stock companies is used by the board of directors as a rule, it is not common in practice that all of the said authorities are personally exercised by the board of directors, especially in publicly held or large-scale partnerships. For this reason, in the law, the board of directors is authorized to determine the management organization of the company by delegating the management or representation authority to one or more of the existing board members or to third parties in accordance with the provisions of the Turkish Commercial Code numbered 6102, 367/I and 370/II has been recognized. Delegation of powers to people who are specialized in company management and have sufficient professional experience, on the one hand, ensures professionalization in the company, and on the other hand, as a rule, legal responsibility that may arise in this context together with the delegated powers will be deemed to have been transferred, thus limiting the legal liability of the members of the board of directors. In case of a valid transfer of management or representation powers, the legal responsibility of the members of the board of directors regarding the delegated powers; limited to the reasonable care obligation that they must show in the selection of the executive directors, in the instructions to be given to them and under the supervision of the executive directors. In our study, the issue of how the legal responsibility of the members of the board of directors will arise in cases of valid and invalid delegation of authority has been examined in detail by including the opinions and judicial decisions in the Swiss law.

This research study seeks to understand interested parties’ perspectives on Cameroon's existing land tenure systems, the 1974 land law, and ongoing efforts to reform this land law. It identifies both concerns and specific recommendations from these parties on the formulation and implementation of future reforms. In the decades following the achievement of independence from European colonizers, most governments in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have adopted new national land tenure policies to meet their countries’ needs and aspirations. In some parts of SSA, however, this process of land tenure formalization has negatively impacted the land rights of people observing customary land tenure. This has been a result of government interventions such as compulsory land acquisitions, which while technically legal, are ethically questionable. In the face of this challenge, efforts to reform post-colonial land laws have become a matter of urgency. A national land reform process for Cameroon, announced in 2011 has adopted a multistakeholder approach. My study seeks to understand interested parties’ perspectives on Cameroon’s existing land tenure systems, the 1974 land law, and ongoing efforts to reform the land law. This study applied a case study methodological approach and a convergent mixed-method design. Evidence from this study shows that interested parties in Cameroon are in agreement on 1) the reform of the 1974 land law, 2) the recognition of customary land tenure, 3) the continued use of multistakeholder participation in land law reform, and 4) the promulgation of the new land law through mass sensitization and information dissemination.

Weltweit vereinheitlichte Musterverträge bestimmen die Vertragsgestaltung im grenzüberschreitenden Finanzverkehr. Diese Musterverträge werden von privaten Organisationen wie der International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), der Loan Market Association (LMA) und der International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) geschaffen. Torsten Kindt zeigt, dass auf Grundlage der Muster ein bereichsspezifisches transnationales Vertragsrecht entsteht, das jedoch auf vielfältige Weise mit dem staatlichen Recht verwoben bleibt. Er entwickelt Leitlinien für einen responsiven Umgang mit musterbasierten transnationalen Verträgen im staatlichen Kollisions-, Vertrags- und Internationalen Zivilverfahrensrecht, die auch über den Finanzbereich hinaus zu einem produktiven Zusammenwirken privater und staatlicher Ordnung beitragen können.